NGHI THI/C TflNG L I CUNG D I N H CHI^U n NHIN TUT
TAlIU N G U V I N VI^T N D M VA TRICU JOSCON HJ^N QUOCH U V N H THI ANH VAN*
T
rong ddi sdng van hda cung dinh trigu Nguyin (1802-1945), tang lg l i mdt trong nhflng nghi thilc die biet quan trpng cua tin ngUdng thd cflng td tidn ndn dU0e tri^u dinh d i e bi^t chfl trong. Chi ridng vide x i y dOng eic midu thd to' tien cua ddng ho v i nghi Id td' Midu eiia tridu Nguyen da th^ hi^n ri't rd didu nay v i trd t h i n h ndt d i e trUng eiia tri^u dai khdng chl so vdi truyen thdng thd cflng to tidn trong d i n gian hoac so vdi cie trieu dai khic trong hch sii Viet Nam, m i edn so vdi eic tridu dai phong kid'n cung thdi d mdt s6^nUde dong v i n trong khu vUe, d i e bidt l i H i n Qudc-ndi cdn bao ton nghi thflc td Tdng mid'u-mid'u thd to tidn cua trieu dai Joseon (1392-1910) (1). Vi?c tim hilu nghi thflc tang l l eung dinh tridu Nguydn-trieu dai phong kid'n cuoi ciing d Vi^t Nam khdng chi giflp hieu them ve van hda eung dinh Vidt Nam m i cdn cd cd sd d^ so sanh, ddi chid'u vdi hoat ddng n i y d cac nUdc dong v i n khac trong khu vUc, cung mdt giai doan lieh SLI, tii dd r u t ra nhflng net d i e trUng ciia v i n hda Vidt Nam thdi c i n dai.
So vdi cae tridu dai trfldc dd trong ljch sfl Vidt Nam, tri^u Nguyen l i trieu dai
de lai nhidu tfl lieu n h i t ve hoat ddng td tfl cua trieu dinh, trong dd ndi dung vd"
cae nghi tid't te' tfl va qua trinh tang le chiem m^t dung Ifldng k h i ldn.
Theo ghi chdp eua Qude sfl quan trieu Nguyin v i Ndi c i c t r i i u Nguyin, trinh tu cac nghi thfle tang Id danh eho n h i vua eo thi tdm Iflde nhfl sau: Sau khi n h i vua b i n g h i , triiu dinh se eho ket t h i n bach (2), t i m gdi b i n g nfldc thdm, m i c trang phuc dai triiu v i l i m l l phan h i m , dat chau ngoc v i o mieng ngfldi qua co. Thi h i i n h i vua se dflde d i t len ehid'c gifldng tren cd trai chieu, phia trdn chilu trai dem di l i m l l tilu lidm. Sau le tieu hem l i l l te Dien, bao gdm c i e l l ph^m: 1 mam cl niu, 1 eon ldn chin, m i m xdi, hfldng ddn, triu thudc d i u du.
Trong nghi thttc tang l l eua vua Thidu Trj, mdt n h i n ehiing nfldc ngoii d i ke lai nhflng gi dflde chiing kid'n: "Khi vua Thieu Tri bang ha, ngfldi ta tridu cic thiy phu thuy ddn d l dinh ngiy gid tdt cho le tim hdm; ddn lflc i y ngfldi t a dat vio quan tai cung vdi thi h i i nhieu do v i t dd' ngfldi ehet dung trong thd' gidi khic nhfl: vfldng midn, k h i n ddng, cie loai ao quan, ving b^e va do
"ThS. Trung tim Bao tdn Di tfch Cd dd H u i
Rghi fcijc tang li cung dhih..
dac tidn nghi qu^ gii. Quan t i i d xfl n i y dUdc deo bang mpt khdi gd nguydn ldn d i y lai r i t sit sao, cd t h i de thi h i i h i n g thing, hoic h i n g n i m m i khdng bay mfli thdi. Khi d i kham lidm trong quan t i i ngfldi ta thinh vua ddn mot n h i tang vfla mdi dflng len v i tai day, mdi ngiy ngfldi ta md' t r i u , heo v i gi; ngfldi ta chpn cie mdn an tren b i n dat g i n quan t i i , de cho vua mdi, trudng nam eua vua khui't mat, mac i o tang dd'n cfli lay v i cflng Cdm. Ngiy n i o cung t h i p ne'n, ddt hfldng tr^m, tdm t r i u , bd' cau, ding thud'c, v i d i n g cting eac thfl v i t khac, nhfl luc edn sdng vua thfldng dung" (3).
Khi l i m l l dai li$m, chile gifldng sd dUdc d i t v l phia Ddng eua ngfl ti.m, cd trai chid'u gi'm, phfa trdn trai dem v i cac thfl do dai lidm. Sau khi lidm, v i o dung gid td't do K h i m Thien Giim lfla chpn, thi the eua n h i vua se dUde d i t vao quan t i i . Quan t i i cua n h i vua (gpi l i tii cung) (4) dflpe l i m tfl nhflng n i m d i u khi n h i vua mdi ldn ngdi v i sau dd h i n g n i m d i u dflde sdn ldn nhilu ldp de bao ve. Sfl t r i i u Nguyen cdn ghi quan t i i eua vua Minh Mang dflde lam tfl khi mdi ldn ngdi (1820), n i m d i u sdn 36 lln, dd'n nam vua qua ddi (1840) sdn lai 54 lan (5). Quan tai dfldc d i t quay d i u ve phia Ddng. Ve diem n i y , nghi thflc tang Id cung dinh cua t r i i u dai Joseon (Han Qud'c) cd ciing mdt each thfle vdi ly do: "Sau khi nha vua b i n g ha, dau eua ngfldi sd dflde d i t hfldng v l phfa Ddng, hfldng cua mat trdi mpc. Ngfldi ta tin riing cudc sd'ng b i t dau tfl hfldng ddng" (6).
Phfa Ddng tii cung d i t hnh sing, trdn dat t h i n bach (7). Sau khi rflde than bach vio linh sang, ngfldi ta ddng nap tfl cung lai. L l n i y vfla xong, cac t h i i giim hfldng d i n cic quan van vd tfl nhj ph^m trd len v i o s i n di?n, t i t ca d i u dflng t h i n g minh theo tfitng nhdm de di^ ll. Vi h o i n g tri ndi ngdi sd dflng v i o vi trf, vfla khdc vfla phu
phue hai lay. Cic h o i n g t h i n , h o i n g tii, cac van vd dai th^n, tfl nhi p h i m trd ldn eung vfla khdc vfla lay hai lay. Cac ba trong ndi eung, noi vidn cung ra lay tidn d l , bilu Id sfl dau thfldng cua eie ba b i n g tiing khdc than, nhiSng ddng nudc m i t . Tfl eung dflde ddng lai. Mot l l didn nfla lai dflde d i n g ldn nhfl Id trfldc.
Sau l l Dai liem, trieu dinh sd thdng bio cho than d i n trong nflde ve vide tang eua hoang d l . H i n g ngiy se ed cac l l td' Didn bud'i sang v i td' Didn bud'i chilu d l d i n g cdm Cling. Mdi l l d i u ed 2 m i m eo hang t r i n tu, ngpe soan eung cac loai v i n g bae, hfldng n i n , t r i u rfldu eung nhu nhiing lan trfldc vao gid Mio (tflc l i tfl 5 gid d i n 7 gid sing), Ngp (tflc la tfl 11 gid de'n 13 gid trfla), T h i n (tflc l i tfl 15 gid dd'n 17 gid chilu), D i u (tflc l i tfl 17 gid dd'n 19 gid tdi) trong ngiy. Neu gap eie ngay mong mdt, ngiy r i m thi l l p h i m l i cac cd hao so^n hang nhi't, el t r i n tu, heo ludc, xdi, mdi thfl 1 mam, v i khdng lam l l didn buoi sing.
V i i ngiy sau, trieu dinh sd lam le rflde tii eung d i n mdt ngdi di^n khie (8) v i q u i n thi h i i tai dd cho dd'n khi l i m l l Ninh L i n g (chdn ci't). Mdt chide minh tinh (trong dan gian edn gpi la "ti'm tri^u" hoac "cd dan tridu", mpt lo^i phfldn ghi ten hp, tudc vi eiia ngfldi qua c&) se dfldc treo bdn phai cua b i n thd. Hdm sau, triiu dinh sd l i m Id t h i n h phuc.
Chi mdt thdi gian n g i n sau l l t h i n h phuc, t r i i u dinh se l i m sieh, i'n (9) chpn thuy hieu v i midu hieu d i n g len vi vua da q u i cd. Theo Qud'c sfl q u i n trieu Nguyin, eie sieh, i'n trong d i m tang vua Gia Long dfldc l i m bling go; trong d i m tang vua Minh Mang cdn thi'y ed them sach lua, i'n lua, sau khi l i m le dang th\iy hidu, mid'u hidu xong, cic sieh lua, i'n lua nay se dflpc dd't di, chi d l lai sach, i'n b^ng gd thdm de thd. Ld xong, mpt minh tinh khie se dflpc
Rghien cuu Lich afr. sg S.2Q15 lam d l ghi theo tdn thuy v i mieu hieu vfla
dflde chpn, sau dd treo ldn thay the vj trf eua minh tinh eu d bdn phai b i n thd, cdn ti'm minh tinh eu se dUdc d i t vao mdt chiec hop, dd phfa sau b i n thd. Ngay hdm sau, vua mdi se ban chieu cho ca nUdc ve ten thuy v i midu hieu ciia vi vua da q u i co.
Triiu dinh cung se l i m s i n t h i n chu v i b i i vj (cdn gpi l i t h i n vi hoac thanh vj) bang go b^ch d i n hfldng thfldng hang, trdn t h i n chii thi ehfl "chii" ( ± ) bd trong lai mdt chi'm (10) de den khi h o i n ti't vide ehdn ci't se cd l l D l chii, quan D l chu se diln not d i u chi'm n i y vio. Ve ndi dung vilt tren t h i n chu v i b i i vi cd k h i e nhau. Tren t h i n chii sd ghi mid'u hi^u v i huy hidu (11) de td sil tdn kinh ddi vdi ngudi qua co trdn cfldng vj l i ngudi dflng d i u di't nflde, cdn trdn b i i vj sd ed them nhflng chfl 'To, Khao" de the hi^n quan he trong gia dinh.
Thudng thi l l Ninh Lang se dupe tid'n h i n h sau dd mot v i i t h i n g . Mae du khi thfle hi^n cie nghi le trpng dai niy, cic vua triiu Nguyen thfldng ddi ehie'u vdi cic diln chd' eua Trung Hoa d l l i m ed sd cho nhflng quy djnh ve nghi l l tang td' eua trieu dai minh: "Tfl xfla, l l tang thidn tfl 7 t h i n g thi ting, trong khoang tang te phai t i n luan t i n nghia" (12), nhflng khdng phai t i t ea cic vi vua Nguyen d i u thfle hien nhflng nghi thfle i'y trong mpt khoang thdi gian nhi't djnh giong nhau. Ld Ninh L i n g eua vua Gia Long dfldc thflc hien sau khi vua bing h i hdn 4 t h i n g , vua Minh Mang g i n 7 thing, vua Thidu Tri hdn 8 t h i n g , vua Tfl Dflc khoang 6 t h i n g , vua Kid'n Phue khoang 2 t h i n g , vua Dong Khanh khoang 3 thing, vua Khai Dinh khoang hdn 2 t h i n g .
Thdng thfldng, trfldc ngiy l i m l l Ninh Ling, t i n vfldng thdng bao vdi Hoang thai h i u (nd'u cdn song) ke hoach tang l l . NhQng ngiy tie'p theo, n h i vua sai quan d i n cio yIt d i n Nam Giao, eac mid'u thd tS
tien trong Dai Ndi (sii t r i i u Nguyin goi ehung l i n h i Tdn mid'u), dan Xa Tic, mid'u Dd Thanh Hoing, cao yet than di't, thin nui ndi se chdn ei't vi vua d i bing ha vh cac l i n g mp to tidn ciia h o i n g gia ndi dam tang sd di qua. Sau l l khai q u i n l i le Cao dao Id (ll td' than dfldng di cua d i m tang) v i lai cio yet mid'u Dd t h i n h hoing v i eic than ciia, ciu, dfldng, nui, sdng d dpc dfldng di qua. Trfldc khi chinh thfle lim le Khien didn, ngfldi ta lam le Chuyin eflu. Khi doan rflde ra khdi Kinh t h i n h , trdn k^ dii se treo cd t r i n g v i ban 9 tid'ng dng ldnh. Doin rude tang se rflde ca t h i n baeh, t h i n chii vi b i i vi dd'n ling. Sau khi chdn ei't v i lim 1§
De ehu, than bach se dflde chdn xuong di't, b i i vi se dflde d l lai didn thd d ling, chi co t h i n chu dflpc rflde v l h o i n g eung d l chd dd'n sau le Dai tudng (ll gii cuoi) se dfldc rflde vio thd tai The' To' Mid'u.
P h i n ldn l i n g mp eiia cie vua Nguyen deu n i m g i n sdng v i cac doin rflde tang d i u di bang dudng sdng. H i n h trinh rflde til cung (quan tii) cua n h i vua dd'n ndi chdn ci't \d the cung phai mi't vai ngiy mdi tdi ndi. Tren dfldng di, hang ngay doin rridc v i n tien h i n h l i m cae l l Di$n vio buii sdm, bud'i chilu de cting cho ngfldi qui co, ddm nghi lai, sang hdm sau lai n h i neo di tid'p. Thuyin di qua dja p h i n nio, din xa ben sdng eung hUdng h i o , hfldng lio, nhi su, dao si deu phai b i y hfldng i n , t i n long, vpng bai lay trfldc hfldng i n gio khdc vi quy tien. Hai bdn dfldng di, doc bd sdng, cfl eich mot doan khoang 200 trfldng deu ed thap dude.
Theo DCtc cha Pellerin (13), doin rflde tang cua vua Thidu Tri dflde md ta nhfl sau:
... Khi den bd sdng, ngfldi ta d i t quan tai trdn mdt ehiic t h u y i n r i t d?p. Khdng ai dfldc xuohg thuyin, thi h i i dfl0c di tai t h u y i n , va bang mpi each quan t i i phai dfl^c che kin khdng t h i trdng t h i y dfl0c.
Rghi thirc fang le cung dinh..
Tren sdng, ehd gan ndi thi h i i da dupe chuyin dd'n cae thuyen t i p trung de di t h i n h doin; eon dfldng ra sdng deu lot chilu, chid'u hoa va vai hoa, hai bd sdng diu dpn dep v i trang h o i n g tfldm ti't. G i n bd sdng, chd dat tfl cung trudc khi xud'ng thuyin, d nhflng t r a m nghi dpc dfldng di v i d bd'n l i n g trudc khi ldn bd d i u ed lam nhflng ngdi n h i ldp ed lau, gpi l i "Id didn".
Trdn dfldng di, cac van than, ky lao d ling va cac g i i m sinh d Qud'c tii giam dat hfldng i n d bd sdng de bai vpng khi doin rflde di qua. Sau doan tien dao l i ehid'c dd dfla quan tai dfldc keo bdi nhieu ea nd va tid'p do l i thuyen cua vua kdo theo vd so*
thuyen nan nhd, ed ngfldi mang vu khf, cd ngfldi mang duoc lfla v i cd xf. Cfl nhfl v i y ma di trong ba ngay vfla di vfla rai mdt sd' Iflpng khd'ng Id gii'y ving, gii'y b^c.
... Trdn hai bd sdng co hai h i n g Ifnh.
Ling vua each t h a n h phd" khoang mpt d i m . Tuy v i y phai di ba n g i y mdi dd'n ndi vi di ri't c h i m v i nghi ba tram, mdi tram dflng lai mdt n g i y de eung ll; ngfldi ta md' t r i u , bd, ldn dd eung; cung dii thfl thflc i n , t r i u cau, thudc la...
Trdn dfldng di, ngfldi ta efl hanh l l "td' dd trung" (cung gifla lue di dfldng) xin vong linh tam dflng de nghi ngdi.
Doan t h u y i n rflde tfl cung cua n h i vua bao gom n h i l u chide:
Thuyin thfl nhi't: mang b i n g i n h dflde goi l i "Kim ngan dinh"
T h u y i n thfl hai ten l i "Minh khf thfldng khd"", tflc l i kho do dac, d l dung bang gii'y.
Trong t h u y i n cd dng thd' dia tflc l i mdt ngfldi hda trang ngd nghinh vdi eii diu to, b^ng gii'y, e l m ed, dai didn eho thd' t h i n di't dai, v i hfldng d i n doin t h u y i n theo n i m "phfldng hfldng"mit sdn t r i n g , dd, den, v i n g , xanh... tidu bieu cho m i u s i c
cua 5 hfldng, eac vi deo gUdm, giao v i mic i o quan ky la.
Thuyin thfl ba: cd mot b i n dflde che mai, ed eac thfl do dae bang gii'y hoac gii'y bia gpi l i "minh khi v i t kiem dinh".
Thuyin thfl bdn: ban dflde che m i i cd cae chide t i u va dd bang gii'y gpi l i "sifu dinh".
Thuyin thfl nam: ban dUdc che m i i ed nai, voi, ngfla b i n g gii'y gpi l i "Ide, tupng, m i dinh".
Thuyin thfl siu: b i n dupe che mai cd md hinh ho Tjnh T i m b i n g gii'y, gpi l i "Tinh Tam ho dinh".
Thuyen thfl bay: cd md hinh vfldn Thfldng Miu dflde gpi la 'Thfldng M i u vien dinh".
Thuyen thfl t i m : b i n dfldc che mai cd die eanh vfldn Thidu Phfldng dfldc gpi l i
"Thidu Phfldng vien dinh".
Thuyin thfl chin: ban dUdc ehe mii, ed die canh vudn Cd Ha "Cd Ha vien dinh".
Thuyen thfl mudi: ban cd che mai, cd md hinh cic efla thanh v i Cdt Cd ciia Ky d i i
"Khui't mdn ky dai".
Thuyen thfl mfldi mdt: b i n dupe che mai, ed md hinh dien Van Minh bang gii'y 'Thi trieu didn dinh".
Thuyen thfl mudi hai: b i n dflde ehe mai, cd md hinh dien C i n Chanh 'Thinh chinh di^n", Thuyen thfl mudi ba: b i n dfldc che mai, ed md hinh C i n T h i n h "Chanh didn dinh".
Thuyen thfl mfldi bd'n: ban dfldc che mai, ed d i t tfldng P h i t " P h i t dinh", trong thuyin eung cd cac sfl v i tfldng Dja tang.
Thuyin thfl mfldi siu: b i n cd cac mam thflc an dflde goi l i "Thfle an".
Thuyen thfl mfldi bay: b i n xdng hfldng
"Hfldng an" (cic ti'm lua)
Thuyin thfl mfldi tam: cd b i n "ting 1§
p h f v i minh khf sieh (ban kd khai eac v i t dung v i d l gia dung bang gii'y).
56 Rghien cuu Lich s^. s6 9.2015 Thuyin thfl mfldi ehfn: b i n dfldc che
mai, cd di eic t i e p h i m v i n hpe eua vua T h i v i n dinh".
Thuyin thfl hai mUdi: b i n dflde ehe mii, cd d l cie khuon di'u d i e biet cua vua "Dl thd bilu dinh".
Thuyin thfl hai mdt: ban dfldc che mai, ed de y phuc cua vua ' T h i n ngii phuc dinh".
Thuyen thfl hai hai: b i n dfldc ehe mii, ed de i o trieu "Le phue dinh".
Thuyen thfl hai ba: b i n dfldc che mii, cd y phue lim vide 'dfldng ein quan bao dinh".
Thuyin thfl hai b^n: b i n duoc che mii, ed mu i o ehfn ring "Cdu long quan bio dinh".
Thuyin thfl hai lim: b i n dupe che mii, cd mu i o te' le Nam Giao "Cd'n mien dinh".
Thuyin thfl hai siu: b i n dfldc che m i i , ed d i t cudn sd' v i i'n ngpc eua vua.
Thuyen thfl hai bay: b i n dflde che mai, cd'dit sieh ving v i i n v i n g cua vua
Thuyin thfl hai t i m : b i n thd mang trfldng minh sanh ed tdn, ehfle tudc v i cdng dflc eua vua.
Thuyin thfl hai chin: kd de minh sanh Thuyin thfl ba mfldi: kieu eua vua Thuyen thfl ba md't: xe song m i "than dU"
Thuyen thfl ba hai: b i i vi "thin chu" v i
"linh chi".
Thuyen thfl ba ba: tdn Long Chau, thuyin rong sdn dd v i mang quan t i i (dai thing dfl). Thuyin nay dfldc keo bdi bd'n thuyin nhd, ed n h i l u ngfldi cheo. Sau quan t i i l i vua Tfl Dflc, tflc l i ehu l l v i cung nfl ngoi I n minh c i n t h i n . Chi ridng thuyin chd quan t i i , cd n h i vua l i vi ehu Id v i eac con thfl, ti't ca cic thuyin k h i c deu cd quan linh cim duo'c v l ban dem va cim ed xi.
Tid'p theo l i thuyin eiia cie dng hoing v i cua eie quan vidn, dflpc chia do Ifnh thuy eiia doin thuy sfl.
Doan tfl sdng dd'n l i n g cd mdt dfldng d i i l i t chid'u hoa la dfldng di qua cua quan tai,
cua doin le tang, cua cic ehid'c thuyin dfldc g i n h tren eic buc eao...
Dd'n ndi, ngfldi ta se l i m mdt le dien d bd'n sdng ndi doin rflde tang ldn bd d l dua vio ling. Dfldng tfl bd'n sdng v i o de'n dien se dflde trai ehie'u. hai bdn dfldng d i u co giang ddn. Sau dd, tii cung dupe d i t d mdt ngdi n h i ldp lau cd (gpi l i Id didn) g i n phia ben ngoai Bao t h i n h (thanh x i y xung quanh md) (14), dpi dd'n gid ha huylt. Tfl cung eiia n h i vua se dfldc rflde ldn kidu ring, phia trdn phii minh tinh cd ghi mid'u hidu eiia n h i vua, roi ha xuohg huyet. Sau khi lim 1^
dang eung eie p h i m v i t , lua ciing se dUdc trai phfa trdn minh tinh roi ngfldi ta diy quach gd fldp phfa ngoai quan tii) iai. Carih cfla vio ham md lam b i n g d i sd dupe ddng kin vinh viin v i khdng de Id di'u vd't.
Cie thfl hdm, rfldng dUng sach, in, eac do minh khi, xe tang. Id bd, nghi trfldng, cb tring, phu, phi't, long dinh... cung nhuing y phuc, do v i t ngfl dung cua ngfldi da khui't diu dfldc dem dd't roi chdn xud'ng ho d phfa bdn trai ben ngoii thanh ling. Ngoii ra, chile thuyen chd quan t i i cua n h i vua cung phai dem dot ngay tgi bd'n. Trong dam tang vua Minh Mang, cac t i i lidu mang biit tfch cua n h i vua cflng d i u phai dem dit trong l l Ninh ling, theo nhfl ehi du eua vua Thieu Trj: 'Tfl nam Mmh Mdnh thfl nhat [1820] v l sau, p h i m eie gii'y td, trfl eic ban tau eiia cac nha phai di vio gia ho sd cho dii, cdn ngoii ra, bi't t h i n ed mdt chfl hay mdt manh gii'y nao ed but tieh eua Tidn dl phe bao, d i u phai kinh c i n thu nhat goi kin d i n g trinh d l kinh cin ci't gifl d ting trdn Npi cic, dpi dd'n ngiy Ninh ling se dem thidu h o i di" (15). Ngoii ra, vua Thi^u Tri edn eho lam ti't ca nhflng thfl v i t dung can thiet k h i e b i n g gii'y de ding eiing cho vua cha: "Phim nhflng cung didn, dfldng, vu, lau cac, thuyen, xe, voi, ngfla, cie do cua Tien d l dung, khdng thfl gi l i khdng
Rghi Hiire tang I^ cung dfaih..
du. Cdng vide l i m de'n v i i t h i n g mdi xong, ton tien dd'n h i n g bao nhieu van. Nghi thfle v i p h i m v i t phong thjnh, trfldc d i y chfla tflng cd bao gid" (16).
T i i li^u eiia nhan chflng ngudi Phap cdn cho bid't trong d i m tang cua vua Thieu Tri, eung chdn theo vua ed n h i l u vang bac, ngpe v i eic do dung quy hilm. Trong vdng t h i n h ngfldi ta cdn dung ba eai giin hda thieu vdi nhflng chiec thuyin, eac bue gd, eie v i t dung trong l l tang, vdi ti't ea d l dung hang n g i y cu,a nha vua: cd tudng, nhac cu, quat, hia, du, gifldng, chieu, xe...
v i cdn thdm mdt ngua go v i voi gii'y; roi vi t i n vfldng cham liia dd't eac gian thidu khd'ng Id i'y. Sau dd ngfldi ta edn dd't ridng mot chiec thuyen sdn son thep ving, trong dd cd ea v i n g v i ngpe. Di'y la ehid'c thuyen m i vua da dung khi edn sd'ng. Tai bd'n di vio l i n g (thfldng gpi l i bd'n sdn ling), ngudi ta dd't t h u y i n Long Chau, l i chiec thuyen da dung d l quan t i i , va mdt chiec thuyen cd t i n g gic dflde goi l i "lau thuyen" m i vua Thidu Trj da dung luc cdn sdng. Sau mdt thdi gian, lai ed hai dpt nfla, ngfldi ta kd't ddng tai mpt ngdi chfla, hai cung didn b i n g gd tuyet dpp, gid'ng nhfl cung di^n vua da bing h i trfldc kia d; ngfldi ta chu y trang hoing ti mi de eho khdng thie'u bi't efl cii gi trong eho d eiia dfle vua, sau dd eac cung didn nay eung sd dflde tidu huy.
Md vua thdi Nguyin cd t h i dfldc xiy theo dang "thgch thi't" ( n h i b i n g da) hoic chdn trong long mot ngpn dli nhd. Cung ed kieu mp dflde xay n g i m dudi long dat, phia tren khdng di ni'm, khdng xay "thach thi't" m i d i t tflpng (nhfl d l i n g vua Khai Djnh). Md vua dfldi hinh thflc mot ngpn doi nhd, xung quanh bao bpc bdi mdt vdng Bao t h i n h cd the thi'y d l i n g vua Minh Mang, vua Thidu Trj. Md vua xiy theo dang "thach thi't^' cd t h i thi'y d lang vua Gia Long, vua Tfl Dflc, vua Dye Dfle, vua Dong Khanh.
Mac du trong l l tang vua Tfl Dflc, vua Kid'n Phuc da n h i c dd'n hinh thflc "toai dao" (dudng n g i m dudi di't) d l i n g vua Gia Long: "Kinh xay dflng d nui Khidm Sdn mdt tda bao trach, gpi l i Khidm Ling. Dfldng toai dao d dd l i m y nhu quy e h i l i n g Thien Thp" (17) nhflng ed le the thflc chi tiet ed k h i c vdi hinh thfle toai dao ciia l i n g vua Minh Mang v i sau nay l i l i n g vua Thieu Tri, bdi nghi thflc ehdn ci't vua Gia Long chi thi'y ghi: "up eai quich gd ldn, do' nhila v i o roi d i y n i p quach d i " (18). Chi b i t d i u tfl dam tang eua vua Minh Mang (diu n i m 1841) mdi thi'y ghi rd ve vide d i o dudng h i m de dua quan t i i vio, theo chi du cua vua Thidu Trj: "Lim dfldng dfla quan t i i di dfldi di't l i quy che cua ddi xfla, nudc ta l i m theo, bat d i u tfl nay. Ngay nay ta l i con, cie khanh l i b l tdi, phai kinh ein, t h i n trpng, chd de cd sfl i n n i n v l sau"
(19). Chi tiet n i y cho thi'y vipe xiy dudng ham dd dfla quan t i i vio huyet md theo dang thflc nhfl vua Thidu Trj ydu cau mdi chi dfldc b i t d i u thuc hi^n tfl thdi Nguyin, chinh xic hdn l i bat d i u tfl dam tang vua Minh Mang trd ve sau.
Trong dam tang eua vua Minh Mang, dd'n gid tot, tfl cung cua n h i vua dUdc d i t ldn mdt ehid'c xe goi la "long t h u i n " cd nen, den hd d i n , tid'n vao cii n h i d i , d i t ldn tren mdt chide giudng (bao sing). Sau khi budng m i n , trUdng d trfldc n h i d i , ngudi ta
"rut bd cic dudng xe bang gd d trong dudng h i m ra" (20). TrUdc ciia d i se b i y 1 chile i n m i u ving, 2 ehid'c i n thep ving (chide ben Ddng bay cai hdm nan dflng lua cung, ehid'c bdn Tay b i y sich ke eie v i t chdn theo), hfldng nen, t r i u rfldu de l i m le d i n g Cling eho nha vua. Sau dd lua cflng se dflde d i t v i o hai ben phia trong quach roi d i y quich d i , ddng n h i d i lai.
Ly do eiia vi^c dao dfldng huydt dflpc Dflc cha Pellerin cho r i n g "ngfldi ta sd nd'u
5S Rghien euu Lich s^. sg 3.2015 cd chid'n tranh, ke thfl sd de'n l i m d ud' h i i
cdt cua ngudi ehet, dieu n i y xem nhfl tham hpa ldn nhi't" khi dng md ta v l vide chpn vj tri chdn c i t vua Thieu Tri: "Trong nui cd dao mdt cii h i m s i u m i mieng h i m ed vj tri d trong ngdi n h i v i dUde ddng kin lai bang mdt hdn d i to ldn. Chfnh trong dudng h i m ehay theo nhieu hfldng quanh eo dd'n t i n gifla hdn nui l i ndi ngudi ta d i t quan t i i , cho n i y l i bf mat, khdng ai bie't dfldc, chi trfl vii ngfldi trong vdng t h i n tin..." (21).
Tuy nhien, mot eiu chuydn khac dfldc Qudc sfl q u i n trieu Nguyen ghi lai da cho thi'y thuc ra ngay chinh vua Minh Mang cung khdng quan tam nhilu dd'n dilu dd khi dng cflng q u i n t h i n b i n cieh thflc xiy dflng l i n g md cua minh v i hdi Phan Huy Thflc: ' T r i m nghe p h i n mp n h i Ld trfldc khdng d i p ni'm, khdng trong ciy, khdng mudn ngfldi ddi sau bid't cho chdn, cd ching
?" Thyc thua: "Nhi Ld trfldc cd lam l i n g tim, dflng cdt mdc, bia d i , dd'n luc suy, d i n d i n phai di dli bgi; p h i n md hp Trjnh thi d dudi xay gach d i kien ed, m i mat tren khdng d i p ni'm". Vua efldi bao ring: "Sao phai ngd sd m i gii'u gidm nhfl thd" (22).
Tdm lai, vide d i o dfldng h i m ndi huyet mO cie vua thdi Nguyin, b i t d i u tfl d i m tang cua vua Minh Mang, ed t h i nham tao dilu kidn t h u i n lpi d l d i n g khi dfla quan t i i vio huyet md, bit kin eiia b i n g d i nham giQ ydn ndi an nghi ciia n h i vua, dong thdi thdm mdt vi du diln hinh cho quy che phdng theo md hinh eua l i n g t i m hoing dd' Trung Hoa trong q u i trinh tie'p biln v i n hda dfldi thdi Nguyin, die biet trong ddi sing nghi l l hoang gia (23).
Sau khi ehdn ci't n h i vua, triiu dinh se lim IS De chu ngay tai ngdi dien d l i n g v i lim l l td' Sd ngu (24) tai d i y vdi le v i t nhfl trong le d tram dpc dfldng. Hon bach se dfldc dem chdn d eho di't sach d phfa ddng trong ling. Sau khi l i m l l t i t h i n dit, t h i n
mii v i thanh hoing, triiu dinh sd rflde thin ehu ciia vua ldn kieu dfla ra b i n sdng di theo dfldng thuy trd ve. Ngay v l den Kinh thanh, d ky d i i se kdo cd v i n g v i bin 9 tieng dng lenh. T h i n chii dflde rflde vao ngdi dipn ndi trfldc day q u i n thi h i i nha vua d l l i m Id ydn vj cung vdi cac hdm kim sach, thuy sich va d i t d dd cho ddn khi t n l u dinh l i m l l Dai tfldng (25) v i l l te' D i m (26) xong se l i m l l T h i n g phu de rfl6c vio thd d The Td' Mid'u.
Sau khi le tang ciia n h i vua hoan ti't, trieu dinh se lam le kfnh cio cae dan (Nam Giao, Xa Tic), mieu, dipn (cic mieu trong Hoing thinh, cac dien thd vua, mid'u D6 Thinh Hoing...) de bao cho cac thinh thin v i cic Vl tien de'biet r i n g le an ting d i xong.
Trong khoang thdi gian tiep theo, tai ngdi dien dat t h i n ehu cua vua, triiu dinh se tie'p tuc lam cac le tfl Tai ngu eho din Ciiu ngu vio eie n g i y d i djnh theo tue lg, eudi eung l i Id Tdt khd'e (hd't khoe). Trong dd, eic l l tfl ngu, luc ngu, b i t ngu diu diing ngiy i m [ngay chin], ngu ngu, thi't ngu, eflu ngu d i u dung ngiy dfldng [ngiy le].
Ngoii ra, h i n g n g i y v i o eie buoi sdm, toi, trfla, chieu cflng deu ed d i n g cung thfle an d i n l l Tot khdc mdi thdi. Vio ngiy sdc, ngiy vpng thi cd Id An tid'n cho dd'n khi hSt tang. Le v i t trong ti't ea cie l l tren diu gidng nhfl Id Sd ngu. Sau l l Tdt khdc dan chflng mdi dflpc phep cudi hdi.
Trong thdi gian t i l n h i n h cac l l tren eho de'n khi he't tang, Hoing t h i i hau, Hoing thai phi d i u chia Iflpt de d i n g le pham. Cac t i n ngfl nQ quan ciia tidn triiu ciing thai giim, hoang t h i n qudc thfch ndi ngoai quan vien, ngfldi l i n g ngfldi hp ben ngoai cung d i u cd l l phu tien.
Ngiy gio mdt n i m sau ngiy vua m i t li l l Tieu tfldng.
Gio v i o n i m t i l p theo l i l l Dai tfldng, Ie sau cflng la l l tl^ Dam each l l Dai tfldng 2
Rghi thijrc tang ie eung dinh...
t h i n g . L l v i t ciia cic Id n i y l i 3 t r i u , 3 dd, 3 heo, mam xdi, 3 mam do i n , 3 m i m b i n h , 9 binh ni(}u, hudng, ddn, rfldu, gii'y v i n g bac, t r i . . .
Trong sud't thdi gian tfl khi vua mdi bang h i dd'n khi he't tang, t h i n ehu eua vua dflpc d i t d mpt ngdi dipn ridng d i n khi het tang mdi rude vao thd d The Td' Miiu vdi y nghia: "Dao hid'u cua de vUdng khdng ^ bang lam phd'i hfldng dfldc di'ng t h i n . L i T h i n g phu la de truy thd t l khao, tdn gifl hfldng khdi, dd l i dao h i l u vpn du" (27), dong thdi edn mang y nghia ' T h i n g phu xin lidt vio n h i Thd Mid'u, di td bay chinh thd'ng" (28).
Trinh tfl cac nghi Id danh cho h o i n g h i u cung tfldng t u nhfl v i y va nhQng ngdi didn ridng dat t h i n chu cua vua (hoic hoang hiu) trong thdi gian d l tang sau dd trd t h i n h ndi thd vpng, d i t thanh vi cua vua v i hoang h i u . Chinh do nghi thflc n i y m i ngoii The Td' Mid'u-ngdi miiu ehinh thd cie t h i n chu cua cac vua v i hoang h i u triiu Nguyin dfldc xay dflng ngay ben trong Hoing t h i n h Hue, he thing kien tnic mid'u didn thd cung td' tien cua triiu Nguyin edn ed cic dipn dat ben ngoai Hoing t h i n h . Dd la mdt so' dipn trong Kinh t h i n h da bj triet giai vio cudi thdi Nguyin v i cac di$n xay dflng d cac khu lang md hipn v i n cdn t i n tai.
Khac vdi tuc "Ngii dai mai t h i n chii" (29) trong d i n gian, viec chdn t h i n chii da bi vua Minh Mang cho bai bo vi theo dng, "nd'u nghe ldi bpn hu nho ne ed' b i n b i y m i dem t h i n chii chdn hay ci't di, thi khdng phai l i tdi eon cua triiu ta niia" (30).
M i i ngfldi chi cd mpt t h i n chu duy nhi't, ne'u mi't hoic hfl hdng, ho^c mudn thd d ndi khac thi khdng l i m than chii, m i l i m b i i vi (theo cich gpi thdng thfldng) hoic t h i n h vi, t h i n vi - theo cieh gpi tdn xflng. Chfnh
\d v i y , trong cac ndi thd vua Nguyin do t r i i u (finh xay di^ng, chi cd mdt cdng trinh
ggi l i "mieu" (The To' Mid'u). Day chfnh la ndi thd t h i n chii vinh vidn cua eac vi vua Nguyen-nhflng ngudi dupe triiu dinh thflc hien d i y du trinh tfl nghi thflc tang l l sau khi qua ddi.
Ngoai T h i Td' Mieu-ndi thd cac vua v i hoing h i u trieu Nguyin, triiu dinh cdn dat t h i n h vi cua eic vua va h o i n g h^u tai dien thd d l i n g v i didn Phung Tien (31) trong khu vfle Hoing t h i n h di thd vpng. Vj tri an thd d didn Phung Tidn dfldc bd' tri theo nguydn t i c "chieu mue" (32) nhu d T h i To' Mid'u. Die bidt, ne'u h o i n g h i u qua ddi trfldc vua, t h i n chu cua b i se dflde thd d didn Phung Tien eho dd'n sau khi n h i vua b i n g h i , trieu dinh mdi rude t h i n ehu eua hoang h i u vio thd ciing vdi t h i n chu eua vua tai T h i To' Mid'u trong Id T h i n g phu eho n h i vua (nhfl trudng hdp eua Thfla Thien Cao hoing h i u , vp vua Gia Long;
hoic T i Thien Nhan hoing h i u , vp vua Minh Mang). Vide due sieh vang, i'n ving va dang thuy hidu eho hoing h i u trong trudng hdp n i y eung dfldc trieu dinh thfle hien sau khi cic thu tuc n i y da dflpc thflc hien cho vj vua da b i n g h i .
Tuy nhien, do nhQng dilu kien lich sfl nhi't dinh, khdng phai ti't ca eie vj vua va hoang h i u cua trieu Nguyin diu dfldc thuc hien d i y dii eie nghi thfle ndi trdn trong q u i trinh tang ll. Chang han nhfl trfldng hdp cua vua Tfl Dflc. N h i vua b i n g h i tai dien C i n T h i n h n g i y 16 t h i n g 6 n i m Quy Mui (tflc n g i y 19 t h i n g 7 nam 1883).
T h i n g 8 n i m n i y , triiu dinh dUa quan tai nha vua ldn quan tai didn Hda Khiem (Khiem L i n g ciia vua Tfl Dflc). Day l i giai doan triiu dinh phai lidn tuc doi phd vdi quan P h i p trdn khap ca nflde, cung l i thdi k;^ ngai v i n g d triiu (finh Hue lidn tuc doi chu, tfl Due Dflc (33), Hidp Hda (34) den Kid'n Phuc (35) chi trong vdng 4 t h i n g . Vide to ehfle tang l l eho nha vua vi t h i eung
Rghito cihi Lich sit, sg 9.2015 khdng t r i n h khdi bj anh hfldng, trinh tfl
nghi thfle, so" l l tid't thflc hidn trong q u i trinh tang l l v i cac loai pham v i t eiing deu ed sfl thay dd'i, gian Iflde. L l Ninh Lang dflde t l chflc sau dd 6 t h i n g . Trong l l tang cua vua Tu Dflc, cd dd'n 3 Id dien bj giam bdt, dong thdi t h u y i n chd quan t i i dfldc trieu dinh dung thuyin m i y d i n di trong vdng chfla tdi mdt n g i y da tdi ling (36).
T h i n chu cua n h i vua sau le d l chu da dupe an vi tai didn Hda Khidm (Khiem Lang) cho den khi hd't tang mdi rflde v l thd d T h i Td' Mieu. T h i n h vj eua nha vua cung dupe thd phu d dien Phyng Tidn.
Die bidt l i trong d i m tang cua vua Dong Khanh (1885-1888), thdi gian diln ra eac nghi le da phai n i t n g i n lai d l t r i n h dip mflng thp Thai h i u Tfl Du (vd vua Thieu Trj) 80 tud'i. Vide nay da dupe cac quan v i triiu (finh vua T h i n h Thii lue bi'y gid tham khao thflc hidn "theo phep n h i Hin, sau khi an ting, h i n miy ngiy lim l l Ciiu ngu, 15 ngiy niia lam Id Tilu tfldng, lgi 14 ngiy nfla lim Id Dai tfldng, lai 7 ngiy nQa h i n h Id te Dam bd io tang, de tien cdng vide lim le chuc mfli^... d l tren thi td long thinh ngiy thfldng hid'u- phung cua Dai hinh hoing dl, v i dfldi thi thda long thien ha t h i n din. Cdn de'n khi d i y mdt nim, diy hai n i m deu chid'u theo l l ngiy gio ma lim le. Va day la vi gap dgi k h i n h tilt cho nen chim chflde m i lam, dm vdi Id cu cua triiu (finh ta khdng cd gi thay doi; thidn ha t h i n d i n ed tang ridng khdng dflde vidn ed ma lim, de trpng dao hid'u" (37).
Nhfl viy, theo trinh tfl nghi thflc tang t l nhu cic vua tien nhidm, ehi ed vua Kid'n Phflc, Dong Khanh v i Khai Dinh trong so' cie vua ke vi sau vua Tfl Dflc l i ed d i y du nghi thfle T h i n g phu, dupe rflde t h i n chu vio thd tgi The To' Mid'u. Vua Due Dflc m i c du sau n i y dfldc vua T h i n h T h i i cho x i y Long An Dien d l i n g rieng la An Lang de
thd nhung tgi didn nay cung khdng t h i y c6 t h i n chu cua vua Due Dflc m i ehi ed bii vj.
Vua Hiep Hda bi phe t n i i t v i khi ehet dudc chdn bang nghi l l Quoc cdng ndn eung khdng ed t h i n chu thd trong The To Mieu.
Cic vi khi m i t khdng cd nghi thflc tang 16 d i n h cho vua nhfl H i m Nghi, T h i n h Thai, Duy T i n , sau n i y ed vua Bao Dgi, cung deu khdng cd t h i n chu thd trong The T l Mieu.
Cae i n thd cua vua H i m Nghi, Thinh Thai, Duy Tan dfldc dfla v i o thd tai Thi Mieu n i m 1959 (38) hidn chi cd t h i n h vi chfl khdng cd t h i n chu.
Tgi H i n Quoc, nghi thfle tang l l hoii^
gia thdi Joseon (Han Qudc) cung dfldc tien h i n h dfla tren nhflng nguydn t i e v i quan nidm eua Nho giio Trung Hoa.
Sau khi n h i vua qua ddi, thi h i i cung dflde dat trong mdt ngdi didn ridng (hon didn) trong sud't thdi gian l i m tang ll. Thdi gian q u i n thi h i i n h i vua cung dupe triiu dai Joseon duy tri trong thdi gian khoang tren 5 t h i n g . Tuy nhien, nghi thflc tang ll h o i n g gia thdi Joseon cdn cd mpt so dilm k h i e bidt.
Ngay sau khi n h i vua qua ddi, ngfldi ta edn cd nghi thfle gpi h i n ngfldi chit trd vl.
Trong t i e p h i m "Vidt Nam van hoa sii CUdng", hpe gia D i o Duy Anh gpi nghi thflc nay l i l l phue hon: "...mdt ngfldi cim eai ao ciia ngudi ehet, tay ta eim cl, tay hflu cam Iflng, do dfldng trfldc trdo ldn mai n h i de gpi ten v i hfl h i n ngfldi chit ba lin, roi do dfldng sau n h i m i xuong" (39). Theo tac gia Tuy lang Nguyin V i n Toin khi viet ve tuc efldi hdi, ma chay eua ngfldi Vi^t Nam, nghi thfle n i y goi l i le chidu hon: "Khi vudt mat va c h i n tay ngfldi chd't thi mdt mat ngfldi n h i ra diing d nga ba dfldng ling hay xdm, hoic leo len m i i n h i hd ldn tdn hp ngfldi chit, tay t r i i thi cim cd' ao ciia ngfldi v i n mac xfla nay d l hon n h i p xic nd'u so ehfla c h i t cdn v i t va vi't vfldng chfla bilt
Rghi thfle tang l& cung dinh..,
loi ve. Dan dng thi hd 7 tiing, d i n b i 9 tid'ng (thi't phach hay eflu phaeh). Thf du,
"ba h i n , bay via dng... 5 d i u thi v l vdi con chau" hogc "ba hon chin via bi...". Hd nhfl v i y b i n phia lidn tiep. Khi hd roi thi dem ao dd phu ldn thi the cua ngfldi ehet" (40).
Tuy nhien, eac t i i lidu ghi chep v l nghi thflc tang l l cic vua t r i i u Nguyin khdng thi'y md ta v l chi t i l t n i y .
Khic vdi nghi thflc tang Id eung dinh triiu Nguyen Viet Nam, nghi l l gpi h i n n h i vua t r i i u Joseon dfldc tid'n h i n h trfldc khi hon di q u i xa. Sau khi cai ehet eiia n h i vua da dfldc x i c n h i n , ao q u i n hang n g i y ehfla gigt ciia n h i vua dfldc mdt thai giam dem ldn mai cua tda nha q u i n thi h i i nha vua. Ngfldi H i n Qudc quan niem linh hon cua ngfldi ehet se di v l phfldng Bie xa xdi, vi t h i ngfldi thai giam se dflng d gifla mai, quay m i t v l phia Bic, c i m cd' i o eiia nha vua ben tay t r i i v i chd t h a t Iflng ben tay phai de hd ba l i n gpi hon trd lai. Ngfldi ta cho r i n g ao q u i n chfla giat cdn lflu gifl mui eua n h i vua ed t h i thu h u t cho linh h i n ngii quay trd lgi. Sau khi doc xong cau t h i n ehu, ngfldi t h i i giam trdn m i i n h i nhanh ehdng nem ao quan xud'ng nen trfldc khi linh hon ed ed hdi rdi bd mdt l i n nfla. Cae thai giim ddi trdn s i n se nhat li'y ao quan, chgy vio trong, m^c v i o xac chd't v i cau nguyen eho linh hon trd lai vdi than xac.
Vao n g i y vua b i n g ha, ngfldi ta b i t d i u vdi vide gpi d i u v i t i m rfla than minh n h i vua bang nfldc kd v i nude ggo vdi niim tin nhiing logi nflde nay sd giup duy tri sfl sdng, cdn nfldc qud' se dflde dung d l riia tay c h i n . Sau khi da dUdc t i m rfla, thi h i i dflde m i e 9 ldp q u i n i o mdi de cd the dem lai cho thi h i i sfle sing. Tid'p dd l i Id "phan him", dat ggo sdng v i nhflng vien ngpe nhd vao mipng eiia n h i vua. Sau dd, thi hai dfldc d i t trdn mot quan t i i , d dfldi cd lot mdt ldp nflde d i khi trdi ndng de giQ eho eai
xic khdng bi p h i n huy qua nhanh. Mdt dai vai lua mau do vdi ddng chQ "Quan tai eiia hoang dd' q u i co" dfldc dat trfldc quan t i i .
Trong Id Tilu lidm vao ngay thfl ba sau khi vua bang h i , thi h i i cua n h i vua dfldc mac 19 ldp q u i n i o , "thd Men con sd' eudi cung giQa trdi v i di't" (41). Q u i n ao khdng dfldc bude lai v i cung khdng dfldc che m i t , vdi y nghia r i n g ngudi ta v i n chd ddi eii xic trd lai vdi cudc sd'ng. Nd'u sau 5 ngiy dng khdng sd'ng lai, thi h i i eua dng dUde dat trong quan tai v i thai tfl sd chfnh thfle ke vj ngai ving.
N i m ngiy sau khi n h i vua bang h i , triiu dinh mdi chinh thflc k h i m liem thi h i i n h i vua. NhQng c h u i n bj cho vide d i t xic v i o quan t i i b i t d i u v i o ngiy thfl 5 vdi vide kham liem xic v i bude c h i t thi h i i b i n g d i y de tranh bi't ky sfl djch chuyin nio. Nghi Id Dai lidm cd d i n 90 bd d i y - mdt so bupc thi h i i v i sd'khic thi r i n g c h i t vio quan t i i . Ring, tdc, mdng tay, mdng c h i n da c i t luc cdn song cua n h i vua deu dflde gifl lai v i dflng trong mdt cii tui nhd, dat v i o gdc quan tai.
Chile quan t i i eua nha vua triiu dai Joseon cung cd hai ldp, gpi l i Tfl eung.
Ngfldi ta c h i m chut ri't ky khi l i m quan t i i bdn trong. Ngay tfl khi len ngdi, n h i vua d i cho c h u i n bj quan t i i . Sau dd efl mdi n i m lai them mot ldp sdn len ehid'c quan tai ben trong v i do' d i u dd v i o dd. Cic ldp sdn cfl d i y len qua thdi gian va ehiie quan t i i se trd nen cQng chic nhfl l i m bang gach. Hon bach (hay t h i n bgch) cung dupe coi la ndi d l linh h i n nfldng n i u trong thdi gian l i m tang l l cho de'n khi thi h i i dUdc chdn ci't.
Gidng nhu nghi thflc tang Id eung dinh ciia t r i i u Nguyin Viet Nam, sau khi chdn ci't, hon bach se dfldc thay the b i n g t h i n chu.
Trfldc khi d i t thi h i i n h i vua vio, chide quan t i i ben trong dfldc lot mot ldp lua dd, nhflng gdc quan t i i dfldc Idt lua ving. Tro
Rghian cuu Lich sit, sg 3.2015 than cua gao d i dot chiy dflde rai tren d i y
v i t i m van "Dai Hung Tinh" (42) dfldc d i t tren ldp tro. Mdt ti'm ddm b i n g lua do v i chieu dflde trai ldn mat ti'm van.
Khie vdi trieu Nguyin, viec dat thuy hi^u cho ngudi q u i cd' dupe triiu Joseon xin y kien cua cac hoang de' Trung Hoa. Thuy hidu n i y eung se dflde thdm nhflng chfl khic do triiu (Hnh Joseon lUa chpn. So chQ trong thuy hidu cua mot vj vua thfldng ed ea thay 4, 6 hoic 8 ehfl, vdi s l 8 thfldng l i phd bien nhi't. Cae vi vua cd edng lao ndi b i t dflde dang thdm chfl t h i n h tong edng ed 12 chQ. NgUde lgi, thuy hidu ciia hoang h i u ehi gidi han ed 2 ehfl v i khdng cin phai xin jf kien eua hoing de Trung Hoa. Khi thuy hidu d i dflde quyd't djnh, triiu dinh se lam l l cio Tdng Midu, ndi thd to' tien ciia hoing gia thdi Joseon (gpi l i nghi Id Thinh thuy tdng mid'u nghi).
Dong thdi, triiu dinh cung se quye't djnh mid'u hidu cho ngudi qui eo, tdn cua mieu thd linh hon ndi sd d i t bii vj ciia ngfldi chd't trong suit thdi gian 3 n i m de tang v i tflde hi^u eiia ling. Chi vua mdi ed mid'u hieu v i ehi ed 2 chQ. Chfl d i u cua moi ngfldi k h i c nhau, the hidn chinh xac tinh chi't "cdng"
hay "dflc" cua vi vua qua cd', edn chfl thfl hai cd the la "td'" hoic "tdng". Chfl "td'"
dflpc chpn lam chfl thfl hai d l nhi'n manh nhflng thanh tich edng lao cua vj vua da qui cd', trong khi ehfl "tdng" nhi'n manh nhflng p h i m chi't dgo dfle eua n h i vua. Vi thd', chQ "td'" xui't hien trong ten thuy hidu dinh eho cac vj vua Joseon d i tri vi trong nhQng h o i n canh di't nudc loan lgc.
Nhflng vua eo ehfl "tdng" tri vi trong nhflng thdi ky tfldng dd'i t h i i binh thinh tri. Vipc lua chpn mieu hidu cung khdng phai lim Id cio Tdng Mieu.
Vipc chpn ngiy chdn ci't cung do ed quan Kham Thidn Giim thfle hidn v i dang len nha vua quye't djnh.
Vio ngiy trfldc n g i y l l , cac phfldng tipn chuydn ehd khac n h a u dflde t i p hdp d cong trfldc eua n h i dat quan tai de dfla linh cflu dd'n ndi l i n g md cung vdi cae v i t tuy tang nhfl eic loai b i t dia, nhge eu v i v i t dung h i n g ngiy, ti't ca dfldc l i m bang di't hoic go, nhd hdn kich thflde t h i t .
Doan rflde tang eung bao gom 3 dao: tien dgo, trung dao v i h i u dgo vdi td'ng so tdi hdn 1600 ngfldi. Ba ddn vj q u i n dpi vdi td'ng so khoang 800 linh di t i l n dao, tilp theo la khoang 150 ngudi elm ed vdi nhilu loai cd v i phfldn dgi dien cho n h i vua. Tid'p theo la mdt doin 210 ngfldi nfla rude bang, thuy hidu bang ngpc, ban v i n vid't tilu sii n h i vua v i cic bflc lien k h i e nhau vid't ldi didu tang, d p h i n trung dao eua doin rude l i chide xe tang v i nhflng chile kieu mang nhflng v i t tuy tang, t h i n chii va ban dieu v i n . T i m tram ngudi thay nhau lim ngfldi hp tang, chia t h i n h bon phien lam vide, moi phidn 200 ngfldi. N i m t r i m ngfldi cam ndn dfldc xen vao giQa cic nhdm ke tr§n trong doin rflde, trong khi 500 ngfldi khac eim duo'c di theo h i n g d hai bdn doan rflde dd soi dfldng v i o luc chilu tdi.
Nha vua di tren mdt ehid'c kieu do 60 ngfldi khidng di d i u trong doin ngudi than khdc sau xe tang. Vj t h i i tfl, nhilu ngudi trong gia dinh hoang tdc va cac quan cao ci'p di ngfla sau n h i vua. Cung gidng nhfl cl tiln dao, cie binh hnh v i ngfldi eim cd di d doin h i u dao. Doin rflde tang se theo dfldng bd de'n ndi l i n g md.
Cie lang md h o i n g gia trieu dai Joseon d i u dflpc lam theo dgng h i m mp noi tren mat di't, d i o sau vao nui, ben trong ed xay phdng du eao de cd t h i dflng ben trong thflc hidn eac nghi thflc xua dud'i ta ma trfldc khi l i m l l Ha ydn eung (dit quan t i i yen nghi trong h i m md). Quan t i i dfldc d i y theo chilu ngang theo ehid'c ranh s i u dio vao phfa nui tfl mat nam eho dd'n 1^ vao h i m
Rghi thirc tang le eung dhih... 63 md. Vi the', cae l i n g md h o i n g gia Joseon
ddu cd mdt ehom mii dai md rdng tfl huyet mp vd phfa nam. Mpt ti'm van nang vdi nhflng con l i n b i n g khue g l phia dudi dflde dflng dd di chuyen quan t i i theo ranh v i vio trong h i m md. Chie'e d^ kd quan t i i ed banh xe giflp cho vide di ehuyin cd quan t i i ddi n i n g ne dflde de d i n g hdn v i t h i m chi quan trpng hdn l i tranh khdng de quan t i i bj xd lech.
Chile phfldn cd ghi tdn eua ngUdi q u i eo va thfl b i e dflpc phu len quan t i i khi da vao trong h i m md. Sach dieu van, ngpe va lua dflde d i t d phia tay cua quan tai, trong khi eie v i t k h i c nhfl nhQng ehid'c quat trang tri bieu tfldng v l eii ehet dUdc d i t d ca hai bdn quan t i i . Cac v i t khac de ngfldi chit sfl dung d t h i gidi ben kia cung dflde sip xdp quanh h i m mp. Nhflng v i t n i y bao gim nhflng ehid'c binh dflng ngu ed'c cd kich thflde nhd hdn kich thflde thfldng dung va nhflng do dung thflc i n cung nhu n h i l u thfl v i t dung h i n g ngay d i n h cho ngudi chd't nhfl ao q u i n v i do trang sflc. Cac v i t p h i m qui tang d i n h cho ngfldi chd't cung dupe d i t d day. Nd'u nhQng thfl n i y qua nhieu din noi khdng d l hd't trong phdng mp, ngfldi ta d i o mdt phdng k h i c ben cgnh dd dat cac thfl.
Khi ti't ca cie do tang Id da dflde dfla vao ben trong, phdng ham md dUdc ddng lai v i ngfldi dflng d i u Hdi dong Giam sat Tang ll Qud'c gia r i e 9 xeng di't bui len h i m md.
NhQng ngfldi thd h o i n ti't ndt viec lap di't len h i m md. Xe tang, kieu tang va cac thfl k h i c dung trong tang Id dupe d i t d khu vUc l i n g md de t r i n h vide ngfldi thudng stt dung lai eho nhflng muc dich khie.
Sau khi l l an tang h o i n ti't, hon bgch se dfldc thay b i n g Ngu chu. Ngu chii dflde l i m b i n g go dau ndn eung dUdc gpi l i "tang chu". Ngu chu dflde d i n h eho vua va hoing h i u , trong khi Vj b i i dupe l i m b i n g gd de
dfldc dung cho tang l l cua ngfldi thude h i n g si dai phu. Mdt khi d i l i m Ngu ehu, ti'm lua hon bach khdng edn luu giQ hnh hdn eua ngfldi q u i c l nen dfldc d i t v i a hop ei't v i o sau Ngu chu cho dd'n khi lam gio d i u (ll Tilu tfldng), khi dd mdi dfldc ehdn d mdt ndi yen tinh phia sau Tdng Mid'u.
Sau Id tang d ling, Ngu ehu dflde dfla trd v l h o i n g cung v i lam l l an vi dat trong mdt ngdi dien ridng (43) cho d i n l l Tilu tudng (cdn gpi l i Id Luydn td). Cung trong le nay, con chiu thay tang phuc m i c trong n i m vfla roi b i n g nhflng q u i n i o tang mdi, Ngu ehu cung dflde thay b i n g Luyen ehu l i m b i n g go de (44), dgt trong dien rieng.
Ngu ehu se dflpe ehdn d mot ehd xa phia sau Tdng Mid'u.
Tuy l i nhQng logi go khac nhau (go d i u eho Ngu ehii v i gd de cho Luyen chu) nhUng ehung diu dfldc ehe' t i e giong nhau v i ca hai d i u cd kich thflde khoang 30 x 16cm. Mdt t h i n chu diln hinh thdi Joseon l i mpt mieng gd hinh chfl n h i t nhUng 4 gdc eiia Ngu ehu v i Luyen chii dfldc b i o v i t t h i n h hinh bat giic. NhQng cai lo dfldc khoan d hai cgnh cua mie'ng gd cung nhfl tfl trdn xud'ng dfldi de hon d l ra vao. NhQng d i e diem nay deu gid'ng vdi hinh thflc t h i n ehu cua trieu Nguydn. Tuy nhidn, phia trdn dinh eua t h i n ehu triiu Joseon dupe l i m trdn lai khie'n than chii trdng giong mdt ehid'c chen up, dat trong mdt ehid'c hdp v i ben ngoii cd mdt hop khac day len. Ca hai hop n i y dflde lam b i n g gd thdng v i phii lua dd bdn trong v i ben ngoai roi dat tren mdt be gd nhd. Cdn t h i n chu eiia trieu Nguyin dflde d i t trong mot chile hop cd nap diy theo chilu t h i n g dflng v i di tren ngai, ben ngoii cd phu k h i n ving.
Vide l i m t h i n chu d H i n Qud'c dupe giai thich: "Quan nidm cac linh hon eiia ngfldi q u i ed' tru ngu trong nhflng mid'ng gd xui't p h i t tfl Trung Hoa thdi cd' dai. Trong thdi
Rghign cuu Lieh sit, sg 9.2015 ky Tam qudc (Ha, Thfldng, Chu), cic b i n
thd dflde dflng ldn de thd t h i n di't va ngfldi Trung Hoa co dgi trong nhQng ciy mpe tren manh di't trong nhiing dilu ki$n tdt nhi't.
Hp tin rang t h i n di't d i n t n i ngu trong nhQng eiy d i e bidt niy. Loai eiy thich hdp eho muc dieh nay l i ciy thdng d nUde Hg, trong khi ciy thdng hinh ndn l i lua chon d nflde Yen, va cay de dfldc trong d nflde Chu.
NhQng eiy dflde trong d cho b i n thd n i y dUde gpi l i " t h i n chu" vi ngUdi ta tin rang chung l i ndi di t h i n di't 'ngu lai" (45).
Khic vdi Ngu chii chi ghi thuy hieu eua ngfldi qua co, trdn Luydn chu ghi diy du thviy hi^u, mid'u hidu v i tdn hieu cua n h i vua dflng khi cdn song, dflpe vid't theo t r i t tfl: thuy hieu do hoing de Trung Hoa ban, tid'p dd l i miiu hidu do vi vua mdi v i cie thflpng thu d i t ra v i den thpiy hipu do cic thflpng thfl eua triiu Joseon ding len. Neu ten thuy hidu do hoing dd' Trung Hoa ban v l dd'n ndi sau khi t h i n chii da lim xong, t h i n ehii se dflde sfla lai de phu hdp vdi eie ehfl. Cic t h i n thii ciia hoing gia triiu Joseon diu cd mot cum 4 chfl trfldc nhflng ehfl ciia hoing dd' Trung Hoa ban. Nhflng chfl n i y cd nghia l i 'Thuy hieu do Dgi Minh (hoic Dgi Thanh) ban" (46). Thuy hi^u danh gii edng trgng eua n h i vua ddi khi dflde sfla dd'i sau mdt thdi gian c i n cd mdt ten hipu mdi. Trong trUdng hpp nay, Luydn ehii se dflde xda v i vid't lgi ndi dung.
Luydn ehu l i loai t h i n ehu duy nhi't mang mid'u hidu, vi t h i n chii n i y l i cii euoi cung se dflpc dfla vio thd d Tdng Mieu.
Luypn chu dfldc d i t trong ngdi didn thd ridng cho den h i t thdi gian di tang 3 nam v i sau dd dudc chuyin den Tdng Mieu. Tfl lflc dd trd di, nhQng linh hen cua eac vi vua v i hoing h i u q u i co ngu trong Luyen chu dflde tdn thd nhu nhflng t h i n linh cao nhi't di bao vd sflc khde v i binh yen cho ca qude gia va dan ehung. Vide thd eung td' tien ciia
tridu dai Joseon dflde eoi l i ket tinh cua v i n hda Nho giao thdi ky nay (47).
Sau le an tang, thfldng thi cie gia <finh Joseon to' chflc Id Sd ngu td' ba l i n sau khi chdn, nhUng so" l i n te se l i 7 l i n d i n h eho vide tang td' cua vua hoic hoing h i u . Li d i u tidn, l l thfl ba, thQ n i m v i thfl bay dflde td' chflc v i o nhflng n g i y le, trong khi IS thQ hai, tfl v i s i u dflde to chflc vio nhQng ngay chin.
Le gid thfl hai l i le Tfldng td', cung edn gpi l i l l Dai tfldng (ehfl "tudng" cd nghia la
"di'u hidu td't dep", h i m y noi buin dau eua cai chd't da l i n g xud'ng v i mpi dilu b i t diu trd lai binh thfldng). Hai t h i n g sau. Id Dam t l dfldc td' ehfle de danh di'u sfl ke't thuc thdi gian d l tang. Ve kheang eich thdi gian thfle sfl, l l Tfldng te' dien ra vio t h i n g thfl 25 sau khi chd't v i D i m td' didn ra vio t h i n g thfl 27 hoic v i o n i m thfl 3. Tfl Dim lien quan dd'n tfl dong nghia vdi "sfl mong manh", "yen binh" hoic "trung hda", am chi thdi gian de tang d i den luc kd't thue. Ti't ca q u i n i o tang dfldc edi bd vao ngiy Dam te' v i mie lgi q u i n i o thfldng.
Sau Id Dim t l , ngfldi ta chpn mdt ngiy td't de chuyen Luydn ehu ciia vua hogc hoing hau qua c l tfl didn rieng den Tdng Mid'u, tfldng tu nhfl hinh thfle l l Thing phu eiia trieu Nguyin.
Nhu viy, mac du eung chiu sfl chi phoi eua tfl tfldng Nho giio Trung Hoa vdi nhflng diem chung ve nghi thflc tang le, d i e bidt l i tang Id eung dinh, nhfl: trinh tfl cac nghi thQc chinh trong qua trinh tang le hoic mdt sd quy c h l trong each thfle td chflc tang ll, l i m hon bach, t h i n chii, dit mid'u hieu, thuy hieu, thdi gian d l tang,...
nghi thQc tang l l cung dinh triiu Nguyin Vidt Nam so vdi tang l l cung dinh triiu Joseon H i n Qud'c v i n the hidn nhiing ndt dgc trflng cua triiu dai minh, die bidt l i
Rghi thuc tang 1^ cung dinh...
viee tfl chpn t h u y hidu, mid'u hieu cho ngfldi da khui't cua trieu dgi minh m i khdng le thudc v i o y kid'n eua t r i i u dgi Trung Hoa.
Trong nhQng vi^c ldn cua ddi ngudi nhfl quan, hdn, tang, td' - nhflng vipc thd hidn h i m Ifldng v i n hda d i m d i e nhi't eua mdt eon ngfldi, ddng ho hay dan tde, vide tang va vide t l (48) ciia trieu Nguyin cd nhflng dgc diem rieng mang tinh b a n s i c ciia v i n hda Vidt Nam so vdi cic nfldc dong van trong khu vfle. D i l u nay mpt l i n nfla the hidn nhQng no lflc tfl khang djnh minh cua eie
vua t r i i u Nguydn, nhfl mdt hpe gia da n h i n xdt: " . . . sfl g i n ket vdi nhflng gii tri eua Nho giio va bd m i y quan lidu ma Trung Hoa l i mpt vi du d i khdng dong nghia vdi vide ngfldi Viet Nam ddn t h u i n chi l i mot hinh thfle tinh le k h i c so vdi ehii t h i m i u quoc Trung Hoa... Rd r i n g nhi't l i hp khdng chi'p n h i n bi't ky sU gdi y nao ve vide Trung Hoa ed quyin can thidp v i o nhflng v i n de ndi bd eiia Viet Nam, ngay ea khi hp ddi quyen ydu c i u sfl trung thanh ciia Viet Nam vdi tfl each mdt nfldc ehfl hau" (49).
CHU THICH
(1). M6t sd tM lidu la'y moc nfim 1897 la thdi diem tri^u Joseon chinh thtilc doi ten nUdc la Dai Han. Tren thUc t l , t r i i u dai nay k6o dai thSi gian tri vi den ndm 1910.
(2). K i t bling lua t r i n g n h u hinh ngudi de goi hon vi nUOng tUa vko d i y (Noi cac trieu Nguyin, Khdm dinh Bgi Nam h^i diin sii le, tkp IV, Nxb.
Thuan H6a, H u l , 2005, tr. 372 ( p h i n chu thich).
(3), (13). L. Cadifire, "Ll tang v u a Thi^u Trj- vi^t theo ldi dflc cha Pellerin" v i R.Orband, "Ll tang v u a Thifu Trj-t&i li§u chfnh thflc", Nhitng ngiidi bgn cd' dd Hue BAVH 1916. Nxb. Thufiin H6a, H u i , 1997.
(4). Theo QuSc sil q u i n t r i i u Nguyin, "tii cung"
chi quan t i i vua chiia ( b i n g go til) (Quoc sil quan trieu Nguyen, Dgi Nam thiic luc. t a p VI, Vidn Sfl hpc djch v i in lai tfl nguy&n b a n chfl Han, Nxb.
Giio dye. H a N5i, 2006, tr. 25, p h i n chd thich). N6i cac t r i i u N g u y i n giai thich ro hdn: '"Ti Ik gd t h j . ...tt( cung la n h a g l thj tflc la c i i quan tai." (Noi cac t n l u N g u y i n , Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hdi diin sit 1$. tap IV, Nxb. T h u a n Hoa, Hue, 2005, tr. 372 ( p h i n chu thich).
(5), (15), (16), (19), (27). Quoc sfl q u i n t r i i u Nguyin, Dgi Nam thiic luc, t^p VI, sdd, tr. 25, 29, 190, 52, 442.
(6). Shin Myung-ho, Joseon Royal Court Culture - Ceremonial and Daily Life, Dolbegae Publishers, Korea, 2004, tr. 198.
(7). Con goi la hon bach. Hon bach se du^c ch6n sau khi lam l l a n tang va thay t h i bang t h i n chii de thci lau dhi.
(8). C h i n g h^n; vua Gia Long dUOc quan t^i di$n Hoang Nhan, vua Minh Mang du^c q u i n t^i di§n Hieu Tu, vua Thi$u Tri dUdc q u i n tai dien Long An,... (xem th§m: Huj»nh Thi Anh VSn, "Hilu them v l each goi tgn mieu, difn thd vua Nguyin tai Hui", Tap cM Hue XUa & Nay. so 110 (3- 4/2012), tr. 104-110).
(9). Nfli cac t n l u Nguyin, Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi diin sii 14, tap IV, sdd.
(10), (20). N6i cac t n l u Nguyin, Khdm dinh Bgi Nam hgi diin sit le. tkp IV, sdd, tr. 400, 391.
(11). Mieu hi^u: cai hifu truy tfln cho flng v u a khi d a ehet, de dem tho t a i t h a i mieu. Huy hieu:
Danh hifu tot dep (de to cflng dflc flng vua). Thi du: T h a n h to N h a n hoang d l , thi " T h i n h t l " la m i i u hifu, "Nhan" l i h u y hifu; H i l n t l ChUdng h o i n g de, t h i " H i l n to" l i m i i u hifu, "ChUdng" la h u y hi#u... (Quoc sijt q u a n t r i i u Nguyen, Bgi Nam thitc luc, tkp VI, sdd. tr.443, p h i n chii thich).
Rghien ciiu iJeh s^. sfl 9.2015
(12). Quoc sfl quan trieu Nguyin, Dgi Nam thuc luc, t|ip DC, add, tr. 33.
(14). Trong l l tang vua Minh Mang, sii t n l u Nguyin ghi ro la "de quan tai cl difn ldp lau co v l man tSy Bao t h i n h " (Quoc sii quan trieu Nguyin, Bgi Nam thUc luc. t^p VI, sdd, tr 185).
(17). Quoc sLl quan trieu Nguyin, Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hdi diin sU le tuc bien. t|kp VI, To' phifin djch Vifn Stt hoc phi§n djch, Vifn sii hoc-Trung tfim Bao ton Di tich C l do H u i , Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hfli. Ha Noi, 2007, tr 191.
(18). Noi cac t n l u Nguyen, Khdm dinh Bgi Nam hdi diin stt le. tkp IV, sdd, tr. 378. Chii
"nhUa" nguyen b a n chQ H a n ghi la "ljch thanh".
Theo Til nguyen, Ifi mot thii nhi^a t h a n da v i n dung t r a i dudng (tai h f u da d i n , p h a n chii thfch).
(21). L Cadifire, "Ll tang vua Thieu Trj-viet theo ldi diic cha Pellerin", Nhiing ngitdi bgn ddd Hui BAVH 1916. Nxb. Thufin H6a, Hue, 1997, tr.
115,
(22). QuS'c sii qufin t n l u Nguyin, Dgi Nam (Afifc luc, t^p I, Vifn Sii hoc dich vfi in lai tii nguygn ban chQ Han, Nxb. Giao dvc. Ha N6i, 2004, tr. 465.
(23). Xem them TrUdng Nguyin Anh Nga, "Si^
tUdng d6ng vk dj bift giQa lang t i m nha Nguyin (Vift Nam) va Iftng t i m n h a Minh, Thanh (Trung Qu6c)". Tap chi Nghiin cihi vd Phdt tnen so 4 (81), Hue, 2010.
(24). An tang r^i trcl v l nha l^i t l . goi la Ngu te'..."Ngu" nghia l i yfn. \ ^ ngudi mfi't xUdng thit mdi chfln dudi dfi't, hon phach chUa dudc ygn...
(Phan K l Binh, Vi4t Nam phong tuc. Nxb. Vfin hfla-Thflng tin, Hfi N91. 2005, tr. 46).
(25). H i t tang.
(26). Tiic l l do^n tang/het trd, c6 ndi ghi la t l D^m. Te 001 tiOmg roi, each 1 thing, ttic thang thQ hai ngfiy t l Dgi ti^fng. thi te Ddm (Quoc sii qufin triiu Nguyin, Dgi Nam thUc luc. tfip VII, sdd, tr. 106, p h i n chu thich).
(28). Quoc sfl q u a n trieu Nguyin, Dgi Nam thuc luc. tap IX, sdd, tr. 103.
(29). Trong dan gian, nhflng bfii vj ciia to' tien dcli thfl nfim trd len phai du^c chon di. Trong nha thfl ho chi thd mot t h i n chii duy nha't ciia ngucii khai canh hofic thuy to cua dong hg. (Theo Quang Tue, Mgt sd' phong tuc nghi li ddn gian truyin thdng Viit Nam. Nxb. Vfin hfla Dfin tgc. Ha Nfli, 2002, tr. 98)
(30). Quoc sfl q u a n trieu Nguyin, Dgi Nam thiic luc, tkp II, Vien Sii hoc dich va in lai tQ nguyen ban chfl Han, Nxb. Giao dgc. Ha Noi, 2004, tr. 697.
(31). Difn nay trudc cfl tfln la difn Hoang Nhan-cong trinh dUdc xay dung vfli mgc dich ban d i u la d l thcl t h i n chii (d§t d gian bgn phai) cua ThQa Thign Cao h o a n g h | u , v^ vua Gia Long, mfi't nfim 1814 [Quflc sfl q u a n trieu Nguyin, Bgi Nam thiic lgc, t f p II, sdd, tr. 920]. V l sau, khi vua Gia Long qua ddi, thi hai cua ong dugc quan tai difn nay. Trong thdi gian de tang nhfi vua, t h i n chu cua flng cung dugc dfit tai gian gifla cua difn. Luc Hiy t h i n chu ciia hofing h^u mfli dfldc rflde tfl gian bgn p h a i sang thd chung vdi t h i n ehu cua vua d gian giQa eho den khi trieu (£nh lfim l l Thfing p h u de rflflc vfio thfl t^i T h i T^
Mieu. Sau l l Thfing phu, difn nfiy v i n Ifi ndi d^t t h a n h vj cila v u a va hoang hfiu de thd vgng, Nfim 1829, cong t r i n h nay duge doi ten l i difn Phgng Tien, nfim 1837 dugc c h u y i n ve vj tn' hifn nay, phia bfic Hflng To M i i u . Cac vua vfi hoang hfiu nhflng ddi sau t i l p tgc dugc thd vgng tgi day sau khi da dugc t r i i u <finh thUc hifn d i y dii cfie nghi thflc tang l l .
(32). Vj tri q u a n trgng nhfi't dfldc tinh tfl gian chinh giQa, d i n h cho ngfldi cfl the thQ cao nhfi't (cl dfiy la vua Gia Long), sau dfl l l n lugt l i cac gian ben trai, bgn p h a i theo t h i thfl trong gia dinh.
(33). Vua T g DQc m i t n g i y 16 thang 6 nfim Qu^ Mui (1883), de lai di chilu cho Nguyin Phiic Ung Chan, mdt trong ba ngUdi con nuoi, len lfim
Rghi thue fang 1^ cung dinh.. 67
vua. Le Ti'n ton cua N g u y i n Phuc U'ng Chfin dflgc tien hfinh ngfiy 19 t h a n g 6 trong nfim nay, nhflng flng chua kip chinh thQc dfing quang thi da bi p h i truaTt. Ong c h i t trong ngue Thfla Thign ngfiy 6 t h a n g 9 nfim G i i p Thfin (24-10-1884) do bj bo dfli, an t a n g d c a n h d i n g xQ TQ Tay, xa An Cflu, huyfn Hfldng Thiiy (khong ro ngay). Do trfldc k h i len ngoi, flng 3 Dgc DQc Dflcing ngn sau nfiy ngfldi ta thucing goi Ifi vua Due Dflc. Thgy hifu
"Cung tflng Khoan N h a n Dug T r i i t Tjnh Minh Huf Hoang d l " do vua Thfinh Thai, con cua v u a Dgc DQc t r u y tfln nfim 1892. thd rieng tai Cung Tflng Mieu, tflc T a n Mie'u (cflng t r i n h nfiy dugc xfiy dflng nfim 1889, da bi t n f t h a nfim 1946 [Hgi dSng Trj Bfl Nguyen PhQc Tgc, Nguyin Phtic Toe Thi Phd. Nxb. T h u i n Hfla, Hue, 1995, tr. 88].
Nfim 1899, vua Thfinh T h a i cho xfiy Long An Difn b An Lfing d l thd.
(34). Tflc Nguyen Phfle H i n g Dfit. em vua Tfl Dfle. Sfl trieu N g u y i n chgp Ifi Phe de. Ong mfi't ngfiy 30 t h i n g 10 nfim Quy Mui (29-11-1883), truy phong Ik Vfin L a n g Qufin Vfldng, thuy Trang Cung.
(35). TQc NguySn Phuc Ung Dfing, con nuoi ciia vua Tfl DQc, ehinh thQc Ifn ngdi ngfiy 1 thang 11 nfim Quy Mui (1883).
(36), (37). Quic sfl qufin t r i i u Nguyin, Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hdi diin sit li tuc biin, tfip VI, sdd, tr. 187, 236.
(38). Huf Anh, "Thii bfin v l vifc thd eac vi vua trong T h i Miiu", HuiXua & Nay, s l 13, Hue,
1998, tr. 92.
(39). Dfio Duy Anh, Viet Nam vdn hda sii cuang. Nxb. Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, Tp. Hg Chi Minh, 1992, tr. 216.
(40). Tuy lang Nguyin Vfin T o i n , Tuc cudi hoi ma chay cua ngflcii Viet Nam-Thg mai gia le, Nxb Lao dflng, Hfi Ngi, 2009, tr. 142.
(41), (45), (47). Shin Myung-ho, Joseon Royal Court Culture Ceremonial and Daily Life.
Dolbegae Publishers, Korea, 2004, tr. 200, 231, 235.
(42). Ta'm van cfl khoan lo the hifn 7 ngfli sao cua chom Dgi Hflng Tinh.
(43). T h i n ehu dfldc dfit trong difn rigng trong thdi gian de tang 3 nflm.
(44). Go de dugc dilng vi efiy de dflgc trong b ndi thd t h i n dfi't dudi thdi nhfi Chu, dflde xem Ifi e h u i n mflc eua xa hgi Nho giao.
(46). Sau khi nha Thanh cho qufin xfim Iflgc Joseon nflm 1636, t n l u dinh Joseon djnh bo nhiing chfl nfiy nhflng eu£^ eung, e sg trude ap lflc tfl nhfi Thanh, cac chQ v i n dugc dflgc thgm vfio nhung v i l t rift nho d i n mflc khdng dge duge. Vifc nfiy t i l p tuc dflgc gifl eho d i n cull thdi Joseon.
(48). Xem th§m H u ^ n h Thi Anh Vfin, "Vfii n f t v l nghi l l te mieu cua t r i i u Nguyin". Tgp chf Nghiin cUu Lich sd, so 11 (439), 2012, tr.
19-36.
(49). Milton Osborne, Southeast Asia-an introduction history, Silkworm Books, ChiangMai.
Thailand. 1997, tr. 38.
