Nghien ciru lich sir moi trafrng 6* Viet Nam
LuVTAnC'
Tdm tat; Lich su mdi trudng Id mot chuyin ngdnh hep cua sic hpc, ra ddi vdo thdp nien 1970, nhdm nghien cuu mdi quan he giiia con ngudi vdi moi trudng sdng xung quanh trong Ijch su. Ld mot xu hudng nghien ciru mdi, linh vuc ndy chi bdt ddu duac quan tdm a Viet Nam trong vdi ndm trd lgi ddy Lich sic mdi trudng ciia Viit Nam ciing duac quan tdm bdi cdc hpc gid nude ngoai vdi mdt vdi cdng trinh nghiin ciru tieu bieu dupe cdng bd trong khodng hai thdp nien qua. Bdi viet tim hieu khdi qiidt ve tinh hinh nghien cim Ijch sic moi trudng Viet Nam ciia cdc nhd nghiin cicu Viet Nam vd hpc gid nude ngoai, qua dd ciing di cap din triin vong ciia iTnh vuc nghien cicu ndy a Viet Nam trong tuang lai.
Tii khoa: Lich sir mdi trirdng, Dieu kien ty nhien, Mdi trudng, Khi hau, Sinh thai Abstract: Environmental history emerged in the 1970s as a sub-discipline of history which studies human interaclion with the environment over lime. While the discipline has only begun to be explored as a new trend in Vietnam in the past few years. Vielnamese environmental history has already become an interest among foreign scholars during the past /wo decades which has been proved by several prominent publications. This article provides a literature review on Vietnamese environmental history by native and foreign researchers, thereby discussing future research prospects in Vietnam.
Keywords: Environmental History, Natural Conditions, Environment, Climate, Ecology
1. Dan nhap yeu td mdi trudng ddi vdi nhdn loai trong Ke tir khi dugc nhd sir hgc ngudi My Ijch su; 2) Tac dong ciia con ngudi den tai Roderick Nash neu len Idn dau vao nam nguyen mdi trudng va he qud ciia nd doi 1972, den nay lich sir mdi trudng da trd vdi xa hpi; 3) Thdi do ciia eon ngudi v l cac thdnh mot ITnh vyc nghien ciiu dugc quan van de lien quan d i n mdi trudng. Trong tdm rdng rai tren the gidi. Theo Roderick dd, trgng tdm nghien ciru thii nhdt dugc Nash, lich sir mdi trudng "xem xet mdi lien quan tam nhilu nhdt vdi cac vdn dl nhu;
he eiia con ngudi va tdng the mdi trudng anh hudng ciia khi hau, thdi tilt vd cac loai sdng trong qud khii" (Nash, 1972; 363). thien tai nhu dich benh, Iii hit, hda hoan, Ljch sir mdi trudng cd ba trgng tdm nghien ddng ddt, hoat ddng mii lua ddi vdi con ciru chinh, gdm: 1) Anh hudng cua cac ngudi trong lich sir (Hughes, 2019: 4-6).
Vdi tu each la mdt khoa hgc lien ngdnli,
*''Dai hoc Istanbul, Th6 NhT Ky; IJch sir mdi trudng da mang din mdt each Email: [email protected] tiep can hoan toan mdi trong viec nghien
Hghien eiiu lich sir... 53 ciiu va 1^ gidi nhiing thay ddi ciia xa hdi
loai ngudi trong qua khii (tnal. 2011: 25).
Ciing vdi xu t h i phat triin cua nghien cim lich sii mdi trudng tren the gidi, nghien cim ve ljch sir mdi tnrdng Viet Nam cung dugc quan tam tim hieu trong vdi nam trd lai day, vdi nhfmg cdng trinh cdng bd ciia cdc hgc gid trong va ngoai nude.
2. Nghien cuu ciia cac hpc gia trong nude Nghien ciiu ljch sir mdi trudng d Viet Nam nhu mdt ITnh vyc dac thii cdn rdt han che vd chi mdi dugc quan tam trong thdi gian gan ddy. Tuy vay, tnrdc dd dd cd mdt vai cdng trinh nghien cij-u lien quan din mdi trudng sinh thai hoac anh hudng cua dieu kien tir nhien trong ljch sir. V l mat phuang phap, eac nghien cim nay khdng tryc tiep su dyng cdch tiep can ciia ljch su mdi trudng, nhirng ve mat ndi dung ciing it nhieu gidn tiep de cap hoac gidi quyet van de nghien ciiu theo khia canh cua linh virc nay, Cd the ke den mdt so nghien ciru tieu bieu nhu bai "Vai trd ciia thiiy lgi trong ljch sir cdc nude phuong Ddng" ciia Chir Van Tan'. O bai viet nay, tac gia de cap den vai trd ciia dieu kien ty nhien ddi vdi sy ra ddi va phat trien cua eac nen vdn minh d phucmg Ddng, trong dd nhan manh cdng tdc trj thuy la mdt trong nhfrng chirc nang ca ban cua cac nhd nude chuyen che phucmg Ddng. Dang Quang Minh trong bdi
"Van de tac ddng cua dieu kien ty nhien tdi khuynh hudng phat trien cua cac qudc gia thdi Cd - Trung dai the gidi trong cdng tac nghien ciiu, bien soan, giang day lich sir"- cung de cap den vai trd dang ke (neu khdng ndi la" quyet dinh) cua dieu kien tir nhien
ddi vdi xu hudng phdt trien ciia cac qudc gia cd dai phuong Ddng va phuang Tdy.
Son Nam trong cdng trinh Lich sic khdn hoang mien Nam (xudt ban lan ddu nam 1973 va tai ban cd chinh sua ndm 1993) nhin nhdn qua trinh khai khdn md ddt d vimg ddt Nam bd nhu lich su khai thac ty nhien thich img vdi mdi trirdng va dja hinh xung quanh (ddt phii sa, dat gidng ven sdng, dat cii lao, ddt ngap man nhiem phen, ddi nui, rimg tram, ddng cd). Ndi cdch khde, theo San Nam, nhu cdu phat trien va ciing cd Nam bd thdi chiia Nguyen ciing nhu khai thac thuoc dia thdi Phap thuoc (dao kenh, lap ddn dien cao su) gdn chat vdi ljch sir khai thac ty nhien d viing ddt nay (Son Nam, 1993:20-22).
Bai "Hai xam bai thoai xua anh hudng den viing ddng bang Nam bd" ciia Lieu Kim Sanlv' ddnh gia mdi lien he giira bien ddi khi hau, cy the la eac dgt bdi xam hdi thodi, ddi vdi sy tdn lui ciia cdng Oc Eo thude nen van hda Phii Nam. Theo do, dgt hdi xam Holoxen IV keo ddi 800 nam tii' nam 350 den nam 1150, md dinh cao la vao the ky VI-VII. dugc xem la mot trong nhfmg yeu td dnb hudng ddng ke den van menli ljch su cua 6 c Eo (Lieu Kim Sanh, 1984: 84).
Luan an Phd Tien sT Su hoc Vdn de tri thiiy a ddng bang Bdc bp dudi thai Nguyin (Thi ky XIX) cua Dd Dire Himg'' tim hieu lich sir trj thiiy d Bac bd dudi thdi Nguyen vao nira ddu the ky XIX, trong dd de cap den sy bien ddi sinh thdi vimg ddng bang chau thd Bac bd gan vdi lich sir khai hoang va thiiy lgi. Ddng luu y, ludn dn da lien he
' dang tren tap chi Ngliien ci'ni Lick sir, so 84 (thang 3/1966) va s i 85 (thang 4/1966).
^ dang tren tap chi Nghien cim Lich sir, so 268 (ky 3, thang V-VI, nam 1993).
' trinh bay tai Hgi nglu khoa hpc Van hoa Oc Eo vd cdc vdn hoa cd a dong being song Cim Long dugc to chuc tai Long Xuyen, An Giang, nam 1983 '' bao ve lai Vien Sir hoc, Trung lam Khoa hoc xa hgi va Nhan van Quoc gia, nam 1995.
54 Thong tin Khoa hgc xa hgi. sd 4.2020 sy tac ddng cua mdi tnrdng sinh thai vimg
ddng bang do h^u qud ciia nhieu the ky ddp de nhu mdt yeu td khach quan, ben canh cac yeu td chit quan khdc nhu cdng tdc quan ly vd ky thuat ddi vdi hien tugng de vd lien tuc va tram trgng vdo the ky XIX.
Lien quan den van de nay, tac gid ludn dn cdn cd bai "Van de tri thiiy viing ddng bang Bac bd hdi the ky XIX nhin tir gdc do sinh thdi hgc"'.
Ludn an Thdi dp - Diin trang thai Tran (Thi ky XIII-XIV) ciia Nguyen Thj Phuong Chi^ tuy la de tai ve che do sd hfm rudng dat nhung cd de cap den vai trd cua yeu td mdi trudng ty nhien, bdi canh sinh thdi ciia Dai Viet the ky XIII-XIV va tac ddng cua nd den quy md, phan bd, vj tri va each thirc td chiic ciia cac thdi dp - dien trang. Ben canh do, luan an cung nhan manh vai trd ciia cde ddng sdng ddi vdi sy hinh thanh va phat Uien cua thai dp - dien trang thdi Trdn.
Nhiing nghien cim tren tuy chua he de cap den khai niem ljch sir mdi trudng, nhung ve mat ndi dung it nhieu da cd lien quan den ITnh vyc ndy hoac mdt khia canh tuong ddng la sinh thai hgc (ecology). Trdn Qude Vugng dirong thdi cung cho rang, cac hien tugng van hda, kinh te - xa hdi can dugc ly giai tir can nguyen dia ly, nhdn manh den "triet \^ mdi trudng" va "edi nhin sinh thai nhdn van" trong nghien cim Ijch sii - van boa (Tran Qudc Vugng, 2000:
552-557, 585-605).
Nhfmg nghien ciru theo each tiep can ciia ljch sir mdi trudng vdi tu each la mdt ITnh vyc rieng biet chi mdi bat ddu dugc quan tam trong khoang hai, ba nam gdn day.
Ngudi khdi xudng khuynh hudng nghien ciiu mdi ndy cd thi ke den Vii Dire Liem.
Vdi loat bai viit dang tren Tap chi Tia SaHgvao cudi nam 2017 nhu "Ljch sir mdi trudng va thien tai d Viet Nam", "Lich su khai thac ty nhien d chau thd sdng Hdng",
"Cac dy an nha nude thiet ke viing ha luu Mekong", va "Dau miia - mdt chii giai nhd eua lich sir Viet Nam", Vii Dire Liem da bude ddu gidi thieu vdi ddc gia va gidi nghien eiai trong nude nhfrng vdn de nhu trj thiiy - ddp de d ddng bang sdng Hdng, xdy dyng kenh rach d ddng bang sdng Cim Long hoac anh hudng eiia benh dau miia ddi vdi nhirng bien chuyen trong quyen lyc chinh trj nhd Nguyen qua gdc nhin cua Ijch sir mdi trudng. Tiep dd, Hoang Anh Tudn vdi bai "Vuong trieu Tran va ba Idn chien thang Mdng - Nguyen the ky 13: Gdc nhin khi hau hpc lich sir" da phan tich chien thang qudn Mdng - Nguyen ciia nha Trdn trong mdi lien he vdi yeu td mdi tnrdng khi hau duong thdi\
Dang liru y, gan day cd nhfrng luan an tien sT sir hpc dau tien thude ITnh virc lich sir mdi trudng ciia tac gia ngirdi Viet Nam da duac bdo ve tai nude ngoai. Cd thi kl (Nghien cim ve mdi trudng sinh thdi va van hda cd dai ciia Quang Nam, Viet Nam) eua Le Thj Mai'' vd Land & Water: A History
' dang tren Thong bdo Khoa hoc cdc irirong dai hoc, so I, nam 1993.
^ bao ve tai Vien Sir hoc, Trung tam Khoa hpc xa hpi va Nhan van Quoc gia, nSm 2001.
' Bai viet trinh bay tai Hoi thao khoa hpc Bach Ddng vd nhd Trdn trong boi cdnh the gidi ilii liy XIIL V^
van de khi hau voi de chg Mong - Nguyen, co thS tham khao bai viit ciia Li Tana (2020), "The Mongol Yuan Dynasty and the Climate, 1260-1360", Irong:
The Crisis of the 14"' Ceniiiry Teleconnections between Environmenlal and Societal Changes?
(Martin Bauch - Gerrit Jasper Schenk eds,). Walter deGruyter, Berlin, 153-168
•• bao ve tai Dai hpc Su pham Hoa Trung, Vu Han, Trung Quoc, nam 2016.
Hghien euu ljch 5^..
of Fifteenth-Century Vietnam From An Environmental Perspective (Dat va nude;
Lich sir Viet Nam t h i ky XV tir dac trung mdi trudng) cua Phiing Minh H i i u ' . Trong dd, ludn an cua Le Thj Mai dya theo each tiep can cua ljch sir mdi trudng va van hda sinh thai, tim hieu mdi trudng sinh thai vd van hda ciia tinh Quang Nam qua ba giai doan ljch sii; 5.000 nam trudc Cdng nguyen den t h i ky II, tir t h i ky II den thi ky XV va tu t h i ky XV d i n the ky XIX. Cdn luan an cua Phiing Minh Hiiu, qua ghi chep cua cac thu tjch nhu Du dia chi, Dgi Viet Sic ky todn thu, da lam ro nhan thuc cua gidi tri thiic Dai Viet thdi Le so v l mdi trudng va sy tuong tdc giiia con ngudi vdi mdi trudng, nhat la thai dp ddi vdi ddt va nude, vdn dugc xem la hai yeu to can ban, phan anh sy tuang tac giira eon ngudi vdi thien nhien, Ngoai ra, ludn an ndy cung de cap den nhiing nd lyc cua trieu dinh Le so trong viec xdy dimg de dieu va ddi phd vdi cdc thien tai cd lien quan den yeu td nude nhu han han va Iii lyt (Hieu, 2017: ii). Mac dii dugc thye hien tai nude ngoai nhung ddy Id cac ludn an tien sT ddu tien cua ngudi Viet Nam de cap tryc tiep den ITnh vyc ljch su mdi trudng. Trong khi do, tai Viet Nam den nay chi cd luan van thac sT Tai bien thiin nhien dudi thdi Li Sa (1428-1527) cua Mai Thj Huyln^ Id lien quan den ljch sir mdi trudng; theo do tac gid tim hieu ve nhiing thien tai nhu Iii lyt, ban han dudi thdi Le so, tac ddng ciia nd ddi vdi kinh te - xa hdi cua Dai Viet va cac bien phap phdng chdng, khdc phyc cua trieu dinh Le sa.
Cac budi tga ddm khoa hgc lien quan d i n lich su mdi trudng ciing bat ddu dugc td chiic trong thdi gian vira qua. Khdi ddu ' bao ve tai Dai hoc Hawaii, Hoa Ky, nam 2017.
2 bao ve tai Hpc vien Khoa hpc xa hpi, nam 2019.
vao thang 9/2019, Khoa Ljch su cua tnrdng Dai hgc Khoa hgc xa hgi vd nhan van (Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ngi) da td chiic budi tga dam khoa hpc ve Khi hdu vd mdi trudng tgi Viet Nam (Thi ky XVII-XIX): Lich sic, Tu lieu vd Phuang phdp tiip can vdi hai thuyet trinh "Nhirng nguon tu lieu, chii dk va thach thiic yong nghien ciiu ljch sii mdi trudng giai doan tien can dai d Viet Nam"
ciia Hodng Anh Tudn (Dai hgc Khoa hpc xa hdi va nhdn van, Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ngi) va "Vai quan diem va nhdn thiic v l mdi trudng trong thdi ky can dai Viet Nam"
ciia Emmanuel Poisson (Dai hgc Denis Diderot, Paris). Tga dam tilp theo dugc td chiic vdo thang 1/2020 cd chii dh Natural Hazard and Socio-political Dynamics in Vietnam vdi thuyet trinh "Natural Disasters, Diseases, and Social Violence in the early 19"' century Northern Vietnam" eiia Vii Due Liem (trudng Dai hgc Sir pham Ha Ndi) vd thdo ludn ciia Andrew Hardy (Vien Vien Ddng Bae ed Phdp tai Hd Ndi). Co the ndi, nhirng tga dam khoa hgc nay da ddnh ddu s\x xuat hien chinh thirc eiia trudng phai nghien ciiu lich sii mdi trudng tai Viet Nam, ddng thdi the hien sy quan tdm ciia gidi hpc gia trong nude ddi vdi ITnh virc nghien cuu mdi nay; qua dd hiia hen nhung trien vgng ve sy phat trien cua nghien cim lich su mdi trudng d Viet Nam trong tirong lai.
3. Nghien ciiu ciia cac hoc gia nude ngoai So vdi tinh hinh nghien cim trong nude, Ijch sii mdi trudng ciia Viet Nam cung chi mdi dugc cac hpc gid nude ngoai quan tdm trong khodng mdt den hai thap nien trd lai day. Dya vao ndi dung, cd the phan loai nghien cim ciia cac hgc gia nude ngoai thdnh nhiing nhdm van de cu the nhu sau;
* Nghien ciru vi lich sic khai thdc tu nhien vd dnh hudng cua diiu kien tu nhiin - mdi trudng Irong lich sic Viit Nam
56 Thong tin Khoa hge xa hgi. sd 4.2020 Sdm nhdt cd the ke den cac bdi "Land,
Water, Rice, and Men"' vd "Peasant Drain and Abandoned Villages in the Red River Delta between 1750-1850"^ ciia nha sir hgc ngudi Nhat Ban la Yumio Sakurai. Hai bai viet ndy phdn tich dnh hudng ciia cdc yeu td tu nhien, dja hinh va thien tai ddi vdi ddi sdng kinh te - xa bdi d chau thd sdng Hdng vao thi ky XVIII-XIX, chang han mdi lien he giiia ban han - Iii lyt, nan ddi vdi tinh trang lang xa bj bd hoang (Yumio Sakurai, 1997: 134).
Li Tana cung cd mot sd bai viet ve lich sir mdi trudng d Viet Nam. Vi du, bai
"Towards an Environmental History of the Eastern Red River Delta, Vietnam, e. 900- 1400"^ ly gidi sy suy thoai ciia mdi trudng va thien tai xuat hien trong cdc the ky XIII- XIV ed the la nguyen nhdn ddn den viee ngudi Viet tir bd san xudt gdm quy md Idn d Chu Ddu cung nhu bd hoang thuong cdng Van Ddn (Li Tana, 2014; 329. 332-333).
Bai "A Historical Sketch of the Landscape of the Red River Delta"'' tim hieu lich sir cdnh quan ciia chau thd sdng Hdng trong hai thien nien ky, vdi nhfrng khia canh tac ddng nhu; sir thay ddi ciia khi hdu va mdi trudng, khd nang djch chuyen ciia ddng sdng, sy boat ddng ciia cdc tuyen thirong mai va sy phat trien ciia Thang Long - Ha Ndi tir mdi trudng nude (sdng - hd). Cdn bai "The Sea Becomes Mulbeny Fields and Mulberry Fields Become the Sea; Dikes in
the Eastern Red River Delta, c.200 BCE to the Twenty-First Century CE"' tim hieu he thdng de sdng Hdng gdn vdi lich su trj thiiy d khu vyc nay.
John Kleinen vdi bai "Stealing From the Gods; Fisheries and Local Use of Natural Resources in Vietnam 1800-2000"*
phdn tich mdi lien he giiia mdi trudng bien va duyen hdi ddi vdi boat ddng ngu nghiep Viet Nam trong hai thi ky XIX-XX. Trong do, tac gia Idy vi du cu the ve boat ddng nay d tinh Nam Djnh. Bai viet ciing de cap den nhiing nhugc diem va riii ro ddi vdi nghe danh bit ca d Viet Nam dudi tac ddng cua cdc hiem hga mdi trudng nhu bao, Iii hit va sy nhiem man ciia ddt vd nude.
Philip Taylor trong The Khmer Lands of Vietnam: Environment. Cosmology and Sovereignty' tim hieu ljch su ciia cdng ddng ngudi Khmer d vung dat Thuy Chan Lap, sau nay la viing Nam bd Viet Nam trong mdi tuong quan vdi mdi trudng sinh sdng xung quanh nhu cdn cat, cdn sdng, sdng nude ngpt, sdng nude lg, "mii ngap nude"
- Iii noi vimg mil, duyen hai va viing cao.
Dugc xem la thanh qua nghien ciiu trong bai muoi nam cua Pamela D.
McElwee, Forests are Gold: Trees, People, And Environmental Rule in Vietnam^ tim hieu viee qudn ly rimg d Viet Nam theo chieu dai lich sir, tu thdi thude Phap den thdi ky 1945-1986 va tii' sau Ddi mdi den nay. Tac pham cung bdn ludn ve tinh trang
' trong: Early Vietnam' Agrarian Adaptation and Socio-political Organization (Thomas A. Stanley dich va Keith W. Taylor bien tap, 1997).
^ trong: The Last Stand of Asian Autonomies (ed.
Anthony Reid, 1997).
' dang tren Journal of Southeast Asian Studies (Vol.
45, Issue 03, 2014).
•* trong. TRANS: Trans - Regional and National Studies ofSouthea.st Asia (2016).
* trong: Natural Hazards and Peoples in the Indian Ocean fVorld (Greg Bankoff va Joseph Christensen eds., 2016),
^ in trong: A History of Natural Resources in Asia: The Wealth of Nature (Greg Bankoff, Peter Boogaard, 2007).
^ Dai hpc Quoc gia Singapore xuSt ban nam 2014.
^ University of Washington Press xuit ban, nSm 2016.
Hghien cmi lich sii... 57 phd rimg^ va ddi trge dudi tdc ddng ciia
chuyen doi kinh t l - xa hdi.
Rubber and the Making of Vietnam- An Ecological History. 1897-1975 ciia Michitake Aso' phan tich vai tro ciia hoat ddng sdn xuat cao su ddi vdi ljch su Viet Nam can dai trong sy gdn k i t vdi cac boat ddng y te, ndng nghiep, phat triin kinh t l va cd xay dyng qudc gia. Theo tac gia, don dien cao su da thdng tri va trd thanh bilu tugng cdnh quan djnh hinh cho sy phat trien cua Viet Nam tir thdi thude dja cho den giai doan sau nay.
David Biggs cd hai lac phdm lien quan den lich su mdi tnrdng ciia Viet Nam.
Trudc het, vdi lap ludn cac hoat ddng chinh tri va xdy dimg qudc gia ludn gan ket vdi sy thay ddi mdi trudng tir nhien noi chiing xdy ra, trong bai "Quagmire; Nation-Building and Nature in the Mekong Deha"^ tdc gid cho rang viing ddng bang sdng Cim Long da giii vai trd chu ddng ddi vdi viec kien tao ddt nude trong xuyen sudt cde giai doan ljch sir tir trudc thdi Phdp thupc den cd thdi chien tranh Viet Nam. Cdn trong bai
"Footprints of War: Militarized Landscapes in Vietnam"-', tac gid tim hieu yeu td ddt vdi vai trd la khdng gian cua xung dot sdn xudt d Viet Nam, khdi ddu tir nhiing cupc chien tranh xam luge ciia thyc ddn Phap nam 1858 keo dai den sy sup dd ciia chinh quyen Sai Gdn nam 1975.
* Nghien cicu ve thiin toi trong lich sir Viit Nam
John Kleinen trong bai "Historical Perspectives on Typhoons and Tropical Storms in the Natural and Socio-economic
System of Nam Dinh"^ tim hieu dnh hudng ciia bao ddi vdi Viet Nam md cu the la d tinh Nam Djnh thude viing chdu thd sdng Hdng thdng qua cdc sy kien tir the ky XIX.
Tir dd, bai viet chi ra tinh de bj tdn thuong ciia ngudi ddn khu virc nay trudc sir tan pha ciia thien tai.
Kathryn Dyt Id ngirdi ddnh sy quan tdm dac biet ddi vdi thien tai d Viet Nam thdi nha Nguyen, vdi ludn an tien sT va cac bai viet, du dn nghien ciiu lien quan den van de nay. Dau tien la bdi "'Calling for Wind and Rain' Rituals: Environment, Emotion, and Governance in Nguyen Vietnam, 1802-
1883"^ tim hieu ve viec thyc hien le cdu ddo ciia trieu dinh nha Nguyen nhdm dieu tiet lugng mua vd gidm bdt anh hudng eiia thien tai, vdn xdy ra lien tyc trong nira dau the ky XIX. Bdi viet ciing phdn tich mdi quan he phiic hgp giua mdi tnrdng vdi cam xiic va bg may cai trj cua trieu dinh. Tiep theo, bdi "Emperor Ty Dirc's 'Bad Weather';
Interpreting Natural Disasters in Vietnam, 1847-1883"'' tim hiiu tinh binh thien tai thdi Ty Dire vd irng phd ciia trieu dinh ddi vdi van de nay Theo tac gid, dudi thdi Ty Due chudi thien tai vd thdi tiet xdu nhu bao, lilt, han hdn dd gay ra mdi de dga nghiem trgng ddi vdi xa hdi Viet Nam, nd tdn pha co sd ha tang nhd nude va anh hudng sau sac tdi ddi sdng ngudi dan, la nguyen nhdn dan den nan ddi, dich benh vd cdc cugc ndi day d dja phuang (Dyt, 2016; 169). Thdnh qua Idn nhdt trong nghien ciru ve vdn de Ibien tai thdi nha Nguyen ciia Kathryn Dyt Id
' University of North Carolina Press xuat ban, nam 2018.
^ University of Washington Press xuat ban nam 2010
^ University of Washington Press xudt ban nam 2018.
•' dang tren Journal of Asian Earth Sciences (Voluine 29, Issue 4, 2007).
' dSng tren Journal of Vietnamese Studies (Vol.
10 No 2, Spring 2015).
" in trong Natural Hazards and Peoples in the Indian Ocean IVorld (Greg Bankoff va Joseph Christensen eds,, 2016).
58 Thong Hn Khoa hoc xa hgi. s6 4,2020 luan dn tien sT The Nguyen Weather-World.
Environment, Emotion and Governance in Nineteenth-Century Vietnam^ chu yeu tim hieu ve mdi trudng thdi nha Nguyen, mdi lien he cua nd vdi quyen lyc va cam xiic chinh trj. Trong dd, ludn an xem xet bd may nha Nguyen nhu mdt dy an sinh thai tap trung sy chii y vao thdi tilt, ddt dai va cac hien tugng tren trdi. Thdi tiet la mdi ban tam cua gidi tinh hoa chinh trj thdi nha Nguyen, do dd viec do ludng, bdi toan va ling phd vdi cac sy kien thdi tiet dugc nhdn thiic nhu mdt phuang tien quan trgng ciia quyen lyc. Ludn an cdn tira hieu siic manh ciia he thdng phan cdp nhd Nguyen nhu mdt bieu hien nham dap img mdi quan tam sau xa ve mdi trudng. Ben canh cac bai viet va ludn an vua neu, Kathryn Dyt cung dang thyc hien dy an nghien ciiu The Vietnamese Weather-World: An Environmental History of the Nguyen Dynasty^. '.
* Nghien cim ve dich benh trong lich sic Viet Nam
Li Tana cd bai tham luan vdi nhan de
"Epidemics in Late Pre-modem Vietnam and Their Links with Her Neighbours"^ tim hieu ve tinh hinh djch benh d Viet Nam tir cudi thi ky XVII din t h i ky XVIII va thi ky XIX yong mdi lien he vdi khu vyc. Chang ban, benh djch ta va giang mai dugc eho la cd ngudn gdc tir Xiem, trong khi benh ddu miia bat ngudn tir Trung Qude. Bai viet ciing chi ra cac yeu td khi hdu va thdi tiet ddng vai trd tac ddng dan den sy Idy Ian ciia djch benh d Viet Nam thdi ky nay.
' bao ve tai Dai hpc Quoc gia Australia nam 2017.
^ Du an dugc thuc hien tai School Advanced Study, University of London trong banSm 2019-2021, vdi sir tai trg ciia Institute Historical Research.
' trinh bay tai Hpi thao Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours do Institute of Southeast Asian Studies to chiic vao thang 6/2012 tai Singapore.
C. Michele Thompson la ngudi danh nhieu sy quan tdm ddi vdi van de djch benh va y hgc Viet Nam thdi Nguyen va Phap thude, ciing nhu nghien ciiu ve nhan thiic va thyc hdnh y hgc ciia ngudi Viet tir truyen thdng Trung Hoa sang md hinh phuong Tay. Cd the ke den cac bai viet ciia tdc gia nay nhu: "Mission to Macau:
Smallpox, Vaccinia, and the Nguyen Dynasty"**, "The Nguyen Initiative to Acquire Vaccinia, 1820-21"* cung hai cudn Southern Medicine for Southern People:
Vietnamese Medicine in the Making va Vietnamese Traditional Medicine: A Social History'^. Trong dd, dang chii y nhat la nghien cim lien quan den hanh trinh tir Viet Nam den Macau trong hai nam 1820-1821 cua vi y sT ngudi Phap phuc vu trong trieu dinh H u l Jean Marie Despiau (7-1824) . nham dam bao lieu vaccinia (vacxin) ngira benh dau miia cho tre em hoang tgc nha Nguyen (Thompson, 2010; 43), Dieu ndy chiing td dich benh, nhat la benh dau miia da anh hudng dang ke den ddi sdng chinh tri vd nhan dugc sy quan tam Idn ciia nha Nguyen, bdi ddu miia la can benh ma ca hodng hi Canh (Nguyen Phiic Canh) va Vua Ty Diic deu mac phai.
4. Ket luan
l-ich su mdi trudng la mot ITnh vyc nghien cuu hoan toan mdi d Viet Nam. Tuy chi mdi dugc quan tdm trong thdi gian gdn
* dang tren Portuguese Studies Review (Vol. 9, No.
1-2,2001).
' in trong: Global Movements, Local Concerns:
Medicine and Health in Southeast Asia (J. Cook &
L. Monnais eds.. National University of Singapore Press, 2012).
' Cambridge Scholarly Publications xuat ban, nam 2012.
' National University of Singapore Press xuSt ban, nam 2015.
Rghien ciiu lich sii,. 59 day va nhiing nghien eim cua cac hgc gid
trong nude vdn cdn ban c h i v l sd lugng, nhung no da dat tiln d l can ban cho sy khdi ddu vd phat triin cua nghien ciiu Ijch su mdi trudng tai Viet Nam trong tuang lai.
Trong khi dd, mac dii ciing chi dugc quan tdm nhieu trong khodng hai thap nien qua nhung nghien ciiu ve lich su mdi trudng Viet Nam cua cac bgc gia nude ngoai da dat dugc nhiing thanh qud nhdt dinh, vdi nhimg djnh hudng nghien eim chuyen sdu rd ret ve ljch su khai thac ty nhien; dnh hudng ciia dieu kien ty nhien, mdi trudng, cac thien tai va djch benh ddi vdi ddi sdng xa hdi trong lich sir. Dieu nay eho thdy, nghien ciiu Ijch sir mdi trudng Viet Nam la ITnh vyc cd siic hdp ddn khdng he nhd ddi vdi gidi nghien ciiu nude ngoai. Tdm lai, viec dinh hinh va phat trien eiia nghien cim lich sir mdi trudng d Viet Nam Id mot xu hudng tdt yeu. Nd chi ra tdm quan trpng cua viec van dung cdc tri thirc ve mdi trudng va sinh thai hgc de ly gidi cac hien tugng xdy ra trong ljch sir a
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Dyt, Kathryn (2016), "Emperor Ty Diic's 'Bad Weather': Interpreting Natural Disasters in Vietnam, 1847- 1883", in Natural Hazards and Peoples in the Indian Ocean World (Greg Bankoff va Joseph Christensen eds.), Palgrave Macmillan, N e w York, 169-198.
2. Hieu, (2017), Land & Water: A History of Fifteenth-Century Vietnam from An Environmental Perspective, University of Hawai'i, Manoa.
3. Hughes, J. Donald (2019), Qevresel Tarih Nedir?, Tarih Vakfi Yurt Yaymlan, Istanbul.
4. Inal, Onur (2011), "Environmental History as An Emerging Field in Ottoman Studies; An Historiographical Overview", Osmanli Ara§tirmalari, SAYI38, 1-25.
5. Li Tana (2014), "Towards an Environmental History of the Eastern Red RiverDelta, Vietnam, c. 900-1400"
Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol.
45, Issue 03, October, 315-337.
6. Lieu Kim Sanh (1984), "Hai xam hai thoai xua anh hudng den viing ddng bang Nam Bd", trong; Vdn hda Oc Eo vd cde vdn hda cd d ddng bang sdng Cuu Long, Sd Van hda va Thdng tin.
An Giang,
7. Nash, Roderick (1972), "American Environmental History: A New Teaching Frontier", Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 41, No.3, 362-372.
8. Son Nam (1994), Lich su khdn hoang miin Nam, Nxb. Van nghe, Tp. Hd Chi Minh.
9. Thompson, C. Michele (2010), "Jean Marie Despiau; Unjustly Maligned Physician in the Medical Service of the Nguyen", Vietnam and the West (Wynn Wilcox ed.), Cornell University Press, New York, 41-70.
10. Trdn Qudc Vugng (2000), Vdn hda Viet Nam: Tim toi vd Suy ngam, Nxb. Vdn hda Ddn tdc - Tap chi Vdn hda Nghi thudt, Hd Npi.
11. Yumio Sakurai (1997), "Peasant Drain and Abandoned Villages in the Red River Delta between 1750-1850", in The Last Stand of Asian Autonomies:
Responses to Modernity in Diverse States of Southeast Asia and Korea (Anthony Reid ed.), MacMillan Press, New York.
