NGHIEN c a u - T R A O DOI
Tdi NHijiN HOI LO - SO SANH GlOfA BO LUAT HJNH S U V I I T NAM
Vdl L U A T HJNH SU Nl/dC NGOAI VA PHAP LUAT QUOC TE
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ghign ciru quy dinh ciia Bd luat hinh sy (BLHS) Viet Nam vg tdi nhdn hdi lg trong sy so sanh vdi Cdng udc cua Lidn hgp quoc ve phdng chdng tham nhiing va phdp ludt hinh sy mdt sd nudc tren the gidi de danh gia BLHS ciing nhu hgc hdi kinh nghiem lap phap hinh sy cua qude td Id hudng di phu hgp va can thiet. Theo dd, tae gia bai vidt tap trung so sanh tdi nhan hdi Id theo ludt hinh sy Viet Nam vd theo ludt hinh sy mpt sd qude gia khac ciing nhu theo Cdng udc vg phdng chdng tham nhung cua Lien hgp qude qua cdc ndi dung sau:1. Ve chu the ciia tpi nhan boi 1$
BLHS Viet Nam quy dinh tgi nhdn hdi Id lai Digu 279. Trong do, dieu ludt khdng tryc liep quy dinh cac ddu hieu cua chu the ma chi quy dinh "ngu&i ndo lgi dung chiec vu quyen hgn...'- O ddy, ddu hidu "lgi dyng chdc vy, quygn ban" gidn tigp phdn dnh digu ki?n cua chii thd. Theo dd, chi ngudi cd chuc vy, quyen ban mdi cd the lgi dung chdc vu quyen han va mdi ed kha nang trd thanh chii thg cua tdi nhdn hdi Id. Theo Didu 277 BLHS Viet Nam thi ngudi cd chuc vu "la ngu&i do bo nhi^m, do bdu cu. do hgp dong hodc do mpt hinh thirc khde, co hu&ng luang hodc khong huang luang, dugc giao thirc hi^n mpt cong vu nhdt djnh vd co quyin hgn nhdt djnh trong khi thuc hiin cong vu";
khodn 3 Digu 1 Ludt phdng chdng tham
NGUYiN THANH TAN * nhiing ciing ndu ro: ngudi cd chdc vu quygn ban bao gdm: "a) Cdn bp, cong chiec, vien chirc; b) ST quan, qudn nhdn chiryin nghiip, cong nhdn quoc phdng trong ca quan, dan vi thupc Qudn dpi nhdn ddn; sT quan, hg si quan nghiip vu, sT quan, hg sT quan chuyen mon-ki thudt trong ca quan,- dan vi thuoc Cong an nhdn ddn; c) Cdn bp Idnh dgo, qudn li trong doanh nghiip cita Nhd nu&c;
cdn bp lanh dgo, qudn li Id ngudi dgi diin phdn von gop cua Nhd nuac tgi doanh nghiip; d) Nguai dugc giao thuc hiin nhiem vu, cong vu CO quyen hgn trong khi thuc hiin nhiem vu, cong vu do". Nhu vdy, chi cd nhdng ddi tugng duoc ngu trgn mdi cd kha ndng trd thdnh chu thg cua tdi nhan hdi Id.
So sdnh vdn de chu thd cua tdi nhdn hdi Id theo BLHS Viet Nam vdi phap luat qude Id vd ludt hinh sy mdt sd qude gia khac, tac gid thdy rang:
Ludt hinh sy mdt sd qude gia khae va phdp luat qude tg quy dinh hai loai chu thg cua tdi nhdn hdi Id. Dd Id thg nhan va Id chuc, cu thg:
- Vg chii thg tdi nhan hdi Id la thg nhan Viec quy dinh thg nhan Id chii thg cua tdi nhdn hdi Id dugc ludt hyih su mdt sd qude gia khde vd phap ludt qude tg quy dinh rigng
* Nghien cim sinh tai Dai hpe kinh te vd chinh phdp Trung Nam, Vu Hdn, Trung Qu6c
TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 4/2013
NGHIEN cuu-TRAO DOI biet gida khu vuc cdng va khu vyc tu.
Trong khu vyc cdng, luat hinh su mdt sd qude gia khde va phap ludt qude td quy dinh ehu thg cua tdi nhdn hdi Id bao gdm:
Mpt la cdng chde: Luat hinh sy mdt sd quoc gia nhu Cdng hod lien bang Due (CHLB Due), Italia, Lien bang Nga, Hoa Ky, Nhdt Ban, Singapore...*"' ciing nhu Cdng udc cua Lien hgp quoc vd phdng chdng tham nhiing*^' tryc tigp quy dinh chu thg cua tgi nhdn hdi lg la cdng chuc. Tuy nhign, sy bigu dat khai niem cdng chuc trong luat phdp cua eac qude gia ndy va Cdng udc cua Lign hgp qude vd phdng chdng tham nhiing co sy khdng gidng nhau. Vi du, digm 2 khodn 1 Digu 11 BLHS CHLB Due giai thich "cdng chuc" bao gdm:
Quan chuc, tham phdn; nhiing ngudi khac lam viec cd lign quan dgn chuc vu do phap luat quy dinh; nhiing ngudi khac dugc tuygn vao lam viec trong co quan hanh chinli hodc CO quan khac hoac nhiing ngudi dugc liy nhiem; Dieu 7 BLHS Nhat Ban gidi thich
"cdng chuc" Id nhdn vien co quan nha nudc hoae doan thg cua quoc gia hoac dia phuong vd nliung ngudi thyc ihi cdng vy khac theo quy dinh cua phap luat, nhu nghi vien, uy vien hoac nhan vign khac; diem a Digu 2 Cdng udc ciia Lign hgp qude vg phong chdng tham nhung gidi thich "cdng chdc" cd nghTa la: "(i) bdl ki ngicdi ndo giir chiec vu vi lap phdp, hanh phdp hodc tu phdp cua mpt quoc gia thdnh vien do dugc bau hay bd nhiem, ldm viec khong thai hgn hodc co thai hgn. dugc trd luang hay khong dugc trd lirang, bdl ke cdp bdc cua ngu&i do; (ii) bdt ki nguai nao thuc hien chiec ndng nha nu&c, ke ca cho ca quan hay doanh nghiep nhd
nu&c, hodc cung cdp mpt dich vit cdng, theo quy dinh trong phdp lugt quoc gia cua quoc gia thdnh viin vd dugc dp dung trong ITnh vuc phdp ludt lien quan cua quoc gia thdnh vien do; (iii) bdt kl ngu&i ndo dugc dinh nghTa Id "cdng chiec" trong phdp ludt quoc gia". Qua day cd thd nhdn thay, khai niem cdng chdc trong phdp luat cua cac qude gia va phap ludt qude td deu the hien ddc digm chimg la clil nhiing ngudi thuc hien chdc ndng nha nudc hay cimg cap mdt dich vu edng. Ciing co quoc gia khdng tryc tigp quy dinh chu the cua tgi nhan hdi Id la cdng chdc nhung dgu the hien la nhimg ngudi thue hien chuc nang nha nudc hay cung cap dich vu cdng, nhu Thyy Didn, Trung Qude...'^* Vidu, ludt hinh sy Thuy Dien tuy khdng tryc tigp quy dinh chu the cua tdi nhan hdi Ip la cdng chirc ma quy dinh la "nhan vien" nhung theo giai thich thi dien ddi tugng thudc pham vi
"nhan vidn" cdng tuong duong vdi khai niem edng chdc.*'*' Didu dang chii y Id ngoai cdng chuc duong nhigm thi luat hinh sy ciia mdt sd quoc gia cdn quy dinh ngudi se trd thanh cdng chuc (Hoa Ky, Nhdt Ban, Singapore) vd ngudi da thdi cdng ehdc (Nhat Bdn) ciing cd thd trd thanh chu thg cua loai tgi pham nay.
Hai Id ngudi dugc uy quygn thyc hien nhiem vu cdng vu. Quy dinh theo hudng nay cd ludt hinh sy cua Thuy Dien, Singapore;*
Ba Id cdng chdc nudc ngoai vd cdng chuc cua td chuc qude td. Quy dinh theo hudng nay cd lual hinh sy cua CHLB Die, Italia, Thuy Dien vd Cdng udc cua Lien hop quoc ve phong chdng tham nhiing;*^'
Bon Id trgng tai vien va nhung ngudi
NGHIEN CUU -TRAO DOI
thyc thi cdng vu theo luat dinh. Quy dinh theo hudng ndy cd luat hinh sy cua CHLB Dire, Thuy Didn.*'*
Trong khu vuc tu, luat hinh su mgt sd quoc gia khde vd Cdng udc ciia Lien hgp qude ve phdng chdng tham nhiing quy dinh ehii the cua tdi nhdn hdi lg bao gdm:
Mot Id nhOng ngudi gid chuc danh qudn Ii, dieu hdnh td chuc thudc khu vye tu. Quy dinh theo hudng nay cd ludt hinh sy cua Lign bang Nga, Hoa Ky, Nhat Ban va Cdng udc cua Lign hgp qude ve phdng ehdng tham nhiing;*^' Hai la nhiing ngudi lam viec trong td ehdc thugc khu vyc tu. Quy dinh theo hudng nay cd luat hinh sy cua CHLB Ddc, Hoa Ky, Trung Qude vd Cdng udc ciia Lidn hgp quoc vg phdng chdng tham nhung;* '
Ba la ngudi dai di$n hoac duge iiy quyen thyc hien giao dich thuang mai hodc boat dpng khac. Quy dinh theo hudng nay cd lual hinh su ciia CHLB Due, Thuy Dign, Hoa Ky, Nhat Ban, Singapore;*"^'
Bdn Id nhQng ngudi khde (da nhdn lgi ich trong giao dieh thuong mai). Quy dinh theo hudng nay cd luat hinh sy ciia CHLB Ddc, Hoa Ky, Singapore;*"'
Ndm la nhimg ngudi ldm viee trong cae td chuc khac. Quy dinh theo hudng nay cd lu^t hinh sy ciia Trung Qude (theo van ban gidi thich ludt ciia Trung Qude thi td chdc khde d ddy dugc hidu la cdc don vi cd tinh td chdc nhu don vj sy nghiep, doan thg xa hpi, ban quan li thdn, ban qudn li Idiu phd, td nhdm trong thdn, don vi td chuc thi ddu the thao, bigu dien vdn nghe hoae cdc td chdc cd tinh phi td chuc nhu nhdm qudn li quy, dpi cdngtrinh);*'^'
Sdu Id nhung ngudi khde theo quy dinh cua phdp ludt, nhu tu van vidn phap luat, kidm todn vign, digu tra vien, thdm tra vien, gidm sat vign... (Nhdt Bdn) hoac luat su (Hoa Ky).
- Vg chu thg tgi nhan hdi Id Id td chuc Trong sd khdng nhigu qude gia quy djnh td chuc (hodc phdp nhan) cd thd la chu thg cua tgi nhdn hdi Id cd Trung Qude. Digu 387 BLHS nudc ndy quy dinh td chuc cd the Id chu the cua tdi nhdn hdi Id bao gdm co quan nhd nudc, doanh ngiiiep nha nude, cdng ti nha nude, dan vi sy nghiep, doan the nhdn dan.*'"*' Nhu vay, cd digm khac biet Idn trong ki thudt lap phap hinh sy cua Viet Nam so vdi luat hinh sy mdt sd qude gia khac va Cdng udc cua Lien hgp qude vg phdng chdng tham nhiing d chd luat hinh sy mdt sd qude gia khac va Cdng udc ciia Lign hgp qude vg phdng chdng tham nhiing deu quy djnh ro pham vi chii thg trong digu luat quy dinh ve tdi nhdn hdi Id. Ngodi ra, Viet Nam ciing chua tdi pham hod hdnh vi nhan hdi Id trong khu vyc lu trong khi d Viet Nam da xudt hien hanh vi nhdn hdi Id d khu vyc tu vdi tinh nguy hiem cho xa hdi khdng kem hanh vi nhdn hdi Id trong Idiu vyc cdng. Cdc hanh vi nhan hdi lg nay cung xam pham dgn trat ty qudn li kinh lg ciia qude gia, anh hudng dgn viec canh Iranh lanh manh trong ngn kinh te thi trudng va ciing anh hudng trye tigp den Igi ich ciia cae phap nhan va lgi ich hgp phdp khae ed lien quan trong khu vyc lu. Quy dinh ciia BLHS Viet Nam vg chu thg ciia tdi pham da bd Igt nhiing ddi tugng pham tdi dang bi truy edu trach nhiem hinh sy. Do vdy, Viet Nam ngn nghign cuu, hgc tap nhung kinh nghiem trong Idp phap hinh sy ciia thg gidi dg timg
TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 4/2013
NGHIEN CCfU - TRAO DOI
budc hoan thien quy dinh cua luat hinh sy vg chu the cua tdi nhan hdi Id.
2. Ve hanh vi khach quan
BLHS Viet Nam quy dinh hanh vi khach quan cua tgi nhan hdi Id tai Didu 279 la:
"Lgi dung chiec vu quyin hgn, true tiep hodc qua trung gian da nhgn hodc se nhdn tien, ldi sdn hogc lgi ich vgl chdt khac du&i bdt ki hinh thuc ndo. . de ldm hodc khong ldm mot viec vi lgi ich hodc theo yeu cdu cua nguai dua hdi lo". Trong do, lgi dung chdc vu quyen han dugc higu Id trudng hgp ngudi cd chuc vu hoac tuy khdng cd chuc vu nhung cd quygn ban khi dugc giao thyc hien cdng viec nhat dinh da su dyng quyen ban trong vi tri cdng tac cua minh dg Iam hoac khdng Iam mgt viec vi lgi ich hoac theo yeu cdu cua ngudi dua bdi Id. Hanh vi nhan cua hdi Id (tign, tai san hoac lgi ich vat chat khac) cd thg la tryc tiep hoac qua khau trung gian va dugc thyc hien trudc khi hoac sau khi chu thg thyc hien hanh vi vi lgi ich hoac theo yeu cdu ciia ben dua.
So sanh each quy djnh nay vdi each quy dinh ciia Cdng udc cua Lien hgp qude ve phong chdng tham nhiing va luat hinh sy mdt sd quoc gia khac thay rang kT thuat lap phap khi quy djnh vg hanh vi khach quan cua tgi nhan hdi Id trong luat hinh su Viet Nam vua cd diem tuong dcng va vua cd sy khac biet vdi Cdng ude eiia Lign hgp qude vg phong chdng tham nhung va luat hinh sy cua yidt sd quoc gia khae. Trudc hgt cd thg khai quat dac diem ehung cua hanh vi khach quan cua tdi nhan hdi Id dugc the hien trong Cdng udc ciia Lien hgp qude vg phdng chdng tham nhung va trong luat hinh sy mot sd quoc gia khac nhu sau:
Thir nhdt, hdnh vi khach quan cua tdi nhan hdi Id trong khu vyc cdng vd khu vuc tu ddu dugc quy dinh gan vdi hanh vi thuc hien hodc khdng thuc hien hdnh vi chuc vu.
Trong do, ehdc vu ddi vdi khu vue cdng dugc dung dd chi vi tri cdng tac cua cdng chde theo quy dinh cua phap luat va ed pham vi quydn ban nhat dinh, nhu lanh dao, quan Ii digu hanh, giam sat, tryc tiep thyc hien hanh vi cdng vu... Luat liinh sy cua da sd quoc gia va Cdng udc cua Lien hgp qude vg phdng chdng tham nhung deu quy dinh cu the ve hanh vi chdc vu la dang bidu hien trong hanh vi khach quan cua tgi nhan hdi Id trong khu vuc cdng.''''* Trong khu vyc tu, hdnh vi chdc vu eung dugc ludt hinh su cua mgt sd quoc gia quy dinh nhu Hoa Ky, Thuy Dign, Nga, Nhat Ban, Singapore, Trung Quoc...,* '^' ti-ong do chuc vu trong khu vye tu dugc hieu khdng lien quan den quyen Iyc nha nudc ma dugc higu la vi tri cdng tac nhat dinh trong cac td chdc thugc khu vyc tu.
Thu hai, Cdng udc cua Lien hgp qude ve phdng chdng tham nhiing va luat hinh sy cua , da sd cac qude gia dgu quy dinh viec nhdn hoi Id dugc thyc hidn thdng qua cdc dang hanh vi cu thg. Trong do, hanh vi nhan Igi ich mot each true tiep hoac gian tigp chi la mgt dang.
Bgn canh do con c6 dang khac la hdnh vi chu ddng "doi" lgi ich vat ehat va hanh vi ndy cung cd the dugc thyc hidn dudi hai iiinh thitc la tryc tiep hoac gian tidp (CHLB Due, Thuy Dien, N^a, Hoa Ky, Nhat Ban, Singapore, Trung Qude vd Cdng udc eua Lidn hgp quoc vg phdng chdng tham nhiing...)*'^*. Ngoai ra, hanh vi thoa thudn se dua - nhan Igi ich vat chat (ddng y nhan hdi Id) ciing dugc phdn anh
NGHIEN CUU-TRAO DOI
la mdt dang hdnh vi cy thg ciia tdi nhan hdi Id trong ludt hinh sy cua khdng it qude gia, nhu CHLB Due, Italia, Thuy Didn, Hoa Ky, Nhdt Ban, Singapore...'"' Ca biet cd quoc gia edn quy dinh hanh vi ep budc, du dd dua hdi lg ciing Id dang hanh vi cu thg cua tdi nhan hdi lg, nhu ludt hinh su Italia;.. .*'^'
Tu phan tich trdn, cd thd nit ra mdt sd nhdn xet ed tinh so sanh gida ludt hinh sy Viet Nam vdi Cdng udc ciia Lidn hgp quoc vg phdng chdng tham nhiing va ludt hinh sy cac qude gia khac khi quy dinh vg hdnh vi khach quan cua tgi nhdn hdi Id nhu sau:
Mdt la tat cd ddu quy dinh hdnh vi chdc vu khi md ta hanh vi khach quan ciia tpi nhan hdi Id, tuy nhign each thg hien hanh vi chuc vy trong ludt hinh sy ciia Viet Nam cd digm khac Id nhan manh dau hieu "lgi dung chdc vu quygn ban";
Hai la tdt cd deu thda nhan hai dang hanh vi cu thg cua hdnh vi khach quan cua tdi nhan hdi Id la hanh vi "nhan" va hanh vi
"ihod thudn" se "nhdn", tuy nhien, trong BLHS Viet Nam, hdnh vi ndy chi dugc diln dat la "se nhan", ma khdng thg hien dugc hanh vi thyc d ddy phai la hanh vi thoa thuan hodc ddng y "nhdn" nhu ludt hinh su cua mpt sd qude gia khac;
Ba la Cdng udc cua Lign hgp qude ve phdng chdng tham nhung va ludt hinh sy cac qude gia khde deu coi hdnh vi "ddi" hdi Id Id dang cu thd ciia hdnh vi nhan hdi Id cdn luat hinh sy Viel Nam Iai quy dinh hanh vi "ddi"
Id ddu hjfu thugc cau ihanh tpi pham tang nang;
Bon lu Cdng udc ciia Lign hgp qude vd phdng chdng tham nhung vd luat hinh sy cac qude gia khac deu quy dinh ro rang
hdnh vi nhdn hdi Id trong khu vuc tu cdn ludt hinh sy Viet Nam chua cd quy dinh ro rang vg van de nay;
Ndm la luat hiih su mdt sd qude gia cdn thda nhan mdt sd dang hdnh vi cy thg khae cua hdnh vi nhan hdi Id Id hanh vi cudng ep, du dd dua hdi Id va nhiing dang hdnh vi nay ehua dugc the hien trong ludt hinh sy Viet Nam;
Sdu Id luat hinh sy Viet Nam khi quy dinh gid tri tdi tliigu ciia lgi ich vat chdt (hai trieu ddng) cung cho phep sd dung tinh ligt xdu vg nhdn than (da bj xd Ii ki luat...; dd bi kgt an...) thay thg cho gid tri ldi thieu nay (lgi ich vat chat luy dudi muc hai trieu ddng nhung hanh vi nhan hdi lg vdn cau thanh ldi neu ehu thg da bi xu Ii ki luat vg hanh vi nhan hdi Id hoac da bi kgt an ve mdt trong cac tgi pham ve tham nhung,,.), Vdn de nay khdng dugc dat ra trong Cdng udc cua Lien hgp quoc vg phdng chdng tham nhung cung nhu trong lual hinh su cac qude gia khac,
3. Ve noi dung hoi lo
Luat hinh su Viet Nam quy dinh ndi dung hdi Id cua tdi nhan hdi Id bao gdm;
"tign, tdi san hoae lgi ich vdt chal khac (cd gia tri Id hai trieu ddng trd len)". Vdi quy djnh ndy, lual hinh sy Viet Nam da gidi han ndi dung hdi Id chi gdm cac ddi lugng cd gid In vat chdt; cac ddi lugng ihudc gia tri phi vat chdt khdng dugc coi la "ciia hdi Id". Ludt hinh sy Viet Nam cung quy dinh "ciia hdi Id" phdi cd gia tri tdi thigu la hai trieu ddng.
Ludt hinh sy mdt sd qude gia khde va Cdng udc ciia Lien hgp qude vg phdng chdng tham nhung quy djnh ndi dung hdi Ip cd thg theo ba nhdm:
TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 4/2013
NGHIEN ClJu - TRAO DOI
Thic nhdt, ndi dung hdi Id chi bao gdm cdc "gid tri vat chit" nhu quy dinh cua Viet Nam, cd nghTa la chi bao gdm nhiing gia tri cd thd quy ddi thanh tign (vat chdt). Dai didn cho hudng lap phdp nay cd Nga, Trung Qude*
Thic hai, ndi dung hdi Id la "lgi ich khdng chinh ddng", nghia Id bao gdm ca lgi ich vat chdt va Ipi ich tinh than va cdc lgi ich nay dugc xac dinh ta khong chinh ddng vi cd dugc bang thii doan khdng hgp phap. Dai dien cho hudng lap phap nay cd Thuy Dign, Cdng udc cua Lidn hgp quoc vg phdng chdng tham nhdng.'^'^' Trong do, luat hinh sy Thyy Dien quy dinh gian tigp la "bdo dap tchdng chinh dang" vd dugc gidi thich la nhiing lgi ich khdng chinh dang.*
Thie ba, ndi dung hdi lg la "Igi ich", nghTa Id bao gdm ca lgi ich vat chdt vd lgi ich tinh than nhung khdng doi hdi Igi ich do c6 dugc la hgp phap hay khdng hgp phap, Dai dien cho hudng lap phap nay ed CHLB Ddc, Italia, Hoa Ky, Nhdl Ban, Singapore.*^^' 4. PhiTffng hu-dDg hoan thien quy dinh cija luat hmh sir Viet Nam ve toi nhan hoi lo
Qua nghign cdu quy dinh cua Bd luat hinh sy Viet Nam vg hdnh vi cua tgi nhdn hdi Id tac gia cd mdt sd nhan xet va kien nghi:
Thic nhdl, viec quy dinh dau hieu "Igi dung chdc vu, quygn ban" trong digu ludt la khdng can thidt. Dudi gdc dp ngudi thuc hien hdnh vi nhdn hdi lg, khi nhan hdi Id khdng suy nghT dgn viec minh se lgi dung chdc vu quygn ban nhu thg nao, ma chi tinh den viec lam thg nao dg thyc hien hoae khdng thuc hien hanh vi ehdc vy. Dudi gdc do phuong thuc thuc hien thi "lgi dung chuc vy quygn han" bao gdm hai Ioai, mdt la true tiep Igi dung chinh chuc vu, quygn ban cua
ban than trong thyc hien hanh vi cdng vu;
hai la gian tidp lgi dung anh hudng tu chuc vu, quydn han cda minh ddi vdi ngudi khac dg kliidn ngudi do khi thuc hien hdnh vi cdng vu dap ung ygu cau hodc muc dich cua ngudi dua hdi Id. Trong trudng hgp gian tigp lgi dyng chdc vu, quydn han, BLHS da c6 didu luat quy dinh vd "tdi Igi dung chdc vu, quygn ban gay dnh hudng doi vdi ngudi khac dg true Igi" (Didu 283). Nhu vay, viec quy dinh ddu hieu "Igi dung chuc vu, quygn ban" trong tgi nhan hdi Id cd su giao thoa vdi quy dinh cua digu luat nay. Tu dd se co dnh hudng nhdt dinh dgn viec dinh tdi trong thyc lien. Dudi gdc dd thyc tien, cac co quan tign hdnh td tyng khi chdng minh tdi nhan hdi Id chi can chdng minh cd hay khdng co viec nhan lgi ich vat chat dg thuc hien hoac khdng thyc hien hdnh vi chuc vu nhat dinh vi myc dich cua ngudi dua hodc ed hay khdng CO viec da thye hien hoac khdng thyc hien hanh vi chde vu nhdt dinh vi myc dich cua ngudi se dua Igi ieh vat chat. Tac gia cung cho rang vide chdng minh dau hieu "lgi dung chdc vu, quygn han" khdng cd y nghTa ddi vdi viec chung minh tdi pham, chi cdn co hanh vi nhan lgi ich vat chat (trude hoac sau khi thyc hien hodc khdng thuc hien mdt hanh vi ehdc vu ...) la du cdu thdnh tdi pham.
Do vay, trong luat hinh su mdt sd qude gia khac va Cdng udc cua Lign hgp qude ve phdng chdng tham nhiing khdng cd quy dinh tuong ty nhu vay.
Thu hai, dau hieu "lam hodc khdng Iam mdt viec vi lgi ich hoac theo yeu cau ciia ngudi dua hdi lg" cd ngoai dign rdt rpng, khdng chi bao hdm cdc hanh vi chdc vu lien quan den chuc trach, nhidm vu cua nguc"
NGHIEN CUu-TRAO DOI
nhdn hdi Id. Quy dinh nay cung ddng nghTa vdi viec ngudi nhan hdi Id vi mue dieh hodc ygu cau cua ngudi dua hdi Id ma Iam hodc khdng ldm mdt viec khdng thupc pham vi chuc vu, quygn ban cua minh. Quy dinh ndy dudng nhu khdng thdng nhdt vdi khdeh thg bi xam hai cua tgi pham nay la boat ddng binh thudng ciia ca quan, td chuc.
TTjii- ba, dau hieu "ddi" hdi Id dugc quy dinh la tinh tiet dinh khung tang nang chu khdng phdi Id mdt dang hdnh vi thudc cau thanh ldi pham co ban, trong khi nhidu qude gia vd Cdng udc cua Lidn hgp qude vg phdng chdng tham nhung deu quy dinh hdnh vi "ddi" hdi Id (hoac "yeu cdu" hdi Id) Id mdt dang hdnh vi khach quan trong cdu thdnh ldi ph^m CO ban.
Thu tu, ddu hieu "se nhan" dugc quy djnh trong digu luat ed ndi dung khdng ro rdng - la dau hieu phan anh hdnh vi khach quan eua tgi pham hay la phdn dnh y thuc chii quan cua ngudi nhdn hdi Id? Trong mdi quan he so sdnh vdi ddu hieu "da nhan" thi dau hieu "se nhdn" dudng nhu ciing phdn dnh hdnh vi khdeh quan. Mat khac, "se nhdn" Id hdnh ddng xay ra trong tuong lai va Id kgt qud eiia hanh vi cy thg dd thyc hien (thoa thudn, hda hen). Nhu vay, ddu hieu "se nhan" khdng thd phan anh hanh vi ciia tdi pham ma la phan anh y thdc chu quan cua ngudi nhan (dd dugc nhdn). So sdnh vdi phdp luEit cua mgt sd qude gia khde trgn the gidi dd dugc nghien cdu thi thay khdng cd quoc gia ndo su dung eym tu "se nhdn" dg md td hdnh vi cua tgi nh^n hdi lg, md thudng sd dyng cum tit khae nhung gdn nghTa vdi eym Id "sg nhdn" Id "hda hen" (hodc "giao udc") nhu luat hinh sy Hoa Ky, Nhat Bdn...
Nhu vdy, neu thay cum tu "se nhdn" bang cum td "hda hen" se lam eho quy djnh cua BLHS trd ndn ro nghia hon.
Thic nam, ve ndi dung hdi Id, BLHS Viet Nam quy dinh ddi tugng cua hanh vi nhan chi gdm cac ddi tugng cd gia tri vat chdt vd do vay, trong li luan da dimg khai nidm chung chi cdc ddi tugng nhdn la "cua hdi Id".
Theo dd, hdnh vi nhdn cdc gid tri phi vdt chdt khdng thudc pham vi cac hanh vi nhan hdi Id.
Digu nay khdng phu hgp vdi xu hudng chung cua luat hinh su trgn thg gidi hien nay va ciing khdng phu hgp vdi tinh hinh thuc Id cua Viet Nam.
Qua sy so sdnh va phan tich trgn, tac gia dg xuat mdt sd y kign gdp phdn hoan thien quy dinh cua BLHS Viet Nam vg tdi nhdn hdi Id nhu sau:
Thie nhdt, ndn hoan thien quy dinh vg chu thg tdi nhdn hdi Id theo hudng liet ke rd rdng, cu thg cac loai ngudi cd thg la chu the cua tdi nhan hdi Id. Trong dd can bd sung nhdm chu the cua tdi nhan hdi Id thudc khu vuc lu.
Thu hai, nen thay ddu hieu "se nhdn"
bang ddu hieu "thoa thuan" dg tu dd cd thg md la cac dang hanh vi khach quan cua lpi nhdn hdi Id mdt cdch rd rdng: Nhdn...; ygu cau dua... vd thod thuan...
Thii ba, ngn md rdng pham vi ndi dung hdi Id theo hudng quy dinh ddi tugng nhdn bao gdm tdt ca cac "lgi ich" - lgi ich vg v^l chdt va Iai ich vg tinh than./.
(l).Xem: Cdc difiu 332, 335 BLHS CHLB DCtc, cdc dieu 317, 318, 319, 319-3, 320, 322-2 BLHS Italia;
Dieu 290 BLHS Lien bang Nga; Dieu 201 Ludt h6i 10 Hoa Ky; cdc di^u 197, 197-3, 197-4 BLHS Nh^t Bdn;
Dieu 161 BLHS Singapore.
(2).Xem: Di^u 16 Cong udc cua Li^n hpp qufic vk ph6ng
TAP CHl LUAT HQC S O 4 / 2 0 1 3
UGHIEM Cnn • itJVO DOI
chong tham nhiing.
(3).Xem: DiSu 2 Chuong 20 BLHS Thuy Di^n; cac di^ii 385, 388 BLHS Trung Qu6c.
(4).Xem: Dao Le Thu, Cdc tgi phgm vi hdi Id Iheo ludl hinh su Viet Nam trong su so sdnh vdi lugt hinh sy Thuy Dien vd Australia", Luan an tifin sT luat hoc, Truong Dai hoc Luat Ha Npi, 2011, tr. 125.
15),Xem: Dilu 2 BLHS Thuy Diln; Dilu 161 BLHS Singapore.
(6) Xem, Cdc dilu 332, 335 BLHS CHLB Due; cdc dilu 317. 318, 319, 319-3. 320, 322-2 BLHS Italia;
Dilu 2 Chuong 20 BLHS Thuy Dtln; Dilu 16 Cong uoc ciia Lien hgp quoc ve phong chong tham nhiJng.
(7) Xem: Cac dilu 332, 335 BLHS CHLB Due; Dilu 2 BLHS Thuy Dien.
(8),Xem: Dieu 204 BLHS Lien bang Nga; Dilu 4 Luat phong chong d6c quyen Hoa Ky; Dieu 2 Ludt cam doc quyen Hoa Ky; Ludt phong chong nhan tien hoa hong vd qua tdng trong giao dich lien hang Hoa Ky; cdc dieu 493, 494 Luat thuong mai Nhat Ban; Di^u 21 C6ng uac cua Lien hop quoc ve phong chong tham nhung.
(9) Xem' Cac dilu 299, 300 BLHS CHLB Dire; Dilu 4 Luat ph6ng chong dpc quyen Hoa Ky; Dieu 2 Ludt cdm dpc quyen Hoa Ky; Ludl phong chong nhan tien hoa hong va qua tang trong giao dich liln hang Hoa Ky, cac dilu 163. 184 BLHS Trung Qu6c; Dilu 21 Cong uoc cua Lien hgp quoc v l ph6ng ching tham nhung.
(lO).Xem: Cdc dilu 299, 300 .BLHS CHLB Due;
Dilu 2 Chuong 20 BLHS Thuy Dien; Dilu 4 Luat phong chong dgc quyin Hoa Ky; Dilu 2 Luat cdm dpc quyen Hoa Ky; Luat phong ch6ng nhan tiln hoa hong vd qua tang trong giao dich tiln hang Hoa Ky;
cac dieu 493. 494 Luat thuong mai Nhat Ban vd cdc lual hinh su neng le Nhat Ban; cac dilu 5, 6, 11 Luat phong chong hoi lg Singapore ..
(11 ).Xem; Cac dilu 299, 300 BLHS CHLB Due; Dilu 4 Luat phong chong dpc quyin Hoa Ky; Dilu 2 Lual cam doc quyen Hoa Ky; Ludt phong chong nhdn tien hoa hong va qua ldng trong giao dich tiln hang Hoa Ky; cdc dieu 5, 6 Ludt phong chong hoi ig Singapore.
(12).Xem: Tod an nhan dan toi cao Trung Quoc, Vien kiem sat nhan dan t6i cao Trung Quoc, "Y kien ve van de giai quyet an hoi 16 thuang mai", trong cu6n Ludl hinh su nhdl ban thong, Ly Lap Chiing, Nxb.
Phap luat Trung Quoc, 2011, tr, 157 (bdn tilng Trung).
(I3).Xem: Dilu 387 BLHS Trung Quoc.
(14).Xem: Dilm b Dilu 15, khoan 2 D i l u 16 Cong .uoc cua Lien hgp qu6c ve ph6ng ch6ng tham nhung.
(15).Xem: Dilu 4 Luat phong ch6ng d6c quyin Hoa K.y; Dilu 2 Luat cdm d6c quyin Hoa KJ; Luat ph6ng ch6ng nhan tiln hoa h i n g vd qud tdng trong giao djcli tiln hang Hoa Ky; Dilu 2 Chuang 20 BLHS Thuy Diln; Dilu 204 BLHS Lian bang Nga; cdc dilu 493, 494 Luat thuang mai Nhat Ban; cdc dilu 5, 6 Lu^t phong ch6ng h6i Ip Singapore; cac dieu 163, 184 BLHS Trung Qu6c.
(l6).Xem: Cdc dilu 332, 335 BLHS CHLB Due; Bi^u 2 Chuang 20 BLHS Thyy Diln; Dilu 290 BLHS Li&i bang Nga; Dilu 201 Luat hoi lg Hoa Ky; cdc dieu 197, 197-3, 197-4 BLHS Nhdt Bdn, Dilu 161 BLHS Singapore; Diem b Dieu 15, khoan 2 DiSu 16 Cong uoc cua Lien hgp quoc ve phong chong tham nhiing., (17) Xem: Cac dieu 3 3 2 , 335 B L H S CHLB Dire;
cac d i l u 317, 318, 319, 319-3, 320, 322-2 BLHS Italia; D i l u 2 C h u o n g 20 B L H S Thuy Diln; Dilu 201 Lu0t hdi 16 Hoa Ky; cac d i l u 197, 197-3, 197-4 B L H S Nhat Ban.
(IS).Xem: Dilu 117 BLHS Italia.
(19).Xem: Cdc dilu 204, 290 BLHS Lien bang Nga;
Dilu 385 BLHS Trung Qu6c; ngdy 20/11/2008, Toi an nhan dan loi cao Trung Qu6c, Vien kiem sdt nhSn dan toi cao Trung Qu6c ban hanh "Mpt s6 y kiln ve ap dung phap ludt trong xir li an hinh su h6i 16 thircmg mai", trong do giai thich: "tdi sdn irong hdi Id thuang mgi bao gom tien, vdl vd loi ich cd tinh ldi sdn khac cd the thi quy dot ra tiin ". Xem: Ly Lap Chung, luql hinh su nhdl bdn thdng, Nxb. Phdp ludt Trung Quoc, 2 0 i l , t r . 157, 159 (ban tilng Trung)-
(20).Xem: Dilu 15 C6ng uoc ciia Lien hgp quic ve phong chong tham nhung.
(21).Xem. Dao Le Thu, Cdc tgi pham vi hdi lg liieo ludl hinh su Viit Nam trong su so sdnh vdi ludt hinh su Thyy Dien vd Australia, Luan dn tiln sT iuat li^c, Truong Dai hgc Luat Ha Npi, 2 0 ! 1, tr. 130.
(22).Xem: Cdc dilu 332, 335 BLHS CHLB Diic; cic dilu 317, 318, 319, 319-3, 320, 322-2 BLHS Italia, Dilu 201 Luat h6i 16 Hoa Ky; cdc d i l u 197, 197-3, 197-4 BLHS Nhdt Ban; Dilu 2 Ludt phong ching lili lg Singapore.
