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s o 4-2012GIAO DUG O NUGC NGOAlii
DauvaHpc
— — ^NGAY NAY
Vai net ve giao due of Han Quoc va l(inh nghiem ddl vofi Viet Nam
PGS. TS. B(JI MANH HUNG
Trudng Dpi hpc So phpm TP. H i Chf Minh
T6IVI TAT
Bdi vilt trinh bdy nhOng dilm elt y i u cua gido dye Hdn Quie, trpng tdm Id v l chUdng trinh vd sdch gido khoa, vd nhQng kinh nghidm cd t h l dp dyng vdo thyc tiln gido dye Vidt Nam, Hdn Quic vd Vidt Nam ed rlt nhilu dilm tUdng ding v l ijch sO vd vdn hda, Vl vdy, vide tim hidu kinh nghidm eiJa Hdn Quoc cd y nghTa quan tnpng d l i vdi Vidt Nam, d$e bidt trong b l i d n h chung ta dang d l i mdi cdn bin, todn didn n i n gido dye,
Td khda. gido dye Hdn Quic, Vidt Nam, trudng, mdn hpc, ehUdng trinh, sdch gido khoa.
ABSTRACT
Some experiences for Vietnam from Korea's edueatron This artfcle is atx)ut the core features of Korea's education, focusing on highlights of the curriculum, textbooks and its experiences that can be applied td Vietnam. Vietndm and Korea share many common things in the history and cufture. So, investigation of Korean education experiences is significant for Vietnam's edu- catbn; especially, in the context of jundamental and compre- hensive reform of our edueatbn system.
Keywords. Korean education, Vietnam, school, subject, curriculum, textbook.
1 . T^ng quan vg^ giao due Han Qud'c
Hdn Quic dat dupe nhQng thdnh tyu thin kl sau nOa t h l kf phdt triln. D i u nhOng ndm 2960, Hdn Quic Id mdt trong nhQng quic gia ed thu nh$p binh qudn d i u ngUdi thip nhit t h l gidi, chOa d i n 100 USD. Hidn nay, con s i dd da vupt 20.000 USD. Tdi nguydn thidn nhien khdng phll Id t h l manh cua quic gia ndy. Chien lupe phdt triln quic gia vd nguIn nhdn lye mdi Id nhdn t l quylt djnh dUa Hdn Quic d i n vj t h l nhu ngdy hdm nay.
Ndi den nguIn nhdn lye Id ndi d i n gido dye. Ndm 1948, khi Hdn Quic dope thdnh ldp, chfnh phCi Hdn Quic da tiln hdnh xdy dyng mdt hd thong gido dye mdi. Qua nhilu l l n d i cdch, ngdy nay hd thing gido dye dd dope nhilu quic gia ngUdng md vd xem la l l m gUdng. T i n g thing Hoa Kl Barack Obama, trong Thdng didp Lidn bang ndm 2011, khi ndi v l phUdng hudng d i cdch gido dye de nudc My cd the duy tri dupe vj tri cudng quic so 1 t h l gidi, da keu gpi ngudi ddn My lam nhu Hdn Quic: coi ngodi thIy nhu "nhQng ngudi kiln tao d i t node"
(Nation Builders).
Ddnh gid t i n g qudt v l gido dye Hdn Quic, cd t h l nhdn xdt nhu sau:
a) Ld n i n gido dye bdo d i m quyln binh ding v l cd hpi cho mpi edng ddn, mpi ngudi d i u dupe hpc t$p tuy theo ndng lye ci!ta minh, khdng phdn bidt gidi tfnh, tdn gido, vdng miln hay dja vj xd hdi hdi (nhQng chfnh sdch cy t h l hidn nay da t h l hidn nhit qudn tu tudng dd nho gido dye miln phf, phdt khdng sdch gido khoa (SGK) cho hpc sinh (HS) d bdc hpc bit budc).
b) Cd vai trd eye kl quan trpng trong ddi s i n g cda dit nOdc. T i t nhidn, gido dye cd vai trd quan trpng d l i vdi mpi quic gia. Nhung ed t h l ndi d Hdn Q u i c , nd cd l l m quan trpng qud ddc bidt. Hidn tOpng dd b i t nguIn tO truyin thing hilu hpc eua ngudi Hdn g i n vdi I n h hudng sdu s i c cua Nho gido vd c l qud khO Ijch sd dau thUdng eua ddn tdc ndy. Ca nhd nude vd ngUdi ddn d i u d i u tu r l t kSn eho gido dye.
Chfnh phd Hdn Q u i c chi khoang 4% GDP cho gido dye, nhung n l u tfnh ed p h l n ddng gdp cua ngudi ddn thl t i n g chi eho gido dye cua Hdn Q u i c khoing tren 10% GDP (Lee Ji- Soon 2001, Kim Gwang-Jo 2003, Kim Mee- Sook 2006, Choi Eun-Hee 2006). Vdi 50 tridu ddn (chi bang hdn"50%"so vdi Vidt Nam), GDP hdn 1000 tf USD (hdn khoing 10 lln Vidt Nam), s i t i l n d i u tu cho giao dye tfnh trdn d i u ngUdi eua Hdn Qud'c r l t cao.
c) Do chfnh sdch gido dye binh d i n g , tinh t h i n hilu hpc vd sy d i u tu Idn to c l nhd node vd ngudi dan, Hdn Quic d mdt n i n gido dye cd chd't lopng ddng dupe mong Udc. Hdn Quic Id mdt trong nhQng q u i c gia cd tf Id ngudi bilt chQ cao nhd't t h l gidi (khoing 98%). Hp thing gido dye p h i thdng ed chit lupng I I I (trong cdc kl thi PISA (Progrartime for Interna- tional Student Assessment), Hdn Q u i c chilm nhOng vj In hdng d i u , cdng nhdm vdi P h l n Lan, Canada, Nhdt Bin). Hd thing gido dye dai hpc vudn d i n l l m qud'c t l , cd kha ndng canh tranh majih trong khu vyc vd tren c l t h l gidi (cd nhilu trudng dang d p quic t l , lieu bieu Id Dpi hpc Quoc gia Seoul vdi ngdn sdch dai hpc hang nam khoing 1 tf USD, nam trong nhdm 200 trudng dpi hpc hdng d i u t h l gidi).
Tuy nhidn, nhOng d i l u ndi tren cung tao ra nhOng thdch thOc Idn d l i vdi chinh phu va ngodi ddn Han Quic:
- Gido dye trd thdnh mdt gdnh ndng Idn d l i vdi mpi thdnh phln trong xd hdi. Mdi trudng gido dye cd tfnh cpnh tranh cdng thang, nhd't Id trong cdc ki tuyln sinh dpi hpc. Tlnh trang
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JNGAY NAY - ^ _ _ .
day them hpc thdm trd thdnh mdt v l n npn, so lipu gan ddy nhit eija Bp Gido dye Han Qud'c dupe edng bo tren td The Korea Times ( s i ra ngdy 1 8 - 1 9 thdng 2 nam 2012) eho biet nam 2011, tuy chi phf ciia cac gia dinh cho con di hpc d cdc cd sd gido dye to nhdn cd gidm 3,6% so vdi ndm trOde, nhong van d mOc 17,6 tf USD. Theo mpt khdo sdt ridng re eua Cd quan thing ke Hdn Qud'c, trong 46.000 phy huynh dupe hdi ed eon hpc tpi 1.081 trudng hpc tren todn qud'c, cd 71,7% cho rang trong nam 2011 cd cho con di hpc thdm. Ap lye thi cd dd nang tdm sinh If HS. Hien tUpng HS di hpc thdm v l sau 11 gid dem Id khd pho biln. G i n ddy chfnh phu Hdn Qud'c ed nhQng nd lye de hpn e h l tlnh trang ndy, ehIng hpn nhd budc ede trung tdm dpy thdm khdng day qud gid quy dinh, nhUng thye t l ehua cd chuyin biln ndo ddng k l .
TI le phdn lulng sau trung hpc ehUa hpp If, tf Id vdo dpi hpc qua cao, tao dp lye Idn d l i vdi chinh phu vd xa hdi trong vipc tpo ra du edng dn vide Idm eho nhOng sinh vidn t i t nghidp dai hpc ed trinh dp hpc v l n cao.
Ca hai thdch thdc dd d i u ed nguIn g l c sdu xa 10 truyin thing vdn hda vd ddc dilm tdm li xa hdi cua Hdn Qud'c cQng nhu ciJa nhilu qud'c gia Ddng A khde, trong dd cd Vipt Nam.
2. H§ thS'ng gi^o due e&a Han Qu6'c
Hdn Qud'c theo hd thing gido dye 6 - 3 - 3, tieu hpc (TH) to Idp 1 d i n Idp 6, trung hpc ed sd (THCS) tO ldp 7 d i n Idp 9, trung hpc 10 Idp 10 den Idp 12. Gido dye sau tmng hpc ed: 4 ndm dpi hpc (rieng Y khoa vd Dupe khoa Id 6 nam), 2 narn thae sT, 3 ndm tiln sT, 2 - 3 ndm eho cao dang vd dpy nghi.
THCS la bdc hpc bat budc. Chinh sdch p h i cap THCS dupe thyc hien tren todn quoc 10 nam 2002.6 Han Quoc ed hai loai tofdng tmng hpc (sau THCS): THPT vd tmng hpc nghi.
Ndm 2004, cd 99,7% HS THCS vao THPT va trung hpc nghe, trong dd ed khoang hdn 70% vao THPT va g i n 30% vdo tmng hpc nghe. Nam 1987, 60% vao THPT vd 40% vdo tmng hpc nghi, nam 1995, tf Id nay la 50/50. NhUng 10 sau dd, tf Ip nay bj phd vd, tf le vdo tmng hpc nghi ngdy cdng giam sut. De tang tinh hip dan cho cdc tnJdng nghi, thdng 4 nam 2007, chfnh phij Hdn Quic doi ten thanh tmdng trung hpc chuyen nghipp (professional schools). Tuy chfnh sdch cija nhd nUde phi cap den THCS, nhung theo s i lieu eua OECD nam 2005, ed den 97% thanh nien Hdn Quic t i t nghiep trung hpc. Cd the coi dd cung Id tf id phi cap, nhUng nhd nUde khdng bao d p , vl tren nguyen tie, pho cap d i n d p hpc ndo, nha nUde phai bao d p den dly. Nhud MT, nha node (lien bang, bang va dja phOdng) bao d p hoan loan eho HS d i n Idp 12 (miln phf mpi thO, 10 tien hpc din SGK vd xe dOa ddn).
Nam 2005, Hdn Quic cd 1.382 trUdng THPT vdi khoang 1,3 trieu HS. Ode mdn hpc d THPT tdp trung vdo vide chuan bj cho HS vdo dpi hpc. Cd mdt s i trUdng p h i thdng cd djnh hudng chuyen mdn sdm nhu d c trUdng chuyen ve nghd thudt, the due t h l thao, khoa hpc, ngoai ngQ. Ode HS muon vdo trung hpc nghi nhO Ndng nghiep (Agriculture), Cdng nghp/Ki thudt (Technology/Engineering), ThUdng mpi (Commerce), Hang hai/Thdy san (Maritime/Fishery), Kinh te gia dinh (House- hold Studies), v.v. cd t h l dang kf h i sd b mdt s i trudng vd dupe tuyln sinh qua mdt kl thi do tOng trOdng to ehOe, Nam 2005, Hdn Quic cd 713 trUdng trung hpc nghi, vdi khoang nifa trieu HS,
Nam 2005, Han Quoc cd 419 ed sd gido dye dpi hpc vd cao dang, vdi long so sinh vidn Id 3,55 trieu sinh vien vd
B7
66,862 giang vidn. Ndm 2001, khoang 50% HS tot nghipp trung hpc vdo ede trUdng dpi hpc va cao dang, ke ea ede trudng cao dang nghi hai nam. NhUng den nam 2005, eon so ndy Id 88,3% doi vdi HS p h i thdng vd 67,6% doi vdi HS trung hpc nghi. Nam 2007,43% HS trudng nghi vao cao dang vd 25% vdo dpi hpc.
Gido dye edng ldp vd gido dye tU nhdn deued vai trd rat quan trpng d Hdn Qud'c, nhUng vai trd eua moi thanh phan ed sy khde bidt rd ndt giQa cdc bac hpc. Hau hit cae trudng TH deu Id trudng edng, hdn hai phan ba trudng THCS va trung hpc Id trudng cdng, khoing 50% trUdng trung hpc nghe Id trudng edng vd len bdc dpi hpc vd cao dang (sau trung hpc), hdn 70% cdc ed sd gido dye la to nhdn.
Trade ddy, ngdnh hpc d dpi hpc va cao dang cda sinh vien dupe quylt dinh d thdi diem tuyen sinh, do dd sinh vien gan nhu khdng t h l thay d l i ngdnh hpc eua minh sau khi trung tuyln (khd gilng Vidt Nam trong thdi gian qua). Hidn nay, cdc trudng da md ra nhilu ed hpi hdn cho sinh vidn nhd quy c h l ddo tpo linh hopt chang hpn nhu ddo tpo theo tin chf.
3. Chiforng trinh giao due va saeh giao khoa cita Han Qu6'c
3.1. ChUdng trinh giao due cCia Han Quoc
ChUdng trinh gido dye ciia Hdn Quoc ed nhQng dac diem sau:
a) ChUdng trinh (CT) GD qud'c gia ed tfnh chat "tap quyln"
cao dp. Hdn Quic chf ed mdt CT quoc gia duy nhat dung eho d nude.
b) CT dupe tieu chuan hda va quy djnh chat che eac tieu chuan de bien sopn SGK, eung d p nhOng hudng d i n long qudt eho hoat ddng day - hpc va phUdng phdp ddnh gia. Den lupt minh, SGK chi phoi d i n hoat ddng dpy - hpc.
c) Tuy ed nhOng dac diem nho da neu tren, so vdi CT eua Viet Nam, CT GD cilia Hdn Qud'c ed mpt khoang ty do rat Idn eho ngudi soan SGK. CT eua Han Qud'c, v l cd ban, xdy dyng theo hp thd'ng cdc nang lye, kTnang md HS d n dpt dupe sau khi hpc xong CT, chO khdng theo nhQng ndi dung md giao vien, HS d n day vd hpc nho eua Viet Nam.
d) CT dope doi mdi kha thodng xuyen. TO nam 1955 den nay, Han Qud'c cd bay CT giao dye qud'c gia. So vdi Viet Nam, CT cua Han Quoc ed thdi gian dp dyng ngan hdn nhieu.
Nhd dd, CT ed kha nang cap nhat cao. Bay l l n xdy dyng CT eua Hdn Qud'c tUdng Ong vdi nhQng giai doan phdt trien khac nhau, gan vdi nhQng chuyen bien v l chfnh trj, kinh t l , xa hdi cua quoc gia ndy theo xu hUdng ngdy cang dan ehd vd hpi nhdp sau rdng vdi t h l gidi, xfeh g i n hdn vdi phUdng Tdy.
Trong thdi gian g i n day, Hdn Qud'c dp dyng CT qud'c gia lan 7. CT nay ed nhilu doi mdi quan trpng so vdi nhQng CT trudc. Sau day Id nhQng dilm doi mdi dang chd y nhat:
- Ap dyng he thong CT GD pho thdng can ban, bat budc eho ede Idp 10 1 d i n 10 vd CT ty chpn eho cdc Idp 11, 12.
Trong CT gido dye can ban ed 10 mdn hpc: Tieng Hdn (Quoc ngQ), Giao dye dpo dOe, Nghien cOu xa hdi, Todn, Khoa hpc, Thyc hdnh edng nghe, T h l due. Am nhpc, MT thudt vd Ngopi ngO (Tiing Anh), trong dd Todn, Khoa hpc, Tieng Hdn (Qud'c ngQ), Nghien cOu xa hdi vd Tiing Anh dupe coi Id nhQng mdn chfnh. Trong CT Idp 11 vd 12, cac mdn hpc ty chpn dupe chia thdnh cdc nhdm: 1) Khoa hpc xa hdi va nhan van (Tiing Han (Quic ngQ)); Gido dye dao dOe, Nghien cOu xa hdi); 2) Khoa hpc vd edng nghe (Todn, Khoa hpc, Cdng nghe, Kinh te gia
68 £
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dinh (Home Economics); 3) Ngopi ngQ; 4) Cdc mdn hpc v l tri thOe ting qudt (General Studies) (ChO Hdn, Qudn sy, v.v.).
Moi HS phii chpn ft nhit hai mdn trong mdt nhdm ndo dd vd ft nhd't m i l mdn trong cdc nhdm cdn Ipi.
Trong cdc CT trUdc ddy, HS Hdn Quic phii hpc cung mdt CT to Idp 1 d i n Idp 12, theo cdch khd gllng vdl CT phdn ban cua Vidt Nam: tinh phdn hda, cd t h l hda rd't thip vd quyln lya chpn mdn hpc phu hpp vdi ndng khilu, sd thich cua HS Id khdng ddng k l .
- Giim III ndi dung CT p h i thdng cdn b i n , d i n g thdi tdng cudng nhOng ndi dung sdt vdi nhu d u thye t l cda dja phUdng, khuyin khfch k h i ndng sdng tpo, suy nghT ddc ldp cua HS vd tao dilu kidn eho HS hpc sdu nhOng ndi dung md cdc em lya chpn.
- Da dpng hda ndi dung CT, phUdng phdp gilng dpy d l phu hpp vdi cd tfnh, ndng lye, ndng khilu vd hUdng lya ejipn nghi nghidp cda HS, Chu y phUdng phdp GD coi trpng thyc hdnh vd l l y HS Idm trung tdm, Cho d i n nhOng ndm g i n ddy, GD Hdn Qud'c v l n bj phd phdn nhilu bdi phUdng phdp gilng day n$ng tfnh thuyit gilng, n$ng djnh hodng n i l dung, cung d p kiln thOc, md khdng ehd y thfch ddng d i n thyc hdnh vd sy da dpng, khdc bidt ciJa d l i tOpng trung tdm eua qud trinh GD Id ngudi hpc, Hdn Quic Id qud'c gia d i u tidn trdn t h l gidi cung d p dudng truyin internet t i e dp cao cho t i t c l cdc trudng 10 TH d i n trung hpc,
- Md rpng quyln ty ehu cho ede dja phUdng vd trudng hpc trong vide to chOc vd thyc hidn CT, giim tfnh chit "tdp quyln"
cua CT, d i n g thdi tdng cudng vide kilm tra chit lupng GD bang vipc thilt lap he thong ddnh gid CT,
3.2. Sach giao khoa Han Quoc
Cung vdi qua trinh hidn dpi hda n i n giao dye, Hdn Q u i c tOng bode ndi Idng quan If trong ITnh vyc bien soan vd x u l t ban SGK. TO ndm 1995, qud'c gia ndy bat d i u xda bd chfnh sdch ddc q u y l n v l SGK. Theo dd, SGK ehu y i u g I m hai loai:
Loai thd nhit Id SGK quic gia do Bd Gido dye Hdn Quic t l chOe bien soan, Loai thO hai Id SGK do cdc nhd xult bdn tu nhdn t l chOc bidn soan, dope Bd thim djnh theo nhQng tieu chuan nghiem ngdt cua cd quan ndy,
Lopi thO nhit bao g I m t i t c l SGK eho bdc M i m non vd TH (to ldp 1 d i n Idp 6), sdch Tiing Han (Quic ngO), Ljeh sO Hdn Quic (Quic sO), Dpo dOc cho cdc Idp cdn lpi trong CT gido dye ed ban, dope dung b i t budc d l i vdi t i t e l HS. Loai thO hai bao g I m SGK dung eho ede mdn hpc khdc d b$c THCS (to Idp 7 d i n Idp 9) vd THPT (10 ldp 10 d i n ldp 12), dope m i l trOdng lya chpn trong s i nhilu bd sdch khde nhau eho moi mdn hpc (Kim Chae-Chun 2005).
Nhd chfnh sdch md, SGK THCS vd THPT cda Hdn Q u i c . khd da dang, chang han d THCS cd 32 bd sdch mdn Toan, 9 bp sdch mdn Khoa hpc vd 10 bd sdch mdn Xa hdi; d THPT ed 28 bd sdch mdn Todn (trong dd cd 16 bp eho Idp 10 vd 12 bd eho Idp 11 vd 12), 8 bd sdch mdn Hda, 9 bd sdch mdn Vdt If, 6 bd sdch mdn Ljeh sO Han QuIe hidn dpi, 8 bp sach mdn Sinh hpc, 8 bp sach mdn Dja If Hdn Quic, 8 bd sdch mdn Xa hdi, 11 bd sdch mdn Khoa hpc, v.v..
Theo Id trinh thye hidn chfnh sdch md hdn nOa d l i vdi SGK, ngdy 20 thdng 6 nam 2007, Bd Gido dye Hdn Quic thdng bdo 10 ndm 2009, d c nhd xuat b i n tu nhdn se dUdc phep to ehOe bien soan vd phdt hdnh SGK THCS vd THPT
k l c l d c mdn Quic ngO, QuIe sis v l Dpo dOe. T i t c l SGK TH sS do nhd node t l chOc bidn sopn, ngopi trO SGK mIn T h l dye, Am nhpc, NO c l n g gia chdnh vd Tiing Anh ddnh eho cdc nhd xult b i n 10 nhdn, nhd nOdc chf kilm tra v l sila d l i nhOng c h l d n thilt (xem The Korea Times, s i ra ngly 22 thing 6 ndm 2007). D l tdng thdm tfnh c h i t linh hoat, mim d i o ciia chfnh sdch d l i vdl SGK, Bd Gido dye Hdn Quic cho p h l p cdc trOdng hpc cd t h l lya chpn mdt s i sdch khIng qua thim djnh cda nhd node, trO SGK ede mdn nhu Quic ngQ, Dao dOe, Xd hdi, Todn, Khoa hpc, KT thu^t. Am nhae, T h l dye,
4. Kinh nghidm dO'i vdri Vi^t Nam
4.1. Xdy d^ng h | t h i n g gido dye "phdn q u y l n "
Do I n h hudng cua nhilu y i u t l v l Ijch sis, chfnh trj, vdn hda, xd hdi, n i n gido dye Vidt Nam cho d i n nay Id mdt hd thing dope t l ehOe theo kilu tdp quyln, khd gilng vdi gido dye Hdn QuIe nhQng ndm 1990. Trong khi dd, d c n i n gido dye tidn tiln trdn t h l gidi d i u cd tfnh chit phdn quyln hodc ed nhQng chuyin biln ddng k l 10 tdp quyln sang phdn quyln, Hdn Quic Id mdt vf dy, Sy phdt triln cua gido dye Hdn Quic ding hdnh vdi qud trinh trao quyln ty ehu cho ed sd, nhit Id trong gido dye dai hpc, d b$c p h i thdng, xu hodng cung thIy rd qua chfnh sdch d l i vdi CT vd SGK,
4.2. T6 chOc lpi h | thdng gido dgc
Hd thing gido dye p h i thdng 12 ndm hidn nay cua Vipt Nam Id khd p h i biln trdn t h l gidi, Tuy nhidn, sy phdn chia cy t h l cdc bdc hpc thl rlt da dang, Md hinh 5 ndm (TH) - 4 ndm (THCS) - 3 ndm (THPT) chf Id mdt trong nhQng lya chpn, Cd t h l chuyin sang md hinh 6 - 3 - 3 nho Hdn Quoc hay mpt md hinh ndo khde Id edu hdi cd t h l ddt ra, tuy nhidn, theo chdng tdi, chf thay d l i khi ed nhQng bidn ludn du thuyit phyc. ChIng han, n l u bpc TH kdo ddi thdnh 6 ndm thl phln rdn luydn cdc kT ndng giao tilp tiing Vidt vd kT ndng tfnh todn cd bin se dupe ehu y nhilu hdn hidn nay. Giai doan gido dye "nin ting"
se vOng ehle hdn.
Mdt v l n d l quan trpng khdc Id thdi d i l m vd cdch thOc phdn lulng HS p h i thdng, Cdch phdn lulng bing phdn ban md Vidt Nam c l gIng theo d u l l trong nhilu ndm qua da khdng mang lai hidu qua mong muon, Sy thIt bpi cda nd la d§ hilu vd "hpp quy lu§f. s i p tdi d n xdc djnh b|lc gido dye b i t budc (ed t h l gpi Id "bdc gido dye cdn ban") b i t d i u 10 Idp 1 vd k i t thdc d Idp 9 (6 Hdn QuIe Id ldp 10),
Theo cdch ciia Hdn Quic, d Vidt Nam, sau khi hpc xong b$c gido dye cdn bdn, HS d n dupe phdn lulng theo hai hudng: THPT vd Trung hpc n g h i (ndng nghidp. ngU nghiep - thiiy s i n , Idm nghidp, tin hpc, thUdng mpi, k l todn, cd khi, xdy dyng, y t l , mdi trudng,,.), d n tao dupe cd c h l (cd thl theo cdch tfch IQy tfn chO giup HS chuyin hd, tO trung hpc nghi sang THPT hay ngupe lai, de n l u sau khi hpc mdt thdi gian, khi thIy lya chpn ciia minh khdng thfch hdp, HS cd ed hdi dilu chfnh.
>iidn nay, vipc phdt triln he thong trudng nghi 6 Viet Nam gap nhilu khd khan v l cd s6 vat chit, dpi ngu gido vidn va tuyln sinh. Tdm If xa hpi ehUa thudn Ipi cho vipc phdt trien cdc trudng nghi. 6 ddy, nha nudc ddng vai trd quan trpng.
Khi chfnh phd cd chfnh sdch uu ti§n cho trudng nghi, nhilu khd khdn se dope giai quylL P h l l phan dau den khi k i t thiic giai dopn doi mdi can b i n , loan dipn, hd thong trudng nghi cd t h l thu hut dope khoing 30% HS sau khi hpc xong bdc
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gido dye cdn ban,
Phai dOng ngay vide ndng e l p I pt ede trudng cao dang d p tfnh thdnh ede trudng dpi hpc da ngdnh, d n chuyin cae trudng cao dang sU pham d eac tfnh thdnh trudng cao dang da ngdnh vd nhpp cdc trung tdm gido dye thudng xuyen vdo nhOng trUdng cao dang nay thdnh trUdng cao ding cdng ding, vOa ed nhidm vy ddo tpo nghi, vOa ddp Ong nhu d u hpc tdp
khdng ngOng cda ngodi dan dja phUdng,
Han Quoc da ed nhOng chuyen biln Idn v l CT trong nhilu nam, nhung d i n nay, vipc khuyen khfch HS vdo hpc trUdng nghi van cdn Id mpt bdi loan nan gili, Cd le v l mdt ndy, b l i canh Viet Nam khdng khdc Han Qud'c bao nhidu, C i n nghidn cOu kTbai hpc ciia Hdn Qud'c, d thdnh cdng vd thd't bpi, Hidn nay, dpi hpc Viet Nam dang d giai dopn khiing hoing, chit lupng ddo tpo thap, khdng dap Ong nhu d u nhdn lye cua n i n kinh te vd xa hpi. Tuy nhien, n l u khdng tim hilu bdi hpc phdn lulng ciia Han Qud'c thl trong tUdng lai, khi dpi hpc Vidt Nam phdt trien, bao dam v l mdt chat lupng thl xa hpi se phii gili quylt mpt vd'n d l dau d i u khdc Id sinh vidn td't nghidp dpi hpc, du gidi giang, nhung v l n khd tim dupe vide Idm thfch hpp, mdt v l n d l ma Hdn Quoc dang phai d l i mdt hidn nay, 4.3. Doi mdi chinh sach va each tiep cdn trong xdy dyng CT, bien sopn SGK
C i n chuyen hudng xdy dyng CT, bidn sopn SGK d bdc gido dye cdn b i n theo cdch tiep epn phdt triln nang lye cho HS Id ehi'nh, len bdc sau gido dye can ban mdi vOa phdt triln ndng lye vOa day kiln thOe khoa hpc d mOc sdu d n thilt cho djnh hudng nghi nghiep cua ngudi hpc, Nen giam so mdn hpc bat budc, tang cudng tinh tfch hpp d cdc mdn hpc, tfch hdp ede phdn mdn trong mdt mdn vd tfch hpp lien mdn,
C i n thyc hien mdt chi'nh sdch md doi vdi SGK, Tren cd sd mdt CT quic gia thing nhit, ed the ed nhieu eac nhdm tdc gia khde nhau bien sopn nhieu bd SGK khde nhau. ThUe hien mdt chfnh sach md doi vdi SGK chi'nh Id gdp phan ddn ehu hda nin gido dye.
4.4. Doi mdi phUdng phap day hoc, phUdng phap danh gia, thi cO
Thdi quen hpc tap cua HS Hdn Quic vd Viet Nam khd gilng nhau, xult phdt tO van hda, tdm li eua ngodi A Ddng.
Cdch hpc to chOdng, tO tmyin thing kinh sdch Nho giao van cdn de lai d i u I n trong each hpc ghi nhd kiln thOc cda HS pho thong Han Quic hien nay. Dd Id mdt trd ngpi doi vdi vide doi mdi phOdng phdp dpy hpc, phOdng phap danh gid, thi cO.
Gan ddy, Hdn QuIe da doi mdi nhilu v l thi eO, nhat Id each thOe tuyln sinh dai hpc theo kilu MTvdi mpt chut "ndi dja hda". T i t e l cdc trudng dai hpc tuyln sinh dya vdo k i t qui mdt kl thi vdo thdng 11 (giOa hpc ki 2, HS tot nghidp trung hpc vdo thdng 2, thay vl thi nhilu l l n trong ndm nhu SAT eua Ml), gIm cdc mdn Todn, Tiing Hdn, Tiing Anh vd mdt mdn ty chpn (thay vl chf cd Todn, Tiing Anh (dpc, vilt) doi vdi SAT 1, vd Todn, Tiing Anh (dpc, vilt) vd Khoa hpc doi vdi SAT 2 nhU Mi). Mdn ty chpn (mdn thO to) cd the Id mdn khoa hpc ty nhien, khoa hpc xa hdi hay mdt trong nhieu ngoai ngQ thO hai (tOc khdng phai la tiing Anh). Td't d d l thi deu theo hinh thOc trie nghiem khdch quan, k l d mdn Tieng Han. HS dya vdo k i t q u i ki thi thang 11 ma nop h i sd vdo ba trudng khde nhau, de c u l l cung chpn mdt trong ba trUdng dd.
Neu kit q u i thap thl ed the khdng dupe vdo trUdng nao. Khi do HS phai thi lai, Ngodi k i t qua kl thi qud'c gia nay, m i l
G9
trudng cdn ra mdt d l ludn vdi mdt d l tai cy the, ed khi khd cao sidu nhu triit hpc Socrates, Nho gido, v,v„ de ddnh gia nang Iyc cda thf sinh, Ngodi ra, k i t q u i hpc p h i thdng eung dupe xem xet,
4.5. Culi edng, nhung khdng phdi ft quan trpng nhit. Id chfnh sdch d l i vdi nhd gido, Hilm ed quoc gia nao ma ngudi thIy, gido sO dpi hpc eung nhu giao vien pho thdng, ed mdt dja vj ddc bidt trong xd hdi nhu Hdn Quoc, dac biet xet ea v l dai ngp v^t chit l l n ddi song tinh than, QuIe gia ndy la mpt d i n chOng dien hinh eho chfnh sdch "tdn sO trpng dpo", Nho da ndi d d i u bdi vilt ndy, Tong thong Hoa Ki da dan Hdn Qud'c nhu mdt minh chOng eho chdn If: muln ed nen gido dye td't, phdi thye sy tdn vinh ngudi thIy, Trong boi d n h Viet Nam dang chuln bj d l i mdi cdn bdn, todn didn nin gido due, bdi hpc ve chfnh sdch d l i vdi gido vidn eua Hdn Quoc edng ed y nghTa. Xdt eho edng, mpi d l i mdi cda mdt nen gido dye d i u nham dan den sy doi mdi trong hopt ddng dpy vd hpc. Neu vide dpy vd hpc khdng cd d l i mdi thl mpi doi mdi khde deu khdng cd y nghTa. Trong khi d l cao nguydn If gido dye lay HS Idm trung tdm, ehdng ta dOng qudn rang d l thuc thi dupe nguydn If dd, ngudi thIy phdi ddng vai trd quylt djnh trong vide kiln tpo hopt ddng dpy hpc. VI vdy, doi mdi chfnh sach (dao tpo cung nhu dilu kipn lam vipc) doi vdi gido vien la mdt
"ddt phd khlu" cua edng cupc doi mdi.
Han Qud'c vd Vidt Nam ed nhilu diem tUdng dong ve Ijch sd vd van hda. Nhieu kinh nghiem ma Han Quoc trai qua each ddy khoang hai ba thdp kl hien nay dang diln ra tai Viet Nam. VI vdy, bdi hpc eua Han Quoc trong nhieu ffnh vyc, trong dd cd gido dye, ehle han se rat ed ich d l i vdi VietNam.
Chung ta khdng chf hpc hoi kinh nghiem tryc tiep eua Hdn Qud'c ma cdn qua Han Qud'c cd the phdn tfch kha nang dp dyng kinh nghidm cua phUdng Tay, dac biet la Hoa Kl, vdo thye tiln gido due eua mpt quoc gia A Ddng.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. 86 Giao due Han Quoc (1997), CT quae gia lin thdi, mon Quoc ngd (tiing Hin).
2. Bp Giao due Han Quoc — Vy Quan h§ GD Quoc te (2006),
"Introduction to the Education System of the Republic of Korea (In Response to a Survey Request from the Office of Validation and Incorporation of Studies at the National Autonomous University of IVIexico)", httpJ/www.nseouLedu.
3. Choi Eun-Hee (2006), "Korean Educatfonal Policies and Cur- rent Issues", AEF Professional Development Worshop-April 16, 2006, Chungbuk National University, Korea, htlpJ/english.moe.go.kr.
4. Kim Gwang-Jo (2003), "Education Policies and Refoma in South Korea", vmw. woridbank. org.
5. Kim Mee-Sook (2003), 'Teaching and Learning in Korean Class- rooms: The Crisis and the New Approach", http://eng.kedi.re.kr.
6. Lee Ji-Soon (2001), "Education Policy in the Republic of Ko- rea: Building Block or Stumling Block?", The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, http://
siteresourees.woridbank.org.
7. Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (2005), "Korea: Cur- ricula", (htip-J/www. inea. org. uk/korea. html).
8. Vien CT va Danh gia Han Quoc (KICE) (2006), "National Cur- riculum", hVp-J/www. kice. re. kr.
(Theo Tap chi khoa hoe - Trudng DHSP TP. Ho ChiMinh, so 3/2012)
