HQI NGHj KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH T H A I V A TAl N G U Y £ N SINH VAT L A N THU' 5
NGHIEN Ciru DAC DIEM DINH DlTOfNG CUA RUA NUI VANG Indotestudo elongata (BIyth, 1853)
VA RUA SA NHAN Coura mouhotii (Gray, 1862) NHAN NUOI TAI TRAM DA DANG SINH HOC ME LINH
NGO THAI LAN Hgc vien Canh sdt Nhdn ddn DANG HUY P m r o i v G , TRAN D^I THANG Vien Sinh thdi vd Tdi nguyen sinh vgt, Vien Hdn Idm Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam NGUYEN THI HANG, NGUYEN THI HANH Trirdng Dgi hoc Sirphgm Hd Ngi 2
Vift Nam la mgt trong nhung qu6c gia co khu he riia phong phu tren thi giai vol 36 loai, day la nguon tai nguyen vo cung quy gia rat can dugc tap trung nghien ciiu dl bao ve va phat trien. Tuy nhien, nhung nam gan day nhieu loai riia dang bi de dga va co nguy co tuy?t chung trong do CO Riia sa nhan va Riia niii vang. Voi nhilu y nghTa ve mat khoa hgc, tham mi, thuc pham va dugc li?u, nhung nam gan day, viec san bSt, buon ban trai phep loai Rua sa nhan va Riia niii vang ngay cang gia tang va tra nen thinh hanh a khu vuc Chau A. 0 Viet Nam, Riia sa nhan va Riia nui vang chu yeu dugc v^n chuyen den thi trucmg thuc pham Trung Quoc nham phyc vy nhu cau vl thirc an, thu5c chua b?nh va nuoi riia lam canh ciia nguai dan. Dieu nay dang de dga den sir ton tai cua 2 Ioai rija a Viet Nam khien cho so lugng cua chung a trong tu nhien hi suy giam nghiem trgng va c6 nguy ca bj tuyet chiing. Mgt nguyen nhan khac khien so Iirgng Riia sa nhan va Riia niii vang trong tu nhien bj chia cat va suy giam la do su tan pha rimg khien cho 2 loai riia thieu moi truang song thich hgp.
0 Vi?t Nam de bao v? loai Riia nui vang khoi nguy ca suy giam va tuyet diet, chung da dirge xep vao nhom UB theo Nghi dmh s6 32/2006/ND-CP. Theo Sach Do Viet Nam (2007) va Danh lye Do lUCN (2011), miic do de dga la bac EN va theo Cong uoc CITES muc do de dga la bac II.
Chinh vi vay, chiing toi tien hanh nghien ciru dac diem dinh duang ciia loai Rua nui vang va Riia sa nhan trong dieu ki^n nuoi nh6t tai Tram Da dang sinh hgc (DDSH) Me Linh.
L PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN ClTU
Thai gian nghien cini: Cac nghien cuu bat dliu tir thang 9/2010-4/2012
Doi tirgng nghien cini. Com 16 ca the Rua nui vang (8 ca the due va 8 ca the cai) va 12 ca the Riia sa nhan (7 ca the due, 5 ca thi cai) dugc tiep nhan tii Trung tam Ciiu hg dgng vat Soc Scm, Ha N^i ve nuoi tai Tram Da dang sinh hgc Me Linh.
Chudng nuoi vd che do chain soc. nuoi dirang:
Khu nuoi nhot thoang mat, co tr6ng chuoi va mgt s6 cay che mat. Xung quanh khu nuoi nhot CO luong rao bang luoi cao 1,5m. Chuong nuoi co chieu dai 2,5m, chieu rgng 1,5m, sau khoang 60-80cm, co cac khdi da nho xep thanh cac hang hoc, ciing voi nhi^u la kho de chung chui riic che mua, gio. Ngoai ra con co cac ch?iu nho chiia nuac.
HQI NGHI KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V E SINH THAI VA TAl N G U Y £ N SINH VAT L A N THCT 5
Chi do cham soc va nuoi duang: Riia sa nhan va Riia niJi vang la loai an t^p, kha nSng nhjn doi lau nen ky thuat cham soc khong phirc tap. Tuy nhien neu cham soc khong diing each, dac biet vl mat dinh duang hoac ve sinh kem rua de bj b?nh va co the dan den bj chet.
Thiic an: Chii yeu ]k chuoi chin, rau muong, rau cai bap. Ngoai ra con tan dung cac loiii thirc an co sin trong tram nhu: La non cCia cay t r ^ g nguyen, rau qua thira, giun dat, 6c sen-
Thai gian an: Cho Riia sa nhan va Rua niii vang an vao buoi sang hoac chieu t6i, can kh6i lugng thuc an truac khi cho an va sau khi an. Thu&ng xuyen thay nuac, quet dgn chuong nuoi, phong nuoi sach se, khong de phan va thiic an thira ton dgng trong chuong gay 6 nhiem, m5t v?
sinh anh huang d^n riia.
Phuangphdp nghien ciru tdi li^u: Phan tich, tong hgp ket qua nghien ciiu ve cac loai Riia da dugc dang trong cac cac tap chi chuyen nganh, sach chuyen khao va thong tin tren internet.
Phucmg phdp nuoi dirdng: De thugn lgi trong qua trinh nghien ciiu, chiing toi sir dyng lo^i thirc an thich hgp nhat vai 2 loai riia. Doi vai thirc an la chuoi thai lam doi, rau mu6ng de nguyen, rau cai bap, ca rot thai nho. Thai gian cho an la tir 8 gia den 9 gia hoac 18 gia den 19 gia. Chiing toi cho Riia sa nhan an 4 ngay 1 lan, Riia niii vimg an 1 lan/tuan.
Phucmg phdp nghien ciru dgc diem dinh duang:
Theo doi va quan sat dac diem dinh duong cua cac ca the riia tEti Trgm DDSH Me Linh theo phucmg phap nghien ciiu dac diem dinh duang ciia bo sat [3], cy the:
Xac dinh khoi lugng thiic Sn cua mgt ca the trong mgt thang theo cong thirc:
„ PTA^ Khoi lugng thiic an tieu thu trong 1 thang (g).
^TA = Z-^iTA P,TA: Kh6i lugng thiic an cua m6i ca the trong mgt lan an (g).
n: So Ian an trong 1 thang.
Xac dinh nhu cau thuc an (RTA%) doi v6i 1 g khoi lugng ca the trong mgt thang:
p PTA- Khoi lugng thirc an tieu thy trong mgt thang (g).
^'''''''" 5 ± ^ ^ ' °° Po: Khoi Iugng ca th6 dk thang (g).
2 P,: Kh6i lugng co the diu thang ti6p theo (g).
Xir ly so Ii?u thu dugc bang toan thong ke, xac djnh sai so trung binh, h? so tuong quan (r) d^ra tren cong thiic thong thucmg ciia toan thong ke trong truang hgp n < 30.
H. KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU
1. D^c diem dinh duong cua Rua sa nhan trong dieu kien nuoi tai Tr^m DDSH MS Linh 1.1. Tlidnh phan thuc dn vd time dn lea tliich cua Rita sa nhan
Theo cac tai lieu da nghien ctiu, Riia sa nhan la Ioai an tap, thiic an trong tu nhien cua chung la hoa qua, rau xanh, nam cung vai cac lo^i dgng vat nhu 6c sen, giun dat, chugt con, de, ca. Trong dieu kien nuoi nh6t chiing toi lam thuc nghi?m vai mgt s6 Ioai thu^c an, phan ldn la cac loai thiic an co sin trong tram nhu: La non cua cay trang nguyen, rau muong, cai bap, c6, oc sen, giun dat. Ngoai ra chiing t6i con b6 sung hoa qua nhu: Chuoi chin, dua hau, tao, du dii chin, le. Trong qua trinh lam thuc nghi?m chiing toi thSy chung thich an nhat la cac logi hoa qua ngpt, dac biet la chu6i chin, du du chin. Ngoai ra chiing con an rau xanh nhu: Rau muong, rau cai bSp hoac la non cua cay trying nguyen, 6c sen, giun dSt. Doi voi Ioai thiic Sn la co co an nhung rat it,, con phan ldn chiing sir dung lam to.
HQl NGH! KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O G V £ SINH T H A I V A TAI NGUYEN SINH VAT L^N THLf 5 1.2. Nhu cau vd khdi luang thirc an cua Riia sa nhan
Chfing toi tien hanh nghien ciiu nhu ciu va khoi lugng thiic an ciia 12 ca thS Riia sa nhan (7 c4th6d|;c, 5 ca tha cai) tir thang 9/2010 din thang 4/2012. Kit qua dugc frinh bay a bang 1 va hinh 1.
Nhu cau thirc an cua Riia sa nban
Thing 09/2010 10/2010 11/2010 12/2010 01/2011 020011 03/2011 04/2011 05/2011 06/2011 07/2011 08/2011 09/2011 10/2011 11/2011 12/2011 01/2012 02/2012 03/2012 04/2012
Ca t h i dye (n = 8) PTA(g)
550,3 581 595 252 233 665 810,7 801,2 647,5 393,2 378,4 412 571.9 577.5 612,6 257 241,5
558 805,3 756,1
RTACA) 116.79 120,14 121,84 53.67 51.35
187,9 184.12 148,68 90.6 87,69 94,71 127,49 125,93 135,25 58.13 55,2 127,33 181.84
Ca the c i i (n = 8) PTA(g)
560 578,5 587,7 250,6 245 650,5
735 728 900,5
371 364 415,1
620 618 603,7 248.5 232 620 726,6
728
RTA(%) 103,23 105.66 107.34 46.62 45.4
-
126.26 124.13 163,8 63.75 62.87 71.08 103,85 102.23 100.14 41,65 39,91 108,68 125.38
Dc-io x<ii) xi'10 xii'io Ml m i l iv-u V'li \iu \iiii\'m'ii vxiw x i i xi/ii xiMt IM Hill m i l Tk&Dg
Hmh 1. Nhu cdu thirc dn trong mgt thdng ddi vai 1 gca thS (RIA%) cua Rita sa nhdn
HQI NGHI KHOA HQC T O A N Q U Q C V £ SINH THAI V A TAI N G U Y £ N SINH VAT L A N THLf 5 Bang 1 va hinh 1 cho thay: Riia sa nhan dye truang thanh co khoi lugng thirc an d6i voi mot ca thk trong mgt thang (PTA) cao vao thang 3/2011 (810,7g), thang 3/2012 (805,3g), thang 4/2011 (801,2g); thip hon vao cac thang 4/2012 (756,lg), thang 5/2011 (647,5g), thang 11/2011 (612,5g) va thap nhk vao cac thang 1/2011 (233g), thang 1/2012 (24l,5g), thing 12/2010 (252g), thang 12/2011 (257g).
Nhu cau thirc an doi vai Ig co th6 trong mgt thang (RTA%) ciia Riia sa nhan dye trucmg thanh cao vao thang 3/2011 (187,9%), thang 4/2011 (184,12%), thang 3/2012 (181,84%); thap hon vao cac thang 5/2011 (148,68%), thang 11/2011 (135,25%), thang 9/2011 (127,49%), thang 2/2012 (127,33%) va thip nhit vao cac thang 1/2011 (51,35%), thang 12/2010 (53,67%), thang 1/2012 (55,2%), thang 12/2011 (58,13%).
Riia sa nhan cai truang thanh co khoi lugng thirc an doi vai mgt ca the trong mgt thang cao (PTA) vao cac thang 5/2011 (900,5g), thang 3/2011 (735g), thang 4/2012 (729g), thang 4/2011 (728g), thang 3/2012 (726,6g); thip ban vao cac thang 9/2011 (620g), thang 10/2011(618g) \h thap nhit vao cac thang 1/2012 (232g), thang 1/2011 C245g), thang 12/2011 (248,5g), thang 12/2010 (250,6g).
Nhu cau thirc an doi vai Ig ca the trong mgt thang ciia Riia sa nhan cai truong thanli (RTA%) cao vao cac thang 5/2011 (153,8%), thang 3/2011 (126,29%), thang 3/2012 (125,38%), thang 4/2011 (124,13%); thip hon vao cac thang 2/2012 (108,68%), thang 9/2010 (107,34%), thang 10/2010 (105,66%) va thip nhit vao cac thang 1/2012 (39,91%), thing 12/2011 (41,65%), thing 1/2011 (46,4%), thing 12/2010(46,62%).
Nhu vay, o Riia sa nhan khoi lugng thiic an doi vai mgt ca th8 trong mgt thing (PTA) va nhu ciu thiic an doi vai Ig ca the trong mgt thing (RTA%) cao vao cac thdng 3, thing 4, thing 5, thing 9, thing 10 co di8u kien nhi?t dg thu^n Igi; thip han vao cac thing 6, thing 7, thing 8 c6 nhi?t dg cao va thap nhat vao cac thing 12, thing 1 c6 nhi?t dg xuong thap.
Kh6i lugng thiic an doi vai mgt ca the trong mgt thing (PTA) va nhu ciu thirc in doi vdi Ig CO the trong mgt thing (RTA%) 6 Riia sa nhin dye noi chung Ion ban Riia sa nhan cai. Nhu c^u thiic an bien doi theo huoTig tang giim khong deu a ci hai giai.
2. Dac diem dinh dtr&ng cua Rua niii vang trong dieu kien nuoi tai Tram DDSH Me Linh 2.1. Thdnh phan thirc dn vd thuc dn ua thich cua Riia nui vdng
Theo cic tai lieu nghien ciiu, Rua mii vang li loii an tap, thiic in trong ty nhien cita chung la hoa qua, rau xanh, nam, 6c sen, giun dit, mgt so Ioai con triing [1].
Trong dieu kien nuoi nh6t, chiing toi lam thuc nghiem vai mgt s6 loai thii-c in, phan lem U cic loai thiic an c6 san trong tram nhu: Li non cua cay trang nguyen, rau muong, cai bip, co, 6c.
sen, giun dit. Ngoai ra chiing toi con bo sung hoa qua nhu: Chu6i chin, dua hau, tic, du du chin, le. Trong qui trinh lam thuc nghiem chung toi thiy chung thich an nhat la cic lo^i hoa qua ngpt, die biet la chuoi chin, du du chin. Ngoai ra chiing con an rau xanh nhu: Rau muong, rau cai bap hoac la non ciia cay trang nguyen, 6c sen, giun dat. D6i vai loai thiirc 3n la co c6 in nhung rat it, con phan lem chung sii dung lam t6.
2.2. Nhu cau vd khoi luang thuc an
Chung toi ti6n hanh nghien ciru nhu ciu vi khdi Iugng thiic in cua 16 ci the Riia nui vang (8 ci the cai, 8 ca the due) trong 12 thing, tir thing 9/2010 den thing 8/2011. KSt qua thu dugc ve khoi lugng thiic an doi vai mgt ca the trong mgt thing (PJA) va nhu ciu thirc an doi vdi Ig cO the trong mgt thing (RTA%) dugc trinh bay a bang 2 va hinh 2.
HQI NGHj KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH T H A I V A TAI NGUYEN SINH VAT L A N THO' 5 Qua bang 2 va hinh 2 cho thay: Riia nui vang due truang thanh c6 kh6i lugng thiic an d6i vdi mgt ca the trong mgt thing (PTA) ting cao vao cic thing 5 (732,5g), thing 6 (710,0g), thing 7 (702,5g), thing 8 (682,5g) vi giam din vao cic thing 2 (403,8g), thing 1 (372,5g), thing 12 (386,7g). Nhu cau thirc in doi vai Ig ca thi trong mgt thing (RTA%) cua Riia mii vang dire cao nhit vao thing 5 (117,2%), tilp d8n la thing 6 (113,2%) va thap nhat vao thing 2 (57,4%) vi thing 1 (66,4%)).
Nhu cau va khoi lugng thu-c an cua Rua oui vang
Bdng 2
Thang 9/2010 10 11 12 1/2011
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ca t h i dvc (n = 8) PTA(g)
414,4 487,5 526,3 386.7 372.5 403,8 480,0 675,0 732,5 710.0 702.5 682,5
RTA(%) 81,6
"95,6 103,1 73,4 66,4 57,4 77,3 108,3 117,2 113,2 112,0 108,7
C a t h I PlA(gl
421.3 481.3 517,6 383,3 357,5 420,0 465,0 630.0 716.0 695,0 685,0 660,0
ai (n = 8) RTACX.)
74,0 84,0 So.o 58,6 52,0 69.9 75,9 103,8 117.3 113.6 111.7 107.4
Hmh 2. Nhu cau thirc dn doi vdi Ig ca the trong mot thdng cua Riia niii vdng Doi voi Riia niii vang cii, kh6i lugng thiirc an cua mgt c i the trong mgt thing (PTA) tang cao vao thing 5 (715,0g), thing 6 (695,0g) va giim dan trong cic thing 1 (357,5g), thing 12 (383,3g). Nhu cau thiic an doi vai Ig co the trong mgt thing (RTA^O) ciia Riia niii vang cii tnrcmg thinh cao nhit vao thing 5 (117,3%) vathap nhat vao thing 1 (52,0%).
Khi buoc vao miia sinh sin cua Rua nui vang (thing 8, thing 9), do chiing tap trung cho giao hoan, chiing chi tap trung an vao mgt so ngay. Do do, lugng thirc an tieu thu cua Riia mii Ving giam xu6ng, nhu cau thiic an cung giam di.
HQI NGHI KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH T H A I V A T A I NGUYgN SINH VAT L A N THCT S Nhu vay, a Riia niii ving truang thanh co khoi lugng thurc an doi vai moi c i the trong mgt thing (PTA) vi nhu ciu thiic an d6i vdi Ig ca the trong m^t thing (RTA%) tang cao vao cic thing hoat dgng thing 9, thing 5, thing 6, thing 7, thing 8; day la nhGng thing co di6u kien nhi?t d?
va dg am cao (t°TB la 25,6''C; HRTB la 82%). M^t khic, thai di6m nay chuin bj buac vao miia mua, la thdi dilm thugn lgi cho Riia mii vang hoat dgng.
Mac dii vdi lugng thirc an chiing toi van cung cap diy dii, nhung den nhiJTig thing 12, thing 1. thing 2 lugng thiic an tieu thu va nhu cau thuc an lai giim ban so vdi nhirng thing ho^it dpng tren. Nguyen nhin cd the la do diy li thdi ki tni dong ciia Riia nui vang; dieu ki?n nhi?t dp xudng thip han (t°TB la 13,rC; HRTB la 90%.).
Kh6i lugng thiic an ciia mgt c i the trong mgt thing (PTA) vi nhu cau thii-c an doi vdi Ig co the trong mgt thing (RTA^O) ciia Riia nui vang dye noi chung IOTI hem Riia nui vang cii. Nhu ciu bien doi theo hudng ting giim khdng ddng deu d c i hai gidi.
Nhu vay, khi chuan bj budc vao miia mua (thing 5, thing 6) nhu cau thiic in cua cic ci the dye lai thip hon cic c i the cii. Nhung d cic thing tiep theo (thing 7, 8, 9) nhu ciu thiic an ciia ci thi dye lai cao han c i thi cai. Vao cac thing 9, 10, chuan bj vao miia sinh sin ciia Riia niii ving cd the thiy nhu ciu thiic an ciia Riia nui vang thip. Nguyen nhin co the do giai doan nay chiing it chii y tdi an uong ma chii yeu tap trung tim ban ghep doi giao hoan, giao phoi.
HI. KET LUAN
Rita sa nhin va Riia niii vang li loai an tap. Trong dieu ki^n nuoi nh6t, chung an hoa qua (chudi chin, dua hau, du dii chin, ie, tio), rau xanh (rau muong, cii bip), nam, oc sen, giun dat, cd. Thirc an ua thich la chu6i chin va du dii chin.
Kh6i Iugng thiic in d6i vdi m^t c i thi trong mgt thing (PTA) va nhu cau thiic an doi vdi Ig CO thi trong mgt thing (RTA%>) ciia Riia sa nhan va Riia nui ving trong dieu ki?n nudi ban t\r nhien tang vao cac thing ho?t dgng vi cao nhit vio cic thing cd nhiet do thich hgp !i thing 3, thing 4, thing 5, thing 9, thing 10; giim nh? vao cic thing cd nhi^t do cao la thing 6, thing 7, thing 8 vi giam nhilu nhit vio cic thing cd nhiet dg thap la thing 12, thing 1.
Nhu cau va khdi Iugng thiic an ciia Riia sa nhan va Rua nui vang deu chjii anh hudng ciia dieu ki^n thdi tiet va d^c diem sinh li ciia ca the.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Biswas S., L. N. Acharjyo, S. Mohapatra, 1978. J. BombayNalur. Hisi 5oc, 75: 928-930.
2. Bp Khoa hpc vi C6ng ngh§, Vi^n Khoa hpc vi C6ng ngh? Vi?t Nam, 2007. Sich Do Vi?t Nam (Phin Dpng v§t). NXB. Khoa hpc Ty nhien vi Cong ngh|. Hi Nfii, tr. 180-237.
3. Ho Thu Cue, Nguyen Van Sang, Nguyen Quang Truong, 2009. Herpetofauna of Vietnam. Edition Chimaira Frankfurt am Main, p. 226-227.
4. l ^ Nguygn Ngat, 2009. NhCmg vin dl nghiSn cim co ban trong khoa hgc sy song. NXB. KHKT, tr.
185-188.
5. Ngfi Thii Lan, Ho&ng Nguyen Binh, Tran Kien, 2005. Nhiing vin de nghiSn ciiu co ban trong khoa hpc su s6ng (Phin 2). NXB. KHKT, tr. 606-609,
6. Piatt, Steven G., Saw Tun Khaing, Win Ko Ko, Kalyar, 2001. Chelonian Conserv. Biol., 4 (1):
172-177.
7. Ross, Crumly, 1982. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 79 (2): 429-430.
8. Spencer, 1987. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society, 23 (3): 37-40.
HQI NGHI KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH T H A I V A T A I N G U Y E N SINH VAT LAN THCf 5 STUDY ON NUTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE Indotestudo elongata (BIyth, 1853) AND Coura mouhotii (Gray, 1862) BREEDING IN ME LINH STATIONS FOR BIODIVERSITY
NGO THAI LAN. DANG HUY PHUONG, TRAM DAI THANG, NGUYEN THI HANG, NGUYEN THI HANH
S U M M A N Y
Vietnam is a country which has rich turtle fauna in the world, this is a extremely valuable resources need to be focused on protect, research and development. However, in recent years many species are threatened with extinction in which they are Indotestudo elongata and Coura mouhotii We conducted studying on nutrional diaracteristics of 16 individuals Indotestudo elongata (B males and 8 females) and 12 individuals Coura mouhotii (7 males, & females) earned fram the Soc Son Rescue Center animal, Hanoi to Me Linh Stations for Biodiversity.
The results showed that Indotestudo elongata and Coura mouhotii are omnivores. They eat: fresh fruits (ripe bananas, watermelon, ripe papaya, pear, apple), spinach, cabbage, mushroom, worm, snail, grass but bananas and ripe papaya are the most favorite.
The volume of food for an individual in a month (PTA) and feed demand for a gram of body weight in a month (RTA%) of Indotestudo elongata and Coura mouhotii in semi-natural conditions increase in the active months and reach to the peak at March, April, May, September, October, down slightly on the month with liigh temperatures in June, July, August and largest decline in the month of December, January.
tn conclusion, the food demand and volume of Indotestudo elongata and Coura mouhotii are influenced by weather conditions and physiological charactenstics of the body.
