CHAUMYNGAYNAY SO 03-2019 29
PHONG T R A O D A N T U Y TRONG NEN CHINH TRI MY Dirdl THOa TONG THONG BARACK OBAMA
Le Lan Anh*
Tdm tat: Cudc khung hodng tdi chinh - kinh te My ndm 2008 dd khien cho nin chinh tri My cd nhieu bien dgng l&n. Su xudt hien cua nhiing phong trao chinh tri - xd hgi nhu Phong Irdo Tiec Trd (Tea Party Movement) hay Phong trdo Chiem phd Wall (Occupy Wall Street) dd tr& thanh chit de chinh trong mgi eugc trgnh lugn ve xu hudng chinh tri trong nhiem ky Tdng thdng Barack Obama (2008-2016). Bdi viet tap trung phdn tich nhieng quan diem vd muc tieu hogt ddng ciia Phong trdo Ti^c Trd vd Phong trdo Chiem phd Wall du&i gdc do la hai phong trdo ddn tdy ndi bdt, vd lam ro nhieng tdc ddng ciia nd den nen chinh tri Hoa Ky dudi thdi Tdng thdng Obama.
Tir khda: Chinh tti Hoa K5', phong ttao dan tuy canh hihi, phong ttao dan tuy canh ta, Tea Party Movement, Occupy Wall Stteet.
1, Khai quat ve phong trao dan tuy Xudt hien d My tir thi ky XIX, phong trao dan tiiy dugc coi la mdt phong ttao chinh tti - xa hpi cd sile anh hudng trorig lich sir chinh tri Hoa Ky.
Tuy nhidn, d l xac lap mpt each hieu hoan chinh, thdng nhat ve khai niem cd tinh chdt phiic hgp nhu chu nghia dan tuy la mpt van de khdng dd. Khoa hpc xa hpi xem "dan tiiy" nhu mdt khuynh huong tu tudng chinh tti nhan manh su tuong phan giira "nhan dan"
vdi tdng lop "tinh hoa", thi hien trong nhttng tuydn bd cho la minh dilng vd phia "ngudi dan thudng"' Xet theo gdc dp chinh tti hpc, phong ttao dan tuy cdn dugc xac djnh la mpt y thUc he, mgt phong ttao chinh tti nhan mpih Igi ich, dac diem van hda va tinh cam tvr phat cua nhttng ngudi dan binh thudng, ehdng lai mdt nhdm tinh hoa,
mdt tang Idp dac quyen. Nd dugc coi la chu thuydt chinh tri ung hd quydn Ivrc cua nhttng nguai dan thudng trong cupc dau ttanh vdi tang lop dac quyln^.
Dac dilm chung eua phong ttao dan tuy la each mpi ngudi ttong phong trao nhin nhan v l ban than va each hg nhin nhan vd phe ddi lap. Nhung ngudi theo chii nghia dan tiiy coi ban than hg la mdt phan cua "dan chung"' hojc, it nhdt, tin rdng hg dang hanh ddng thay mat cho "dan ehdng". Mat khac, phe ddi lap dugc dan nhan la "gidi tinh hoa" va dugc xem la nhttng ngudi ap bdc, khdng dap utig dugc nhu cau cua
"dan chiing". Xung ddt gitta "gidi tinh hoa" va "dan chung" xay ra khi ngudi dan thvrc su cam thdy bi phan boi bdi gidi tinh hoa, chinh phu, va eac the che, dan din mdt nidm tin chung vdi tdng lap cam quyln va cai tti.
* Vi$n Nghien cdu Chau A^
30 SO 03-2019 CHAU M ? WGAYNAjL Nhttng ngudi theo chu nghia dan tdy
thudng nhdn manh din chii nghia ddn tdc hogc chil nghia bdi ngogi. Hp dl cao cae gia tri dan toe vdn cd va ehdng lai nin van hda nude ngoai, khdng chap nhan mdt chu nghia da van hda. Hp tdn thd chu nghia dan tdc each ly, va ludn mang ndi nhd v l vuih quang ttong qua kbit. Hay ndi each khac, chu nghia dan tdc la xu hudng tu tudng tuyet ddi hda gia tti dan tdc minh, dat dan tpc minh d vi tti cao nhdt trong toan bp he thdng gia tti, di din chd khoa traong, bai ngoai, tvr phu, coi dan tge minh cao hom tat ca va gay thiet hai cho dan tdc khac''.
Hp ehdng ngudi nude ngoai va cang ehdng hem nua khi dd la nhung nguoi dan di eu. Su da van hda bi bac bd, uu tien ngudi ban dia va ddng cua bidn gidi dugc dua Idn hang ddu. Cac IJp luan kmh t l quan ttpng chong lai tuyen bd nhap cu rdng ngudi nhjp cu: (i) canh ttanh vdi ngudi ban xii ttong thj tradng lao ddng, idy di cdng viec va lam giam mile thu nhap cua hg; (ii) hudng Igi tir cae ehmh sach phuc Ipi va cd ddng gdp it han ttong eac loji thul. Cac tu tudng dan tuy cung cd khuynh hudng bac bd quan diem ngudi di cu la nhttng ngudi ti nan rdi khdi ddt nude eila hp vi chiln ttanh va ylu td chinh tri. Thay vao dd, hg cho rdng nhflmg ngudi di cu dugc thiic day bdi cac uu dai kinh tl va nhidu ngudi da nhap canh bdt hgp phap. Xudt phat tir cac quan dilm dd, nhflmg ngudi theo phong ttao dan tuy ydu cdu cdn thilt phai cd cae bi?n phap ehmh sach dl giam nhap eu.
2. Mgt so phong trao dan tiiy «'«"
bieu dirdi thdi Tdng thong Obama Phong trdo Tifc Trd
Cudc khung hoang tai chinh - kinh te xay.ra d My nam 2008 da khiln cho nude My phai ganh chiu nhilu tdn that nang nl. Mac du Chinh phd Hoa Kj" luc bdy gid dudi thdi Tdng thdng Obama da dua ra nhilu no luc chinh sach cftu nen kinh tl, nhung dudng nhu la chua du de vvrc day nin kinh t l dang chim sau vao vdng xoay khung hoang. Phong ttao Ti|c tta dupe coi la mdt phong tih.0 mang dim tinh dan tiiy, tap hgp nhung ngudi dan My cd xu hudng bao thil, bdt mSn vdi chinh quyln ducmg nhiem, va cd anh hudng manh den nen chinh tri My ke til sau cudc khung hoang tai chinh nam 2008. Phong trao Tiec tta ra dai va boat ddng vi ba nguydn tie chinh: 1) hanche quyen luc eua chinh phu lien bang; 2) chii quyln cila Hoa K^ la tten hit; 3) bao ve tinh nguyen ban eua Hiln phap.
Ddu tien, Phong ttao Tide tta dugc ra ddi do cac thanh vidn bao thii lo ngai vl nguyen tdc mgt chinh phd ban ehl bj pha va. Nguyen tie chinh phil han ehl la mdt chinh phii dugc td chiie va hoat ddng ttong pham vi quyln han eua minh theo eo ehl kilm ehl va ddi trgng. Co che nay dupe cac nha lap qudc Hoa K*
dat ra nhdm dam bao ring khdng mgt nhanh quyln Ivtc nao trong ba nhanh lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap dugc ^ ^ ndn qua manh so vdi hai nhanh kia. Su phan chia quydn Ivrc nay dat
•^s eac gidi han ddi vdi svr kidm soat ma mSi nhanh
CHAU MY NGAY NAY 31 ed thi dugc hudng ttong nd Ivrc ehdng lai
svr chuyen chi. Theo nhttng ngudi thudc Phong ttao Tide tta, chinh phu hien dang vugt qua gidi ban eda minh va cdn dugc sila doi. Hp yeu cdu mdt chinh phu phai bi gidi ban, tdn trpng cac quydn cua cac ca nhan nhu Idi phat bidu eua Jeimifer Stefano, ngudi dau tien tham gia khi Phong ttao Tiec tta quay ttd lai vao nam 2008, dac dilm co ban cua phong ttao nay la: "Chiing tdi mudn mpt ehmh phu gidi han, tdn ttpng eac quyen cua cac ca nhan ttdn toan bang. Chung tdi da chidn ddu va van chiln dau vi su tvr do eua nen Idnh te de mpi ngudi My deu cd ca hdi, mdt ndn kinh te thinh vugng, ddc lap va cdng bang tir chinh phu"
Khi Chinh phu My thdng qua mdt loat cac gdi ciiu trg kinh td, tai chinh 1dm nhdm gitt cho svr suy thoai kinh te khdng roi vao mdt cudc dai suy thoai mdi thi lan sdng phan ddi cua Phong ttao Tide tta da bat dau no ra vdi quan didm khdng ddng tinh vdi su lang phi eua chinh phu va "chii nghia xa hdi Obama"'. Hp kdu gpi nhung ngudi bao thu tham gia vao viec phan ddi nhiing ndi dung trong dvr luat kich thich kinh te hang nghin ty ddla'. Michelle Malkin phdng vien cua Fox, thjm chi cdn thue day mdt cudc bilu tinh d Denver do mdt nhdm bao thu khac mang tdn Ngudi My vi Svr thinh vugng (Americans for Prosperity) td chire'.
De bao ve nguyen tdc mpt chinh phu han ehl, Phong ttao Tide tra eon gay anh hudng ttong quy ttinh lap phap bang
khi kdu gpi bac bd D?o luat Ddu tu Giao thdng hi gia 72 ty USD d Atlanta'.
Trong nam 2010, bang Georgia chi dinh 12 khu vvrc trong dd cir tri se dugc hdi vd viec ung hd trich 1% thul doanh thu ban hang dd chi cho cac du an giao thdng van tai theo Luat Dau tu Giao thdng 2010 tri gia 72 ty USD, nhdm cung cd h | thdng giao thdng d day. Mile thud de xuat nay dugc dua ra nham tao ra mdt ngudn quy la 8,5 ty USD ttong 10 nam dd hd trg gdn 160 cdng ttinh giao thdng va cac cai tidn lien quan, bao gdm eac nut giao dudng cao tdc, md rdng dudng sat va nang cap dich vu xe buyt. Nhttng ngudi ung hg dd xuat nay thudng xuyen nhan manh rang cae bien phap ve thud ban hang va eac dur an se hd trg la nhihig lua chpn thay thi duy nhdt kha thi cho viec giai quydt cac van dl iin tdc giao thdng trong khu vvrc, va rdng khdng cd kl hoach B. Dl xay dimg danh muc du an, nhftng ngudi dng hp ttong khu vvrc td ehiic nhilu cudc hpp cdng ddng, td chile cac cudc didu tta, tiln hanh hpi nghi vdi cac quan chuc dia phuang ttong nam 2011. Tuy nhidn, nhttng ndi dung ttong du an nay lai mau thudn vdi niem tin eua phe bao' thu vd ttach nhifm tai chinh, chinh phii hjn chi, va mpt nin kinh td thi trudng tvr do.
Hp cho rdng nhttng ngudi ung hp da phdng dai nhftng Ipi ich eda ke ho^ch.
Nhirng ngudi phan ddi da dua ra thdng diep tai cae cudc hpp edng cpng va cac cupc hpp bao, sil dung cac phuong tien trayin thdng nhu td roi, videa, va blog.
32 S 6 03-2019 CHAU Mi N G A Y J < A Y _
Hp thud chuyen gia tu van, bd tiln ra mua cac danh sach cu tti, tham chi sin sang tidp can vdi phe Dan chu va cae nhdm tvr do dl dam bao cudc trung edu bi that bai. Ket qua ma Phong ttao Tiec tta thu dugc la sd ngudi bd philu
"khdng" chiem tdi 63%, bdt chdp nhflmg canh bao tu nhung ngudi iing hd Luat nay cho rang tinh ttang giao thdng d day dang ngay cang ttd nen tdi te va nd can dugc sua chtta nang edp'°. Dang chu ^, Luat nay da nhan dugc sur ung hd eda ca hai phia cae nha lanh dao dang Dan chu va Cdng hda la Thdng ddc Nathan Deal eda dang Cong hda, va Thi tradng Atlanta Kasim Reed ciia dang Dan chu.
Trong khi Luat nay dugc hd ttg tdi 8 tri^u USD dd quang ba tdi ngudi d3n, thi phia Phong trao Tipe tta va nhdm lien minh chi tdn cd 15 nghin USD" phan ddi vdi thdng diep cho cdng chiing rang Luat nay se khdng lam dupe gi dl cM thien vdn dl giao thdng cua Atlanta.
TTiK- hai, Phong ttao Tiec tta bao ve tinh nguyen ban cua Hien phap.
Da cd rdt nhieu ttanh lu$n xung quanh vide giai thich Hidn phap theo each nao la dung nhdt. Cd quan diem cho rdng Hiln phap nen dugc hiiu theo nghia ban ddu ma nd dugc lap ra, hay cdn gpi la tinh nguyen bdn eua Hiln phap, cung cd l?p luan cho rdng Hien phap ndn dugc ly giai mdt each linh ddng theo hoan canh, hay cdn gpi la hien phdp sdng. Quan dilm eua nhung nha bao thd cho rdng cdn phai bao ve tinh nguyen ban, tinh gdc cua Hidn phap.
theo dung -y chi eua nhflmg nha sang I?P da gay dvmg nen va dugc thd hien ttong Hien phdp.
Nhftng ngudi ung hd Phong ttao Tiec tta cho rdng, Hiln phap da ttao quyen tvr do cho mSi ca nhan, do dd hp tin rang Obamacare vi phjun quyen ca nhan bdi vi theo hg, viec tham gia gdi bao hiem cham sdc sue khde la quyln tvr do eda mdi ca nhan, chinh phu khdng cd quydn can thiep" Phong ttao Tide tta da len tilng phan ddi Chuong tttah Obamacare, va Dvr luat cai each y t l da ttd thanh chu dl cua nhieu cupc ttanh luan ttong cudc bau cir gitta nhiem ky nam 2010. Cd mpt vdn de ma 100% cac iing vidn cua Phong ttao Tiec tta ddng y la nlu dvr luat cai each y te ttd thanh lu|t, nd sd anh hudng tidu cvre din quyln tvr do cila benh nhan ttong viec dugc Ivra chgn co sd kham chtta b^nh cung nhu Ivra chpn phucmg phap ehfta bdnh"
Phong trao Ti?c tta da t6 chiic nhilu cupc bilu tmh phan d6i Obamacare.
vao thang 12/2009, cd khoang 1 tti$u ngudi tham gia cupc bilu tinh d Washington, ttgng tam la Obamacare, kl hoach cai td hp thdng y t l My ciia Tdng thdng Obama. Day dugc coi la eugc bilu tinh cd quy md tham gia Idn nhdt kl tft khi Obama nham chue. Vao thing 3/2012, nhung ngudi ung hg Phong ttao Tiec tra lai tap hop d Washmgton dl phan ddi luat cham sdc sue khde eda chinh quyln Tdng thdng Obama, hai ngay trade khi Tda an Tdi cao xem xet tinh hgp hiln ciia dao luat
CHAUMYNGAYNAY SO 03-2019 33
"Chung toi mudn tif do ciia chung tdi tr&
Igi", cvm ling cil vidn t6ng thdng dang Cdng hda Herman Cain noi ttong cudc bieu tinh dang diing gdn Tda an Tdi cao, dng cdn phat bieu them, "chiing tdi co quyin tu do lifa chgn bdc si rieng cim chiing tdi... tu do lua chgn ehucmg trinh bdo hiem siic khde cua chung tdi"
Thpn chi Jenny Beth Martm, dilu phdi vien quoc gia cua Tea Party Express (TPE) cdn phat bieu, "ObamaCare Id mot cdn benh ung the trong chinh phu ciia chiing ta, vd chung tg dgng nd luc de loai bd nd."^^ Cac cupc bilu tinh nay da danh dau svr ttd lai manh md eua Phong ttao Tiec tta tjii Washmgton.
Tiep tuc ke hoach phan ddi Obamacare, nam 2014, cac nhdm cua Phong trao Tide tta", d?ii dipn la Mitch McConnell, lanh dao dang Cpng hda d Thugng vidn da gfti tdi cae lanh dao dang Cdng hda mpt thdng diep rang:
"Chiing tdi dd tgo ra cdc bgn, vi the hay hity bd Obamacare" Vdi thanh edng ma hg da gianh dugc cho chiln thang cua cac dng vidn dang Cdng hda ttong cudc bdu cu Qudc hpi 2014, giiip dang Cpng hda thdm Igi thd chiem da sd ghe, gianh ludn quyen kiem soat Thugng vien My, Phong trao Tide tta cho rang hp da tao ra cac nghi sf ciia dang Cpng hda ttong nhiem ky nay, do do, nhimg nghi sy nay cd trach nhiem phai thvrc hipn nhftng gi ma Phong trao Ti^e tta yeu cau. Sau phat ngdn nay, Mitch McConnell cdn tiep tvie khdng dinh Kp trudng buy bd Obamacare
ttong mdt cupc hpp tai Ddi Capitol vao ngay 2/12/2014, "Chung tdi chdc chdn tiep tuc thuc hien cam ket cug chung tdi v&i nguai tidn My Id se thuc hi^n mgi nd luc cd the de huy bd nd". ^ Tuy nhidn, dng ciing ndi thdm rdng ngudi dan ndn thvrc te hon vdi nhirng mong mudn eua minh vl viec bai bd Obamacare ttong khi Tong thdng Obama van cdn ducmg nhiem. Ong cung da cam ket tranh lap lai svr vide cua nam 2013 khi nhihig nd Ivrc cua Phong trao Tide tta nham buy bd Obamacare da gdp phan khien cho Chinh phii My phai tam ngimg boat d§ng.
NhOng ngudi ung hd Phong ttao Tide tra tin rang qudc gia dang phai ddi mat vdi khung hoang bdi vi nd da xa rdi tinh nguydn ban eua Hien phip do nhiing nha lap qudc tao ra, va hg tim each khdi phvic chinh phu theo nhftng gi hp tin la nguydn tdc co ban eua nd.
Theo Phong ttao Ti^c tta, y nghia tdi thugng cua Hiln phap nen dugc xac djnh bdi nguai dan, va dugc hanh ddng thdng qua cac quy trinh chinh ttj, chu khdng phai bdi cac tda an". Gidng nhu nhilu phong ttao chinh tti khac da thanh cdng ttong viec thay doi each hieu ve Hiln phap, bao gdm phong ttao dan quyln, phong ttao ntt quyen va phong ttao quyen sd dung sung, Phong ttao Tiec tta da tim each huy ddng cdng khai ydu cdu thge hien tam nhin hien phap.
Phong trdo Ti4c trd dd thu hut hdng trdm ngdn ngudi cimg keu ggi trd Igi tinh nguyen bdn cua Hien phdp . Hp la tap hgp nhftng eon ngudi mang ttong mtah
s o 03-2019 CHAU MY N G A Y N ^ ndi sg bi xa lanh sau sac trudc nhirng
biin ddi nhanh chong eua xa hpi My, dac biet la ttong viec lam quyen cua chinh phu lien bang. Sarah Palin, mpt nha boat dpng tich cue eua Phong trao Tiec tra tuyen bd, thay vi viec cd gdng thay ddi nhftng gia tti cua nude My,
"chiing tg nen quay Igi nhieng gi md cdc nhd sdng Igp dd gay dung nen vd dugc thi Men trong cdc vdn bdn phdp lugt, ciJ the Id Hienphdp"^^
Thii ba, nhihig ngudi ung hd Phong ttao Tiec tta bao ve chu quydn eua Hoa Ky theo nghia rpng, dilu ma hp tin rang dang bi de dpa ttong cpng dong qudc td.
Chu quyln theo nghia rdng d day dugc hieu la khdng chi bao ve chu quyln v l mat dia ly, ma dd la cdn bao ve chu quyen cua mdi ca nhan, quyen Igi ciia ngudi dan My trade eac thvrc the qudc t l nhu Lidn Hgp Qudc hay WTO. Ly do chinh tai sao mvic tieu cua Phong ttao Tiec tra lai cd Udn quan vdi chu quyln cua My la vi nhftng ngudi ung bg phong ttao nay cho rang toan cdu hda khdng cd muc dich bao ve cac quyln tvr nhien cua ca nhan trade svr can thiep cua chinh quyen, ma thay vao dd lam cdng kdnh them bd may chinh quyln. Do dd, nude My nen hanh ddng vi Igi ich ciia edng dan My dau tidn va khdng ky kit cac hipp dinh qudc tl khdng bao v? nhihig Igi ich dd, chang han nhu Lidn Hiep Qudc, WTO va mpt sd hipp dinh quoc td la vi ph?m cac quyln cua cdng dan cung nhu lam thay doi tidu cvre vai ttd ciia chinh phii^^
Phong trdo Chiimphi Wall Phong trao "Chilm Phd Wall" khdi ddu la mdt cupc bilu tinh didn ra ngay 17/09/2011 tai Thanh phd New York- Phong trao "Chilm Phd Wall" cd thd coi la mdt phong ttao chinh tti ndi bat va gay anh hudng nhdt trong nam 2011 nd ra tai My, tham chi nd eon dugc danh gia Id mot phong trdo ddn tuy ddu tien cua thi ky XXI a My ki tie nhieng ndm 1930^^. Phong trao len an gidi tai chinh, ngan hang dugc coi la thil pham gay ra cudc khung hoang tai chinh nam 2008 va la nguydn nhan khien cho tinh teang thdt nghiep ttd nen ttdm trpng. Cung nhu Phong trao Tipc tta, Phong ttao Chilm phd Wall cung dugc kich hoat bdi cupc khiing hoang n5m 2008 khi nhiing sg tile gian bung phat tir vide cat giam quydn Igi va luong bdng eua nhan vidn t?i My, chang ban nhu tradng hgp d Wisconsin va cac cudc bilu tinh ehdng l^ii vipe cdt giam ngan sach cua Thdng ddc Scott Walker^'' 'Tuy nhien, ddi tugng ma Phong trao Chilm phd Wall hudng tdi khac so vdi Phong ttao Tide tta, dje bipt la phe canh hOu, Phong ttao Chilm phd Wall dd Idi cho cae tap doan, ngan hang, chinh tti gia va ngudi giau " 1 % "
eda My. Nhftng ngudi tham gia phong ttao nay gpi day la eude chiln eda 99%
dan chiing eh6ng l^i 1% „hj g^^ ^^^
nat va tham nhung cua Phd Wall"
L|p luan ehmh eda phong tao la keu gpi su bmh ddng thu nh^p cho 99o/„ j - sd My va phan ddi quyln lue eda !»/„
CHAU MY NGAY NAY S 6 03-2019 35 ngudi giau nhat nude, nam gift phan Idn
cua cai va dua ra nhiing quydt dinh sai idm din din nhiing hau qua nghiem ttgng nhu su suy thoai eua nen kmh te nam 2008. Cu thi, nhdm 1% nhOng ngudi giau nhdt chiim khoang 21% thu nhgp qudc ddn (GDP), nhung Igi sd hieu t&i 35% tdng tdi sdn qudc gia: vd khoang han 200 cdng ty khdng Id xuyen qudc gia & My vd Tdy Au dang chiem gia 30% GDP cua thi gi&i" Ngudi bieu tinh khdng ddi dan chd, ma ydu cau nhilu cdng bdng xa hpi ban.
Da cd rat nhidu nhirng ly giai dugc dua ra nham giai thich cho hipn tugng chinh trj - xa hdi cd tinh anh hudng sau rdng nay tai My, ttong dd vide nen kinh tl bi tti tte khiln ngudi dan hie gian va tinh ttpig bdt binh ddng thu nhap la nguyen nhan chinh thiic day cho phong ttao no ra. Tren thvrc tl, ba nam sau cudc khiing hoang tai chinh ttdm ttpng, nin kmh te My tiep tyc roi vao tinh trang suy thoai khdng Idi thoat. Thi trudng nha d phai v^t Ipn vdi khd khan sau khi bi "vd bong bdng" khiln sd lugng nha d eua ngudi dan bi tich thu tang Idn.
Nhieu ngudi bi mat nha ngay ca sau khi hp da tra mOt sd tien the chap Idn. Tinh ttjing that nghipp d mile bao dgng khiln gidi tte cang ngay cang cam thay bdt man vi khd tim dugc vide lam hon.
Nhftng ngudi bat man vdi tinh hinh luc bay gid da quay ra do Idi cho Phd Wall. Hg cho rdng day la nai giau cd nhdt gdn vdi "sg va vet va tham nhiing"^', va la nguydn nhan it nhieu da
ddn den cudc khung hoang tai chinh va suy thoai kinh t l nam 2008. Ciing vdi dd, gdi ciru ttg khdng Id ma Chinh phu My danh cho Phd Wall cung gdp phan khidn ng edng My cao ky lye, khidn cho nhieu tang lop bdt binh. Phdn Idn ngudi bilu tinh la nhflng ngudi tre tuoi bi that nghiep hoac viec lam bdp benh, mdt sd ngudi bi tich thu nha cura ngay ca khi hp da tta mpt sd tidn Idn thi chdp. Hg phan nan rang tang Idp trang lira lam viec cham chi nhung van ngheo ttong khi Phd Wall la mdt buc ttanh tuong phan di kem vdi su giau cd vd dp. Nhflmg ngudi phai chiu thidt thdi ttong xa hdi da diing Idn cung nhau va phat dgng phong ttao "Chilm Phd Wall".
Se la khap khiing nlu dem so sinh Phong ttao "Chiem Pho Wall" d My vdi nhftng eugc xung d$t chinh tri - xa hpi lam sup dd nhieu chinh quydn, ma ngudi ta ggi la "Mtia xuan A nip" tai khu vvrc Trung Ddng - Bdc Phi. Tuy nhien, cd mgt dilm chung khdng thi phil nhan la su: thdt vgng ciia dan thudng da "tdi ngudng" va hp khdng thi kien nhan thdm. Ciing ed quan diem coi Phong trao Chilm phd Wall la mdt phong ttao tilp noi cua mdt loat cae eude bilu tmh chinh tx\ no ra ttdn thd gidi, nhu cae cupc bjo loan tten dudng phd do chinh sach that lung budc bvmg d chau Au va "Mua xuan A rap" la mpt loat cac cupc each m?ng d Trung Ddng ehdng lai tdng lap cdm quydn. Nhan dinh nay dugc dua ra vi vao cudi mua he nam 2011, mOt tap chi chong tu ban ngudi Canada Adbusters
34 SO 03-2019 CHAU Mi NGAYNAY.
noi sg bi xa lanh sau sac trade nhirng biin doi nhanh ehdng cua xa hpi My, dac biet la ttong viec lam quyln cua chinh phu lien bang. Sarah Palin, mpt nha hoat ddng tich cue cua Phong trao Tiec tta tuyen bd, thay vi viec cd gang thay ddi nhttng gia tti cua nude My,
"chiing ta nen quay lai nhieng gl md cdc nhd sdng lap dd gdy dung nen vd dugc the hi?n trang cdc vdn bdn phdp ludt, cu the Id Hien phdp"
Thie ba, nhung ngudi ung hd Phong ttao Tide tta bao ve chu quyln eua Hoa Ky theo nghia rdng, dieu ma hp tin rang dang bi de dpa ttong cdng ddng qudc td.
Chu quyln theo nghia rdng d day dugc hieu la khdng chi bao ve chu quyen ve mat dia ly, ma dd la cdn bao ve chii quyen eua mdi ca nhan, quydn Igi cua ngudi dan My trade eac thue thi qudc t l nhu Lidn Hgp Qudc hay WTO. Ly do chinh tai sao muc tidu eua Phong trao Tide tta lai cd lien quan vdi chu quyln cua My la vi nhttng ngudi iing hd phong trdo nay cho rdng toan cdu hda khdng ed muc dich bao ve eac quyln tu nhidn eda ca nhan trade svt can thiep cua chinh quyln, ma thay vao dd lam cdng kenh them bd may chinh quyln. Do dd, nude My ndn hanh ddng vi Igi ich ciia edng dan My dau tien va khdng ky kit eac hiep dinh qudc te khdng bao vp nhttng Igi ich do, ehdng h?n nhu Lien Hiep Qudc, WTO va mdt sd hiep dinh quoc t l la vi pham cac quyln cua cdng dan cung nhu lam thay doi tidu cue vai ttd cua chinh phu .
Phong trdo Chiimphi Wall Phong ttao "Chilm Phd Wall" khdi ddu la mpt cudc bilu tinh diln ra ngay 17/09/2011 tai Thanh phd New York.
Phong trao "Chilm Phd Wall" cd thd coi la mdt phong trao chinh tti ndi bat va gay anh hudng nhdt ttong nam 2011 nd ra tai My, tham chi nd cdn dugc danh gia Id mdt phong trdo ddn tuy ddu tien cua the ky XXI d My ki tie nhiing ndm 1930". Phong ttao len an gidi tai chinh, ngan hang dugc coi la thii pham gay ra cudc khiing hoang tai chinh nam 2008 va la nguyen nhan khien cho tinh trang that nghiep trd ndn tram trpng. Cung nhu Phong trao Tide tra, Phong ttao Chiem phd Wall cung dugc kich hoat bdi cupc khung hoang nam 2008 khi nhflng svr tdc gian bung phat tu viec cat giam quyen lpi va luong bdng cua nhan vien t^i My, chang han nhu tradng hgp d Wisconsm va cae cupc bilu tinh ehdng lai vide cdt giam ngan sach eua Thdng ddc Scott Walker^'' 'Tuy nhien, ddi tugng ma Phong ttao Chilm phd Wall hudng tdi khac so vdi Phong trao Tiec tta, dac biet la phe canh hftu, Phong ttao Chilm phd Wall dd Idi cho eac tap doan, ngan hang, chinh tti gia va ngudi giau " 1 % "
eda My. Nhftng ngudi tham gia phong ttao nay gpi day la cupc chiln eda 99%
dan Chung ehdng lai 1% nha giau thdi nat va tham nhung cua Phd Wall"
Lap luan chinh cua phong ttao la kdu gpi su binh ddng thu nhap cho 99% j - sd My va phan ddi quyln luc eda lo/„
CHAU Mi NGAY NAY S6 03-2019 ngudi giau nhdt nude, nam gift phan Idn eda cai va dua ra nhung quydt dinh sai idm din din nhihig hau qua nghiem ttgng nhu su suy thoai eda nen kinh td nam 2008. Cu thi, nhdm 1% nhiing nguai gidu nhdt chiim khodng 21% thu nhgp quoc ddn (GDP), nhung Igi s& hieu tdi 35% tdng idi sdn qudc gia; vd khodng han 200 cdng ty khdng 16 xuyen qudc gia & My vd Toy Au dang chiim gia 30% GDP ciia thi gi&i^'. Ngudi bilu tinh khdng ddi dan chd, ma ydu cdu nhilu cdng bdng xa hdi hon.
Da ed rat nhilu nhirng ly giai dugc dua ra nhdm giai thich cho hien tugng chinh tri - xa hpi cd tinh anh hudng sau rOng nay tai My, teong do viec nen kinh tl bi tei tee khiln ngudi dan hie gian va
•tinh tejuig bat binh ddng thu nhap la nguyen nhan chinh thiic ddy cho phong teao no ra. Tren thvrc te, ba nam sau cudc khiing hoang tai chinh ttdm ttgng, ndn kinh tl My tidp tuc roi vao tinh ttang suy thoai khong Idi thoat. Thi tradng nha d phai v$t Idn vdi khd khan sau khi bi "v8 bong bong" khiln sd lugng nha d ciia ngudi dan bi tich thu tang Idn.
Nhilu ngudi bi mdt nha ngay ca sau khi hp da tta m$t sd tiln the chap lan. Tinh ttang that nghipp d mdc bao ddng khiln gidi tte cang ngay cang cam thay bdt man vi khd tim dugc vipc lam hon.
Nhihig ngudi bdt man vdi tinh hinh liic bdy gid da quay ra dd loi cho Phd Wall. Hg cho rdng day la nai giau cd nhdt gdn vdi "sg va vet va tham nhiing"", va la nguydn nhan it nhilu da
dan ddn eude khung hoang tai chinh va suy thoai kinh te nam 2008. Cung vdi dd, gdi ciiu ttg khdng Id ma Chinh phu My danh cho Phd Wall cung gdp phdn khidn ng cdng My cao ky lye, khiln cho nhidu tang Idp bat binh. Phdn Idm ngudi bilu tinh la nhirng ngudi tee tuoi hi that nghiep hoac viec lam bap benh, mdt sd ngudi bi tich thu nha cua ngay ca khi hp da tta mdt sd tidn Idn the chdp. Hg phan nan rdng tang Idp trung luu lam vi^e cham chi nhung vin ngheo ttong khi Phd Wall la mpt biic ttanh tuong phan di kem vdi su giau cd vd do. Nhftng ngudi phai chiu thipt thdi ttong xa hpi da diing Idn cdng nhau va phit ddng phong ttao "Chilm Pho Wall".
se la khap khidng neu dem so sanh Phong ttao "Chilm Phd Wall" d My vdi nhihig cuOc xung dpi chinh tri - xa hgi lam syp do nhieu chinh quyln, ma ngudi ta gpi la "Mua xuan A rap" tai khu vvrc Trung Ddng - Bdc Phi. Tuy nhidn, cd mpt diem chung khdng the phii nhan la sy that vgng ciia dan thudng da "tdi ngudng" va hp khdng thi kidn nhin them. Cung cd quan dilm coi Phong ttao Chiem phd Wall la mdt phong ttao tilp ndi cua mpt loat cac cupc bieu tinh chinh tri no ra ttdn thd gidi, nhu cae cudc bao lo?n ttdn dudng ph6 do chinh sach thdt lung bupc bung d chau Au va "Miia xuan A rjip" la mdt loat eac cupc each mang d Trung Ddng ehdng lai tdng Idp edm quyln. Nhan dinh nay dugc dua ra vl vao cudi miia he nam 2011, mot tap chi ehdng tu ban ngudi Canada Adbusters
34 s o 03-2019 CHAU MY NGAY NAV.
ndi sg bi xa Unh sau sac trudc nhftng bien ddi nhanh chong eua xa hdi My, dac biet la trong viec lam quyln cua chinh phd lien bang. Sarah Palin, mdt nha boat dpng tich cue cua Phong ttao Tiec tra tuydn bd, thay vi viec ed gang thay ddi nhftng gia tri ciia nude My,
"chiing ta nen quay Igi nhieng gl md cdc nhd sdng Idp dd gdy dung nen vd dugc the hien trong cdc vdn bdn phdp ludt, cy. the Id Hien phdp"
Thie ba, nhttng ngudi ling hd Phong ttao Tide tta bao ve chu quyen eua Hoa Ky theo nghia rpng, dieu ma hp tm rdng dang bi de dpa trong cdng ddng qudc tl.
Chu quydn theo nghia rdng d day dugc hieu la khdng chi bao ve chii quyln ve mat dia ly, ma dd la cdn bao ve chu quydn cua mdi ca nhan, quydn Igi eua ngudi dan My trudc cac thuc thi qudc t l nhu Lidn Hgp Qudc hay WTO. Ly do chinh tai sao muc tieu eua Phong trao Tiec tea lai cd lidn quan vdi chu quyln cua My la vi nhftng nguai ung hp phong ttao nay cho rang toan cdu hda khdng cd myc dich bao ve cac quyln tu: nhien cua ca nhan trade su can thiep cua chinh quyln, ma thay vao do lam cdng kinh thdm bd may ehmh quyln. Do dd, nude My ndn hanh ddng vi Igi ich ciia edng dan My dau tien va khdng ky kit cac hiep dinh qudc te khdng bao ve nhirng Igi ich dd, chang han nhu Lien Hiep Qudc, WTO va mgt sd hi^p dinh qudc t l la vi pham cae quyln cua cdng dan cung nhu lam thay ddi tidu cire vai ttd eua chinh phu
Phong trao Chiimphi Wall Phong trao "Chilm Phd Wall" khdi dau la mdt cupc bieu tinh diln ra ngay 17/09/2011 tai Thanh phd New York.
Phong ttao "Chilm Phd Wall" cd the coi la mdt phong trao chinh tti ndi bat va gay anh hudng nhdt ttong nam 2011 nd ra tai My, tham chi nd cdn dugc danh gia Id mgt phong trdo ddn tiey ddu tien citg the ky XXI a My ki tie nhihig ndm 1930^^. Phong trao Idn an gidi tai chinh, ngan hang dugc coi la thu pham gay ra cudc khung hoang tai chinh nam 2008 va la nguyen nhan khien cbo tinh ttang thdt nghiep ttd ndn tram trpng. Cung nhu Phong trao Tide tta, Phong trao Chilm phd Wall cung dugc kich boat bdi cupc khung hoang nam 2008 khi nhftng su: tdc gian biing phat tu vide eat giam quyln Igi va luong bdng cua nhan vidn tai My, chang han nhu tradng hgp d Wisconsm va cac cupc bidu tinh ehdng lai vide cdt giam ngan sach eua Thdng ddc Scott Walker 'Tuy nhidn, ddi tugng ma Phong ttao Chilm phd Wall hudng tdi khac so vdi Phong ttao Tide tta, dac biet la phe canh huu, Phong ttao Chilm phd Wall dd Idi cho eac tap doan, ngan hang, ehmh tri gia va ngudi giau " 1 % "
eua My. Nhttng nguoi tham gia phong trao nay gpi day la eugc chiln eiia 99%
dan Chung ehdng l?i 1% „hi gjj^ j ^ i . nat va tham nhung eua Phd Wall"
Lap luan chinh cua phong ttao la kdu gpi sy bmh ddng thu nh|p cho 99% A~
sd My va phan ddi quyln luc cua 1%
CHAU Mi NG AY NAY S6 03-2019 35 ngudi giau nhdt nude, nam gift phan Idn
cua cai va dua ra nhflng quylt dinh sai idm din din nhftng hau qua nghiem ttpng nhu sy suy thoai cua nen kinh t l nam 2008. Cy thi, nhdm 1% nhOng ngudi gidu nhdt chiim khodng 21% thu nhgp qudc ddn (GDP), nhieng igi s& huu t&i 35% tdng tdi sdn quoc gia; vd khodng han 200 cdng ty khdng Id xuyen qudc gia & My vd Tdy Au dang chiem giii 30% GDP ciia thi gi&i^' Ngudi bilu tinh khdng ddi dan chu, ma yeu cdu nhieu cdng bang xa hdi hom.
Da ed rat nhilu nhthig ly giai dugc dua ra nhdm giai thich cho hipn tugng chinh tri - xa hdi cd tinh anh hudng sau rdng nay tai My, teong dd viec nin kinh tl bi tri tep khiln ngudi dan tuc gi|n va tinh tepig bat binh ddng thu nhjp la nguyen nhan chinh thiic ddy cho phong trao nd ra. Tren thye te, ba nam sau cupc khiing hoang tai chinh tedm tegng, nen kinh tl My tilp tyc rai vao tinh te£ing suy thoai khdng loi thoat. Thi tradng nha d phai vat Ipn vdi kho khan sau khi bi "v6 bong bdng" khiln sd lugng nha d cua ngudi dan bi tich thu tang Idn.
Nhilu ngudi bi mat nha ngay ca sau khi hp da tea mdt sd tiln the chdp Idn. Tinh tejing thdt nghipp d mftc bao dgng khiln gidi tee cang ngay cang cam thay bat man vi khd tim dugc vide lam hon.
Nhiing ngudi bdt man vdi tinh hinh liic bay gid da quay ra do Idi cho Phd Wall. Hp cho rdng day la nai giau cd nhat gdn vdi "su va vet va tham nhung"", va la nguydn nhan it nhieu da
din den cudc khung hoang tai chinh va suy thoai kinh t l nam 2008. Cung vdi dd, gdi eiiu ttg kh6ng lo ma Chinh phu My danh cho Phd Wall ciing gdp phan khiln ng edng My cao ky lye, khien cho nhilu tdng lop bat binh. Phdn Idn ngudi bilu tinh la nhftng ngudi ted tuoi hi thdt nghiep hoac vide lam bap benh, mdt sd ngudi bi tich thu nha cua ngay ca khi hg da tea mgt sd tien 1dm the chap. Hp phan nan rang tang Idp trang luu lam viec cham chi nhung vin ngheo trong khi Phd Wall la mot buc teanh tuong phan di kem vdi sy giau ed vd dp. Nhttng ngudi phai cMu thidt thdi teong xa hdi da dung Idn cdng nhau va phat dOng phong ttao "Chilm Phd Wall".
se la khip khiing nlu dem so sinh Phong teao "Chilm Pho Wall" d My vdi nhthig cudc xung dot chinh tri - xa hdi lam syp do nhidu chinh quyln, ma ngudi ta gpi la "Miia xuan A rip" tji khu vyc Trung Ddng - Bdc Phi. Tuy nhien, cd mdt diem chung khdng thi phu nhan la su thdt vpng cua dan thudng da "tdi ngudng" va hp khdng thi kidn nhin thdm. CQng cd quan dilm coi Phong trao Chiem phd Wall la mpt phong teao tilp ndi cua mot lojt cae cudc bilu tinh chinh tri nd ra tedn the gidi, nhu eac cupc bao loan teen dudng phd do chinh sach that lung bu$c bvmg d chau Au va "Miia xuan A rap" la mpt lojt cac cupc each mang d Trung Ddng chong lai tdng lop cam quyen. Nhan dinh nay dugc dua ra vi vao cudi mda he nam 2011, mdt tap chi ehdng tu ban ngudi Canada Adbusters
36 SO 03-2019 CHAU M * NGAY NAY, da kdu gpi ngudi My bieu Id tinh doan
ket vdi- cac cupc bao loan chau Au va Mua xuan A Rap bang each phan ddi va
"chilm" Phd Wall vao ngay 17/09/2011.
Din cudi ngay hdm dd, hang team ngudi da chilm ddng dat trai tai Zucotti Park d khu tai chinh cua New York de phan ddi pho Wall, cac ngan hang Idn, cac tap doan idn va cac chinh tti gia ung hp hp^*. Do dd cung cd thi coi Phong ttao chilm Phd Wall nd ra mot phan ly do la mudn bay td tinh doan kit vdi phong trao chung ciia thd gidi.
Phong ttao chiem Phd Wall la mpt vi du v l mpt hinh thuc bidu hien eua cae phong ttao dan tuy luc bdy gid. Cung gidng nhu nhttng nguoi theo phong ttao dan tiiy khac, nhung ngudi ung hd Phong ttao Chilm phd Wall tin rang ngudn gdc gay nen sy bat binh dang kinh t l ehmh la gidi thugng luu sd hiiu cac cdng ty va nhflng ngudi hd ttg hp.
Ket luan
Phong ttao dan tuy da dd lai dugc nhilu ddu dn ttong lich sii chinh tri Hoa Ky dac biet nhdn manh vao khoang thdi gian khi cudc khung hoang tai chuih va suy thoai kinh t l nd ra nam 2008, kdt hpp vdi su kien cudc bau cit tdng thdng My vdi dilm nhdn la chidn thang cua Tdng thdng Barack Obama. Su ndi len ciia Phong ttao Tiec tta vdi tu tudng dan tiiy da tao ra nhihig bien ddng nhat dinh teong hai nhiem ky ciia Tdng thdng Obama nhu to chue cac cupc bilu tmh phan ddi cac gdi kich thich kinh t l va
chuong trinh Obamacare cua Tdng thdng Obama; gay anh hudng ttong quy ttinh lap phap d bang Atlanta khi keu gpi bac bd Dao luat Ddu tu Giao thdng tti gia 72 ty USD; Phong ttao "Chilm idy phd WalP'cung la mpt dang bilu hien cua phong ttao dan tuy vdi lan sdng bilu tinh Phd Wall len an gidi tai chinh - ngan hang vao nam 2011. Hai phong ttao dan tuy nay cho thdy tinh ttang bat dn va chia re chinh tri ttong xa hdi My hien nay •
Tdi lieu tham khdo:
1. Bemie Sanders confirms presidential run and damns America's inequities, https;//www.theguardian.eoni/us-news/20I5/apr/
30/bemie-sanders-confirms-presidentiaI-mn-and- damns-amerieas-inequities
2. David Sherfmski, Mitch McConnell: We'll make 'every effort' to repeal Obamacare - but its namesake is still in office. The Washington Times, December 8, 2014
3. JeUins (2011), The Tea Party Movement: A New Force in Republican Polities'}, Institute of Governmental StudiesUC Berkeley, pg. 40-41.
4. Jared A. Goldstein (2011), The Tea Party Movement And The Perils Of Popular Origmalism, http://arizonalawreview.org/pdI/53- 3/53arizh'ev827.pdf.
5. Hoang Anh Tuin, Chinh trj Anh - My: Su tin ngdi cua xu humg c^rc td va arc bdo IM, http://nghieneuuquoete.net/2015/09/16/ehinh-tri- anh-my-euc-ta-va-cue-bao-thu/#sthashPIus2 DLK.dpuf
6. Nguyin Nham, Vt sao phong trdo "Chiim phd tVail" lai bdt binh vai h( thing tdi chinh K^'>
http://www.tapchieongsan.org.vn/Home/Binh- luanflOIl/I3940A/i-sao-phong-trao-Chiem-pho- Wall-lai-bat-binh-voi.aspx, ngay 7/12/20U 7. Michelle Malkin, A Tax Day Tea Parly cheat
sheet: How it cjl! sta ti http://michellemalkin.eom/2009/04/15/a.tax-dav' tea-party-cheat-sheet-how-it-all-started/ "A SI 15,2009 ' ""' 8. Michael Snyder, II Examples tif How Insaneh
Corrupt The U.S. Financial System Has Bee https;//www.businessinsider.coni/l 1. raamplcs- of-reeent-eorTUption-on-wall-slreet-2010-4
CHAU MY NGAY NAY 37
Chii thich:
1. Walter Nugent (2013), The Tolerant Populists.
The University of Chicago Press.
2. Mary Beth Norton, David M. Katzman, David W.
Blight, Howard Chudacoff, Fredrik Logevall, (2005), A People and a Nation: A History of the United States. Houghton Mifflin, USA.
3. Theo nhang cich hieu v^ chu nghia dan tuy, ye ban chat "dan chung" \h mpt t§p hgp d6ng nhat, tSt va CO pham hanh. Ho Ifin an tang lop tinh hoa vl nhang b& b6i vS tham nhung va tinh khong nhit qu4n trong liri hiia khi tranh cu v& hinh d^ng sau khi tning cu:.
4. D4o Minh H6ng - Le H6ng Hi?p (chu bien), S6 tay ThuSt ngft Quan he Qu6c te, Khoa QHQT - D^i hocKHXH&NV TPHCM, 2013.
5. Jane Coaston, In 2018, the Tea Party is all in for Trump, https://www.vox.eom/2018/5/15/172637 74/tea-parly-trump-2018
6. John, Behind the Tea Party Effort: S20K. Four Stc^ and a Volunteer Intern, bwp:/hfvm.
verumserum.com/?p=4717, April 17, 2009.
7. Michelle Malkin, A Tax Day Tea Party cheat sheet: How it all started.
htlp://michellemalkin.cora/2009/04/15/a-tax-day- tea-paity-cheat-sheet-how -it-all-started/, April 15,2009
8. Comment on the Tea Party Movement.
http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/--altemey/drbob/Co mment%20on%20the%20Tea%20P^.pdf, April 20,2010.
9. How tea party and its unlikely allies nixed Atlanta's transit tax, https://www.csmonitor.com /USA/Politics/2012/0801/How-tea-party-and-its- unlikely-allies-nixed-Atlanta-s-transit-tax, August 1,2012.
lO.Karen Trapenberg Frick, The Actions of Discontent: Tea Pca-ty and Property Rights Activists Pushing Back Against Regional Planning, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/fiill/
10.1080/01944363.2013.885312?mobileUi=0#
ILPatrik Jonsson, How tea party and its unlikely allies nixed Atlanta's transit tax, https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2012/
0801/How-tea-party-and-its-unlikely-allies-nixed -Atlanta-s-transit-tax
12.Chris Conover, How the Affordable Care Act Reduces Our Liberty, htlps://www.fori)es.com/
sites/chrisconover/2012/08/10/how-the-affordable -care-act-reduces-our-liberly/#5e77ce5d4b02, Aug 10,2012.
13.Jel!ins (2011), The Tea Party Movement: A New Force in Republican Polities'!, Institute of Governmental StudiesUC Berkeley, p. 40-41.
14.http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/03/herm an-cain-tea-par^-activists-rally-against-obamacare/
15.http://www .foxnews.com/politics/2012/03/24/tea-pa rty-rallies-in-washington-against-obama-care.html 16.Phong trio T i | c tra co c i e nhom chinh; Tea Party
Nation; Tea Party Patriots; FreedomWorks;
ResistNet; Tea Party Express, trich nguSn tii:
Vincent Raynauld (2013), The perfect political storm? The Tea Party movement, the redefinition of the digital political mediascape. and the birth of online politicking 3.0, Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario
17 .http://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2014 -11-05/tea-party-to-republicans-we-made-you-so -now-repeal-obamacare
18.David Sherfmski, Mitch McConnell: We'll make 'every effort' to repeal Obamacare - but its namesake is still in office. The Washington Times, December 8, 2014
19.11ya Somin (2011), The Tea Party Movement and Popular Constitutionalism,
20.Christopher W. Schmidt (2010), The Tea Party and the Constitution, ht^s://staticl.squarespace.
com/static/591ccfl6db29d6afe8606726/t/592d057 flj3db2b6efbea649a/1496122751401/Schmidtpdf.
21.Jared A. Goldstein (2011), The Tea Party Movement And The Perils Of Popular Originalism, http://arizonalawreview.org/pdf/53- 3/53 arizh-ev827.pdf.
22.Elizabeth Price Foley (2012), The Tea Party:
Three Principles, Cambridge University Press.
23.Joe Lowndes and Dorian Warren, Occupy Wall Street: A Twenty-First Century Populist Movement^, https://www.dissentmagazine.org/
online_articles/occupy-wall-street-a-twenty-first- century-populist-movement, October 21, 2011.
24.Kira Zalan, The Wisconsin Protests' Widespread Influence - From Obama to Occupy Wall Street.
htlps://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2012/03 /02/the-wisconsin-protests-widespread-influence fi-om-obama-to-occupy-wall-street. Mar 2,2012.
25.Elizabeth Flock, We are the 99 percent and Occupy Wall Street ff-ow larger nationwide, October 6, 2011.
26.Nguyln Nham, Vi sao phong trao "Chiem pho Wall" Igi bdt binh vai h? thdng tai chinh My?.
http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/Home/Binh- luan/2011/13940/Vi-sao-phong-trao-Chiem-pho- Wall-lai-bat-binh-voi.aspx, ngiy 7/12/2011.
27.Michael Snyder, II Examples Of How Insanely Corrupt The U.S. Financial System Has Become, https://www.businessinsider.com/ll-examples- of-recent-corruption-on-wall-street-2010-4 28.Sarah van Gelder (2011), This Changes
Everything, Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
