Tran Van Hung. Ndng cao vi the cita gido due...
©2020 Vien Nghien ci/u An O9 va Tav Nam A T?p clii Nghien ciiu An Do vS Chau A 564(89), thiing 4-2020 http,//viisas,vass.gov vn ISSN: 0866-7314
Nang cao vi the cua giao due dai hoe Viet Nam trong ASEAN
Trdn Vdn Hung' Trudng Bai hoc Duy Tdn
Ngdy nhgn bdi. 12/9/2019, ngdy giti phdn bien: 20/12/2019. ngdy duyet ddng. 31/03/2020
G
ido diAc dgi hgc Id mdt trong nhicng tru cdt eiia ndng luc cgnh tranh qudc gia. Tuy nhien, vi thi vd ndng luc cgnh tranh cua he thdng gido diic dgi hgc Viet Nam trong ASEAN con thdp, chua trd thdnh dgng lire cho ndng lue cgnh tranh qudc gia. Bdi viet phdn tich vi the cua hi thdng gido diic dgi hge Viel Nam, tu dd de xudt mdt so dinh hudng gidi phdp nhdm ndng eao vi the eua he thong gido due dgi hge Viet Nam trong ASEAN.Tir khda: ASEAN, giao due dai hgc, vi thg, Viet Nam Mo-dau
Nam 2020 la nam danh diu vi thg qude tg eiia Viet Nam dang dugc nang tim manh me khi Viet Nam ddng thdi la Chii tieh ASEAN va Uy vign khdng thudng trye Hgi ddng Bao an Lien Hiep Qude nhigm ky 2020-2021. Day la thanh qua tir chii tmong, dudng ldi phat ttien dat nude diing din va day khat vgng cita Dang va Nha nudc. Dg tigp tuc dua Viet Nam trd thanh qudc gia himg cudng, thinh vugng, sanh vai vdi cac cudng qudc tten the gidi. Dang ta dang hoach dinh cac mue tigu chign luge phat trign dat nudc dgn nam 2030, tam nhin dgn nam 2045. Quygt tam thuc hien khat vgng ciia Dang, mdt sd Bd, nganh da chu dgng dat ra muc tigu canh ttanh trong cae ITnh vyc lign quan vdi cae qudc gia ttong khu vyc va toan can.
Phat ttign Giao due dai hgc (GDDH) la mdt trong nhiing chinh sach uu tign cua Nha nudc dg dao tao ngudn nhan luc trinh do cao, dap ung yeu cau phat ttign kinh te - xa hdi, bao dam qudc phdng - an ninh ciia dit nudc (Qudc hgi, 2019, tt.l9). Ndi each khac, phat trign GDDH nhim thyc hien mue tigu phat trign, nang cao nang lue canh ttanh va vi thg qudc gia theo dung dinh hudng cua Dang.
Cac mue tigu phat ttign GDDH cua nudc ta da duge xac dinh cu thg ttong cae nghi quyet, chien luge, dg ^ khac nhau; my nhign, chimg ta chua dat ra muc tigu cho toan he thdng theo dinh hudng canh ttanh thii hang khu vyc va qudc tg, dac biet la canh tranh trong khdi ASEAN. Mac dii da dat nhigu thanh tmi quan ttgng ttong nhung nam gin day nhmig vi thg GDDH cua Viet Nam cdn thap so vdi cac ngn GDDH ttong khu vyc. Do dd, nang cao vi thg ciia GDDH la ygu cau cip thiet nham gdp phin nang cao nang lyc canh ttanh va vi thg qudc gia ttong khdi ASEAN va ttgn toan thg gidi.
' franvanhung@dtu.edu.vn
Nghign Cliu An Do va Chau A. S6 4 - 2020, tt.49-56
Tran Van Himg. Ndng cao vi the ctia giao^ due...
1. Tong quan giao due flai hoc ASEAN
ASEAN gom 10 nuoc voi hon 620 trieu dan, la nSn kinh tS lon thii 6 the gioi. Nam 2017-2018, ASEAN CO 7.662 co so GDDH (khong tmh cac hnicmg qu6c phong - an ninh) voi hon 18 trieu sinh vien (SV). Trong ASEAN, Indonesia la qu6c gia co s6 luong co so GDDH nhiSu nhfit va SV nliiju nhat (4.670 co so GDDH vai tren 8 trieu SV); Brunei la qu6c gia co s6 co so GDDH it nhat va so luong SV it nhat (7 CO so GDDH voi 12.135 SV) (Bang 1.1).
Bang 1.1. So luong cff sff GDDH va SV bac GDDH cac niro-c ASEAN nam 2017-2018
Quoc gia
Indonesia Philippines Malaysia Viet Nam Myanmar
So llTOTlg Cff sft GDDH 4.670
1.963 238 236 165
So lirffng SVMc GDDH 8.043.480 3.212.542 1.325.699 1.848.476 890.000
Quoc gia
Thai Lan Campuchia
Lao Singapore
Brunei
So liro-ng cff sft GDDH
155 121 67 27 7
So lu-gng SV bac GDDH
2.248.761 219.069
82.868 175.202 12.135 Tdng c6ng: 7.662 cff sft GDDH, 18.058.232 SV
Ghi chu: cdc ca sd GDDH cua Viet Nam khdng bao gdm cdc trudng cao dang Ngudn: Tdng hgp tir sd lieu bao cao ciia eo quan quan ly GDDH cac nudc ASEAN
Ngay 22/11/2015, lanh dao 10 nudc ASEAN ky van kien Tuygn bd hinh thanh Cdng ddng ASEAN 2015, vdi 3 tty cot la: Cdng ddng Chinh tti - An ninh, Cdng ddng Kinh tg, va Cgng ddng Van hda - Xa hdi. Phat hien GDDH ciia cac thanh vign, ttong dd cd Viet Nam, cd y nghia quygt dinh dgn viec thyc hien cac muc tigu cua Cgng ddng Van hda - Xa hdi cung nhu Cdng ddng Chinh tri - An ninh va Cdng ddng Kinh te. Tir do, cac nudc ASEAN dgu trign khai cai td mgt each toan dien he thdng GDDH va da dat dugc nhieu kgt qua ndi bat. Trong sd 10 nudc ASEAN, cimg vdi Singapore, Malaysia dang ndi Ign nhu la mgt trong nhirng trung tam GDDH hang dau cua khu vyc va thg gidi vdi hem 100.000 SV qudc tg tir hon 160 qudc gia dgn hgc tap, ed vi tri xgp hang cao d khu vyc chau A (Trin Van Himg, 2019, tt.6I),
2. Vi tri cua giao due dai lioc Viet Nam trong A S E A N
Theo Bang xep hang Nang lyc cac he thdng GDDH toan cau nam 2018 cua hai t6 chiic xgp bane cd uy tin trgn the gidi la Quacquarelli Symonds (QS, 2018) va Universitas 21 (U21, 2019), hg thdng GDDH Viet Nam khdng cd tgn ttong 50 he thdng GDDH tdt nhit thg gidi, ttong khi do ttong khdi
Nghign cim An Do va Chau A. Sd 4 - 2020, tt.49-56
Tran Van Himg. Ndng cao vt the cita gido due...
ASEAN CO 5 he thang GDDH trong Bang x6p hang ciia QS va 4 he thSng GDDH trong Bang x6p hangU21 (BiSuda2.1).
Biiu aft 2.1. Vi tri toan c§u cua he tllftng GDDH cac nu-ftc ASEAN theo QS nam 2018 va U21 nam 2019
60
SO
50 4 6 40 38 22 30 28 2528 | ~ i 1
1 1 I I
1 1 II
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4 5
1 1 1 1 •
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• Q S U 2 1 Nguon: Quacquarelli Symonds, 2018; Universitas 21, 2019
Con theo Bao cao Nang luc canh franh toan ciu 2017-2018 cua Dien dan Kinh t8 the gioi (WEF, 2017), he thang GDDH Viet Nam x8p thir 84/137 he th8ng GDDH duoc danh gia, diing o vi tri thii 7 trong ASEAN (Bi6u d6 2.2).
Bieu do 2.2. VI tri xep hang toan clu ciia Il6 thftng GDDH cac nuft^c ASEAN theo WEE nam 2017
1 4 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 0
-4S
. 1
6 4 6 7
I I I !
•
8 4.--" 1
1 0 5
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Ngudn: World Economic Fomm, 2017 Nghign Cliu An Do va Chau A. S6 4 - 2020, tt.49-56
Tran Van Hiing. Ndng cao vi the cua giaoji v e mat xep hang cac co so GDDH toan c k va chau A, Viet Nam co 2 co so GDDH duoc xep hang trong bang xep hang dai hoc hang dJu thj gioi cua QS (QS, 2019a), Times Higlier Education (THE, 2019a) va US News (US News, 2019), trong do 1 co so GDDH co ten trong Bang xSp hang cua Dai hoc Giao thong Thugng Hai nam 2019 (ARWU, 2019); Viet Nam Ichong co co so GDDH nao dugc xSp hang trong 400 dai hgc hang diu chau A theo xSp hang ciia Times Higher Education (THE, 2019b) (Bang 2.1).
Bang 2.1. So luwog cff siy GDDH ciia cac nu-o-c ASEAN trong Bang xgp hang dai hoc ciia THE, QS, ARWU va US News nam 2019
Quoc gia
Singapore Malaysia Thai Lan Indonesia Philippines Viet Nam Brunei Lao Campuchia Myanmar
So lu'ffng (Igi hoc diroc xep hang THE
The gioi 02 10 03 01 01 02 01 00 00 00
ChSu A (2019:
400) 02 11 12 05 02 00 00 00 00 00
QS The giffi 03 20 08 09 04 02 02 00 00 00
Chau A (2020: 500)
03 28 18 18 07 08 02 00 00 00
ARWU The gioi
03 05 04 00 00 01 00 00 00 00
US News The gioi
03 09 09 00 00 02 00 00 00 00 Ngudn: Times Higher Educatton, 2019; Quacquarelli Symonds, 2019; Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2019; US News, 2019
Tuy nhign, eac co sd GDDH cua Viet Nam cd vi tri xgp hang thSp, chua cd co sd GDDH nao ttong danh sach 500 dai hgc hang dau thg gidi theo cac bang xgp hang ttgn day (Bang 2.2).
Bang 2.2. So trudng dai hoc ciia cac nu-ffc ASEAN trong Top 500 cua the gidi theo Bang xep hang cua THE, QS va ARWU nam 2019
Quoc gia
Singapore
XEP HANG THE
The gioi 02 (top 50)
QS The gioi 03 (top 20. 02)
ARWU The gioi 02 (top 100)
Nghien cuu An Do va Chau A So 4 - 2020, tr.49-56
Tran Van Himg. Ndng cao vi the ciia gido due.
Malaysia Thai Lan Indonesia Philippines Brunei Viet Nam
01 00 00 01 00 00
07 02 03 01 02 00
01 01 00 00 00 00
Ngudn: Times Higher Education, 2019; Quacquarelli Symonds, 2019; Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2019
Mdt chi sd khac dg danh gia vi tri cua mgt he thdng GDDH la kha nang thu biit SV qudc tg. Theo thdng ke eua Vien Nghign cim Thdng kg UNESCO (UIS, 2018), sd SV qude tg hgc tai cac co sd GDDH cua Viet Nam nam 2017 la 4.162, xgp thu 5 trong sd 7 nudc ASEAN cd sd lieu thdng ke (UIS, 2018) (Bang 2.3).
Bang 2.3. S6 Ii|u SV quoc tk hoc t?i cac niroc ASEAN nam 2017-2018
Qu6c gia
Malaysia Singapore Thai Lan hidonesia Viet Nam Bmnei Lao Myanmar Philippines Campuchia
So lu-oTig SV quoc te Nam 2017
100.765 53.122 n/a 7.763 4.162 436 472 n/a n/a n/a
Nam 2018 122.823
53.204 n/a 7.677
n/a 500 495 n/a n/a n/a
Ghi chii
Nam 2016: 31.571 SV
Ngu6n: UIS, 2018
Mat khac, Viet Nam khong co ten h-ong bang xSp hang qu6c tS ve 120 thanh ph6 tot nhit cho SV qu6c ts du hpc nam 2019, trong khi do o ASEAN, Singapore xSp thir 20 the gioi va diing diu ASEAN, Malaysia, hidonesia, Philippines va Thai Lan cimg co 1 thanh ph6, trong do thanh pho Kuala Lumpur
Nghien cihi An Dp va Chau A. So 4 - 2020, tr.49-56
Tr5n Van Hiing. Ndng cao vi thi cua_gidoJ^E^
xgp thii 29 the gidi (QS, 2019c). Nhu vay, cd thg khing dinh GDDH cua Viet Nam cbua nam ttong so cac ngn GDDH hang dSu cua ASEAN.
3. Nang cao vj t h i cua giao due dai hoc Viet Nam trong ASEAN
Tir thuc trang ttgn day, can cii cac tigu chi xgp hang he thdng GDDH va cac ca sd GDDH cua cae dign dan, td chiic cd uy tin ttgn thg gidi, can cii chign luge va chinh sach phat trign GDDH ciia cac nudc ASEAN, chiing tdi dg xuat eac dinh hudng giai phap sau de nang cao vi thg GDDH ciia Viet Nam trong ASEAN.
3.L Ve muc tieu chien lirocphdt trien gido diic dai hgc Viet Nam
Nghi quygt 29-NQ/TW ngay 4/11/2013 cua Hdi nghi Ban Chap hanh Trung uong 8 (Khda XI) vg ddi mdi can ban, toan dien giao due va dao tao xac dinh myc tigu phan dau dgn nam 2030, ngn giao due Viet Nam dat ttinh do tign tign ttong khu vuc. De an Nang cao chat lugng GDDH giai doan 2019- 2025 (theo Quygt dinh 69/QD-TTg ngay 15/1/2019 cua Thu ttrong Chinh phu) da khing dinh phat trign GDDH de tang cudng nang luc canh tranh qudc gia trong khu vuc va tren thg gidi, ddng thdi xac dinh cac muc tigu phat trign eua timg ITnh vuc ttong GDDH.
Nhu vay, Viet Nam chua xac dinh muc tieu canh ttanli qudc tg cu thg cho he thdng GDDH quoc gia. Do dd, viec bd sung mue tigu phat trign he thdng GDDH ciia Viet Nam vao cac nghi quygt, chuong ttirJi, dg an nang cao chat lugng GDDH giai doan 2020 dgn nam 2030, tam nhin 2045 cd y nghia quygt dinh dgn viec nang cao vi thg GDDH cua Viet Nam ttong ASEAN ndi rigng va toan cau ndi chung, vi muc tieu canh ttanh nay chi ro dich dgn va tao dgng luc manh me cho toan he thong, Theo dd, Chinh phu can xac dinh muc tigu GDDH cua Viet Nam den nam 2030 phai ttd thanh dgng luc chinh trong viec thuc hien tam nhin qudc gia, phai ttd thanh mdt ttong nhirng trung tam GE®H cua khu vuc va nam trong 4 he thdng GDDH hang dau ASEAN,
3.2. Ve chinh sdch phdt triin gido diic dai hoc Viet Nam
Viet Nam da chi 5,8% GDP cho giao due, duy tri mire chi 20% tdng ehi ngan sach cho giao due ttong nhiing nam qua, la mdt ttong bai qudc gia ASEAN cd miic chi cao nh§t cho giao due (SHARE, 2016), my nhign, hieu qua diu tu lai chua cao (Ban Tuygn giao Trung uong, 2014). Mat khac, chii truong xa hdi hda giao due ciia Dang va Nha nudc mac dii da dat duge nhiing muc tigu quan ttgng nhung chua toan dien, dac biet, ty le SV trong cac co sd GDDH m thuc mdi chi dat mire 13,6%, thip hon ty le trung binh chung SV tu thuc/tdng sd SV ciia chau A ndi ehung (42,1%) va Dong Nam A noi rigng (41,8%), hay cua timg quoc gia ASEAN nhu Singapore (61,8%), Philippines (60,8%), Indonesia (58,2%), Malaysia (43,1%), v.v... (PROPHE, 2010).
Do do, can phai danh gia lai hieu qua dau tu cua Nha nudc cho cac ea sd GDDH cdng lap uu tign dau tu cho cac co sd GDDH co nang luc dao tao va nghign ciiu tdt, ttong do cd cac ca sd GDDH tu thuc theo djnh hudng ttd thanh cac co sd GDDH cd tbii hang xgp hang va nang luc canh tranh khu vuc va qudc tg; ban hanh chinli sach mdi vg xa hgi hda GDDH, ttong do can dat trd lai muc tigu tang quy md dao tao eiia cac co sd GDDH tu thuc Ign bang ty le tmng binh chung SV ttong cac ca sd GDDH tu thue cua ASEAN (ty le SV tu thuc chigm ni 40% trd Ign ttong tdng sd SV bac dai hgc cua toan he
Nghien ciiu An Do va Chau A. S6 4 - 2020, tt.49-56 ^^
Tran Van Hiing. Ndng cao vi the eua gido due...
thong) - day la ty lg phu hgp vdi xu thg phat ttign cua GDDH thg gidi, phii hgp vdi cac nghi quygt ciia Dang vg tinh ggn bd may ttong cac don vi su nghiep cdng lap hay nghi quyet vg phat trien kinh tg tu nhan va thuc tign phat trien kinh te - xa hgi ciia dat nudc; tao chinh sach thdng thoang dg thu hiit cac CO sd GDDH uy tm ciia thg gidi md ca sd tai Viet Nam, ddng thdi hd trg va tao digu kien cho cac co sd GDDH cua Viet Nam md co sd d nudc ngoai.
3.3. VS qudn ly nha nie&c ddi v&i gido due dai hgc
Bd Giao due va Dao tao quan ly tir giao due mim non cho dgn GDDH vdi rit nhigu ttgng tt^ch khac nhau ngn khdng thg tap trung tdi da ngudn luc cho GDDH, trong khi do GDDH cd dac thii rigng, gan lien vdi dao tao nhan luc phuc vu canh ttanh qudc gia, dac biet la trong bdi canh canh ttanh GDDH qudc tg ngay cang gia tang. Do do, de dap ung ygu cau cua canh tranh quoc te vg GDDH va thich ling vdi cudc CMCN 4.0, can ddi mdi mgt each can ban, toan dien vg mat quan ly nha nudc doi vdi GDDH. Theo do, can tang cudng nang luc bg may can bg quan ly ciia Vu GDDH, tang cudng img dung cdng nghe thdng tin ttong quan ly nha nudc vg GDDH va trao quyen tu chii tdi da cho cac co sd GDDH.
Ket luan
Nang cao vi thg cua GDDH nudc ta ttong ASEAN la ygu cau cap bach dg thuc hien thanh cdng muc tieu dua dat nudc ttd thanh qudc gia cd thu nhap cao vao nam 2030 va ttd thanh qudc gia phat trign vao nam 2045, qua dd nang cao uy tin va nang luc canh franh qudc gia ttong khu vuc va tten the gidi. Day la nhiem vu eiia toan he thdng chinh tri, ttong dd cac co quan quan ly nha nudc vg GDDH va tat ca cac co sd GDDH ddng vai trd chu dao.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. ARWU (2019), Academic Ranking of World Universities 2019, http://www.shanghairankmg.coni/ARWU2019.html, ngay tmy cap 5/9/2019.
2. Ban Tuygn giao Trung uong (2014), Tdi lieu hgc lap Nghi quyit Hdi nghj lan thie 8 Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uang Bdng Cgng sdn Viit Nam khoa XI, Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia. Ha Ngi.
3. Trin Van Hung (2019), "Xac dinh va thuc hien muc tieu chign luge thu hiit sinh vien qu6c tg ciia Malaysia - bai hgc kinh nghiem ddi vdi VietNam", Tap chi Gido due (455), tt.61-65.
4. PROPHE (2010) Global Private and total Higher Education Enrollment by Region and Country, https://www.prophe.org/en/global-data/global-data/global-enrollment-by-region-and-country/, ngay ttuy cap 13/10/2019.
5. Qudc hgi (2019), Ludt Gido due dgi hgc (sua ddi, bd sung ndm 2013. 2014, 2015, 2018), Nxb.
Chinh tri qudc gia - Su that. Ha Ndi
6. QS (2018), QS Higher Education System Strength Rankings 2018.
https://www.topuniversities.com/system-sttength-rankings/2018, ngay tmy cap 30/8/2019.
7. QS (2019a), QS World University Rankings 2020, https://www.topuniversities.com/university- rankings/world-university-raiikings/2020, ngay tmy cap 5/9/2019.
Nghign Cliu An Do va Chau A. Sd 4 - 2020, tt.49-56 55
Trin Van Hung. Ndng cao vi thi cuagidoJv£i 8. QS (2019b), QS Asia University Rankings 2020, https://www.topuniversittes.coni/university- rankings/asian-university-rankings/2020, ngay tmy cap 27/11/2019.
9. QS (2019c), QS Best Student Cities 2019, https://www.topuniversities.conVbest-smdent-cittes, ngay ttuy cap 5/9/2019.
10. SHARE (2016), Higher Education In Southeast Asia, https://www.sbare-
asean.eu/sites/defauit/files/SHARE%20hifographic%20HE%20in%20ASEAN__Apr%202019.pdf, ngay ttuy cap 11/10/2019.
11. THE (2019a), World University Rankings 2020, https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world- university-rankings/2020/
worldranking#!/page/0/!ength/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats, ngay tmy cap 8/9/2019.
12. THE (2019b), Asia University Rankings 2019, https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world- imiversity-rankings/2019/regionah:anking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats, ngay tmy cap 8/9/2019.
13. US News (2019), Best Global Universities Rankings, https://www.usnews.com/education/best- global-universities/rankings?int=a27a09, ngay tmy cap 7/9/2019.
14. U21 (2019), Ranking of National Higher Education Systems 2019, https://universitas21 .com/what- we-do/u21 -rankings/u21 -ranking-natiooaI-highereducation-systeins-2019, ng^y tmy cap 30/8/2019.
15. UIS (2018), Intemational student mobility in tertiary education, http://data.uis.unesco.org/, ngay tmy cap 17/9/2019.
16 WEF (2017), The Global Competitiveness Report 2017-2018, http://www3.wefomm.org/docs/
GCR2017-2018/05FullReport/TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2017%E2%80%932018.pdf, ngay tmy cap 30/8/2019.
Nghign Cliu An Do va Chau A. Sd 4 - 2020, tt 49-56
