30 CT. Tit / Tfp cbi Nghien cini Ntrfrc ngoii. Tfp 3t>. si 2 (202
GOC NHIN VE DAC DIEM NGON NGIT CUA LOAI Tir TIENG L A O
Cam Tu Tai"
Tru&ng Dgi hgc Ngogi ngU. Dgi hge Quoc gia Hd Ngi Phgm Vdn Dong. Cdu Gidy. Hd Ngi, I ipt Sam
Nhdn bai ngay 16 thdng 08 ndm 2019
Chinh sua ngay 22 Ihdng 09 ndm 2019; Chip nhdn dang ngdy 31 thang 03 ndm 2020
T6m tit: Lo^i rir Id mpt bg phdn ciia tir \-^In% co ban tieng Ldo. Chung Augc sii d\mg v(H tan sudl khd cao trong giao u^p diuong nhdt- Quan sat tir goc dp cdu true \a ngii nghia c6 thi giiip chiing ta thay dupc r6 nft Hon \'& sif hi?n di?n, chiing logi, chiic nSng ngO phap, khd ndng kk hgp ciia tir loai nay, d6ng thai cung nh§n bi£l dupc mpt s6 dac diim tri nhan va tu duy mang ban sdc vdn hoa ciia nguoi ddn Lao. Chiing toi hy vpng npi dung bai viit sfi g6p phan giiip dpc gia nhdn dien ve ddc diSm cua loai tir tieng Lao, vd c6 the g6p them tai li?u diam khao trong nghien ciiu ngon ngii, \^ hoa vd dgy hpc tieng Ldo nhu mpt ngoai ngii 6 Viet Nam.
Til khda: logi tir, tieng Ldo, vdn h6a bp tpc 1. Mo* dau
Dan so Lao co khodng 6,8 trieu nguoi, chii yeu sinh song tren ldnh tho Cong hoa Ddn chii Nhdn ddn Ldo, so it nguoi sinh song o mot so tinh phia Tay vd Tdy Bdc ciia Viet Nam, giap ranh voi bien gicri Ldo. Lao co ljch su vdn hoa ldu dcri, CO tifing noi vd chii viet thong nhat.
Tieng Lao thupc ngii he Thdi-Kadai, co nhieu ddc diem giong voi tieng Thai a Viet Nam, tieng Thai 6 viing Tdy Nam Trung Quoc, tieng Thdi Lan va tieng viing bang Shan a Mien Dien...
La logi hinh ngon ngu: don lap khong biin hinh, trdt tu tLi ddm nhi?m chiic nang quan trpng trong ngu phdp tieng Ldo. Loai tir trong tieng Lao vo ciing phong phu, chiing la mpt bp phdn ciia tir vimg CO ban vd duoc sit dung pho biin vcri tin suat khd cao trong giao tiep thuong nhdt. Quan sdt tir goc dp cau true va ngu nghia c6 thi giiip chiing ta thdy dupc ro net hon nhirng dac diim
\ e s\r hien dien, chung loai, chiic ndng ngir phap, ngii nghia, khd ndng ket hpp ciia lop tir loai na>'. dong thoi ciing nhan biet dupc mpt s6
DT. 84-982088718
Email: [email protected] / [email protected]
ddc diem tri nhan vd tu duy mang ban sdc cua ngutri dan Lao. 0 Viet Nam hien nay, chiing t6i van chira thay co nhieu nghien ciiu chuyen sdu ve loai tir tieng Lao, dac biet la nghien cuu doi chieu voi tieng Viet vd nghien ciiu iing dyng trong day hpc ngon ngu". Hy vong npi dung bai viet nay se gop phdn giup nhan di?n ro n^t hon ve ddc diem ciia loai tii tieng Ldo, va c6 the gop them tai lieu tham khao trong nghien cuu ngon ngu, van hoa va day hpc tieng Lao nhu mpt ngoai ngii a Viet Nam.
2. Dinh vi tir loai vd Phiromg phdp nghien cmi 2.1. Dinh vi lir logi
Ve van de xdc djnh ten ggi cho loai tii, cdc nhd nghien cuu da neu ra nhiiu ten gpi khdc nhau nhu tir chiing. thi hien tir, tit dinh tinh, danh tir dan vi. liin danh tif, ph^ danh lir, tir di dim, tir chi logi. phdn loai tif, danh tir loai the. logi tir... (Ta Vdn Thong, 2018) Neuvln Tai Cdn (1975) dd neu do la nhiing danh ttr chinh danh ldm trung tam cho danh ngG vd khong ldm gi c6 mot su khdc nha>, A- t - ve nga phap va ngii nghia giiia loai tit v' ' danh tir don vj.
Iff cM NgbKn c ^ Siritc ngoii, Tf p 36, So 2 (2020) 30-43 31 Nguyen Nhu Y (2003:133) da dinh nghia
logitirla "Cdc tir bfhu hda viy nghia tir vung
& muc dg khdc nhau ed tde dung xdc dinh su vgt do danh tir bieu thj hogc xdc dinh sir phu thugc cua mgt dan vf tir vung vdo phgm trii tU logi danh tir; cdn ggi Id danh tir logi the. Vi dy: cdi, chiic, con, tdm, buc, noi, niim, vi4e, cugc".
Theo Cao Xudn Hao (2006: 392), lo^i tir trong tieng Vi^t la nhihig danh tCr don vj ma
"danh tic dem v; Id nhiing danh tic chi nhiing hinh thue tdn tgi cua nhimg thuc the phdn lap trong khdng gian, trong th&i gian hay trong mgt chieu ndo khdc dugc hinh dung nhu gidng vdi khdng gian, co the duge tri gide tdeh ra khdi bdi cdnh vd khdi cdc thuc thi khdc".
Theo ong, vi Id hinh thtic, cho nen ngoai tinh phdn lgp ra nhiing vgt nay con co the co hinh thCi: vien thi tron vd nho, tdm thi rpng ma mong, thanh thi mdnh, ddi ma cung, xdp la mpt t^p hprp g6m nhiing vat mong vd mim xep lai thdnh hinh vuong viic md khong ddy ldm, chdng cung vdy nhung cao hon vd gom nhihig vgt cung hon, ddng la mot kh6i g6m nhihig v$t pha tgp hole Ipn xon va vo hinh thii hon niia,... (Nguyin Thi?n Giap, 2016: 262).
Nguyen Thi?n Giap (2016: 141) da dimg ten gpi "danh tir dan vi", "phd danh tir" de bieu dgt, theo ong "Logi danh tii chi nhung hinh ihuc tdn lgi cua cdc thuc thi phdn lap frong khong gian, trong th&i gian hay trong mqi chiiu ndo khde dugc hinh dung gidng viii
^dnggian, cd the duge tri gidc tdeh khdi bdi cdnh vd khdi cdc thuc thi khdc, ki ed thuc thi cimg ten, thi dy: con, edi, bd, ddy, ki, thu&e, yien,... Ndi cdch khde, danh tir dem vi Id logi danh tired thi dugc lugng hda bdng mot lugng ngU, tuc Id cd thi dgt mgt lugng ngU liin ngay cgnh nd. thi dy: hai con meo, ndm ki thit bd, tidy quyen sdeh, nhiing kidn bdm.... ". Sau do, Nguyen Thi?n Gidp (2016: 261) cung bdn luan toi ten gpi "logi tir" trong tieng \^et, "nhiing lit nhu: eon, edi, chiic, cue, hdn. vien,..."
tru&c ddy dugc nhieu nhd Viil ngd hge ggi Id loai tit vd eoi nhu mgt tir logi rieng ben cgnh danh tir. Loai lir thuang dugc xep vdo logi hu tir, nghta Id tic khdng cd y nghia tir vimg. di kem theo danh tir de phdn logi vd cd thi hda nd. Ngu&i ta khdng thi dich logi tir ra mgt tiing chdu A u nag dd. Tit do ddn din nhgn thuc rdng logi tit Id mgl tit logi dgc bi^t, khong phdi ngdn ngd ndo cung cd. Vd ed thi phdn logi cdc ngdn ngd thdnh ngdn ngu cd logi lir vd cde ngdn ngU khdng cd logi lit".
Le Ni La (2008: 79) khi bdn lugn vi logi tir trong tieng Viet trong cdch nguai Vi?t cau tnic hoa the gidri bdng ngon ngu' dd nhdn dinh: "logi tit la nhiing tit dugc tgo thdnh do phucmg thue ggi tin thuc thi cki dua tren mgt hinh thtic phdn lap eua nd ".
Vu Due Nghien (2001: 28) dd neu ",.. Sd- dyng cde lieu chi. thugc linh: dim duge (danh id dem vj) vd khong dim duge (danh lir khdi, chdt li^u) trong khi phdn bi^l. xdc dinh danh tit vd cdc lieu logi danh tit eua lieng Vi^t".
Phan Thi Ngpc Le (2017: 78) cung da diing chiic ndng ciia loai tu de khu bi^t ve danh tir dem dupc vd danh tu khong dem dupc trong tieng Viet vdi quan diem: "Khi ndi den danh tit dim duge Id ndi den khd ndng eua danh lir xudt hiin true liep sau sd tit sd dem chi sd xdc dinh; ngugc lgi, danh tit khdng dim dugc la nhiing danh tie khdng cd khd ndng xudt hiin true tiep sau so lir sd dim xdc djnh. Cd thi thdy 'logi tit + danh lit' la cdch phd biin nhdt di biin danh lit khdng dim duge thdnh danh lit dim duge trong lieng Flit. Vl du: - Cde danh tir dan logi: cd dimg logi ttr (mgt ngoi nhd, mdt vi hoa thugng ..) - Cdc danh tit khdng dan logi: kit hgp vai dan vf quy u&c (mgt can ggo, mdt cdc nu&c...) ".
Trdn Tri Doi vd Nguyen Vdn Hoa (2010:8) da coi logi tir xuat hien trong tieng Thai a Vi?t Nam la mpt tieu loai ciia danh tir, gpi Id "danh tit loai biet"', nic la co tOr chi logi dung truoc
C.T. Tii / Tf p chi Nghi&D cihi Nutrc ngoii, Tjip 3 6 . ' :,:o20)30-*2
nhu 'tn nj.' id mu con Ign ", "ail ."C i dn nung- mgl cdi "-TO no / khdng tdng- chiic ghi ".
Cam Tii Tai (2019: 2100) da d6ng > voi each sir dung ten gpi la loai tir trong tieng Thai o Viet Nam. d6ng thoi dd cdn cii theo khd ndng kit hpp dupc voi s6 tir de phdn biet ra do la logi tit, khong phai Id danh tir chi chiing loai vd tliu logi. Kit qud na\ da gop phdn dinh vi logi tit trong tiing Thai a Viet Nam.
Cdc nhd nghien ciiu ngon ngir Trung Quoc Uiuong dung ten gpi Id "lupng tir/fi is]". Trong cdc sdch ngu phdp tieng Han xudt bdn trudc ddy \on chua co khdi niem rieng vd khong coi no Id tir loai dpc lgp, nhu trong
"-^KS:3fi/ Md thi vdn thdng" (Ngir phdp ci dgi tiing Han) chi gpi la "ten gpi khdc co ghi s6/idS[:tSiJ^". Trong cu6n "BX^^
W qudc vdn phdp cdch sdng" (Cdi each ngii phdp qu6c vdn) ciia Trdn Thira Trgch/ %'^
^$gpi la "don vi bieu thi vi so l u o n g / ^ S g<j^{i" vd xep vdo tir logi danh tir. Cho den khi cu6n " S r ^ B S : i a ? i / Tan tru&e qudc vdn ngd phdp"" (Ngir phdp quoc van bien soan mcri)cua L e C d m H y / ? ^ ^ ^ dupc xudt ban mcri bdt ddu diing ten gpi Id "lupng tit/Mis]", nhung vdn xep vao tir loai so tir. Ke cd cuon
"•Hi§i§S5&/ Hdn ngU ngU phdp jir" (Lich sit ngu phdp tieng Hdn) ciia Vuong Luc/ i fi vdn coi day l a " ^ i ^ f K ] — ^ / mot tieu loai danh tir". Trong cu6n "4'ffl3tJ^!iB&/7rwng Qudc vdn phdp yeu lugc" (Nhiing diem quan trpng trong ngu phap Trung Quoc), La Thiic Tuong/n^jffi da dimg khdi niem " ^ { i i H ] / tir chi don vi", va cho rdng so tir khong thi true tiep ddt truoc danh tii. ma giiia chiing phdi diing them tir chi don vi. Tuy nhien, Ld Thiic Tuong van chua tach thdnh tir loai rieng, md \ep Id tir chi dinh. Trong cu6n "v3li«i«
^^^/ Hdn ngd ngd phdp ludn" (Ludn ban vi ngir phdp tieng Han) ciia Cao Minh Khdi/ i^
^ Witii loai na> moi dugc djnh vi tro thdnh tir logi dpc lap vd gpi ten la " S t f e i ^ / s6 vj tir:
tir dinh vj con so" vd dupc xep vdo tir loai hu
tvr. Din nam 1961, cu6n - a H ; ; ! ® ® * * iS/ffien dai Hdn ngu ngi phdp giang tho^
(Nhftng bii giang vi ngir phap tieng Han hi?n dji) ciia Dinh Thanh ThM/T^*^''* P " ^ chia tit trong titag Han thanh 10 loai, gom:
danh tir/ ^ i ^ . d i i i n l ftiij.sotir SSvJ, lining tit/ » i ? l , d 9 n g t i . stliS, hinh dimg tir/ J g § i f l , p h 6 t u / gljial, Wn tir/ j j l j , ngft khi tir/ igSdiil, tu?mg thanh tu/ » P iS|. Bat dau tu day, lupng til/ fti^mm tro thanh tir loji thuc tii dpc lap trong tieng Hfa.
Trong -mKUT^m*:/ Hien dai Han ngit tir dien" (Tir diSn Han ngu hien dai) (tii bin lin thir 5, trang 855) da djnh nghia nhu sau:
"Lir(mg lir: Id lir biiu Ihi dm vi nguai, vgt hodc dong Idc, nhu 'R/ xich, ^1 Ihon, 4 / ddu, n/ 111, fri cdn, H / Img, -h/ con, 9.1 chiic, %/ cdi, E / siic, # / chiic, %.! s(fi, W thdn, W mdnh, ^ / logi, MI cap, ^/ doi, W bQ, n/ Id, PA/ d^i, S / bdy, i * / ldn, H / ldn, W lu0, S / chuyin, ff/ Iran, t l / bira', v.v... luang tir thuang ditng cirng v&i so lir" {
«ial: * » A - »ftlS?!j<1=W*e6<li»l, n • R , - t . 4 . 3H-. ff. M- ^ - K . S , K .
# , *. s . ft. » , n.. n. m.
JT. PA.ffi. »;- 0, Ji, ffl, Pf, m: m. Misias
Doi voi loai tir trong tieng Lio, mpt so nha nghien cini ngon ngii da co nhihig npi dung giai thich lien quan vg tir loai nay til goc dp chiic nang ngii phap. Chjng han, Mahasali/_JJ£cn-l3iD"(1996: 20) da diing ten gpi " m s n s E U t u l u / tir mieu Id danh lir"
voi npi ham: mieu ta hinh dang, tieu chi tinh chit va dac trung cua danh tir de dinh nghia vS tir Ipai nay. Ten ggi " n ' l U l u u s n U c c u o / danh tir chi loaf cung dupc d6 cap dSn trong
"Tir diin true luyin Magic Via - ii,g __ yj^f H6 Tinh/ m» (2001: 57) da ggi !„,, ^ ,;<„„
lAoM-mitm.MVtm Huang,irldi biet, luvng tir hinh dang", vi tren co st, so
sinh til loai tieng Lao niy v6i r-i,. ..• , nguon goc trong tieng Choang, ,ij„g g i ^ °
TMI CU Nghien cnv Nirtrc ngoii, Tflp 36. So 2 (2020) 30-42 33
tiing Thdi, tieng Lam Cao, tac gia cting chi n nhitng n ^ meng dong va khac bi^t ve loai tir ciia nhiing ngon ngii ndy trong qud trinh phdt triin. Lu Wenjie (^X?^, 2012) tren ca so mieu td ddc diem ngO am, tir vung ciia tieng Ldo dd di sdu phdn tich vi 3 kieu loai loai tir tiing Ldo c6 nguon goc tu danh tir, dpng tir \ a dgi tii ciing cdc chuc ndng bieu thj ve chiing logi, don vj so lugrng, thai lupng, dung tich va tin sudt ciia cac logi tir tieng Ldo. Tac gia Cling dd tiin hdnh d6i chieu, chi ra net tuang ddng vd khac bi^t giila loai tir tieng Ldo vd tieng Hdn. Amphouvone Thongmanilay ( S ^ W, 2015) bdn lugn ve cdc kieu logi cdu true ciia logi tir tieng Lao dd chi ra vj tri khac nhau ciia chiing khi ket hgp v6i cdc tir logi khdc trong 8 to hgp cua logi tu mang tinh danh tir vd 516 hgp ciia loai tir mang tinh dpng tir.
Chiing ta c6 thi nh§n thdy, cho din nay, vi$c th6ng nhdt tifiu chi xdc dinh vd ten gpi chinh thiic cho tir logi nay vdn con van de can tiep tyc dupc ban luan vd nghien ciru. Trong bai viet ndy, theo cdch hieu ciia chiing toi thi tieu chi di nhgn di?n logi tii Id co the cdn cu vao kha nSng khu bi?t cua chiing ve chiing loai, hinh dgng, tieu chi, tinh chdt, ddc tnmg, so lupng don v], khoi lugng, dung tich cua vdt the, hien tirgng vd khdi ni?m. D6ng thai cung co the cdn cir vdo khd ndng ket hgp true tiip giira so tir voi danh tir de xac djnh sy chuyen logi thdnh togi tir, khong phdi Id danh tir chi chung loai, tieu logi, hojc chi dan vi do lucmg binh thuong.
Chiing toi s6 van dung ten gpi logi lit nhu lihieu nha nghien ciiu Viet Nam vdn dimg de luan ban ve cac npi dung lien quan.
2.2.Phuangphdp nghiin ciru (I) Phuang phdp xd li ngU lieu Chiing toi da tien hanh tra ciju cac sach cong cy, tu dien, sach tham khao, bai viet va mpt so tdi lieu lien quan khdc de thu thdp ngu li^u, di6ng kS vd phan loai loai tir trong tieng Uo.
{2)Phuangphdp phdn tieh mliu td Sau khi thu tfaap vd [^lan loai ngii lieu, chiing toi tien hanh phan ticfa mieu ta ve nguon goc, chiing logi, diiic ndng, kha ndng kit hpp ciia togi tir tieng Ldo. Bai canh do, chiing toi ciing sur dung dui p h ^ npi quan va ihii phdp phdn tich \ niem de phan doan, si^" luan nhdn di?n mgt so ddc diem tri nhdn qua loai tii trong tieng Lao.
(3)Phuang phdp so sdnh
Trong qua trinh phan tich vd mieu td ve cdc ddc diem ngon ngii ciia loai tu trong tiing Ldo, chiing toi co tien hdnh so sdnh ve chiic ndng ngii nghia ciia mpt so loai tir tieng Lao vai nhau de nhan dien ro net ban ve si/ khdc biet giiia cac logi tir nay.
2.3. NgU liiu khdo sdt
Bai viet sii dung ngii lieu trong "Tu dien Ldo - Viet" do Tran Kim Ldn bien sogn ndm 2009, mpt so bdi bao lien quan, "Tir dien true tuyen Magic Viet - Ldo - Viil", trang mang:
https://hoctienglao.vn de khao sdt. So li?u thong ke dupc khoang 270 loai tir.
3. Loai tir trong tieng Ldo 3.1. Ngudn gde
Trong tieng Lao, ngoai mpt so it logi tir chuyen biet ra, da phdn loai tir co nguon goc tir danh tir, mot so co nguon goc tir dgi tir va dpng tir. Chiing toi phan logi ra dupc 4 nhom chinh gom:
(l)G6c danh tii. Vidu:
(1) ceTEnJJinoa / ba bdt cam (2) Wtpncuu / sdu qud ddi (2) G6c dai tu. Vi du:
(3) ^*)E3^m^l«J=©^ /ndm v/ hda thugng (4) in'iuc^'Tcjjeoui'Jumy) / mgt v/
Chu Itch huyen (3) G6c dpng tii. Vidu:
(5) c ^ O ^ x n u s i JJ«WJ / ba nhum gao (6) CS^su&J^O / muai bd Ida
34 CT. Tii / Tfp chi Nghien cnn Nir*c ngoii. Tjp 36. Si 2 i^O^O) ^^
(4) \'a\ mupn ciia ngon ngv khdc. \'i dy:
(7) MTblJxCJDO / sdu met vdi Chiing toi thong ke theo nguon goc cac loai tir ciia tiing Lao trong bang duai day:
Bang 1. Bdng thong ke logi tii trong tieng Ldo
/ qua trdi", 'CUO/ hgt. hdt". -lo I con"
"GiJU, RU, o*), 05, OC) I cdi. con, chiee ".
TT 1 2 3 4
Loai tir Goc danh tir
Goc dai tir Goc dpng tir Goc vay mupn
Tong
Soluvng 228 tir
8ni 19 tir 15hi 270 tir
Ti le % 84,4%
2,9%
7.1%
5,6%
100%
So lieu thong ke cho thdy, trong tong so 270 logi tir, logi tir c6 goc danh tir la 228 tir, chiem ti le khd cao, tai 84,4%. Dieu ndy ciing phii hgp vcri th\rc tien sir dung chiing logi loai tit trong giao tiep tieng Ldo thuang nhdt. Tiep theo Id logi tir co goc dgng tu, so lupng khong nhieu, chi co 19/ 270 tir, chiim 7,1%. Loai tir c6 g6c vay mugn Id 15/ 270 tir, chiim 5,6%.
Xep cuoi la logi tir co goc dai tir, s6 lugng rat it, chi CO 08/ 270 tir, chiim 2,9%.
3.2 Phdn logi logi tic 3.2.1.Can cuvdo ngudn gdc Cdn cii rir ngufin g6c va phdn logi theo phuang phdp nhj phdn, loai tir tieng Ldo co the phdn thdnh loai tir mang tinh chdt ciia danh tii va logi tir mang tinh chdt ciia dpng tir.
(1) Logi tir mang tinh chdt ciia danh tir con gpi la logi tir dimg di biiu thi chiing loai, don \ I so lupng, thai lugng, dung tich, s6 ldn, so lupt vd chieu kich ciia nguiri vd vdt thi.
Tieng Ldo da mugn tryc tiip khd nhiiu danh tir de ldm loai tii. Nhiing danh tir ndy khi chua dugc trim tugng hoa dd dam nhiem ngay chirc ndng ciia loai tir, nhu "U:ci/)0 / nuac, qu6c gia", "CCSOO / tinh", "CJJOO / mu&ng. huyin ", 'CQf)o\}l chdu". "iS'l'D I bdn, ldng", "cseu / nhd". "shi I ngu&i". " o n /con", "•^an / chen". 'T\oii I bdt". "nh I cdy". "truoy
"CC35 / dnh. tia (lua, mat. sdng> ••3')i> I day, s(ri", •cciiO. ccir]0 / dd}-. hdng ludng (nu&c) "... Vi dy:
(9) JJUnuSBQS^D /hai ed sdn (10) DU 6 ? n /sdu con ieh (11) RTJSeQRlJ /hai ngu&i (12) UT3S0r]5 / hai ehum nu&c (2) Loai rtr mang tinh chdt ciia dpng tir trong tieng Lao dupc mupn tir dpng tir, cdn gpi Id logi tii biiu thj trgng thai ket qud ciia hanh dpng hay dpng tdc bi chi phoi, nhir "0)1U t gdnh", "UO I bd", "Ui I gdi", "liiT) I bgc, gdi", "r)*) / ndm, edm ndm", "tJU / ndm".
"eJ.U / nhum, nhdn", "JOOU / voc", "ijil^ / vde, vuc, mue bdng long bdn tay ". "tnsu/dm, va", "SJ^ /be, dm", "m&6J /treo, dinh, mdc".
"ie>5 / cudn, cudn", "eJQO / nho, tra"...
Chiing deu la nhiing dong tir hdnh dpng chi phoi tai trang thai ket qua, mang hdm y nhdn manh ket qud co dugc tCr hdnh dfing, ddng tac thuc hien. Vi du:
(13) u ( l J 3 8 o m i u / hai gdnh eiii (14) (ar)3T)o^^JLJJUO / ba bd rau cdi 3.2.2. Cdn cu vdo ngU nghta
Cdn cii vdo ngu nghia, loai tir tiing Ldo c6 the phdn thanh cdc tiiu loai nhu hgi tit ed thi, logi tit ehung va logi tit biiu thi dd - lugng.
(1) Loai til cd thi biiu thi cac dan vi dpc lap ciia rieng timg^su vdt vd hien tugng' nhu
"MU, €)U. Oi, OT, 0 0 1 / rn! ;'•-' »
„^ . •'' J ' ^"'- eon, ehiic , to I eon, chiec", " a u o'l / ^^ » „ / qua. trai". "CUO / hat. hot" -nft-,, / - hon, lot . a ^ o / day, sai", ••«-,« / - , ,.
(lua, mat. sang) . "ccUo, CCTIO / w~ . . ludng (nuac)"...Vidu: "^'"''^'^^^^S.
(\5)^Ofi&')€)\}/hai chiic xe
(l6)iarT.^.um)6^/i,,„,,^^ ,
(2) Logi tir dimg Chung vai cac su vat
Tfp chi Ngbi£n CDV Ntroc ngoii, Tfp 36, So 2 (2020) 30-42 35 thdnh doi, edp, thanh nhom, thdnh ba\ hodc
thdnh t6p. Vi d\i: "€) J ddi, cdp","Tii^, tnj,^
ti}Or / bgn, nhom, bdy", "(d% u ^ / bdy, ddn.
nhdm ", "?f)0, S19 / bg (qudn do)", "€)©US)0 / nhd (gia dinh/\ "U')U / bdn, ldng"... Vi du:
(17) WECmUDVUTJ^ / mp' tdp linh (18) cnueiju^ 7 mot doi gidy (19) CRS^UQ ^O prnQ/mpr fip qudn do (3) Logi tir bieu thj don vj do luang v i tiiai lugng, trpng lugng, so lupng, dung tich, chieu kich, tdn so, tan suat, nhu "U / ndm", "C08U / thdng", "OU, U / ngdy",
"S1V I dem", "qolxi'} 1 gia (liing)", "u*)!/)"^
/phut". "om\S)"/gidy", "UO, 6)10 I chdc, Idt", ••UOtnjO, e n o o ^ o / chdc ldi. khodnh khdc": "CCUO / metier". "TlfoccuO / ki-ld- mei (km) ", "qociccuo / een-ti-met (cm) ".
"JJOCCUO / mi-li-mel (mm)", "um / cdy",
"o*) / sdi". "RU / gang (lay) ", "3S>n I cdng (lay) ", "lao I dgm (don vi do chieu dai bang l,6cdys6)". " c o n / r d c " . , . Vi du:
(20) c q s n o t J U O / mdt sdi ddy (21) u)')oelo^uio^^^80T)^occuo / 2 km du&ng eao tde
Tan sudt su dung nhirng tir bieu thj vat chira vd don vi chi dung lugng de lam logi lir tuong d6i Ion, nhu: "X]6i3 / bdt". "ou 1 ndi". 'X\) I thiing". 'EJOUeriQ, CcaQ, T)::TT)0/
chgu", "\X!),\Q^I ehum". "ZCnT) 1 tec. ihimg phi, can", "CCY)/bdu", "TIDO, CCTiO/chai",
"•sen, I'in /cdc. chin", " o n , n ^ / ldng, bu, ehudng", "n-til^ / thiing. mung", "UQ / Ihdng (co quai de xach va gdnh)", "nOD / '"P. sgi, gidnh. bd". "nKUO, n-OSU /gili".
'OU / cdi phgn (dung xoi), edi cai (dung trdu cau) ", "OO / liner ", "CCUOnsU / met khoi"... Vi dy:
(22) O^instS^njJ) / hai ldng gd (23) ce'rcaj;i03©^nu / hai phan cam nep
(24) u^a)u^nu•)0'5J^n^^u^ / mgt cdc
nu&cchanh
"CBnnp / hec-la (ha)", •'CCUOmcO, a')O')0CCUO /mil vudng", " ^ l u / ngan (don vj do dien tich, mpt ngan bdng 100 sai tay hodc bdng 400 met vuong)", " u u , OSU / Ihira"... Vi du:
(25) inounssn*) 4 csnoi / 4 hic-ta ddt ndng nghiep
(26) OUS^UCOSU/fia/AiffltfaV
"nTU / klam (gam) ", " n f o / cdn. ki, ki- lo-gam (kg) ". "loM 1 tdn (IOOO kg) ". " e o / lgng"... Vi dy:
(27) ^ue)•)V^Zc^u / 5 tan hdng (28) U o a b s & o n i o / 2 kg cd tuai
""nb / ddng kip (Ldo)". "(Y)/ ddng", " i J"
/ hdo ", "BO / xu "- Vi dy:
(29) ^^cuon•)?oo')o)UQ?oo') / mgi do la My
(30) C3UO^ODlu•os©yJnJ /100 kip Ldo
" a b u , U.O / phdn ". "C6Je5 / mdn (dn) ".
"CSV), r?) I nua phdn ", "ui) / chucmg. phdn, khuc, dogn (sdch) "... Vi du:
(31) s-JCinuaouCttbo / ba mdn thtic dn (32) Lnju"uu'b3')uu\) / ba doan van
"cuTe, Tj^o, in"/ ldn, lugt, dgt", "ri^o / chuyin", "\SM. S O O , uno I Iran, me", "ffnu / bura (an), chdu (rugu) ", "ff)*) / l&i (ndi), edu (ndi), tieng (noi) "... Vi du:
(33) OOVlJOlTub'rijO /mgl chuyin xe (34) o^^ccJn^umi^ / ddi mgt ch&uph&
Tieng Lao cung sii dung nhtmg danh tir lien quan den hanh dpng hoac dpng tac de lam logi tir nhu: "n')0 / bu&c ", "£*) / chdn ", "U / lay", "U101 nhdl (dao, cudc)". "DO^l thia",
" s s y / vit, ddu "... Vi du:
(35) u ^ o n ' ) b 3 ^ ^ n ^ b / hai bu&c chdn (36) UOUIOU'JOO^JO / ehi mgt nhdt dao (37) ssyuseymTo / mdt vit lay
36 C.T Til ' Tfp chi Nghien cnn Ninh; ngoii. Tfp 36. s i 2 (2020) .1(M2
3 2.3. Cdn eti vdo chung logi Neu cdn cii theo chimg logi, co the phdn thdnh: 1. Logi tir bieu thi \e ngucri "fffu / ngu&i": "8')'^^u^^uf)i) ' ba ngu&i thdy".
••q^OU^3^Qlm / hai ngu&i ndng ddn"; 2.
Loai lir biiu thj vi con v§t dimg " t o , o'o / con" de lam tieu chi xac dinh nhiing con
\at: "JouuT / con chd", "locse 1 con hd". "Inm^l con gau". "lozi^ I eon khi".
"S^r)3')U?0 / ba eon voi "; 3. Logi oi bieu thj ve cay coi, thirc vdf ' o l j / edy" trong danh tir ' rn j i u / cdi cdy" de lam tieu chi xac dmh nhu; "riutJUinuOO / cdy xodi".
"CYuona I cdy ddo ", " o u t i u u / cdy man ", 'cniUiiiniil cdy mil", "riixan t cay rau".
"riiiDiUT / cdy cd "; 4. Logi tii bieu thj ve do
\at va vdt dung dimg "n*5, iTu'ofij, cau, tnj, o*), 6% oo% 2u, Cfis^, ctiiu... /cdi, con.
chiic"... nhu: "n'otiTuu^tnTCiib^ / ndm cdi gudng ntt&e ". "iOsuTnouoi) / sdu cdi bdn ",
"SOOC-SOcau/ bdy chiic chiiu ".
Phdn logi chi tiet hon niia, trong tieng Lao con xudt hien cdc loai tir bieu thi tiiu logi doi vdi nguai, s\f \ at, sir vi?c va hi?n tugng.
Chdng hgn, diing 'mj / ngu&i" di biiu thi mgi nguai noi chung, dung "tn-iu / vi. ngdi", ''chi I vi. con" cho nhthig nguoi bi tren hodc hoa thupng de bieu su kinh trpng. Khi biiu thj cdc bp phdn ciia thyc \'dt vd dpng vdt se diing
"inioti/qud". "ZiSblhal", "ccnu 'hai, hot (CO \ 6 cirng)'. ufo / ddu. cu", ' n u / cdnh (hoa), "TV) /nhdnh (hoa. lua) ", "ooo, o e n / bdng (hoa)". "SC) /bdng (lua)", 'U8Q, u"^, in'eu / ddt (tre, mia) ". "')') / nhdnh, nhdnh.
cdnh. chae (cdy cdi) ", "Ult) / nggn ", "VQO I nggn. dgi, non '. "TYiM I ngd ". "•ajjoen / ny (hoa) ", "Uii I chdi, bup ". "S") / chdn, cdnh ",
"iSb I ngdn". "S I dot (ngdn)". "ts)0 /ddu",
"on/mdl" "U^n/mdl"...
3.2.4 Cdn cii vdo hinh ddng
Hinh dang hodc thupc tinh cua su \di. si;
\iec va hi?n tugng co the dupc lay ldm tieu
chi di l\ia chpn logi tir trong tiing Lao. i v dimg"0*) / thdn icay) ", "COUJ / /^-^"^ ^"^ '
"ff)U /cdn. cdn ". "Oeo, u'o, i/ieu ^dot. dogn.
khuc. dng" ldm logi tCr cho nhiing ^ t co than ddi, thanh que manh, thanh dogn. dot, co hirih 6ng; dimg "?U / Id t&". *«"" / '"'^""^' '^'" "'.
"Ujo / Idt xdt". •ccuu, n ^ u I birc " lam logi rir cho nhiing vgt mong, thanh tdm, phen, biic;
dimg "D)86J / xdu. ddy. chudi". "\^0, l*)O0 / xdu. chudi. chiim ". "CCQO- CP© / budng" lam loai tir cho nhiing vat co hinh dgng thanh xau, thdnh chudi chiun; diing " 8 ^ / dm", "UO / bd", "ui/gdi". "ri*), tiu / ndm" lam loai tir cho nhiing vdt co the cupn, bo ndm thanh khoi tron; diing "u!u / liim, bui", " o l ) , CCtruu, tin / xtip, tap". "ti«)u, tuu / go", "neo / ddng". "cnit I ddo", " U e u / dinh, nggn.
chdm, chdp " ldm loai tir cho nhiing vat chat thdnh dong, nho len; diing "0©U, U\10, n©0 / bdi. cdn". "ceo, filiu / khu, khodnh", "tOU / nin. Id", "UU, 0 8 U /thira" lam loai tir cho nhirng khu ddt bang, co chieu rpng nhdt dinh; dimg " n b u , m)'o6), uii^n / hdn, qud"
lam loai tir cho cho nhirng vat c6 hinh dang tron hodc hinh kh6i nhu " n s u o ' u /hon ddt",
"uv)0^l±i,/qud nui". " n s u m l ) / hon dd",
"n8Uo"u'9~/ vien gaeh"; dung " a i y / sgi, ddy,ldn,eon". "Qfiiilsgi,ddy", "(:CX\01 hdng, ddng". "ntQQfi / ddng", "mj^u //ud'ng" di ldm logi tir cho nhtrng vdt co hinh dang dai, mdnh, mim mai, u6n lugn; biiu thj hinh dgng dnh sdng 'CC30 / tia. dnh" nhu "iuJCC30mJ0 / mot tia Ida". "^tu)o-)')(:c^')my^ / mot tia sdng". "cc3oo-)ouuccao / ngdn dnh sao".
"cca^onae-jccao /hai dnh mdr._, 3.2.5.Can cir vdo trgng thdi
^ CSn cu vao trang thii, loai ti, tiSng Lao CO the phan chia thanh loai tir bilu thi trang thii vandpngcuasirvatvahiennrpngnhu"recC3 385n-CC3 /Ao, dong chdy", ••U.,3e„„Mn / '
' "•* lin (dun)
Tfp cU Nghien cnn tiv6t ngoii, T|p 36, So 2 (2020) 30-42
khoi"; bieu thj trang thai dimg yen "€1U / edn.
can, chiic": "RUnKUO380€)g>U / hai cdn gao". "u6')€i\itJU^ / mgt chiic thia";...
3.3. Chdc ndng cua loai tir tieng Ldo Trong tieng Lao, loai tir thuang ket hpp vdi s6 tir vd danh tir tgo thdnh to hpp c6 chiic ndng phan loai, bieu thj ve lugng, mdc dinh
\a tgo ra mpt so tir ngu mai. Cy the nhu sau:
3.3.1.Chuc ndngphdn logi
Trong nhdn thuc vi thi gicri khdch quan, qua quan sdt tu nhieu g6c d$, nguoi Lao da phdn chia cdc sir vat va hi?n tugng thanh nhiiu chung logi khac nhau, trong do co sir phdn logi ve mat ngii nghta doi vai cdc sir v$I qua chiic nang ciia loai tir. De phdn biet
\i dOng vgt se diing logi tir "iO / con". Khi phdn bi?t th\rc vdt sg diing logi tir "o'u / cdy ".
Tiep theo Id thong qua logi tir de phdn biet ve djc tnmg hinh dang ciia su vat vai nhtmg vdt thfe dgng hinh 6ng, dai, mdnh (sii dung loai tu nhir "O*) /thdn ", "CDGJ / thanh, que ", 'Sii) / cdn, edn ", "U8Q, UQ, m b u /dot. dogn, khue, dng"). Phan biet nhimg vat the dgng hat tron se qua cdc loai tir "tn)'o6) /qud", "CU'b / hgt".
"ccnu / hgt, hot (co vo cimg)". Nhdn biet nhihig v§t the c6 dgng hinh khoi ca trung binh hodc to qua cdc loai tir nhu " n 8 U / miing.
tdng". " n e u / hdn, qua, cue, viin". Nhdn biet nhihig vgt the dgng Id, manh, det, rgng qua cdc logi tu "?U / Id, ta", "oau / tdm, phien.
mdnh". "d^')/miing, lat, xdt". "CCMU, n^U I biic. Id", "mj'T//rang"'... Vidy:
(38) CS838QOi / hai ehiic thuyin (39) CU83850&U /hai miing thjt (40) CO'80-»*)U')3'm) / truyen bdn edy hoa Chdm-pa
(41) 886)380Ubo /haigidng mia (42) n o a a e ^ t r u o y / hai qua chudi 3.3.2. Chiic ndng biiu thi ve luang:
(43) \i')ii')Omy^I mgt gigt nu&e
(44) UO^SnuuO / mdt chin nu&e (45) U^TI^UUO / mdt thiing ntt&c (46) U^UOntTUO / mgt vung nu&e (47 U'TuJmjJ/ mgt hd nu&c
(Juan sat vi du (43) - (47) cho thdy diu co sir dong nhdt ve so tii ' inj^ mgl" vd danh tii chi "u*) / nu&c ", chi co sy khac bi?t a cdc loai tir, nhung thong qua cac logi tir co the thay dupc so lugng tdng len tir it den nhieu. Nhu vdy, logi tir da co chiic ndng bieu thj ve lugng nhieu va it.
3 3.3. Chue nang ehi dinh
Loai tir tieng Ldo co the true tiep ket hpp voi so tir, tinh tir vd dgi tir chi thj tgo thdnh mgt to hgp voi trung tdm la logi tit mang nghia chi dinh Vi du:
- Loai tir ket hgp voi tinh tir: "toU8ftJ / egn nhd", "Iciiuii} I con to", "CTU3j / coy cao", "cnyci*} / cay thdp"...
- Loai tir ket hgp dpng tir: ' l o c c o u / con chgy", "Ifnvvi/conbay". "IciSBOi/nou'u / eon keu ben kia"...
- Loai tir ket hpp voi dgi tir chi thi: "tJi^U / cdn ndy", " cn3.uu / can kia kia"...
- Logi tir ket hop vai so tir: Loai tir t h u ^ g diing sau so tir, rieng truang hgp khi kit hgp voi so tir 1, loai tir co the diing phia truoc hogc phia sau: "DIOUU'D / mdt quyen" 1 "tni^DlO / mdl quyen" (xem thim cdc vi du & phdn tren); kit hop so tir thii tu, logi tir se diing phia truac. Vi du: "ojiGiJJmaeo / '^"'^ con thir bar, "zisibvis'/ldn thii tu". "iSisnm / ngdy thu-ndm", "tovmo^ / con thu-hai"... Day Id ddc diem khd noi bat khi sii dung loai tir va so tir tieng Lao.
3.3.4. Chuc ndng tgo tit
So lugng nho logi tir trong tieng Lao co thi dung lam thanh phdn trtmg tdm vd bo sung vdo phia sau no mpt so thdnh to dS tgo thanh danh tir chi loai nhu: "UO / bd": ''iSocBt t
38 C.T. Tii. Tf p chi Nghi*n cihi NoAc ngoii. T|p 36. si 2 (2020) bd lua". "u'oiJil / bd cuF; "tsie') I phdng":
"meooTOmj / phdng dn". mbynra I phdng ldm viic vdn phdng". "Oieosju / phdng hgc", "ni85UOU / phong ngu",
" o i e o K b a c j i / phdng khdeh". "tJieoiA / nhd vi sinh; "SO / d. Id": "S')lji / d gd",
"EOUon /d mSr, "SOJio / Id kiin", "SQuVi /Id chim"; "nu / bao, hgp": "nljab, rTuiu/
bao diem", "n"uccoiKr» / hgp kinh mdt",
"n~U3tu hgp xd bdng"; "set) / vet. ddu":
" s e t J j j " / vit lay"^ " s e u c i b / vet chdn",
" S 8 t ) c m ) ' vit gidy". " s e t K C t i b / vits^o",
" s e s j o b s n / dduxe may"... Trong qua trinh sir dyng logi tir tieng Ldo, chiing ta ciing cdn luu y din trudng hgp ciia nhtrng danh tir bieu thi chung logi vd tieu logi. Nhieu danh tir co the dugc vay mugn de lam logi tir lam thai, nhung Cling co nhieu danh tir khong the lam dugc chuc ndng ciia logi tii. Khi xem xdt vdn de nay, can cdn cii theo kha ndng to hpp voi so tir de xdc djnh. Vi dy:
(48a) c a n m o s e o c n j / hai cdy rau cdi (*48b) u n m o a e o G a n / hai rau cdi (49a) uuo^o^^uo^o / ba cii khoai lang (•49b) u u o ^ o a i u u l ) / ba khoai lang (50a) ccuQu'iaeolo / hai con bg ngua (*50b) ccuQUiaeoccuo / hai bg ngua Trong cac vi dy (48) - (50), 'can / rau ".
••u"u cd (tinh bdt) ". CCUO con, bg" khong tr\rc tiep kel hgp dugc vai so tir, tieng Lao kh6ng CO each dien dgt ciia (*48b), (*49b)
\a (•50b), nen chiing chi co the dugc xem la danh tir phdn logi, khong co dupc chuc ndng cua logi tir.
3.4. Khd ndng kit hgp
Quan he ket hgp gitia logi tir va cdc tir khdc khong phai la doi img. So lugng loai tir trong tiing Ldo la hiiu hgn (khoang 270), trong khi do danh tir, so tir, dgng tir c6 so lucmg khd Ion. Ngoai tnrdng hgp mpl logi tit ket hpp vai mpt tir. trong nhting ngii cdnh nhat djnh, sS
xdy ra hi?n tugng mOt logi tir ^-'-'> * ^ ^^^ ^ dupc voi nhiiu tu khdc. Chdng h g n , " t ^ o ^ / qud" v6n la logi rir chi cho nhihig_v^^ ^^
c6 hinh dang tron nhu "ieinW)O«0^'5/'"^J qud tning", "ou')nn:a«j'=>«^"^ ^ ""^^ *"'*
cam", nhung sau ndy phgm \i sii dung dugc mo rgng ra voi cdc danh tit nhu " w y nut,
"mjon / mir\ "ny) I giu&ng" "to- / bdn".
" o } tu", " t u ^ / ddng hd", "U)iUr)T / huy chuang": "OIT) / irdi. qud. bdn ' dugc diing voi "l3U•)nu^o / chanh", " t j u ^ n u i o / ditd\
" o u ^ n u o o / xodr, "in) / mdng", "olpcUO / Vfl con", "iueoit*) / diim", "OliriasuiuJ / tin lua", "isjqsus, C36J / thdng. thua (trong thi dau thi thao)"; "GflU / tdm, buc. manh, mdnh, chiee " dugc dimg voi "C38 / dem ", "UIOTU / chdn", "3U / vdy", "C38 / do", "tsQ / qudn", "^no I chieu/cdt"; "OO')/eon, bdng, dda " dugc diing vdi "OSntU / hoa", "UO / dao", "onu I kiim", "UOCiO I keo". "sonn I riu"...
Cling CO truang hgp nhieu logi tir co the ket hgp vai mgt tir (nhu vi dy bieu thi chdc ndng ve lugng vd ehi dfnh da neu a trin).
(1) Kit hgp vdi so lit tgo ra td hgp bieu thi so lugng
Mo hinh cdu tnic: "Danh tii + s6 tir -t- loai tir". Vi du:
(51) CSBSOUMU / ba chiic do (52) o u n n n o « 3 n u m ) 6 a /ba qua chudi Khi ket hpp vai s6 tir "OIJQ / i "^ c6 thi xudt hien cd hai mo hinh cdu tnic, g6m "Danh tir + loai rir + s6 rir" thuong dugc dung trong khdu ngu. Vi dy:
(53a) DisouBucnS^inf, / „^,,ft^„^ „ ^ (54a)euEjjf)uoui,/„^,^^.^
Va mo hinh cau triic "riant, ... , i , 1 •_.„ , . J. ' ^ " 4 tu + so tii+
loaitu Auong dung trong hut ngu Vidu- (53b),.5,ueumP,o,So/„^,^,,„„ . (54b)ousijouonu/m^,^^;^
(2) Kil hap vai tinh lir hogc li, chi,;,;
Tfp chi N^iSn cun Nirdrc ngoii, Tfp 36, So 2 (2020) 30-42 39 Lugng tir tieng Lao co the ket hgp vai tinh
tit vd dgi tu chi thi tao thanh t6 hgp c6 chiic ndng chi thj. Mo hinh Id "Danh tir + logi tir -*- linh tu/ tir chi thj". Vi dy:
(55) tnJOntnioCKCOO / chiic md do (56) tsQciiiu'u / chiic qudn Ida (3) Ket hgp vcri tir bieu thi thii tu Mo hinh to hgp la "Danh tir + logi rir + tir thii ly". Vi dy:
(57) OOSm')3C^\Dnii / chiic xe cudi citng (58) o^iaCiflbe^ /du-a con thu-hai
(4) Kit hgp v&i danh tit kiem chitc ndng ciia logi fir
Danh tir kiem chirc nang logi tit thucmg dimg sgu s6 tir va trong to hgp se lugc bot danh tir phia tru6cde trdnh triing ldp. Mo hinh l6 hgp la "(0) + s6 tir + loai tir". Vi dy:
(59) (u'80)+31UCJJeo /ba huyin (60) (u'o"a'b)+^n^ud^'o / nam cdng ty (5) Kit hgp vai phd tit "i/in / mgi, mdi mgt, hdng. ndo" bode tit chi thi "LO/ndo" di bieu thiy nghia chung hogc phiim ehi
Logi tit trong tiing Lao khong c6 hinh thirc ldp lgi de bieu thi y nghTa chung, tan suat hodc phiem chi. Khi bieu dat y nghTa ngir phap nay se diing to hgp ^'in.n + logi tii" hodc
"logi tir + ?o". Vi du:
(61) ii)liiTih'9beut)jn.jKco)o?uuER8u / budi le dugc dien ra mgl nai trong thdnh phd
(62) E86jiucu"QSjDcy)U).no')m"o / hdng luin Idl diu di xem phim
(63) 6J')0?onccqu / thu ndo cUng ngon (6) Tieng Ldo eo mdt logi tir dgc biit Id
"8U / edi. con, chiec ", cd the diing thay the cho rdt nhieu logi lit ehuyen biit khde trong cdc td hgp "Sd ftr + 8U " C3808U / hai cdi;
riengsd 1 ed Ihi dimg sau &\}ij^')/mdi cdi):
"8U + linh tit" f8U?m« '/cdi to; Su2l33J '/cdi nai; SUOT /cdi mdu den); "8U + dai lit ehi '*/" (oiilT/cdi ndy; ©"uul) / edi kia; &ijlo
I cdi ndo). Bieu thi cho rdt nhiiu ddi lugng khdc nhau. Vi dy:
(64) aD^niuoutnJQ /mgt qud (65) C'9TUn8U?0? anh lhich cdi ndo?
(66) U i n m s e ^ e u /hai chiec but 3.5. Logi tir tiing Ldo vd dgc diem nhgn thiic cua cgng ddng dan tgc
Ngon ngii cua mgt dan tgc khong chi Id mpt ki hieu bieu dgt, ma con the hien phuang thuc tu duy vd nhdn thiic ciia dan tpc do. Vi vdy, ngon ngii da ghi nhan. phdn dnh vd truyin tai lai mpt phdn npi dung ciia boi cdnh ljch sii va ddc trung vdn hoa ciia cpng dong dan lpc d6.
Mpt so bieu bien cua ddc tnmg vdn h6a cdc bp toe Lao dugc khiic xg qua loai tir nhu sau:
(1) Tieu chi nhdn thuc cua ddn tdc Thuyet nghiem than da dugc nguoi ddn Lao van dung ldm chudn tham chieu de nhgn thirc ve tieu chuan do luong. Nghiem thdn von dugc cdc nha ngon ngt? hpc tri nhgn neu ra tren co so trdi nghiem va phdt trien ngii nghTa trong ngon ngii. Brugman vd Lakoff (1988:14) da neu: "Nhiing cdu true diing di kit ndi h^
tbdng y niim ctia chung la ndy sinh lir nhirng trdi nghiem thdn the vd duge hiiu Iheo nhiing cdch Irdi nghidm thdn the; hem nUa. bdn chdt cdt loi cda h4 ihdng y niem cua chung la bdt ngudn true liip lit tri gidc, su van ddng cua thdn the cimg su trdi nghiim vi nhung dgc trung the chdt vd xa hdi". Ddy ciing Id mgt trong nhiing bieu hien ve ket qua nhan thiic ciia nguoi Lao doi sy vdt va hien tugng trong the gioi khach quan xudt phdt tir chinh ban thdn minh. Chdng ban, nguoi Lao do chieu dai vd dem so lupng bdng each dimg chieu dai dot ngon tay - " a ' ddt (ngdn lay)"; diing chieu dai ngon l a y - "UO ngdn tay"; dimg chieu dai gang tay (tir ddu ngon cdi den dau ngon giiia) - "ff)b / gang (tay) "; dung mia cdnh tay (tii ddu ngon giira den khuyu lay) - " 3 8 n / cdng dai') '; dimg cdnh tay "CCSU /cdnh lay"; dimg
40
' , ,3020)30-42 C.T. Tii / Tf p chi NghiSn cnn Nmine ngoii, T | p 36. So - (•'
cd cdnh ia\ keo deo cho lie giila nguc - "on I sdi": hai ia> ora thdnh vong " 8 ^ / vdng dm ", dimg "DTO / budc ", "£•) / ehan " Nhtmg each do ludng nd> m> khong thgt sy chinh xac, nhimg van dupc cpng dong ngucri ddn chdp nhgn sii dyng hdng ngay. Kit qua biiu hi?n Id khi con nguai dung 16ng ban tay cdm, ndm cdc vgl, tiing Ldo dd diing luon tii chi dpng tdc "n'T / ndm" nay Idm logi lir cho^nhirng vgt CO thi ndm Idy trong tay. nhu "ce^n^inj^
/ mpt ndm ggo". "mJ^m^on^mJ5 / mdt ndm hgt ddu". "3^on^t^^J0 / mpr ndm hgt ngd". '^tvrilUM') 1 mdt ndm cdt". Tir chi dpng tac diing ngpn Uy "eJy / nhum, nhdn"
vat thi thanh nhum nh6 dugc diing luon ldm loai lir cho "cnseJl^tTUO / mgt nhum mudi".
•'wnimtJt^lTU^ / mgt nhum tieu". Ha\ dimg mgt so bp phgn co the nhu "OU / chdn", "sn I cdng". "010 / dau", "OT / mdt", " o u i / mdt",..
di dim s6 lupng. Vi dy "e^C0Jge^ / bdn chan Ign", "uuor)3eotJ)0 / hai cu (U)0 I ddu) khoar, "oonin;jucnoinjo / mgt ed (mo / diu) tdr. "s^DiotnJO / mgt cu ftno / ddu) gimg", "3')y?3f|ne')O3803')un') / Chiie xich bf dui nun mdl", "uLuiDUtns&OUlin / 500 trang sdeh".
(2)Phuang thuc phdn logi su vdt vd ddi tugng
Moi ddn tgc deu co tap qudn. ddc trung vdn hoa, tin nguong tinh than, quan diem thdm my. quan ni?m gid trj phii hop vcri moi truang song, trinh dp san xudt \ a trinh dp nhgn thiic ciia minh. So sdnh cac sy vat, hien tugng ndy vai cac sy \"gt, hi?n tupng khdc va sau do va> mupn lam hinh anh de tham chieu mieu td ciing la mpt bieu hien trong ddc diem tri nhgn vd phdn loai su vdt, hien tupng ciia cac ddn tgc. Mpl phan ket qud phan loai sy
\ at. hien tupng ciing co the dugc the hien ra trong \ iec sii dyng cac logi rir uong ngon ngii.
Chdng hgn, tieng Lao dimg'mo / ndi" ldm logi tir cho "t3D')nno« / chudr trong to hgp
•minr)r)6i}U>ovv^''mgindichudi • ^ CO g6c tii danh tir mang nghia la ''' , lugc ", vai d$c diim c6 nhiiu rdng va sdp xep diu nhau, gi6ng cdc qud chu6i sdp d£u *dnh ndi, vd hinh dnh nay dd dugc vay muon dS lam logi rir. Tuong ty nhu vgy, "O^ilcdn. gdy, cdy, cdn, ddn" dugc tham chiiu ldm lo^i ^ cho nhiing vgt c6 cdn, nho va ddi, nhu " e u c u o / edn cdu". " e i u i u m i u / ddn gdnh",
"RUUOO / c a n mudi"... Viji nhthig v^t dai, iron vd to hon thi dimg logi tir "dn I thdn. cdy dng": "onnoii / than cdy chuoi". "OlUu / ndng sung"... Vat ddi, thanh nho hon thi dimg loai tir "CDUJ / thanh, que": "COUJCeu / cdy kim", "cowijJ'^-UCCeo / que tdm",
"CDUJOsUy cdi dinh"... Voi nhflng vgt co dgng miing, tang, cue se diing " 0 8 U / mieng, cue" lam loai tir, nhu "OSUSIU, OBUCu'b / miing thit", "n&Dlin /miing ed"... Nhiing vat hinh ddng tron, nho se dimg " n e u / cue, hdn, vien" ldm logi ttr, nhu " n s u o u / hon ddt". " n s u o u /hon dd". Tir thao tdc hanh dgng tdc dgng den sy vdt, ciing tao ra mpt so loai tir nhu "uiaeJ, wo") I ehuSi, xdu, chiim"
dung cho cdc lo hgp"U')m8ymJ0 / mgt x&u ed". "ouincMoasouiBy/ hai xau at",
"C)\^WO')U\i^/ mgt ehiim nhan "...
Sac thai bieu dat trang trgng va tinh cam qua each dimg cua mot s6 loai rir liing Ldo cho d6i tugng la nguoi co thi giiip chiing la dodn dinh ra dia vi, vi tri cua mpt s6 d6i hrgng (ehiing tpc vd nguoi cy thi) khac nhau trong xa hpi, nhu: "flU / ngu&i" - dung chung di chi mp. nguai; "W=8V v/, dire (vua, qudc vuang, hodng thdn)", " e j / „g^,- ^. ^^„^^_
d«g, pho (lugng)", "imu / vi, „ga/" - d i gpi doi mpng thii ba vai ham y ton trpng. " n G / V,- eon" - de xung gpi cdc vi thdn linh', su sai ma quy. Qua day eung cho thdy ddc trung vdr!
h6a tm ngu5ng ton kinh dao Phgt ^g ton tho than tupng sieu hinh kha n6i hat.
thuc vd nr duy cua nguoi ddn Ldo Vi d
Tfp chi Nghien cm Nirdrc ngoii, Tfp 36, So 2 (2020) 30-42 41 (67) wnegutju^ /mdt v/ su
(68) unoumJO / mgt con quy khdng id Ddc bift, trong lieng Ldo co danh lir "o:r) / con'" \on dimg de chi con cdi nhung co the dimg lam logi tu cho mgl so lodi dgng vdt, thyc \gi \'a vdt the, the hi?n sy yeu thich, tinh cam triu men ciia nguai phat ngon doi vai doi lirpng. Vi dy:
(69) o:r)CUO380O:ri /hai con (ehd) vit con (70) oijJ38^o:r) /hai bup mdng (71) ln)^nu^o^3JtTuJ'/ mdt qua (trdi) chanh
(72) OD^nuobseooiri / hai qua (irdi) dda (73) D i p s e u i u s s ^ o i r ) / hai qua (trdi) ten Ida
(74) lx}&oluiOX)Vm^ 1 mdl que diem (75) csyseooiT) /thua hai bdn (trdi) Ngon ngii cua mot ddn tpc la sy phan anh kinh nghi?m nhgn thtic chung ciia nguoi dan thu^c ddn tpc d6. Quan sat loai tir tieng Lao, chiing ta cung c6 the thay dugc mot s6 bieu hien d§c trung trong cdch thiic phdn logi, tinh cam thdi dp doi v6i sy vdt, hien lugng, doi lupng vd ddc diem tin ngudng ton gido cua ngucri dan Ldo.
4. Leri kit
Logi tir tieng Ldo khd da dang vd phongphii, chiing dugc su dyng thucmg xuyen trong hoat dpng giao tiep ngon ngii thucmg nhat. Phan lan logi ni tieng Ldo c6 nguon goc hoac dugc vay mupn tii danh tir. Mpt so it logi tir tieng Ldo c6 nguon goc tii dgng tir, dgi tir va vay mugn tir tiSng nuoc ngodi. Chiing ta co the cdn cir vao cdc lieu chi nhu nguon goc, ngii nghTa, chiing logi, hinh ddng vd trgng thai de phan loai loai tir tieng Ldo. Trong hanh chirc, logi tir tieng Ldo ngodi chire ndng chinh la phan loai, chiing con CO chirc ndng bieu thi ve lugng, chi dinh va tao tit. v i mdt ngu' phdp, logi tir tieng Lao co the kfit hpp cimg mpt so tir loai khac de tgo nen cac
to hpp bieu thi so lupng. to hgp tinh lugc danh tu, td hpp thay the mdc djnh. Tim hiiu \ i logi tir tieng Lao ciing co the h6 trg chiing ta hiiu biet them \ e dde diem ngon ngii va mpt phan cua ddc trung vdn hoa truyen thong ciia nguai dan Lao. Trong bdi viet na\', do su han che \ e tai lieu nghien ciiu, nen chiing toi mdi chi lam thai nhdn dien dugc nhiing net rdt so lugc ve logi tir tieng Ldo. Con rat nhieu npi dung hen quan khac chiing toi mong muon se dep tuc dugc tim hieu, nghien curu vd ban ludn chuyen sdu trong thcri gian tai.
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aiSBiis«»»±*ei6s:.
;•**[*] (2oi2).*aigiiiiais*w'**wK. r
A LOOK AT CLASSIFIERS IN LAO LANGUAGE
Cam Tu Tai
VHU {Jnwcrsily oJLanguage and International Studies, Pham Van Dong. Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
ihslract: Classifiers, which are pan of the Lao lexicon, are commonly used with high frequency in dally communication. Analysing Lao quantifiers firom structural and typological perspectives can help us gain bcncr undcrslandmg of the characteristics of their presence, types, grammatical fimctions, and their combinationality. It also reveals the uniqueness of Lao people's cognition and thought. Thus, the paper hopes to provide readers with more knowledge of the linguistic characteristics of Lao quantifiers as well as more references for studies on Lao language, culture, teaching and learning, apart from studies on languages and cultures of other ethnic minorities in Vietnam
Keywords classifier, Lao language, culture, ethnic group
