NGHIEN CU^U HE THONG HOC THICH NGHI - MOT UNG DUNG TRONG GIAO DUC NGUOI LON
TS. N G U Y E N V A N Y"
1. Hoc thich nghi[HTH) cd nhieu hudng nc/hien cflu.cyttielatapfrungvaoxaydung vaphat trien cac he ttidng day hoc ttidng minh (Intelligent Tutoring Systems - ITS) n h l m dap flng cac nhu cau cda ngudi hgc, dien hinh la cac md hinh (MH) ciia Vassiteva, Kaplan n h l m dap flng muc tieu cua ngudi hpc; mdt sd'hettiong dap flng each tt^ ttiu k ) ^ ttiuc ciJa ngudi hpc ctia Gilbert, Paolucci. Cac hettiong nay dua fren vi^csudiJig kien ttiflc chuydn gia frong viec xay dyng cau fruc khda hpc.
Gan day, MH he ttidng HTN (Adaptive Hyper- media System-AHS)doPeterBrusilovskyde xuat, hfldng nghien cflu ket hop cac y tfldng cua cac he ttidng ITS va khai niem Hypermedia W W W . Cac he ttidng AHS sfl dung MH ngudi hpc de' lua chpn cac ndi dung phu hpp cho ngudt hpc. Diem khac biettrong he Ihdng AHS la viec tach biet MH ngudi hoc, MH ndi dung khda hpc so vd* cac he ttidng ITS ttie he tn/dc day.
Ttieo ketquattiongke ctia TomasKubes,hiaicd khoang fren 70 he ttidng HTN da dupc de xuat trong finh vuc nay. Do dd viec lua chpn khao sat, phan tich, sosanhchitietmptsohettidnglacanttiietnhamxay dung khda HTN phu hpp vdi ngudi tdn tua khitiiam gia khda hpc. Dua vao ttidng tin cua tflng ngudi hpc, cac MH chi ra cho ngudi hpc cac khai niem hg can phai tim hieu. Them v a o d d . c a c M H xem xet den nhimi muctieu va nhu cSu khac cua ngua hpc de tao ra cac khda HTN vdi tung ngudi hpc.
2. Khao sat m o t so he t h o n g HTN Ketqua nghien cflu cua Tomas Kubes da ttiong ke duac cd hon 70 MH he ttidng HTN khac nhau da dupc cdng bd frong cac bao cao khoa hpc tinh den nam 2013. Trong pham vi bai vilt, chung tdi khdng t h l tien hanh khao sat duoc tat ca cac he ttidng, ma chl lua chpn bdn hettiong de khao satvi cac hettiong nay:-Dadupc xay dung hoan chffih.dupcttiunghiem.
Ba vain deco ban ciia hettioig HTN deu dupc cac he t i d n g nay nghien curu, xem xet ttiay vi chi lua chpn mdtvSr\ de nhu cac he t h o i g khac; - D e u tap frung
vao viec ttiich nghi ndi dung khda hpc. Vdi ndi dung mdn hpccyttie.myctteu cua cachettidng deu hudng den viec cung cap ndi dung phu hpp cho tiJtig ngudi hpc; -Duoc sudung Iwn co sdcho nhieu nghien cuu, caiti^,phattrien cachettidng khac.
2.r.Wettonfif£Z.M->i/?7".ELM-ART lamdt trong nhung he ttiong HTN dau tien tren nen W W W . He ttiOTig QKA th\ki khda hpe ngdn ngfl iap frinh Lisp.
ELM-ART sudyng MH ngudi hpc dekiem tra ngudi hpc hoan ttianh hay khdng viec hpc mdt van de nao dd cua mdn hpc. Trong M H nay, cd giai phap td'chuc luu tru tap cac kien ttiiJC ma ngfldi hpc can phai tim hieu. Cac kien ttiflc dupc md ta gom cac khai niem, giua cac khainiem xet cac md'i quan hetien quyet.
MH ngudi hgc dupc cap nhat dua fren viec giam sat cac frang sieu lien ket dupc duyet va khai niem fren dd ngfldi hpc da dflpc biet hay chua. ELM-ART su'dung hinh anh den hieu giao ttidng cho viec chu ttiich cac lien ket tren trang web: qua bdng mau dd mieu tafranjg web ddchua nhflng ttidng tin ma ngudi hpc chua nam Viffig, quabwig mau xanhfriehien cac trang web ma ngudi hgc can duyet denam ttidng tin.
Ve kT ttiuat, su dung cac chl dan true ttep (trp giup ngudi hpc tim dupc ndi dung can tti let tiep tiieo bang each g ^ nhan vao cac lien ket ch? d i n ngi dung tiep ttieo cho ngudi hpc).
2J. He thd'ng lntertook6uac tti let ke nham tao ra sach dien tucd kha nang Uilch nghi fren vireb. Bang chl muc la ttianh phan taing tam cua he ttidng Interbook. Khai niem dupc phan ttianh hai kiai: khai niem ketqua cua susuy luan b g b , hay cac khai niem cdtinh tien quyet
S u dieu hudng ttiich nghi dupc ttie hien bdi cac chu ttifch cho cac lien ket sieu van ban b i n g each su dung caccheckmarkvanhflng qua bdng mau. Hai kl ttiuat ttiich nghi dupc s u dung frong he ttidng la chi dan true tiep khi he ttidng danh gia va s i p xep lai cac de muc trong bang chimuc. Ben canh dd, he thdng ' Hoc Tien Can bo TP. Ho Cfii Minh
(ki2-6/2015) Tap chi Giao due so 360 127
Interbook con t a i hanh xac djnh cac demuc Saduac 2A. HS thong KBS Hyperbook System. Mgc ngudi si} dung tim hieu hay chua. Kithuat IhiJ hai la tieu cua h j l h o n g KBS Hypeibook la xay dung cac tai dua tren viec cung cap cac khai niem Hen quyet lam lieu dien Hi co khanang thich nghitren web. Trong he cosodenguoihoc h i a i duoc mot khai niem mflidua th^ng nay, moi quan h? gifla rac khai niem dr/a Iren tren nhung khainiem nay. MH n j y hflu ich trong viec MH khai niem cua KBS Hypetbook.Don vj nhonhat giup dompt hpc vien vcS nhflng de tai kho hoac hieu trong he thong Hyperbook la cac chr mrjc iien quan ctiuaro. Hethong Interbook lietkevaxep hang oac denmotsokhaini$m.MHkienlhucbaogomcackhai iien ket den cac noi dung co tinh chat tien quyet de niem iien quan den mon hpc va cac hoat dpng hpc ngucri hpc xem xet kTluSng. Viec xep hang cac npi ptiulliupc.Bangchiipiaibaogom^pcackhainiSm.
dung de'dua tren so luong cac khai niem ma ngudi vdim6idemuccijabangchilgiai,caclienkeldaicac
hpc datim hieu dupc. vidu.cacchimuocijaKBSHyperbookvacactrang ' ?J.Heftdng>t'H>»(AdaptiveHypermediaArchi- webtOrnhunglienketwebkhacducro^oja. • , , ;
tectutejcikhanangtaoracackhoaHTNttenweb.he He thong KBS HypejbookcOngsu diing cac ki thong cho phep tao ra noi dung va cac lien ketco tinli hieu den grao thong de an du cho cac chu grar trong thichnghiduatrenviectriybiaicautnjclienket:k)aib6 vrecthichnghi.KBSHyperbookhotrpvrechpctheo lienket,ancaclienkS,chiJtWchcacliSnk&.. muctieu.Ngi/crihpccothedinhnghiamuctieuhpc
MH ngudihoc duoc xay dung dua tren sothich, '?P. ™a " " i " ! ! " ^ V^u cau muc treij tiep theo tu hf xu hudng cua ngudihoc, kien thiic cua ngudi hoc thong.Vdm6imuctieu,cackienthuctienquyaiuan duocthe'hienbangcackieudOlieulogic.GiatrKrae ludupctaoradengucrrhpctheocacbuocdomadst neu khai niem do ngudihoc da bift va nguoc lai. MH ^^'^ "i'i=,''S" '^'^ ^ ™ ^ m inh. Co che thich nghi ngudihocc'dthe'duocxemnhumotvec-tocdnhleu sudijngcacthuattoandi^lrencackienthuclatien lham sd. Viec truy nhap noi dung se thay dd'i vec-to S " * ' ^ " ' ^ " " ^ \\«t\ium valam he nao de duan dap nay.lhdngthudngtanghaygiamgiatrimdthoacmot " ^ 9 DflOo mgc teu hpc tap cua nguor hoc. KBS vailhamso " = "• ' • • HyperbooksudungmangBayesdduoclircmgMH
Viec dilu hudng thich nghi iua tren cac lien ket '^^' " ' ^ ™ ' " " " ^ • " ^ • vdi ba trang thai: thich hpp, khdng thich hpp va khong
dang chuy. Sudung mau chuan theo cdng nghe WWW de bie'u th'i ba
3. So sanh cac h e t h o n g
Chung tdi so sanh cachSthd'ng HTN tren cac tiSu chi; MH npi dung hpc, xay di/ng MH hpc, cp che tr^ngthaitren. Lien ket
mauxanh lanhflng lien ket thich hpp, lien ket mau tim lanhflng ien k^
khdn^ duoc chu y, cac lien ket nay cho biet rang ngudi siidung da xem npi dung nay va khdng tim hieu dupc thdng tin mdltflchungvanhflng ien ketmauxam thehien nhung ndi dung khdng thich hpp.
He thdng AHA sfl dung hai each tao khda hpc HTN 00 ban: - Thdng qua viec an va chu thich cac lien k^t; - Thdng qua viec phan chia ndi dung thanh cac ndi dung nhd hfln. Trong ca hai each tren, he 1h6ng danh ^ia suphu hpp cua mdt trang ndi dung cd lien quan den tap cac yeu cau cua trang npi dung dd vavec-tdki^ thflc cua ngudihpcd^c biet la cac thupc tinh da dupc xem xeL
28 Tap chi Giao due so 360
Bang. So sanh cache thang HTN
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ J H ^ 6 n g KTN
Md hinh noi dung NQI dung kh6a hpc
M6 hinh ngudi figc
Thu$c t[nh Ihlch nghi
KT thugt thich nghi ELM-ART
Mgng T$p cdc k h i i
ni$m Mfi hinh phO SU' dgng g i i tfl nhi phfin Kifin thih;
Chi dfin tn/c flSp
INTERBOOK Mgng T$p cSc ch? mi,K:
Ut hinh phu sil dgng mifin gifi trj
KiSn thi}c Cung cap cfic chu thich vfi Thay d j i irfit lir lign k€t
AHA Mgng Tfip cfic khfii nifiin
Mfl hlnh vfic-ta S d thfch, kl£n thCtc An cfic lifin kSt
KBS Hypertraoh Mgng Tfip cfic khfii nifim M6 hinh phi) s u d g n g gifi trj xfic su£t Mgc tifiu
TOy bifin lifin kfit
thich nghi(xemtianj).
Sau khi tim hieu, phan tich va so sanh cac he thong, nhan thay cac hethdng nay cdn tdn t?i nhflng diem han chedudiday:
Mttnorrfung/ioc-Cachp thd'ng d i u siidungMH mang dexay dung MH ndi dung hpc la tap cac khai niem. Cac MH nay mdi quan &m den viec dua ra duoc cac khai niem phu hop vdi ngudn hpc ma chua
(ki2-6/201S)
xem xetviec ttiuc hien cac hoatdong, nhiem vu hpc phu hop vdi ngudi hpc frong qua ttinh ttiam gia khda hpc. Cac MH nay lua chpn dupc khai niem phu hpp vdi ngudi hpc nhung chua hudng d i n ngudi hpc lam ttie nao detim hi^u dupc khai niem dd.
MH ngudihoc: Khi xay dutig M H ngud^ hpc, cac hettiong neu fren chua su'dung n h i ^ ttiudc tinh cua ngudi hpc dd'ttiich nghi. Su'dung gia frj nhj phan {vi du: biet/khdng biet), gia trj djnh tinh (vi du: tdt, tmng binh, kem), gia frj djnh luong (vt du: tap sd' nguyen frong khoang [1...100])dedinh lupng muc dp hieu biet khai niem cua ngudi hpc. Cac gia fri nay khdng dat dupc dp chinh xac cao khi danh gia m 0*0 dp hieu biet cua ngudi hpc. Them vao dd, he tticnig segap khd khan frong viec phan ldp ngudi hpc de thich nghi khi dua fren cac gia frj nay. Ngoai ra, cac he thong nay cung khdng danh gia muc dp hoan ttianh viec ttiuc hien cae hoatdpng cua ngudi hpc (do each tiep can MH npldung hpc khdng xem xet den cac hoatdpng, nhigm vg hoc tap).
Cache thich nghi: Lua chpn cac ndi dung phu hpp vdi ngudi hpc (vi du: cac khai niem frong hetfiwig IntertiookvaAHA.baitipldnfrong KBS Hyperbook...) chua ^ 0 ra tien frinh hpc tap phu hqp vdi ngudi hpc, cung nhutrong mdi glal doan cua tien trinh hpc chua hudng d i n ngudi hpc cac budc can ttiuc hien de cd tti^hoan ttianh giai doan dd.
Tdm lal.frjrviecngh^n cihi mptsdhettidng HTN, tac gta da so sanh, danh gia, chi ra mdt sddiem han c h M a y lamdt frong cac CO sddehinlittianhnhSng muc ti§u ve MH HTN nhu; MH ndi dung hpc, MH ngudi hpc, va co chd'ttiich nghi. •
T&{ lifu tham k h i o
1. Brusilovsky, P. M e t h o d s and Techniques of Adaptive Hypermedia. User Modeling and User Adapted Interaction, 6, 87-129. [ciled at p. vii. 2, 12,
13. 14,73,99]; 1996.
2. Kubes. T. Application of Hypermedia Systems in E-learning. Master's thesis. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in FYague.
[cited at p. 3. 13, 21]; 2007.
3 . B r u s i l o v s k y , P., S c h w a r z , E . . and W e b e r , G. Elm-art: An Intelligent Tutoring System on the World W i d e W e b . Proceedings of the Third Intemational Conference. ITS. [cited at p. 1 3 , 1 7 , 2 0 . 21. 22, 28, 37, 48. 70]; 1996.
4. Anh. N. V. and Ho, S. D. Applying Weighted Learning Object to Build A d a p t i v e C o u r s e in E-learning. Learning by Effective Utilization of Technologies: Facilitating Intercultural Understanding. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence
(ki2-6/2015)
and Applications, vol. 151, pp. 647-648. [ciled at p.
3 7 , 6 0 . i 0 0 ] ; 2 0 0 6 .
5. Anh. N. v . , Kien, D. H.. and Dam, H. S. Applying Collaborative E-learning to Develop a Question - A n s w e r i n g S y s t e m . Journal of Research and Development on Information & Communications Technology. 20. 5-12. [cited at p. 37, 98]; 2008.
6. Henze. N. and Nejdl, W. Adaptivity in the KBS Hyperbook System. 2nd Workshop on Adaptive Systems and User Modeling on the WWW (Toronto, Canada. May 1999). [cited at p. 2 0 , 2 4 , 3 7 , 7 8 ] ; 1999.
SUMMARY
The study of adaptable personal leaming serves as the foundaUon of developing systems of adaptable leaming towards setting up standardized courses meeting the needs and goals of adult education.
MptsOvanSecilliaiL..
(Ttip Sieo trang 26)
(1) Ban C h i p hinh Trung inmg. Nghi quyi't s6 29- NQ/TW ngdy 4/11/2013 vi ddi m^ cdn bdn, loan dien gido due vd ddo lao.
Tai lieu t h a m khao
1. DSng QuO'c BSo - DO QuCic Anh - Dinh Thj Kim Thoa. C a m nang n^ng cao nSng lire v^ phim chfi't dOi ngu gjdo vi«n. NXB U ludn chinh tri, H. 2007.
2. Vfl Qudc Chung - LeHSi Ytfn. Di tirhqc d ? t dwyc hifu quS. NXB Dai hpc supham, H. 2003.
3. Bemd Meier - NguySn VSn CirbTig. Li luSn day hpc hifn dai. NXB Bai hpc supham, H. 2014.
4. L u a t Giao d u e n ^ 2005, stjra ddi bd sung nSm 2009. NXB Chinh trj qudc gia - S^t th^t, H. 2009.
5. Pham Vi^t Vm?ng. Li ludn day hoc dai hpc. NXB Gido diic, H. 2003.
SUMMARY
Teaching activities in universities should develop innovation- oriented learners' capacity because this Is the Inevitable trend of modem society. This trend of new teaching, manifested In the management of teaching quality management focuses on leaming outcomes of students. Leaming objectives of the course are described througii energy ^oups, which are: professional competence, method competence, social competence and Individual capacity. 4 This capacity corresponds to the four pillars of educaUon as leaming to know, learning to do. leaming to live together and leam to assert themselves. The paper presents several problems related to leaming capac- ity approaches.
