Ngitvin H_ieu^!l±^
Q U A N N I E M V A THlTC H A N H V E P H A N C O N G L A O D O N G T H E O G I O I T R O N G G I A D I N H D O N G B A O
D A N T O C T H l £ u S O Cf V I E T NAJM
GS.TS. Nguygn Hiru Minh Vien Nghien cihi Gia dinh va Gioi Tdm tdt: Phdn cong tao dpng trong gia dinh truyen thdng cua cdc ddn tpc thiiu sd a Viet Nam thudng khac biel theo giai. Nam gi&i tap trung vdo nhii-ng viec duac coi Id "quan trong" hay ddi ngogi. nie gi&i ddm nhdn hdu hit cdc cdng viic con lai. Nhimg ndm gan day, cdc chlnh sdch thuc ddy binh ddng gi&i dd ldm thay ddi sic phdn cong lao dpng trong gia dinh ddn tpc thiiu sd, nhtrng the Men khde biel & mdi ddn tpc. Bdi viit ndy phdn tich khudn mau phdn cdng lao dpng Irong gia dinh IS ddn tpc thieu sd Ihuoc 8 linh & ba mien Bdc. Trung vd Nam ciia nu&c ta giai doan Men nay, bao gom ddn tpc theo chi dp mdu he vd phu hi. Kit qud phdn tich cho thay, khuon mdu phdn cong lao dpng theo gi&i truyen thdng vdn tdn tgi & cdc ddn Ipc duac khdo sdt vd cd su khde biit theo nhdm ddn tpc phu hi. mdu he. Ngodi ra, dgc diim hp gia dinh vd cd nhdn cung dnh hudng den khudn mdu phdn cdng lao dpng theo gi&i trong gia dinh ddn tdc thiiu so.
Tit khoa: Binh ddng gi&i, ddn tdc ihiiu sd, gia dinh, phdn cdng lao ddng, phu nie.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 28/10/2019; ngdy giri phdn bien- 2/1/2020; ngdy duyet ddng. 9/2/2020
Mddau
Phan cdng lao ddng theo gidi frong gia dinh la mpt chi bao quan frpng do ludng miic dp binh dang gidi. Sir chia se nhieu hon eiia phu nii va nam gidi vao cac cdng viec gia dinh la mdt frong nhiing muc tigu ciia chinh sach binh dang gidi. Van dg nay da dugc quan tam nghign ciiu d Viet Nam frong thap nien qua, bao gom mpt sd cugc khao sat cd quy md qude gia nhu Diiu tra Gia dinh Viet Nam 2006 (Bo Van hda, Thg thao va Du ljch va cac co quan khac, 2008), Khdo sdt thuc trgng binh dang gidi a Viet Nam 2005 (Tran Thi Van Anh va Nguyen Hiiu Minh, 2008). Ket qua cac nghign ciiu da chi ra su bao luu ciia khudn raau phan cdng lao ddng theo gidi fruygn thdng trong cac gia dinh. Ke ca vg nlian thiic va hanh vi, ngudi phu nu va nam gidi dgu dupe gdn cho nhirng loai edng viec nhat dinh, coi la phu hgp vdi gidi ciia minh. Chang han, ddi vdi ngudi pbu nii/ngudi vg dd la cac cdng viec ndi frp, cham soc frg em, giti tign, chara soc ngudi gia/ngudi dm; ngudi dan dng/ngudi ehdng chiu frach nhiem vdi cac cdng viec tigp khach la, thay mat gia dinh giao tigp vdi chinh quyen (Bd Van hda, Thg thao va Du ljch va cac CO quan khac, 2008; Trdn Thi Van Anh va Nguyln Hiiu Minh, 2008;...).
Tuy vay, cac kgt qua nghien cim ciing ggi ra rang, trong khi mdt so cdng viee nhu ndi fra, eham sdc tre em, quan ly tign bac cd khac biet ve gidi tinb rd net, thi nhiing viee khae nhu eham sdc ngudi gia/ngu'di dm, tigp khach, thay mat gia dinh giao tigp vdi chinh quyen cd xu hudng giam ddn su khac biet gidi tinh, thg hien d ty le dang kg ca hai vg chong cimg tham gia (Nguygn Hiiu Mmh. 2014).
Tap chi Ddn tpc hpc so 1 - 2020
Khudn mau ehung nay the hien d ea dan tdc Kinh va dan tde thieu sd (DTTS), song tiiy theo dac digm van hda mlu he hay phu he ma su phan cdng lao ddng theo gidi d eae DTTS cd khac nhau (Bd VH, TT&DL va cae co quan khac, 2008; Trdn Thi Van Anh va Nguyln Hiiu Minh, 2008; Nguyln Minh Tudn, 2012; Dd Thi Binh, 1999; Nguygn Le Thu, 2017).
Cac nghign cim cdn ngu Ign mdi quan he giiia cac ygu td kinh tg - xa hpi vdi phan cong lao dpng theo gidi frong gia dinh. Nhung khac biet chu ygu cd lien quan dgn phan edng lao ddng theo gidi gan vdi mdt sd ygu td nhu: liia tudi, hgc van, miic sdng, dan tpc, dinh kign gidi. Nhm chung, nhimg cap vg chdng cd hpc van cao thi ngudi chdng chia se nhigu hon cdng viec noi trg vdi ngudi vg, ca trong quan niem va hanh ddng cu the (Bd VH, TT&DL va cac ca quan khac 2008, tr, 78; Trdn Quy Long, 2007). Ngudi vg cd hpc van cao hon thi ty le ngirdi vp chiu frach nhiem chinh trong viec tiep khaeh ciing cao hon va su chia sg cua ca hai vg chdng tang Ign. Ly do la ngudi co hpc van cao hem thi it cd dinh kign gidi trong cac edng viee gia dinh ndn san sang tham gia viec nha. Ty le ngudi vg lam eac cong viec npi frg cao han d nhiing gia dinh tre, trong khi d gia dinh ldn fridi thi cd su tham gia cao hon cua ngudi chdng (Nguygn Hiiu Minh, 2014).
Ddi vdi gia dinh DTTS, ve ca ban, khudn mau phan edng lao ddng theo gidi fruygn thdng van ton tai. Tuy nhign, bieu hien eu thg eua sir phan cdng lao ddng d tung dan tpc, timg dia ban cd khac nhau. 0 mdt sd DTTS ngudi phu nir dam nhiem hai vai frd, hay ndi each khac "vai frd kep" trong gia dinh, vira la nhan vat chinh frong hoat dgng san xuat, viia la ngudi ndi trp va cham sdc gia dinh (Nguyln Thi H^, 2012; Nguyln Le Thu, 2017).
Quan nigra tmygn thdng ve vai trd gidi cd y nghTa ehi phdi rat ldn ddi vdi su pb^n cdng lao dpng frong gia dinh, the hien d ca nam va nu. Theo dd, nhiing cdng viee gia dinh phai do phu nir dam nhiem bat kg loai gia dinh (Lg Thai Thi Bang Tam, 2008). Vi vay, khudn ralu phan cdng lao ddng theo gidi khdng nhiing quy dinh bdi tinh "nang - nhe", raa edn khac biet vg khdng gian. "Viec dan ong" khong ehi lam nhiing viec ddi hdi nhigu siie lao ddng, ma cdn ganh them viec lign quan tdi giao tigp xa hdi "bgn ngoai". Q tat ca cac nhdm dan tpc, dan dng thudng la ddi tugng tham gia cac cudc hgp d xdm/ap. Trong gia dinh, dan dng ciing thudng la ngudi lo toan ragi giay td thu tiie Hen quan den tai san gia dinh va phap luat. Lao ddng nii gan vdi khudn vign gia dinh nen hau hgt phu nii DTTS d nha lo com nudc, chara soc cac thanh vien gia dinh.
Mgt digm thieu hut hien nay la chua ed nhiing phan tieh d quy rad ldn vg dac digm phan cong lao ddng theo gidi ehia theo eac nhdm nhan khau - xa hdi cua eae DTTS, mac dii mdt sd nghign eiiu ciing da ggi ra nhiing khae biet nhat dinh vg khudn mau phan edng lao ddng theo gidi tuy thude vao cac ygu to nhu nliom dan tgc, mirc sdng gia dinh, hpc van (Nguygn Minh Tuan, 2012; Nguygn Le Thu, 2017). Viec nhan dien thuc trang phan cdng lao ddng theo gidi trong cdng viee gia dinli va phan tieh sau ban mdi quan he giiia dae diem phan edng lao ddng theo gidi vdi cac ygu td gia dinh va ea nlian d cac DTTS la hgt sire can thiet.
Tir sd lieu cudc khao sat "Mot sd van dg ca ban ve binh dang gidi d vimg dan tdc thieu so nudc ta" (MA SO: CTDT.21.17/16-20), tiln hanh nam 2018 - 2019 tai 8 tinh ciia Viet Nam vdi 2.894 dai dien hd gia dinh, tudi 17 - 69, thude 18 DTTS, bai viet nay phac hpa khudn mau phan cong lao dpng theo gidi frong gia dinh tu goc dp quan niem va thuc te. Dae diem phan edng lao ddng theo gidi trong
82 Nguyin]^ Minh gia dinh d cac nhdm nhan khau - xa hpi khac nhau cung se dupe phan tieh.
1. Quan niem vg phan cdng cong viec trong gia dinh giira nam - nir va khac biet giu"^ cac nhdm xa hpi
1.1. Quan niem vephan cong cong viec trong gia dinh
Cuge khao sat da tim hilu quan niera cua ngudi dan vl nhimg cdng viee frong gia dinh thich hgp cho phu nii va nam gidi. 6 day khdng xem xet nhiing cdng viec lign quan din vdn de kigm thu nhap ma chi tap trung vao cac cdng viec nha. Cu thg cd 21 loai cdng viec nhu vay. Ngudi dupe hdi se cho biet quan niem ciia hp ve nhiing cong viee thich hgp cho phu nii va nam gidi vdi cac phuang an fra lai la:
tinch hgp cho phu nii, nam gidi va ca hai. Ket qua duge trinh bay d bang 1.
Bdng 1: Ty le y kien dong y vol phan cong cong viec cho nam gidi va phu nu' ( /o) Cong viec gia dinh
1. Bao tri, sua chira dd dung trong gia dinh 2. Lam/sira nha
3. Thiap huong/cung le d ban thd
4. Dai dien gia dinh lam viec vdi chinh quyen/cdng ddng
5, IVIua ban tai san/dat dai 6. Dai dien gia dinli tiep kliach 7. Dai dien gia dinh tham gia hieu/hy 8. Liiy Clii
9. Lay nudc
10. Dua ddn ngudi nha di hgc/di lam 11. Lo viec hgc/dinh hugng nghe cua con 12. Quan Iy tien chung cua gia dinli 13. Quan ly chi tieu hang ngay cho gia dinh 14. Nau/chuiin hi cd ngay gid/tet 15. Day/hudng dan con hoc 16. Di chg mua thirc an, thuc pham 17. Cham sdc ngudi gia/ngudi dm/tre em 18. Giat, phoi, gap quan ao
19. Dgn dep nha cira 20. Niiu an 21. Rira bat
Nam gidi 84,7 72,6 44,9 34,5 31,1 25,1 21,3 18,9 15,7 15,2 12,0 10,1 10,0 9,6 9,2 8,0 3,6 1,7 1,3 0,9 0,6
Nir'gidi 3,9 1,3 9,2 6,3 2,5 5,9 6,1 38,2 37,8 16,1 11,1 35,9 60,9 28,2 20,7 67,7 30,9 71,6 64,1 72,9 77,9
C a h a i 11,4 26,1 45,9 59,2 66,4 69,1 72,6 42,9 46,5 68,8 76,9 54,0 29,1 62,2 70,0 24,3 65,5 26,8 34,6 26,2 21.4
N 2883 2881 2781 2885 2805 2890 2887 2878 2839 2894 2842 2886 2888 2887 2851 2891 2885 2891 2892 2892 2893 Qua sd heu d bang 1 cd the tdm tSt thanh mdy nhdm quan niem. Trudc hen ia nhirng cdng viec uong gia dinh dugc da sd ngudi tan thanh coi la thich hop chi rieng cho nam gidi (khoang 70% y kidn trd len) bao gom; bao tri, sira chua dd dimg ttong gia dinh va lanVsira nha. Day la nhung cdng
Tgp chi Ddn lpc hpc sol -2020
viee von dupe coi la truygn thdng thudc vg nam gidi, ngn cac nghien ciiu trong mdy thap nign qua da chi ra rang, quan niem vg su phan cdng nay hau nhu khdng thay ddi dang kg.
Nhdm edng viec tigp theo cd ty le coi la thich hgp vdi nam gidi cao hon hdn so vdi phu nii nhu thap huang/ciing lg d ban thd (vdn frong truyen thdng chi la viee ciia nam gidi) va dai dien cho gia dinh trong cac quan he vdi bgn ngoai (tiep khach, lam viec vdi ehinh quyen, tham gia higu by).
Quan niem "nam ngoai, nii npi" trong tmyen thdng ehinh la img vdi vdn dg dai dien cho gia dinh de quan he vdi ben ngoai va hien tai ngudi dan van eoi eac cdng viec nay thich hpp vdi nam gidi hon la phu nii. Song can luu y rang, ddi vdi cac nhdm cdng viec nay, ty lg ngudi coi la thich hgp vdi ca hai gidi la kha eao, the hien mdt quan digm binh dang gidi kha ro ret. Ngu so sanh vdi ket qua chung ciia Dieu tra gia dinh Viet Nam (tinh chung ca ngudi Kinh va ngudi DTTS) vl viec tiep khach va dai dien cho gia dinh frong giao tigp vdi chinh quyen (Bd VH, TT & DL va ca quan khac, 2008) thi thay cd thay ddi theo hudng tieh cue, dd la sir iing hd eao ban ddi vdi viee phu nii' ciing tham gia vao cac cdng viec nay. Q Diiu tra Gia dinh Viet Nam 2006, frong so ngudi 1 8 - 6 0 tudi, ty le coi viec tigp khach va dai dien eho gia dinh lam viec vdi ehinh quygn thich hgp vdi nam la 60,3% va 74,5%, tham chi ty lg fra ldi ciia vi thanh nien 1 5 - 1 7 tudi la 52,5% va 64% (Bg VH, TT
& DL va eo quan khac, 2008), cao hon nhilu so vdi ddng bao DTTS fra idi cau hdi trong eugc khao sat nay.
Mua ban tai san/dat dai la viec ldn cua gia dinh, vdn dugc coi la cdng viee thich hpp vdi nam gidi. Cugc khao sat chi ra rang, quan niem chung van coi cdng viee nay thich hpp hon vdi nam gidi so vdi phu nir (chenh lech digm phan fram gan 30). Song, eiing cd mdt ty le ldn (gan 70%) coi cdng viee do diich hgp vdi ca hai gidi, nhu vay nhan thiic cua ngudi dan la kha tich cue trong van de nay.
Nhiing cdng viee ed su phan bd tuong ddi can bang thudng lien quan dgn giao due con cai.
Co ty le eao coi viec hpc cua con/dinh hudng nghg cho con hay dua ddn eon di hpc thich hgp vdi ca hai gidi ciing nhu ty le tuong duang coi cac edng viec dd thich hgp vdi mdi gidi. Tuong tu, viec cham sdc ngudi gia, ngudi dm, tre em, day/hudng dan con hge cung dugc da sd nhin nhan thich hpp cho ca hai gidi, tuy sd cdn lai thi ty le eoi cdng viec nay thich hgp vdi nii eao hon so vdi nam.
Neu viec quan ly tign chung ciia gia dinh cd ty le hon 50% cho la thich hpp vdi ca hai gidi ma ty Ie coi thich hpp vdi phu nii cao hon, thi viec quan ly ehi tigu hang ngay cho gia dinh thudng dupe da so ngudi coi thich hgp rieng cho phu nu. Vi thg "tay hdm ehia khda" hay "npi tudng" ciia gia dinli danh cho ngudi phu nii dudng nhu thg hien ro d day. Rigng cac cdng viec ndi trg nhu nau an, di ehg, rira bat, giat giii, dpn dep nha cira vdn dugc coi la thude vl phu nii'. Quan niem nay hau nhu chua cd sir thay ddi khi chi ed mpt ty le rat nhd ngudi tra ldi rdng cac cdng viec dd thich hgp vdi nam gidi.
Ngugc lai, tir 64%. den 78%) sd ngudi fra ldi coi chiing thich hgp vdi phu nii. Ty Ie nhung ngudi coi cac cdng viec ay thich hgp vdi ca hai gidi khdng cao, chi tir khoang 1/3 den 1/4 sd ngudi,
Nhu vay, cd su phan biet kha rd eac nhdm cdng viec ma ngudi DTTS nhin nhan thich hgp vdi gidi nay hay gidi kia. Chang ban, di chp, ndu an, dpn dep, giat giii... thich hgp cho phu nii va bao tri, sira chira do diing gia dinh, lam/sira nba... thich hgp vdi nam gidi. Tuy nhign, cd thg nhan xet rang quan niem eiia ngudi dan vg van dg phan cdng lao dpng theo gidi da theo hudng tich cue hon, ty lg coi mdt sd cdng viec tmyen thdng von la cua phu nir nay thich hgp vdi ca hai gidi tuong doi cao.
.^4 . ^ ^ NguyinHuu]^^!^
1.2. Su khac biet gifra cdc nhdm xa hpi ve phan cong lao dpng
O day phan tieh su khac biet ve quan niera phan cdng lao dpng giu-a nam va nir doi vdi cac cdng viec gia dinh. Do s6 lupng edng viec nhieu ngn chi chpn rapt sd dua vao cac nhdm cong viec CO su phan cdng lao ddng kha gidng nhau vira neu d tren de phan tieh. Cu thg la: Thdp huong/ciing le d ban thd; Dai dien cho gia dinh lam viec vdi chinh quyln; Day/hudng d§n con hgc: Quan ly tign chung cua gia dinh; Ndu an. Nhiing dac digm ca nhan se dugc sir dung dg phan loai cac nhdm xa hpi. Dg hudng tdi muc tieu binb dang gidi, chi bao sir tham gia cua hai gidi nhu nhau se dugc sir dung cho phan tich. Kit qua phan tich thi hien d bang 2.
Bdng 2: Ty le ddng y cac hoat dong duoi day thich hop cho ca hai gidi phan theo cac nhom nhan khdu - xa hdi (%)
Nhom nhan khau - xa hgi Gidi tinh Nam Nir Nhom tuoi
<30 30-39 40-49 50+
Hgc van Muchir TH trd xudng THCS THPT+
Nhdm dan toe Phu he Miiu he Mii-e song Kha Tnmg binh Nglieo N
ThSp huong cting le
.
43,6 48,2 40,4
..
46,8 47,8 49,2
.,.
25,8 45,5 48,7 56,3
«.
35,9 64,4
***
53,0 52,5 38,6 2781
Dai dien lam viec vol chinh quyen
«
56,8 61,5
•
60,5 60,2 60,8 53,7
.
58,9 55,5 59,3 63,2 58,7 60,0 64,4 60,3 57,4 2885
Day eon hoc
.„
75,5 64,9 72,5 69,4 69,7 68,5
...
67,8 64,0 70,0 77,9
***
72,9 65,2 72,0 71,6 68,3 2851
Quan ly tien Chung gia dinh
55,6 52,5 58,3
**
54,7 53,4 48,0 55,6 51,0 53,5 56,8
«.
59,6 44,5 58,6 53,4 53,9 2886
Nau an
...
31,5 21,2 29,1
**
28,2 24,5 21,3
,„
19,5 20,2 27,4 35,8
...
32,2 16,1
***
29,7 29,0 23,1 2892
N
1414 1474 707 953 688 540 476 785 892 735 1816 1072 222 1280 1386 Mireynghia thdngke: *-p<0,05: **. p< 0,01: **'. p< 0,001
Ghi ehu: TH- Tiiu hoc: THCS: Trunghgc casa; THPT+: Trung hoc phd tl
i up cru Dan tpc npc so 1 ~ zu/o 85 So lieu d bang 2 cho thdy, cd su kliac biet giiia nam va nu frong quan niem ve eac hoat ddng
thich hpp eho ca hai gidi, nhung theo xu hudng khac nhau tiiy thudc loai hinh boat ddng. Vdi hoat dgng thdp huong, cimg ll va dai dien cho gia dinh lam viee vdi chinh quyen thi ty le phu nii iing hp cao ban so vdi nam gidi. Ngugc lai, vdi boat ddng day con hpc va nau an thi ty le nam coi la thich hgp vdi ca hai gidi cao hon so vdi nii, Rd rang, cac boat ddng co tinh tmyen tbdng danli eho phu ntr thi siic y frong quan nigm eua phu nil thudng cao hon nam gidi, ngugc lai, cac hoat dpng cd tinh tmygn thong danh eho nara gidi thi siic y cua nam gidi eao hon.
Khac biet giiia cac nhdm tudi ciing theo xu hudng khac nhau: vdi boat ddng thap hirong, cung ll thi nhdm tudi cao hon cd ty le cao hon eoi hoat ddng nay thich hgp vdi ca hai gidi. Nhung ddi vdi cac hoat dpng cdn lai, nhdm tudi cao hon ed ty le thap hon eoi boat dpng do thich hpp vdi ea hai gidi, dac biet doi vdi cac boat dong quan ly ehi tigu chung va nau an.
Trinh dp hpc van cua ngudi fra Idi cd quan he chat che vdi quan niem eoi eac hoat ddng neu frgn thich hop cho ca hai gidi. Hpc van cang cao thi ty le ung bd sir tham gia cua hai gidi cang eao, Rieng nau an, thap huang, ciing ll thi ty lg eoi la thich hgp ea hai gidi cua nhdm ed trinh do hpc van tmng hgc phd thdng frd Ign cao gap ddi so vdi nhdm mil ehii. Tam quan frgng ciia ygu to hpc van frong viec nang cao nhan thire binh dang gidi the hien rd d cae boat ddng nay.
Ddi vdi nhdm dan tdc, nhdm theo mau he cd ty le coi hoat ddng thap huang, cung lg thich hgp ca hai gidi cao hon ro ret so vdi nhdm theo phu he, trong khi cac hoat ddng khac thi nhdm phu he cd ty le ling hd cao ban. Cd the vi thap buong, eiing le von la hoat ddng dupe quy ude danh eho nam gidi d nhdra phu he nen sir thay ddi nhan thiie eiia nhdm nay eham hon.
So sanh eae nhdm miie sdng thay ro nhat d viec thap buong, ciing Ig, nau an. Nhirng nhdra vdi miic sdng klia, tmng binh cd ty le coi cae cdng viec thIch hgp ea hai gidi eao hon so vdi nhdm ngheo, Digu kien sdng kha ddy du se giiip cho cac thanh vien trong nha nhan tbiic binh dang han vg van dg nay. Ngu so sanh tdng quat, su khac biet trong quan mera giiia nam va nii vg viec hai gidi tham gia cac hoat ddng thg hien xu hudng khac nhau tuy theo mdi boat dgng. Doi vdi viee thap huong, cimg Ig va dai dien cho gia dinh lam viee vdi chinh quygn, kha nang phu nu coi dd thich hgp vdi ca hai gidi cao hon so vdi nam gidi, nhung vdi boat ddng day con hgc va nau an thi nguac lai. Xu hudng tuong tu cung thg hien khi phan tieh theo nhdm fridi. Cac boat dpng thap huong, dai dien gia dinh thi kha nang nhdm tre eoi dd thich hgp ca hai gidi lai it hon, trong khi cac boat ddng day con hoc, quan ly tign, nau an thi xu hudng iing hp cd phan eao hon.
Su khac nhau giiia eae nhdm hpc van vg viec coi hoat ddng la thich hgp vdi ca hai gidi the hien nhat quan d tat ca cac boat ddng, hpc van cang cao thi sir img hg phuong an ca hai gidi cimg thara gia cang cao hon. Tuy nhien, ngudi thudc dan tdc phu he cd kha nang coi hoat ddng thap huong cimg Ig thich hgp vdi ca hai gidi la thap hon so vdi ngudi thudc dan tdc mau he. Con cae boat ddng khae, ngudi thupc dan tge phu he cd kha nang iing hp quan niem nay la cao hon, frong khi cac dan tdc raau he thudng eoi frgng vai frd ciia phu nii trong nhiing hoat ddng cdn lai (cac phan tich bo sung cho thay dieu do). Vai frd yeu td mire sdng chi tbg hien ro d hoat ddng thap buong cimg le. Nhiing ngudi co miic sdng kha va tmng binh cd kha nang cao han coi dd la hoat ddng thich hgp vdi ca hai gidi.
^ Nguyin HuuM}!}h- 2. Thuc hanh phan edng cong viec trong gia dmh giira nam - nir va khac hiet giira cac nhom xa hoi
2.1. Thuc hdnhphan cong cong viec trong gia dinh
O muc fren da ban vl khia canh quan niem, tir goc dp thirc tiln ed thi phan tich sir phan cdng lao dpng giiia nam gidi va pbu nii frong gia dinh tiieo cae boat ddng ciing nhu thdi gian tning binh ngu'di phu nii va nam gidi fliuc hien cdng viec nha, Cd 21 cdng vigc nha frrong iing vdi cac hoat ddng da hdi ngudi dan ve quan niem. Ket qua phan cdng lao dgng trong thuc tl giua nam gidi va nii gidi frong gia dinh dugc trinh bay d bang 3. 6 bang nay xet ve su tham gia ciia nam gidi va phu nir trong gia dinh ndi chung, khdng nhat thigt la ngudi fra ldi va vg/chdng ngudi fra ldi.
Bdng 3i Ngiroi dam nhiem cac cong viec nha (ty le %)
I. Bao iri, sua chira dd diing Uong gia dmh 2. Lam/siia nha 3. Thap hucmg/citng
le d ban thd 4. Dai dien gia dinh
lam viec vdi chinh quyen/cdng ddng 5. Mua ban tai san/dat
dai
6. Dai dien gia dinh tiep khach 7. Dai dien gia dinh
tham gia hieu/hi 8. Lay ciii 9. Lay nudc 10. Dua ddn ngudi nha
di hoc/di lam 11. Lo viec hoc/dmh
hudng nghe ciia con 12. Quan ly tien chung
ctia gia dmh 13. Quiin ly chi tieu
hang ngay cho gia dinh
14. Niiu/chuan bi cd ngay gid/tet 15. Day/hugng diin con
hoc 16. Di chg mua thirc
an, thuc phiim 17. Cham sdc ngudi
gia/ngudi dm/tre em
Chi thanh vien nam 44,9 34,1 27,9 14,4 13,1 8,7 7,0 5,4 4,6 6,6 4,9 5,2 4,9 4,4 4,5 4,5 1,2
Chii yeula nam 39,8 38,2 22,1 23,8 15,0 19,8 18,8 11,0 8,7 10,6 6,8 5,8 7,8 5,7 5,5 8,0 2,1
Chi thanh vien nir
1,3 0,7 2,9 2,1 1,6 2,3 2,4 9,6 9,5 4,3 3,1 11,9 16,2 7,8 5,2 17,9 6,8
Chti ydu lanir
3,9 1,5 8,1 7,0 3,1 5,8 7,0 34,2 35,8 17,2 11,2 26,1 40,8 22,4 19,2 48,2 27,6
Nam nir lam nhu nhau
10,1 25,5 39,0 52,7 67,1 63,4 64,8 39,8 41,3 61,3 74,1 51,0 30,2 59,7 65,5 21.4 62,3
N 2830 2631 2577 2847 1553 2869 2869 2589 2291 2477 2390 2869 2873 1710 2442 2873 2831
Tap chi Ddn Idc hoc sd 1 -2020 87 18. Giat, phoi, gap
quan ao 19. Don dep nha cira 20. Nau an 21. Rua bat
0,8 0,6 0,5 0,4
2,3 2,4 2,4 1,8
21,2 17,8 20,8 23,2
54,7 51,9 55,4 58,5
21,0 27,3 20,9 16,1
2866 2871 2875 2872 Co thg nhan thay, khudn mau thue tg eua phan edng cdng viec nha ciing phan anli quan nigra cua ngudi dan vg each phan cdng giii'a nam va nir trong gia dinh. Nhiing edng viec nam gidi lam chu yen la: bao tii/siia chira do dimg frong nha, lam/sua nha, thap huang/eiing lg d ban tbd; phu nir thi chu ygu quan ly tign nong va cac cdng viec ngi tra, cham sdc trong gia dinh. Cd mdt sd cong viec khong thuc su phan biet giiia nam gidi va nir tuy ty le nam phu trach chinh van nhlnh hon nhu: dai dien gia dinh quan he vdi bgn ngoai, mua ban tai san/dat dai va giao due/day dd con cai. Nhu vay, khuon mau tmyen tbdng ve phan edng lao ddng theo gidi frong gia dinh van dupe bao luu d cae gia dinh DTTS hien nay. Tuy nhien, d mdt sd edng viec vdn di phan ldn danh cho nam gidi hay cho phu nu thi ngay nay da co su chia se dong deu hon d hai gidi, dac biet la van dg nudi day eon eai va thay mat gia dinh frong quan he vdi ben ngoai.
De danh gia chlnh xae hon miic do phan biet giii'a nam gidi va phu nii trong tham gia cdng viec gia dinh, thdi gian trung binh trong ngay eua ngudi fra ldi tham gia vao cdng viec nha da dugc tinh toan. Kgt qua cho thay, tinh ehung thdi gian lam viec nha cua pbu nii la 3,1 gid, gap mdi so vdi thdi gian lam viec nlia cua nam gidi la 2 gid.
2.2. Su khde Met ve thuc hdnh phdn cong cong viec gia dinh theo cac nhdm xd hpi Thuc hanli phan cdng cdng viec gia dinh giii'a nam va nii' cd the khac nhau tuy theo dac digm gia dinh va ca nhan. Dg thay su khac biet do giiia cac nhdm gia dinh, ty le hoat ddng cd nam va nir tham gia nhu nhau da duge tinh toan, so sanh nham phan anh tdt bon xu hudng phan cdng cong viec CO tinh binb dang cao. Do cau hdi vg phan cdng nam gidi va phu nii ndi ehung nen dg xac dinh chinh xac mdi quan he giiia dac digm ea nhan va su tham gia cdng viec, chi cd gia dinh 1 - 2 thg he dupe chpn vao phan tieh. O nhiing gia dinh nay, phan ldn cac cong viec do nam gidi hay phu nii' lam dugc higu la ngudi vg hay ngudi chdng lam, vi vay dac digm ciia ngudi chdng hoac vg duge su dung khi so sanh theo cac nhdm xa hdi. Nghign ciiu nay chgn dae digm ciia ngudi vp lam tigu chi phan nhdm so sanh vi thdng thudng hpc van va tudi ngu'di vg thap hon chdng, nen nhiing kliac bigt ve hai tigu chi d ngudi vg se phan anh tot hon vai frd ciia hai yeu td nay ddi vdi viec tham gia binh dang vao cac hoat ddng, Ket qua phan tich the hien d bang 4,
Khi phan tieh su tham gia thuc te eiia nam gidi va phu nii vao nhung cdng viec trong gia dinh ehia theo cac nhdra nhan khau - xa hdi ed thg nhan thay, sir khac biet giira eac nhdm cdn tuy thudc loai hoat dpng. Theo nhdm tudi, vdi boat ddng thdp huong, ciing lg thi tudi cang cao ty le co su tham gia dong dgu ciia hai gidi cang cao. Trong khi dd, vdi cac hoat ddng khae, ty le cd su tham gia dong dgu cua hai gidi giam dan khi dp tudi tang Ign.
NgiiyinJTmrUiaL- Bdng 4: T y Id gia dinh cd nguofi v g v a chdng tham gia n h u n h a u cac boat dong dudi dSy
phan theo cac n h o m n h a n khSu - xa hgi (%)
N h d m nhan khau
- xa hgi
C h u n g N h o m tuoi ngiroi vo"
<30 30-39 40-49 50+
Hgc van ngudi vff Mil chtr THttd xudng THCS THPT+
N h d m dan toe Phu he M a u he JVIu-c s6ng Kha Trung binh Ngheo
Thiip h m m g cung le
T y l e 46,3
„
40,3 45,2 50,0 52,3
***
26,1 47,5 53,3 61,1
*+*
35,7 63,4
...
52,1 53,3 39,7
N 1948
462 714 508 264
490 571 512 375
1207 741 144 808 996
Dai dien lam vile vdi chinh quyen Tyle
59,2
**
64,0 59,4 59,3 50,0
...
55,4 54,1 60,7 69,9
59,3 59,1
.
68,3 59,9 57,5
N 2024
433 731 538 322
369 585 587 483
1217 807 145 833 1046
D a y eon hgc
T y l e 70,3
'
74,1 68,4 72,3 64,9
...
68,4 65,7 70,9 78,8
...
73,9 64,9
72,5 71,6 69,0
N 1998
478 738 520 262
491 586 530 391
1201 797 142 825 1Q3I
Quan ly tidn chung ciia gia dinh Tyle
54,8
...
61,4 54,8 53,1 46,5
***
57,3 48,1 56,4 59,5
...
61,3 45,0 60,0 55,4 53,6
N 2023
482 743 527 271
504 590 534 395
116 807 145 835 1043
Niiu an
Tyle 25,9
•
28,6 27,6 24,1 19,9
...
21,0 20,6 26,7 39,0
...
31,6 17,2
»
31,0 28,3 23,2
N 2028
483 746 528 271
505 592 536 395
1221 807 145 836 1047
Sdgld- trung binh
tham gia tat ca viec nha Nam
2,1
2,0 2,1 2,0 2,1
2,0 2,0 2,1 2,1
2,0 2,1 2,0 2,0 2,1
Nfl- 3,1
3,0 3,2 3,0 3,1
*
2,9 3,3 3,1 3,0
...
2,7 3,6
.*
3,0 2,9 3,3 Micey nghia thdngke: *:p<0,05; **:p<0,01; ***-^< 0,001
Ghichu: TH: Tiiuhpc; THCS: Trung hpc ca s&; THPT+: Trung hpc phd thdng tr& len Ddi vdi ylu td hpc van, xu hudng chung d tat ea cac boat ddng la hgc van cang eao thi ty le co SiU tham gia dong dgu cua hai gidi cang cao, mdi quan he giiia hpc van va su tham gia ngang nhau vao boat dong ciia hai gidi thg hien ro nhdt d eac nhdm hpc van, Vg ygu td dan tdc, nhom dan tgc mdu he ed sir tham gia ddng diu hai gidi d viee thdp huong, eung ll cao hon, trong khi d eae boat ddng khac thi su tham gia ddng diu hai gidi cd ty Ie cao ban d nhdra dan tgc phu hg. So sanh theo cae nhdm mu'C sdng thi ty le tham gia ddng diu hai gidi d nbdra gia dinh rairc sdng kha v;i nung binh vl CO ban cao ban so vdi gia dinh ngheo d hau bet cac boat ddng, nhat la cac boat ddng thdp huong, eimg il; dai dign gia dmh lam viec vdi chinh quygn; nau an.
1 gp cm uan tpc hoc so J - 2020
Rieng cac nhdm nhan khdu - xa hdi ve thdi gian tmng binh lam viee nha ciia nam va nii, thdi gian lam viec nha tmng binh cua nam gidi hau nhu khdng cd su khac biet dang kg giiia cae nhdm xa hpi. Tuy nhien, vdi pbu mi thi co mpt sd khac biet dang kg gma cae nhdm. TbI hien ro nhat khi so sanh theo nhdm dan tge va miie sdng. Phu nii thudc nhdm dan tdc mau he ed thdi gian lam viec nha cao hon dang kg so vdi phu nii dan tdc pbu he, phu nu thude hp ngheo thi thdi gian lam viec nha cao hem ban so vdi phu nii frong gia dinh kha va tmng binh. Nhu vay, phu nii thudc cac dan tdc mau he va gia dinh ngheo gap thiet thdi kep ddi vdi van de lam viec nha.
Ket luan
Kgt qua phan ticb ve phan cdng lao ddng theo gidi frong cong viec gia dinh tii' khia eanh quan niem va thuc hanh doi vdi ddng bao DTTS d Viet Nam cho thay, nhin chung khudn mau gidi van edn ton tai d miic dp dang kg. Nhiing cdng viee vdn do nam gidi thuc hien trong truyen thdng nhu bao tri, sira ehiia do dung frong gia dinh; lam, sii'a nha; thap huong, ciing lg d ban thd.., nay van ehii ygu do nara gidi thuc Men. Tuong tu, quan ly tign nong va cac cdng viec ndi trp, cham sde frong gia dinh van tigp tuc de nang Ign vai phu nu. Thdi gian lam viee nha ciia phu nir cao hon dang kg so vdi thdi gian lam viec nha eiia nam gidi, nhat la d cae gia dinh thudc nhdm dan tpc mau he. Theo dd, khudn man phan cdng lao ddng theo gidi frong cdng viee gia dinh eua DTTS d cupe khao sat nay tuong dong vdi cac kgt qua da co va ciing khong khac vdi dan tde Kinh. Phu nii DTTS ngoai tham gia tich cue vao viec kiem thu nhap cdn phai chiu thgm ganh nang kep do thue hien eac cdng viec gia dinh, Tir kgt qua nghign ciiu cho thay, khudn mau gidi trong phan cdng cdng viec gia dinh se edn ton tai lau dai d cac DTTS d Viet Nam. Tuy vay, kgt qua nay ciing ghi nhan rang, ragt sd edng viee trudc day thudng duge cho la thupc vg nam gidi hay phu nu thi nay da cd su tham gia nhigu hon cua gidi con lai, tiic la da cd nbiing thay ddi theo hudng ticb cue vg phan edng lao ddng theo gidi trong cac cong vigc gia dinh.
Quan niem va thuc hanh phan cdng cdng viec gia dinh theo gidi cd khac biet tiiy theo loai hinh cdng viec va cac nhdm xa hdi, do anh hudng eiia eac dae digm ca nhan nhu hpc van, liia mdi. Nhom tuoi tre cd xu hudng quan niem va tham gia ddng dgu hon vao cac cdng viec gia dinh, ngoai trir viec thap huong, cimg Ig. Ygu td bpc vdn cd vai trd lam tang kha nang tham gia ddng dgu ciia hai gidi vao cac cong viec gia dinh. Sir tham gia ddng dgu ciia hai gidi vao eac edng viec dd thg hien ro Hon d nhdm dan tde phu he so vdi nhdm dan tdc mau he. Gia dinh cd mirc sdng cao ciing lam tang kha nang tham gia ddng dgu ciia hai gidi vao mdt sd cdng viec gia dinh.
Xac nhan vai frd eac ygu td ddi vdi quan niem va su tham gia thuc tg vao cae edng viec gia dinh cho thay rang, nhiing bign ddi cua xa hdi frong thdi gian qua (vg nang cao trinh dp hoe van, md rgng viec lam ngoai gia dinh, mirc sdng tang Ign), viec ban hanh va tiiln khai cae luat phap, ehinh sach vg binh dang gidi, tang cudng tmygn tbdng... da cd tac dung tot ddi vdi viec nang eao su tham gia ddng deu ciia hai gidi vao cac cdng viee gia dinh. Tigp tuc day manh cac boat ddng nay, dae biet la nang cao hpc van cho ngudi dan, nhat la cho phu nii, chae chan se cd anh hudng tieh cue dgn binh dang gidi ddi vdi phan cdng lao dpng trong gia dinh.
Ket qua phan tich cdn ggi ra rang, cdn luu y den siic y trong nhan thire va hanh vi cua rapt sd ngudi ddi vdi mdt sd boat ddng. Vi du, frong hoat dpng thdp huang, cimg Ig, dd ia su bao luu quan
•JQ ^ ^ NguyiiiJl£iiM!!!L- niem cua nam gidi, coi day la ITnh vuc rigng cd cua minh. Nhdm gia duih thudc dan tpc phu he cung bao luu quan niem nay manh me han so vdi dan tdc mdu he. Dilu dd cd lign quan din su ua thich con trai trong nhan thire cua nhigu ngudi. Nhdm nir ciing cd siic y vl quan niera ddi vdi cac boat ddng vdn dupe coi la linh vuc khdng thi chia sg cua phu nii nhu ndu an hay day con hpc Ddi vdi cac hoat ddng nay, miie do phu nii ung hp quan niem coi la thich hpp vdi ca hai gidi thdp hon rd ret so vdi nam gidi. Day la nhiing vdn dl cdn dupe quan tam trong cac dinh hudng thue day binh dang gidi trong thdi gian tdi.
Tai lieu tham khao
L Trdn Thi Van Anh va Nguyln Hiiu Minh (Chu bien, 2008), Btnh ddng gi&i & Vipi Nam (phdn tich sd lieu diiu tra), Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hdi. Ha Ndi.
2. DdThi Binh (1999), A^gA/e/j cdu ve gioi tgi cdc cpng dong ngu&i Tdy, Nttngtinh Cao Bdng, Bao eao khoa hge.
3. Bo Van hoa. The thao va Du lieh, Tdng cue Thong ke, Vien Nghign ciiu Gia dinh va Gidi
& Unicef (2008), Ket qud diiu tra Gia dinh Viet Nam 2006, Ha Ndi.
4. Nguygn Thi Ha (2012), Quan he gi&i trong gia dinh ddn tpc thieu sd mien niii phia Bac hien nay, Luan an Tign sT Trigt hpc, Hge vien Chinh tri-Hanh ehinh qudc gia Hd Chi Minh, Ha Ndi.
5. Tran Quy Long (2007), "Lao ddng ndi frg cua phu nii frong gia dinh ndng thdn". Tap chi Xd hpi hoc, S6 4, tr. 82-89.
6. Nguygn Hiiu Minh (Chii nhiem dg tai, 2014), Cdc quan hi gia dinh akhu vuc Bdc Trung bp trong bdi cdnh cdng nghiep hoa, hiin dgi hoa vd hpi nhdp quoc ti, Bao eao tdng hpp de tai cap Bp.
7. Le Thai Thi Bang Tam (2008), "Phan cdng lao ddng va ra quyet dinh frong gia dinh", frong:
Binh ddng gi&i & VietNam (Phdn tich so lieu dieu tra), Nxb. Khoa hge xa hdi, HaNgi, fr. 142-173.
8. Nguygn Le Thu (2017), Binh ddng gi&i trong lao dpng gia dinh ddn tpc thiiu sd mien nui phia Bdc Viet Nam Men nay, Luan an Tien si Trigt hoc, Hgc vien Chinh tri qude gia Hd Chi Minh, Ha Ndi.
9. Nguygn Minh Tuan (2012), "Binh dang gidi frong gia dinh ngudi E dg d Dak Lak", Tgp chi Xd hpi hpc, So 2, XT. SI-H9.
