KY NANG TRANH TUNG CUA KIEM SAT VIEN TAI PHIEN TOA HiNH SU SO THAM
NGUYEN THANH MAI*
Tdm tdt: Tranh tyng ciia Kiem sat vign tai phien tda la mpt trong nhung n§i dung co y nghia quan tryng trong hoat dong to tyng hinh sy. Id ySu cau cap bdch trong vifc dam bdo tinh cong bang dan chu giua ngudi tham gia t i tyng vdi Vifn kiem sat. Bai viet nay, tac gia de c^p myt so nf i dung can luu y lien quan d i n hoat ddng tranh tung cua Kiim sat vien tai phien toa hinh sy so tham.
Tic khda: Tranh tgng; Kiim sdt viin; Vien kiem sdt; chung cic; chung minh.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 10/10/2018; ngdy phdn bien ddnh gid vd sira chua: 10/10/2018; ngdy duyet bdi: 12/10/2018.
Thuat ngu "tranh bang" theo Tir dien Tieng Vift cd nghia la "kifn cdo Idn nhau".
Cdn theo nghia Hdn Vift thi thuat ngii
"ttanh tyng" dugc ghep tir hai tir "tranh luan" va "td tung". Theo Tir dien Luat hpc ciia Vifn khoa hpc phdp ly, Nhd xuat bdn Tu phap nam 2005, ttanh tyng Id "boat ddng td tyng dugc thuc hifn bdi cdc ben tham gia td tung (ben bupc tdi va ben hi huge tdi) cd quyen binh dang vdi nhau frong vifc thu thdp, dua ra chimg cii d i bao vf cdc quan diem va lgi ich cua minh, phdn bac lgi cac quan diem va lgi ich cua phia ddi lap".
Nguyen tdc "tranh igng" lin d i u tien dugc quy dinh frong Bd lugt Td tung hinh sy
(BLTTHS) nam 2015 tai mdt dieu luat rieng - Dieu 26, tuy nhien dieu luat khdng neu ro khai nifm franh tyng la gi. Bd luat Td tyng hinh su nara 2015 ciing da cd myc rieng quy dinh ve thii tyc nay. Cy the, tgi Muc V -
"Thu tuc franh tyng tai phien tda" thupc Chuang XX - "Nhiing quy dinh chung"
frong "Phan thii tu" cua Bd ludt, thu tyc franh tyng tai phien tda bao gdm 20 dieu lugt (tir Diiu 306 din Diiu 325 BLTTHS nam 2015). Theo quy dinh tai Myc V, thu tuc tranh tyng cua Kiem sdt vien (KSV) tai phien tda hinh su so thara dugc bat dau khi
Giing viin, Hoc vien tu phap.
So 20(thang 102018) \
Tap chi _KIEMSAT I 3 7
CONG TAC KIEM SAT
KSV thyc hanh quyen cdng td tai phien tda Cdng bd cdo frang , cho den khi bi eao (hoac cac bi cao) dugc ndi ldi sau cung hoac khi Hdi ddng xet xir xera xet viec KSV thuc hanh quyen cdng td tgi phien tda nit mdt phan hoac toan bd quyet dinh truy td hoac ket luan ve tdi nhe hon tai phien tdal Nhu vay, tiieo quy dinh ciia BLTTHS nam 2015 thi boat ddng the hifn ndi dimg ttanh tung cua KSV tgi phien tda khdng bao gdm ndi dung Muc IV - "Thu tuc bit diu phien tda". Trong khi dd, Diiu 26 BLTTHS nam 2015 quy dinh ve nguyen tdc tranh tyng lgi bao triim tten difn rpng cac hogt dOng khdi td, dieu tra, truy td, xet xir, nhu:
"Trong qua ttinh diiu fra, tmy td, xet xir, Dieu tra vien, Kiem sdt vien, ngudi khac...
frong vifc dua ra chiing cu, ddnh gia chiing Cli, dua ra ySu cau de lam rd sy tiidt khdch quan cua vy dn"^. Dogn 2 Diiu 26 BLTTHS nam 2015 ndi ve phien tda hinh sy, nguyen tie franh tyng dugc di cap din tii thii tyc bat diu phien tda cho den khi Hdi ddng xet xir ra dugc ban an vd quyit dinh so t h ^ . Theo quan diem ciia chiing tdi, vifc gidi quyet tit ca cac van de phat smh tgi phin thu tyc bat ddu phien tda, nhu: Viec cae ben duong su (Lugt su bao chiia, bdo vf; hi hai;
bi cao,...) dua ra cdc chiing cir mdi tgi phien tda chirng minh ve banh vi pham tpi;
hoac dua ra cac de nghi, yeu cau; hoac xem xet, gidi quyet cdc trudng hgp vang mgt cua cdc duong su va ngudi lam chdng tai phien
1 Digu 306 BLTTHS nam 2015 2. Di6u 324 BLTTHS nam 2015.
3. DiSu 325 BLTTHS nam 2015 4. Doan 1 Dieu 26 BLTTHS nam 2015.
tda,... Mac dii ludt khdng quy dinh nhirng vin di nay thude phin thu hac franh tyng tgi Myc V, nhung quan diim ciia KSV vi nhiing ndi dung neu fren frong phin nay la het siic quan ttpng, gdp phan giup Hdi ddng xet xii cd can cii va co sd giai quyet chinh xae cdc van de phat sinh tai phi§n tda (dgc biet vifc xem xet ve van de lien quan den chiing Cli do Ludt su va duong sy cung cip tgi phien tda). Do dd, theo chung tdi, phdn thu tue franh tung tai phien tda phdi bao triim toan bd hoat ddng xet xii diin ra tgi phidn tda, cho den khi ket thiic phien tda so tham hinh sy.
Cdc phien tda hinh sy dien ra trong nhiing nam gdn day, nhin chung KSV giii quyen cdng td da chu ddng nghien cim ky hd so, nam chac hd so; nghien ciiu va chuan bi day du cac van bdn phdp lugt lien quan den vy an can gidi quyit; ghi chep ddy du vd kip thdi toan bd diin biin tgi phien tda ciing nhu nhiing ndi dung, tinh tiet mdi xuat hien tai phien tda. Qua dd, KSV tu tin, chu dgng ddi ddp vd tranh lugn vdi Lugt su bdo chua, Lugt su bao vf, nhiing ngudi tham gia td tiuig tgi phien tda vdi nhiing lap ludn vung chic, sac xao, cd sire thuyit phye cao. Xac dinh tranh tung tgi phien tda khdng chi la quyin ma cdn la nghTa vu, la trdch nhiem cua KSV, ddi hdi viec truy td phai diing ngudi, diing tdi, dung phap ludt. Theo dd, cac KSV ludn cd thai dp nghiem ttic, khdch quan, san sang tiip thu cac quan diem, lugn cii va luan chimg cua ngudi tranh luan ddi lap khi thay nhiing van de neu ra cd can cii, hgp phap.
Tap chi
3 8 I KIEM SAT^ /So 20 (thang 102018)
Khi ttanh ludn, cd nhiiu KSV da ty hpc hdi, tdng hgp vd xay dyng cho minh nhieu ky nang tdt, nhu: Ky nang hdi, lang nghe va tdng hgp y kiin, ky nang chiing minh, ky nang phdn bifn, bac bd; ky nang sir dyng ngdn ngu trong tranh lugn... Van hda phdp ly trong tranh lugn ciing dugc cdc KSV chii y khi tham gia ttanh luan.
Qua nhiing phien tda cdng khai, neu boat ddng ttanh tyng cua KSV tai phien tda dugc the hien tdt thi hinh dnh, vi tti, vai trd ciia KSV dugc nang cao, cd siic lan tda Idn.
De hogt ddng ttanh tyng cua KSV tgi phien tda dat hifu qua cao, theo chung tdi, cdc KSV can nam viing mpt sd ky nang franh tyng tai phien tda nhu sau:
Mdt Id, cac KSV cdn ed ky ndng doe, nghiSn cim hd so vy an hinh su nhanh, hifu qua. Trong nghien ciiu hd so, theo chiing tdi cd 3 each nghien ciiu hd so nhu sau: Thie nhdt, nghien ciiu theo trinh tu, thu tyc td tung gidi quyet vu an tir dau cho den khi ket thiic dieu tra; thu hai, nghien citu phan thu tuc td tyng trudc (gdm: Cac quyet dinh; bien ban; tai lifu phan dnh cdc boat dpng td tung...), sau dd nghien ciiu din npi dung vy dn; thic ba, nghien ciiu ban ket luan dieu tta trude, tiep dd bien ban bdt ngudi cd hanh vi pham phdp qua tang; bien ban trinh bao sy viec; ban tudng ttinh sy viec; ban tti khai...
Tiiy thupc vao timg hd so vu dn: N i u vu an don gian, it bi can, hi cdo thi nghien ciiu theo each thir nhdt; vu an phiic tap, nhiiu ddi tugng, nhieu hdnh vi phara tdi thi KSV nen nghien ciiu ket hgp giiia cdch thir hai
va each thii ba, thdng thudng trien khai nghien ciiu each thir ba trudc, sau dd cimg cd tai lieu, lam sang ro toan bd n^i dung vy an thi se ap dyng each thii hai, each thii nhdt de nghien ciiu, vira nhanh, vira chinh xac, vda day du khdng bd sdt chi tiit, sy vifc. Khi nghien cihi, cin ghi chep lai ngan ggn, trong do ghi chep ciing can cd ky nang, ghi gi va ghi nhu the nao? Theo chiing tdi, cac KSV can ghi nhiing diem chinh, ddng thdi cd trich ddn biit lyc sd, ngay, thang, nam de khi tdng hgp chimg cir se rdt thuan lgi vd khdng bi nham lan.
Khi nghien ciiu hd so va ghi chep lgi, Kiem sat vien can cd bdng thdng ke chiing cir va so sanh ddi chieu cdc chdng cii vdi nhau, tim ra diem phu hgp, diem mau thudn, ddng thdi chi ra nhung vdn de chua rd, can phdi tiep tyc dieu tra 1dm rd hon.
Mdi van de neu fren, can cd phuang phdp ghi chep khoa hpc, de khi KSV dpc lgi tai lifu ma rainh xay dyng phai ndi len toan bd ndi dung vy an ma KSV da nghien ciiu va ghi chep lai. De ttanh viec raat thdi gian tim lai npi dung can ghi nhd hoac nhiing npi dung da ghi chep nhiing khdng nhd ghi d dau, thi chiing ta can cd so dd cho hogt ddng thdng ke chirng cii (dudi dgng khung, cot; so do hinh cay, hoac dudi dgng rad hinh,...).
Hai Id, can cd ky nang tdng hgp va ddnh gid chiing eii tdt, qua dd, KSV mdi quyit dinh su dyng chiing cii ttong d i u ttanh vdi tpi phgra: Kiera sat vien can thu thap d i y du chimg cii ket tdi, chiing cit gd tdi eiing nhu cdc tinh tiet tang nang, giam nhe frach nhifra hinh sy cho bi cdo. Khi
—— ^ Tap chi S6 20(thiig1O2018)\ KIEM SAT I 3 9
CONG TAC KIEM SAT
phan tich, ddnh gia chimg cir phai fren quan diem duy vat bien ehiing, nhin nhan rapi van de, xem xet mpi gdc dp, khia canh rapt each khach quan, day du va toan difn;
khdng dugc dinh kien, phien dien ttong phan tich, ddnh gid chiing cii. Tdng hgp, xau chudi cac chiing cii lgi va xera xet sy phu hgp cua cac chirng cir ttong hd so vy an cung nhu chiing cii mdi xudt hifn tgi phien tda. Kiem sat vien phai xac dinh dugc nhiing npi dung, chiing cir cdn radu thudn, khdng phu hop, tim rd ly do ciia sy mau thudn, khdng phu hgp do; biet each khai thae, sir dyng cac chiing cii ttong hd so vu an de ddu ttanh va phai ddnh gia dugc hifu qud cua viec su dung dd.
Phan tich, ddnh gia chimg cir de di den ket ludn du can cii, co sd di kit tdi chua?
Ngu da dii chirng cii ehiing rainh hanh vi phara tdi thi bi can/bi cdo se bi xu ly vi tdi danh gi va khung khodn nao dugc dp dyng khi xu ly. De dinh tdi danh chinh xdc, KSV edn nghien ciiu diin biin hanh vi phgra tdi (hanh vi phan dnh mat khach quan ciia tdi pham) ttong mdt chinh thi thdng nhat, khdng tach rdi, ed mdi quan he nhdn qua tryc tiep giiia hanh vi va hau qua. Tuyf t ddi khi phan tich diin biin su vifc phgm tdi khdng dugc phan khiie, eat Idt vd chia nhd sy vifc theo kieu vyn vat, se bi nham Idn vd khdng ddnh gid dugc chinh xac sy vifc. De 1dm tdt dugc vifc nay, ddi hdi KSV cin cd ky nang, kiin thiic tdt ve dinh tdi danh va ndm dugc cdc ''diem*" (tiic la diem quan trpng) trong mdi loai tdi danh dugc quy dinh trong Bd luat Hinh su. Ngoai ra, KSV cin xac dinh
ro nhiing van ban phdp lugt quy dinh vd hudng dan nhiing vin di lien quan trong qua trinh gidi quyet vy an.
Ba Id, xay dyng kich ban frudc khi thara gia phien tda: De chu ddng va ty tin ddi dap, franh ludn lgi vdi Ludt su bdo chiia, Luat su bdo vf ciing nhu bi hgi va duong sy tham gia phien tda, KSV can xay dyng ky kich ban thara gia phien tda. Theo dd, kich ban phai the hifn dugc nhiing npi dung chinh sau:
Xdy dung ki hogch xet hdi: Ke hoach xet hdi ciia KSV lap ra de lam rd nhiing van de, nhijng ndi dung ma Vifn kiem sat da ket tpi ddi vdi bi eao (hdi de bdo ve quan diem truy td frong cdo frgng). Tuy thupc tting vu an (don gian hay phiic tap) cung nhu tity thude tiing ddi tugng pham tdi (lan dau pham tdi; phgm tpi nhieu lan;
tdi pham chiic vy; tdi phgm kinh ti...) ma Kidm sat vien ed phuang phap vd chien thuat hdi cho phu hgp, lam rd dugc vi tti, vai frd cua timg bi cao ttong vy dn (cd thi sir dyng cac dang cau hdi: Hdi thing vao van de; hdi vdng vo; hdi ddn dit; hdi tu xa din gin,...) sao cho dat hifu qua cao nhit.
Mdi cau hdi neu ra deu cd myc tieu rd rang, hdi de lam ro npi dung hay vin di gi.
Trong vy an ddng pham phiic tgp (nhiiu hi cdo vd thyc hifn nhiiu nhdm tdi khdc nhau...) thi KSV nen nhdm lai theo tiing logi tdi de hdi, chdt ndi dung lgi, sau dd chuyin sang hdi tiip cac nhdm tdi khac, nhim ttdnh sy ttning lap hoac bd sdt. Mac du kich ban dugc xdy dung ky, song KSV tai phien tda cin chii y ling nghe Hgi ddng xet xir xet hdi, nhung npi dung ma Hdi
Tap ehi
4 0 I KIEM SAT_ / So'20(thang 102018)
ddng xet xu da hdi va 1dm rd, KSV khdng hdi lai; nhiing ndi dung da hdi nhung chua ro, cdn mau thudn, KSV ein hdi sdu them;
eac cau hdi phai that ngan gpn, de hieu, ttanh phdi gidi thich ngang. Kiera sat vien can khach quan khi xet hdi, hdi lam sang td su that ciia vy an, do dd, khdng chi hdi de bupc tdi ddi vdi hi cdo ma vifc xet hdi cdn de gd tgi, giara nhe trach nhifra hinh sy cho bi cdo.
Cdc KSV can xau chudi, tdng hgp chiing Cli, ndi dung trong vy an, de qua dd se khai thdc trift de mau thuan, ciing nbu nhiing ldi khai "gian trd" trong chinh cau trd ldi eua bi cao va nhung ngudi tham gia phien tda. De 1dm dugc dieu nay, ddi hdi cdc KSV cdn cd sy nghiem ttic trong qua ttinh nghien cihi hd so vy an ciing nhu cac van ban phap luat lien quan (nhu: Bd luat Hinh su; BLTTHS, Ludt chuyen nganh;
cdc van bdn phap lugt hudng dan gidi quyet...); tap trung chu y mpi dien bien tai phien tda, cd nhu vay mdi cd the xau chudi lai mdt each logic, khoa hpc cdc chiing Cli, tai lieu la ket qua eiia boat dpng dieu tra chumg minh tdi phgm. Thdng qua dd mdi phdt hien sy mau thuan trong ldi khai cua bi cao, bi hgi hoac ducmg sy khde tgi phien tda.
Xdy dung du thdo bdn lugn tdi: Dy thao lugn tdi dugc xay dyng tten co sd mdu ban hanh cua nganh. Theo dd, lugn tpi khdng dugc chep lai npi dung trong cao trang truy td, lugn tdi Id phai ludn giai, phan tich dien bien sy vifc cua hanh vi khach quan de di den ket ludn viec truy td cua Vifn kiira sat la dung ngudi, diing tpi.
dung phdp lugt. Ddi vdi nhirng vu dn phiic tap, phgm nhieu tpi vdi nhieu ngudi thyc bien hdnh vi pham tdi, ban ludn tdi nen nhdm lgi theo nhdra tdi, ddng thdi ddnh gia vi tri, vai trd cua tirng ddi tugng trong moi nhdra tpi danh do. Mac du xdy dyng dy thdo lugn tdi trudc dd, dya fren chiing Cli la ket qud ciia hogt ddng diiu tra, song KSV edn can cii vao diin b i i n thyc t i tgi phien tda de hoan chinh, bd sung kip thdi vao lugn tdi cho phii hgp. Theo dd, tgi ban lugn tdi KSV se de nghi k i t tdi bi cao theo tpi danh gi (tdi danh nhu cdo trgng truy td;
hoac tdi danh khac bang hoac nhe hon tpi danh truy td); theo khung nao va vdi miic hinh phat ma KSV de nghi xii ly, cung nhu nhiing van de khdc cd lien quan ttong qud trinh gidi quyet vu an (bdi thudng thift hai; cip duong nudi eon...). Ban ludn tdi phai danh gid dugc tinh hinh dien bien tdi phgm, sy dnh hudng cua tdi phgm ddi vdi an ninh ehinh tri va trgt ty an toan xa hdi, neu ra dugc nguyen nhan, dieu kien ddn den tinh trgng pham tdi, ddng thai cd sy ran de, canh tinh va giao dye chung eho cdng ddng.
Dy kien nhiing ndi dung can ddi dap, ttanh ludn tai phien tda ciing nhu hudng gidi quyit. Kiem sat vien can ddi dap, ttanh lugn timg van de, timg y kien; trudng hgp vu an ddng pham cd nhieu Lugt su bao chiia, Lugt su bdo vf neu ra quan diem ttdi chiiu vdi nhiiu y kien triing lap, KSV can lang nghe, ghi chep day dii va nhdm lgi thanh timg nhdm de ddi dap, tranh ludn.
K i i m sat vien vifn dan chiing cii ehiing rainh, lap luan chat che, dua ra nhiing luan
So 20(thang 102018) \
Tap chi _KIEMSAT I 4 1
CONG TAC KIEM SAT
Cli, ludn ehiing de luan gidi khoa hpc, logic, ddng thdi phai chdt van de lgi va khdng ddi dap dai ddng, Igp di lap lgi (nhiing vin di da ddi dap, da tranh ludn thi khdng ddi ddp vd ttanh ludn niia). Kiem sdt vien can xac dinh: Luat su bao chiia cho bi cdo se khdng chi neu nhung van de lien quan den ndi dung vy an nhu cdo ttang truy td hay ludn tdi cua KSV tai phien tda phan tich (tdi danh; khung hinh phat; miie hinh phgt; bdi thudng thiet hgi vd nhung vdn de khac lien quan den gidi quyet vu dn) ma Luat su se dua toan bg quan diem, y kien khdng ddng y, cho la chua diing, chua phu hgp ttong hd so vu an (tir nhiing boat ddng ddu tien khdi td vy an cho den thdi diem xet xir tai phiSn tda) nhu: Ap dung bifn phdp ngdn chan;
gidm dinh; dinh gid tai sdn; kham nghiem hifn trudng; thu giii ddu vit, vdt chung;
khdm xet... dS ddu franh cho hi cdo.
Du kien cdc van de phat sinh tgi phien tda va hudng gidi quyet: Thyc te, nhieu tinh hudng se xuat hien tai phien tda so tham, cd nhung tinh hudng KSV cd the dy lifu trudc, ciing cd tinh hudng khdng ngd tdi, neu KSV cd dy kien trudc ve van de nay thi se ludn chu ddng va tu tin de gidi quyet cac tmh hudng dd. Vi dy: Cac KSV can xay dyng trudc cac npi dung ciing nhu cac tinh hudng phat sinh tgi phien tda nhu trudng hgp bi can lien tuc cd biSu hien siic khde yeu, khdng th§ tham gia phien tda, vi ly do ndy Hdi ddng xet xii da phai hodn phien tda nhieu lan. Vay giai phap cho vin dS nay nhu the nao? Hoge ngudi bao chiia vang mat thi phien tda dd se hoan hay vin tiep tyc xet xii? Trudng hgp tai phien tda.
Lugt su bdo chiia hoac Ludt su bao ve cho rang thdi gian Lugt su dugc mdi tham gia phien tda qud ngan, nen ehua cd du thdi gian nghien ciiu hd so vu an vd ehuan bi cdc tai lifu de tham gia phien tda, n§u tiep tyc xet xu se dnh hudng den quyen vd lgi ich cho bi cdo, bi hai hoac duong sy rad Ludt su bao chiia, bdo vf, do vay, Luat su xm duge hoan phien tda, vay trudng hgp nay cd hoan phien tda dugc khdng? Quan diim ciia dai difn Vifn kiem sat frong trudng hgp nay nhu the nao? Cdn cd trudng hgp frong phan thu tuc bat ddu phien tda, Luat su hoac ngudi tham gia td tung da cung cap them chiing cii cho Hdi ddng xet xir, vifc cung cap ndy dugc giri qua thu ky phien tda. Vgy nhiing tdi lifu do Luat su va nhiing ngudi tham gia td tyng cung cdp cd dugc xem la chiing cii va cd dugc sir dyng chiing cii nay de giai quyet vy an khdng? Trong phdn xet hdi se giai quyet thS nao neu hi cdo thye hifn quyen im lang khdng khai bdo; hoac bi cdo khai dd ldi cho ngudi khdc, chdi tpi; hoge khai gian ddi; frong phan ddi dap, franh lugn, Ludt su neu ra tat ca cac hogt ddng d giai doan trudc dd de bac bd gid tri chimg mmh ciia chimg cir frong hd so; hoac Lugt su dua ra quan diem thu hdi tai san cho bi cdo bang each dan dat ciia Luat su..., tat ca nhung ndi dung neu fren diu phdi cd y kien ciia dgi difn Vifn kiem sat trudc khi Hdi ddng xet xir cd quan diem ehinh thiic, do do, KSV cin cd sy chuin bi ky trudc mdi phiSn tda, ki cd nhiing vin de nhd nhit ciing can xdy dyng ke hogch de ludn chu dgng trong mgi tinh hudng. D
t t I KIEMSAT- /So 20 (thang i m s )
