Thong tin khoa hoc cong nghe m o
NGHIEN CUU, OE XUAT CAC GIAI PHAP KY THUAT CONG NGHE PHAT HIEN SdfM^ PHONG NGUTA VA KIEM SOAT THAN TUCHAY
0 CAC MO HAM LO VIET NAM
The phenomena of the spontaneous firing coal have been considered as one of most dangerous hazards at underground coal mines. Forecast, prevention and control of the phenomena of the spontaneous firing coal have been studied and effectively applied by the counthes with developed coal sectors. The solutions for forecasting, preventing and controlling the phenomena of the spontaneous firing coal have been carried out by researches on the mechanism of the phenomena of the spontaneous firing coal. However, the application of these solutions depends on the technical conditions, financial resources and the properties of coal
TS. PHONG QUOC HUY ThS. Le TRUNG TUYEN ThS. NGUYENTUANANH Vi$n Khoa hgc Cdng ngh$ Md - Vinacomin
Biin tap: ThS. Ph^m Chdn Chinh
L D d t v d n d d
Chdy npi sinh (than thy ehay) la mpt hi$n tupng vo eung nguy hilm trong khai thac than him 16. San pham ehay se san sinh ra nhieu logi khi dpe gay chit ngudi, dgc bigt la khi CO. Ngodi ra, no edn ed t h i la nguIn lua gdy ra chdy n l khi metan vd byi than. Khi xay ra hi$n tupng t y chdy eua than gdy mat an todn trong khai thde, c6 t h i phai dong eua md, gdy thigt hgi Idn v l mgt kinh t l , xd hpi. Do dd, hign tupng t y chdy cda than Id van d l cin dup'c dgc bigt quan tam trong cdng tdc khai thac than him 16. Trong khi do, hign nay, cdc nghien cuu v l than t y chay tgi Vigt Nam cdn rlt nhilu hgn ehi. Chinh vi vgy, d l gdp phln nang eao muc dp an tPdn trpng khai thdc than him 16 cho giai dogn trudc mat cQng nhu ldu ddi, can phai nghien cdu ede giai phdp ky thugt eong nghg phat hign sdm, ph6ng ngda vd kilm sodt hi$n tupng than t y chdy tgi ede md than him 16 Vigt Nam.
Xult phdt tu thyc t l do, nam 2013, Bp Cong Thuong da giao cho Vign Khoa hpc C6ng ngh$
Mo - Vinacomin thyc hign d l tdi "Nghien cu'u danh gia tinh ty chdy cua than va de xuat cac giai phap ky thu$t cong nghg phong ngira UP chay & cdc mo than ham Id Vigt Nam", thupc
"Chuong trinh khoa hpc vd eong nghg trpng dilm v l edng nghg khai thdc che biln khodng san" thyc hign O l dn "Doi mdi va hign dgi hda c6ng ngh# trong ngdnh edng nghiep khai khoang d i n nam 2015, t l m nhin d i n nam 2025".
2. Nghien ciru, d l xudt cdc giai phdp ky thu$t cdng ngh# d v bdo, phdng ngCra vd k i l m soat than t i ^ chdy d* cdc md hdm Id Vi$t Nam
Trong nganh cong nghigp khai thdc khodng san tgi nhilu nydc tren t h i gidi nhu: Ba Lan, Nhgt Ban, Trung Quoe, Nga, Sec... da su dyng rOng rdi cac giai phdp ky thugt cdng ngh$ ph6ng ngua than ty chdy. Tuy thupc vdo tinh ehit, dgc dilm d l i tupng vd myc tidu sd dyng md cdc nudc da dp dyng cdc giai phdp khde nhau. Tren eo sd nhung tim hilu vd nghiin cdu v l cdc giai phdp cong ngh§ phdt hign sdm, phdng ngua vd kilm sodt chdy n|i sinh trdn t h i gidi, nhom thyc hign d l tdi da nghien cuu vd d l xuat ede giai phap dp dyng phD hpp vdi dilu ki$n khai thde than tgi ede mo h i m 16 Vigt Nam
2.1. Nghien cuv, de xuit cdc giAi phip a. Giai phap phdt hi$n sdm ti/ chdy di/a tren ket quit phan tich khi vd cdc chi tieu danh gid chay
Phdt hign sdm hign tupng ty chdy Id vigc Idm quan trpng trong khai thdc cdc via than c6 tfnh ty chdy. Phdt hi^n sdm, hign tupng t y chdy nham dua ra cac bign phdp phdng ngua higu qua e6 t h i dup^e thyc hi$n d l ngdn ngua ddm chay phat trien, Cac phuong phdp phdt hi$n sdm hign tudng t y chdy cung nhu ddnh gid tinh trgng ddm chdy dup-e dp dyng dya trdn ede CP sd nhu:
- Phat hign sdm hi$n tupng t y chdy bang eac
KHCNM s o 4/2016 * AN TOAN MO
Thong tin khoa hoc cong nghe m d
Bdng 1. Dien biin hien tuvng tw chdy vd cdc ddu hi$u di kim
Cdc giai doan
Trang thdi ban dau cua phan i>ng toa nhifet
Giai dogn ch^y so cap
Giai doan ch^y thd d p
Nhiet do fC) 2 5 - 3 0 3 0 - 4 0 4 0 - 5 0 5 0 - 6 0
6 0 - 1 0 0
1 0 0 - 1 5 0
1 5 0 - 2 0 0
200 - 300
300 - 500
500 - 800
Hiin tu-ang M6t phan tang nhi0td6 Sinh ra hoi n u d c v^ hoi am ngung tu (dang mo h6i) trSn v^ch 16 D u d n g 16 kh6, c6 mui cua g l myc Phang p h i t mui Paraffin trong luong gid thai
Nhiet dp tang nhanh (toe dp tang nhanh, ddc bi0t t d l<hoang 84 dfl C)
Nhi^t d6 tiep tyc tang, tSng th&m nhOng mui dSc trung cua hien tuong t u ehdy
Nhiet dO tang dot ngflt Than b i t d i u phan dng 6 xy hoa nhe, nhOng mCii l<(ch thich trd len manh hon
Than bat Ida, san sinh san p h i m cua qua trinh chdy than d nhiet d6 t h I p
Phan dng 6 xy h6a than d i l n ra manh, san sinh cdc san pham cua phan ung, khi chciy
Khi sinh ra
Hign tupng boc hoi n u d c va cac khi hap thy trong than
H2O, CO (khoang SCO)
CO2 (khoang ISO-'C) CH4 ( khoang 250°C) thSm eac khi £tan, £tylen..
T h i tich khi tSng cung vdi s u tang nhiet d6 Sinh ra n h i l u khoi va cdc logi khi khac nhau (them khi H2 ngoai nhung kht a§
noi d tren)
Sinh ra nhieu kh6i va nhieu loai khi khac nhau, x u l t hien ngpn Ida d gian doan culi
dau higu vat ly nhu: Hign tupng suong mu; hien tupng do mo hoi; mui hoi hay mui h6i cua ehay than, dm thanh; khoi...
- Phat hien sdm hidn tuung tii chay di/a theo trang thai dam chay va cac dau hieu dac trwng.
Hign tupng ty ehdy trong mo ham 16 lam phat sinh nhilu hien tupng phy thupc vdo ede giai doan eua qua trinh tu chay. Phan tich vd hieu dupe qud trinh phdt sinh vd phat triln hien tupng tu chdy se lam eo sd de phdt hien sdm hign tupng ty chay vd t u d6 dua ra ede giai phap ung phd phu hpp, giam thilu cae thigt hgi. Theo cae nghien cuu cho thIy, hign tupng t u ehay trong ede mo him 16 thudng xay ra theo eac trgng thdi tuan ty nhu sau: thay doi nhigt dp - mui la - khi sinh ra do phan ung hoa hpc.
Theo do, tuy thupc vdo eae trang thai eua dam ehdy se co su lien quan d i n sy thay doi nhigt, mui va khi nhu trong bang 1.
- Moi quan h$ giu-a nhi$t do va cac khi sinh ra
tir hien tuvng ti/ chay cua than.
Than trong qua trinh t y chdy sinh ra nhieu logi khi. Sy phdt sinh ede khi sinh ra t u hign tupng than t u ehdy kem theo sy thay d l i v l nhigt d6 la mpt dau higu de phdt hien sdm hign tupng ty ehdy. Vi ly do neu tren cho thay, eong tac xac djnh nong dp mpt s l thanh phan khi Id rdt quan trpng vd c6 higu qua trong viec phat hign sdm hign tuong than ty ehdy, dae biet id ti le suy giam oxy CO/O2, CO2/O2 va ti Id ede chat khi ankan (C2H6/CH4, C3H8/CH4, C4H10/CH4, V.V.).
b. Giai phap phat hien sdm ti/ chay bang phuxyng phap do nhiet do
Hi^n tupng than ty chay xay ra kem theo cae hign tuong thay doi ve thdnh phln khdng khi, nhiet dp, mui...Trong cae thay doi neu tren, thong s l nhidt dp dupc eoi la giai phap higu qua d l phat hien sdm hien tupng tu chdy. Tuy nhien, d l do dupc nhigt do nham phat hien sdm hien tupng ty ehay, eIn phai cd ede thilt bj ed dp chinh xde cung nhu phuong phap do hpp ly do
Thong tin khoa hpc cong nghe m o
J.a
. • ' . ' ' ' '
. • * * '
. ^ - 7 ' !'•>
—^ ^
•^~————• '~'~^ri - -
__ _ .^'' -
Hinh 1. Khi sinh ra khi gia nhi$t mau than via 24 Hdng Thdi
nhiet d6 eua than ty ehdy ed eac dae diem nhu.
nhiet ban dau c6 the Id thIp; tinh ddn nhiet cua than kem nen khdng do dugc nhiet dp chinh xde eua dam chdy n l u b l tri dyng cy khong dung vj tri tdm ehay.
Viec nghien cuu vd d l xult cae giai phdp phdt hign sdm hien tuong t u ehay thdng qua cam biln nhigt dp g6p phan giup cdc mo cd co sd d l dp dung ede giai phdp va trang bj thilt bj de dgt dupc mye tieu neu tren.
IVIpt logi can dd do nhigt dp khdc gpi la cam biln ehf thj nhiet dp dupe the hien trdn hinh 2.
D i u do nay dupc ddt trong khli than each nhau tu 1 d i n 5m.
2.2. Nghien ciyu, de xuat nhdm cac giai phap phdng ngu^
2.2.1. Giai phap su-dung hda chat nhdm each ly than vdi thdng khi
Vigc su dung hoa chdt se tuy thupc vdo tinh hinh thuc t l cua khu vuc dp dyng. Than t u chdy la hien tupng oxy h6a than vd tda nhigt, trong khi d6, hoa chat phong ngua t y ehay c6 t h i tde dpng vao qud trinh theo cdc cdch nhu sau:
- Hoa chit tgo gel: Diln d l y cdc khe nut cua than.
- Tgo ldp bpe chju Ida hoac bpe kin, phu len mat guong than, tran vd nde Id, dudng Id, eong trinh phdng ehay, ding than nham phong ngua than tilp xuc vdi kh6ng khi.
- Hoa chat h i p thu nhigt: Hip thy nhiet.
- Vua hoa chat: DiJng eho c6ng trinh chgn lua.
- H6a chat dc c h i : Ngdn chdn phan ung eua than.
- Bun tro: Diln d l y ede khe nut, ke nut.
- Khi CO2. N2: Idm tro hda khong khi tgi khu
W
lL>i-=J''
^^^
3 E : ZE)E
a. phdi cdnh cua cin dd; b. hinh dnh cin dd sau khi nhi$t dQ trong Id khoan > 40 °C, c hinh anh dn dd
sau khi nhidt dd trong I8 khoan > 75 °C.
Hinh 2. Cin dd nhidt dd loai edm biin chi thj vyc each ly.
- Vdt lieu chua ehay: Dung tryc tiep eho chay than de dap tat ngpn Ida, lam ngupi cdc diem ndng.
- Vat lieu tao bpt: Ngdn chan ddng khong khi trong dudng Id.
2.2.2. Giai phap si> dijng hdn hQp bun niedc each ly than vdi khong khi
Cdc ydu cau ky thudt cua nguyen lieu trdn bun gom:
- Khong c6 cdc vat chit h i tro sy chdy, khdng d l chdy, dudng kinh hgt dudi 2 mm;
- Co kha nang tao thdnh dung djch khi hda trpn vdi nude;
- Khi van chuyin khong lam t i c dudng Ing;
- Thdo nudc de, eo tinh on djnh nhlt djnh;
- 06 CO ng6t nhd;
- Dd kit lang, hieu suit ton that nhd;
- Nguon vat lieu doi ddo, gid thdnh thdp.
Phuong thue van chuyen bun nude c6 hai loai la phuong thuc su dung dp luc t7nh vd dp lue dpng eua bom bun. Phuong thue su dyng dp lye tTnh bom bun Id Ipi dyng sy ehenh eao giua diem san xuat bun vd diem can bom bun nudc. Phuong thue su dung dp lyc dpng bom bun Id nhd dp lye do mdy bom tgo ra d l van chuyin bim den vi tri can thiet thdng qua he thing dudng ong.
Cac can eu de lya chpn phuong phap bom bun gom:
- Thdi gian khai thac 16 chp;
- Chilu ddi cac dudng 16 vd thdi gian ton tgi cua dudng 16;
- Vj tri can bom bun;
- Chu ky tu chdy cua than;
- So do khai thdng md via, he thong khai thde.
KHCNM S 6 4/2016 * AN TOAN MO
Thong tin khoa hoc cong nghe mo
Sff a i cdng ngh$ khai thao du'pc li/a chpn ap dyng cho cSc md co v?a than t[f chSy
D l han c h i xay ra hian tifp'ng dxi hda than, c§n CCP theo dilu ki$n thg'o te cua md d l lya chpn phu'ong phip bo'm bun: c6 t h i chpn phu'png phSp khai thSc va bo'm biJn thyc hi$n song song hp$c lya chpn phyong phap bam bCin trydc khi khai thac.
2.3. Nghiin cOv, de xuat nhom cic giai phip kiim soit ttf chay
2.3.1. Giii phip kiim soit ti/ chay tir thiit tip vi tri cic tr^m do, iiy mau khi
a. Thiet lip oao tr$m do, w tri lay mau khi Giai phSp kilm soat t y chay dya chu y l u tren ket qua do khi cua ddi thdng gid - do khi cDng nhy s6 li$u thu dypc tif he thdng quan trac.
Cdng tao quan trao him lypng khi md tai noi xay ra t y chciy cQng nhy tai khu vyc dypc Ccich ly phai dypc do dac theo ddi nhIm danh gia tinh trang dam chay vi cinh bao hi$n typng ty ohay Cao tram do dypc d^t trong khu vyc cd thdng gid, trong dd dang cd Ceic hoat dpng khai thac, cac dydng Id dao trong than da bd hoac Ccic dydng Id chuan bi trong than cung nhy nhyng khu vyc kh^c.
b. Cic chi so xic dmh
* Chi s6 gia ting cOa oxyt cac bon Chi so tang cua dxyt c^c bon (A CO) cho cac tram do trong Ccic Iu6ng gid thai theo cdng thyc:
A CO = CO - C0«, % Trong dd:
CO - phln tram h^m lu-png khi CO tai tram do gid thai,
CO* - phln tram h^m lypng khi CO tai tram
do gid sach, trong dd, CO* = 0% khi tai tram nay khdng c i n lly m l u khi.
* Ch! sS lwu luvng oxft cic bon Ch! s l lyu lypng dxyt cSc bon (Vco) oho cSc tram do gid thai dypc tinh theo cdng thyc sau:
V>-=10T?.q'co Hoac
^<^- 1 0 0 0 Trong dd:
Vco- chi s6 lyu lypng oxyt c^c bon, lit/phut, V- lyu lypng gid tai tram do, m^/phiit, qco - ham lypng khi CO tai tram do, %, q"ar ham lypng khi CO tai tram do, ppm.
'Chi so Graham
Chi so Graham (G) tinh cho cac tram lly mau khi dypc tinh theo cdng thyc:
G = ^-^—
(o.zes.Nj-Oz)
Trong dd:
CO, N2, O; - phln tram ham lypng khi CO, N2, 02tai cac tram do.
- B l danh gia, kiem soat tinh trang chay ndi sinh trong md can t i i n hanh phan tich cac chi so:
gia tang oxyt cac bon CO, lyu lypng oxyt cao bon CO va chi so Graham G theo oac tieu chuln trong bang 2 va 3.
2.3.2. Giai phip sir dung h$ thong quan trac khi mo tip trung ti/ ddng kiim soit than tw chiy tai cic md him Id
Hien typng than t y chay tai cac md than d Bing 2. Dinh gii, kiim soit chiy nil sinh theo chlsd Vco vi AGO
TiSu chuSn danh gli chSy nfti sinh theo chi so Vco vi AGO trSn op so cSc ket qua phan tJch mSu khi ISy tai Ccic tram So trong Ccic luong gid
Chi so Vco (lit/phut) vS chi s6 AGO(%) khi 0,0010 < AGO S 0,0026
0< Vco < 10 10 < Vco < 20 khi AGO < 0,0026
AGO > 0,0026
Biin phSp thyc hi$n
Gin tang cif^ng theo ddi va kilm tra khi trong khu vyc, tang tan suit lly mlu khi
Gin tien hSnh \ip phi/ong an xO ly tinh huong trong tnp&ng hpp vin duy tri san xuit trong khu vyc c6 hilm hpa, trong 36, ke hoach x i ly do lanh dao phdng thdng gid l$p va phai du'pc giam ddc cdng ty (md) duy$t
Triln khai chong chay
Thong tin khoa hgc cong nghe m o
Bing 3. Binh gii, kiim soit chiy nil sinh theo chi si Graham
Tiiu chuin dinh gii chiy nil sinh theo chi si G trin ca sd' cic kit qui phin tich mau khi Iiy tfil cic tram do trong cic dwimg Id thing gid vi phia trong twimg chin.
GhlsdG 0 < G 0,0026 0,0025 <G 0,0070 0,0070 <G 0,0300
G > 0,0300
Bi^n phap thyc hl$n Tinh trang binh thu'dng - khdng cd nguy hilm chay trong Id
can tang oyd'ng theo ddi khi trong mdi trydng dudng Id va tang tan suat lay mlu khi d l phan tich
Cin tiin hanh lap phyong an xO ly tinh hudng trong trudng hpp vin duy tri sSn xult trong khu vyc cd hilm hpa, trong dd, k l hogch xO ly do ISnh dgo phdng thdng gid lap va phii dypc giam ddc cdng ty (md ) duy^t
Triln khai chdng chay Viet Nam hi$n chya dypc danh gid d l y du cho
cac via than. TCr thyc t l trSn cho t h I y co sd' dy lieu v l khi d l phgc vu vipc danh gia than ty chay la thilu.
De kiem soat hien typng t y chdy, c i n phai cd danh gia chinh xac v l tinh trang ddm chdy Vol dac thii cua than antraxit, cac thdng s6 v l khi cua hien typng than t y chdy trdn t h i gi6i chu-a hoan toan phCi hpp va cd t h i dp dgng hodn todn.
Vdi thyc t l Id cdc md h i m Id Viet Nam hien da dypc trang bi cdo he thing quan trac khi t y dOng ndn vi^c sy dyng cdc h$ thing quan trac khi Id giai phdp hi^u qua d l dya ra cdc glai phdp kiem sodt phlj hgp.
Ngodi ra, vl$c do dac vd theo ddi qua he thing quan trac cho thIy myc dd vd tinh chit cua dam chdy. Vdi than antraxit cua Vi$t Nam, hi$n typng ty chdy phdt sinh ra khi hydro Id khi nl. Viae lya chpn giai phdp kilm sodt hi$n typng ty chdy cin phai cdn nhic d i n cdc y l u t l neu trdn d l sy dgng h$ thing quan trio nham phdt hi^n sdm hi$n typng t y chdy.
3. K i t lu|[n
Than t y chdy dypc coi Id m|t trong nhCrng hilm hpa chinh trong cdc md than h i m Id, vi$c phdt hi$n sdm, phdng ngOa vd kilm sodt hien typng than t y chdy dd dypc cdc rvsiic cd ngdnh san xuat than phdt triln nghidn cCm dp dyng hi#u qua. Trong npi dung thyc hi#n, nhdm tdc gid dd gidi thieu vd ddnh gid vl$c thyc hi$n cdc cdng tdc ndu tren tai m|t s l nydc. Cdc giai phdp v l phdt hien sdm, phdng ngOa vd kilm sodt dypc thyc hi#n dya tren viec nghidn cCru, v l ca c h i
hi^n typng than t y chdy Tuy nhidn, vi^c yu tidn dp dgng cdc glai phdp neu trdn phg thudc vdo dilu ki^n ky thudt, khd ndng tdi chinh cDng nhy tinh chit cua than.
Dya tren vi^c nghidn cyu vd tham khao kinh nghiem cua cdc nydc trdn t h i gidi, nhdm tdc gid dd d i xult cdc giai phdp cd t h i dp dgng trong dilu ki^n thyc t l tai Vi^t Nam, cdc giai phdp dypc d l xult mang tfnh t i n g t h i tfr vi^c phdt hi^n sdm cho d i n vi$c phdng ngCi'a cDng nhy cdc gidi phdp d l kilm sodt hl$n typng t y chdy/.
Tii li^u tham khio:
1. Phung QuIc Huy (2013), Nghiin cOii dinh gii tinh tir chiy cua than vi di xuit cic giii phip kf thu$t cdng nghi phdng ngCra tw chiy 6 cic md than him Id Vi$t Nam. D l tdi c i p B|.
2. NhD' Vi0t Tuin, (2012), Nghiin cOru khi ning tw chiy vi de xuit cic giii phip kf thu$t cdng nghi phdng ngCra chiy nil sinh cua md than Hi Thiin • Khe Chuii D l tdi d p B|.
3. A.S. Chumak, (2001). Prevention of Spon- taneopus combustion fires by directed nitrogen supply Proceeding of the 7th international mine ventilation congress, June 17-22, Crakow, Poland.
4. Andrzej Struminki, (1996) ChSng chiy trong md than siu, (Tilng Ba Lan)
5. Sapporo Mine Safety and Inspection De- partment (1987) Coal Mine Inspection Manual April (Tilng Nh|t)
6. Takehiro Isei, Le Trung Tuyen, Prevention of Spontaneous Combustion
KHCNM S 6 4/2016 * AN T0,4N MO
