70_L
TRUflNG ^ A I » n r : T H L I B 6 H A N q iKHAO SAT m d ! GIAN NGHE THUAT CAN Vdl CAC PHUONG THliC DU BAG TRONG VAN XUOI TlJ SU TRUNG DAI VIET NAM
TrSa Thi Thanh Nhi' Truang Bgi hoc Suphgm Hue
Tom tdt: Thdi gian nghe thuat la mot trong nhimg vdn di quan Pgng ciia thi phdp hoc Viec nghien cini thai gian nghe thuat co y nghia ddc biet khi tim hieu cdc phuang thuc du bdo trong van xuoi tu su trung dgi Viet Nam Qua khao sdt cdc kieu thai gian dgc Pung xay diin ra, cdc kiiu thai gian duac ndi den vd dgc diim ciia thai gian dugc mieu ta trong cdc phuang thicc du bdo, chimg ta thdy dugc tu duy sdng tgo cua cdc nha vdn duang thdi diu chiu dnh huang cua cdm quan ton gido, tin ngudng trung dgi Tiekhoa- Thdi gian. dubdo. cdt hung
1. MO DAU
Co nhidu \kn dd dang ban khi nghien ciiu ve cac phuang thiic du bao trong van xuoi tu su trung dai Viet Nam, trong do dang luu tam la thdi gian. Trong cudn Cdc pham trii vdn hod trung cd, A.Gurevieh cho rSng: "Con ngudi khdng sinh ra vol "giac quan thai gian", nhiing khai niem khdng gian va thdi gian bao gid ciing bi quy dinh bdi nen van hoa cua nd" [1, tr.31]. Theo quan niem ciia ngudi phuang Ddng, van menh, van sd cua con ngudi trong eoi nhan sinh nhu the da dugc dinh san, va ngudi ta cd the du bao, du doan duac mdt each tuang ddi chinh xac qua cac thdi diem, giai doan nao do. Viec nhan manh, xoay sau vao tinh chat du bao (ddng nghia hudng den thdi gian tuang lai) cho ta thay thai do, quan niem, va each ung xii vdi thdi gian cua cac nha van trung dai. Tu day, can dat lai mot van de ma trudc nay cac nha nghien ciiu van thudng ndi den la vdi tam thiic coi trong nhiing gia tri cua qua khii, dudng nhu cac nha van trung dai chi chii y ban luan den cd nhan va thdi qua vang ma it chu y den hien tai va tuang lai; lieu trong viec mieu ta khdng gian va thdi gian, tai hien dien bien ciia cac su kien, tinh tiet... cd hay khdng co cac nhan vat, phuang thiic, phuong tien... ddng vai trd du bao?
' Nhan bai ngay 11.0! .2017; giri phan bien, chinh sua va duyet dang ngay 20 02.2017 Lien he tac gia: TrSn Thj Thanh Nhi; Email, Thanhnhidh@gmail com
TAP CHI K H D A H 1 3 C - S D 1 3 / Z D 1 7
1 7 1
2. NOI DUNG
2.1. Cac dang thirc va tinh hndog dur bao
Trong bang thdng ke cac tidu thuydt lich sii trong bd Tong tap tieu thuyet chit Hdn Viet Nam {do Tran NghTa bien soan) dudi da)', chiing tdi xin dinh danh ten goi ciing nhu sd luang xuat hien cua eac phuang ihiic, kieu loai du bao d timg tac pham:
Ten tien thnyet
Viet lam xuan thu Hoan Chau ki Hoang Le nhat thong chi Nam trieu cdng nghiep dien chi Hoang Viet himg long chi
Sam agu, dODg
dao 2
1 2
4 Biem
bao
9 2
8
22
4 4 Mong
1 3 3 4
1 Phong
thuy
1 4 1
2
2 Trach
cat
1
I Boi toan
5 1 1
T
1 Tiron
gso
1 1 2
2
1
Tiep xiic voi the gioi sieu
ntiien 3 1 2 2
1 T6ng cong
23 13 19
38 15 Ngudi dy bao dii cd cao sieu tai gidi den may, khi phan truyen, tien tri ve tuong lai ciing se tao mdt hoai nghi cho ngudi tiep nhan. ^'i tuong lai la cai chua den. cai khdng the kiem chiing va cam nam ducrc. Nham tang siic thu%"et phuc cho cac phuang thuc du bao, cac tac gia thudng su dung kieu thdi gian chep su: ghi rd nam thang, can chi, nien hieu, ddi Mia thii may, trieu nao..., nhat la trong cac truyen ke ve suhimg vong trieu dai, chuyen dd dat thang quan tien chuc. Ching han: Nien hieu Kien Tan, nam Ky Mao ddi Tran xa>' ra cai va Khat Chan (Truyin Le Nuang): khoa Quy Hgi, 1683. nien hieu Chinh Hda thir 4 ddi Le Hy Tdng (Truyen thdm hoa Oiidch Giaiy. khoa thi hdi nam Canh Tuat nien hieu Canh Tri thii 8 ddi Le Huyen Tdng (Thi hdi); khoa At Mui nien hieu Quang Himg thir mudi tam, 1595. (Ong Thdi Ti): mot ke dien mao ky qua! tdi cam ta>- noi: Nam Long Due thii 2, 1013. khoa Quy Sim, trong sd dd Tien si. hg nha bac chiem tdi mot phan ba {Chm-en tiin si Trdn Danh Tieu)... De tang them linh chinh xac, cac tac gia cdn xay dung nhan \%i du bao la cac danh nhan trong lich sir gan vdi cac cudc chien tranh, nhiing su kien chdng giac ngoai xam nhu Truang Hdng, Truang Hal la mdng \'ie: Vuong. g^n vdi sir kien Li Nam De bi danh bai: Mi E gan vdi sir kien \iia Ly Thanh Tdng danh thing Sa Dau, \\m. Chiem
72 I T R U d N G BAI HOC THLI S O HA Nl5l
Thanh; Cao L5 la tuong giup An Duong Vuong chang Trieu Da; nang Au trong mong vua Ly Nam DS 6 vao thoi Vinh An, nha Ngo, nhik lin trai qua chiin tran... Khi nhan v^t dii bao tuong lai noi ro su kien se xay ra diing vao nam thang nao se tao ra ni6m tin manh liet cho nguoi duoc du bao. Su xac tin vS th« gian cho thiy nguoi du bao biet truoc, nam ro,
"biit tuat" nhiing diSu se xay ra va cho thai gian iSng nghiSm. Cach ki chuyen ghi ro mic thdi gian trSn, mot mat, chiu anh huong cia 18i chep sil trung dai; mat khac, nham toi viSc trayin tai thang tin toi cong chiing va tranh dugc su xoi moi, bung bit, can tro cua the luc phong kien cam quyen.
Thai gian khang dugc chia tach don lap ma bao gia Cling co su song doi vod khong gian. Cung vdi thai gian cu thi thi kh6ng gian ciing mang tinh minh xac cao vi: "NguM xvra khong thi hinh dung mot su kien lien quan din ding bSc, danh nhan lai nam ngoai khang gian thien ha, tiic la nim ngoai khong gian cia mot triiu dai nao do. Phto Ion cac truySn ngSn trung dai diu chi ro que quan nhan vat hay dia diim dien ra su kien lien quan nhto vat bang each xac dinh dia danh hanh chinh chinh xac (lang, xa, tBng, huyen, chau...
tuy theo su biin thien cua cac don vi hanh chinh m8i then) thay vi noi den khong gian dia li hpc. Di hiiu la cac biSn phap do nhim tao ra cam tuang dSy la nhimg chuySn co that, tac gia la nguai biit tit ca va ki lai "trung thuc" tit ca vi nhan vat, dia diim va thoi gian xay ra su kien deu co the kiem chung" [2, tr.l65].
Thdi gian cd tinh chdt bdt thudng, cdp bdch: Con nguoi la mot thuc the sang, cho nen ySu cfiu dSu tien la tan tai, an toan, tiip theo la dat thanh tuu, tu khang dinh minh. XuSt phat tir do, nhu cSu cat tuong, binh an, thuan Igi, thanh c6ng, tratlh tai hoa, benh tat, that bai... tra thanh t ^ thijtc, ban nang cua con nguoi. Ban nang do khang phai me tin, nhung do trinh do khoa hgc ki thuat con han ch6, nhSn thiic cua con nguai dii vol tu nhien, xa hpi va ban than minh con qua kem. Su v§n dong, dii thay ciia cat hung, phiic hoa co liSn quan mat thiet voi tu nhien, xa hgi, va vol chinh con nguofi do diy khang thi kh6ng mang mau sac tiiin bi. Tir thoi nguySn thuy con nguoi da biit dung vu thuat di tiin hanh boat dong can cat tuong, thanh dat; tiin thSm mot budc, din din biit ttr "sang tao" ra diim tit lanh tugng tnmg cho su thanh cong va cat tuong, diing vat tugng s6 va mai rua di boi toan, giiip giai dap thic mac, chi dao hanh dgng. Sau khi cac thuyit vi thien can dia chi, am duong ngii hanh, thien van tinh tugng... xuit hien, trd thanh tuc rii, ngudi ta liin Igi dung chiing sang tao ra cac loai thuat si, tao thanh nganh dir bao sdm nhit ciia nhan loai. Nhu the, CO the thay, nhu cau dugc du bao, dugc biit trudc tuong lai thudng din khi con ngudi doi di6n vdi nhung su ld$n trgng dai cua ca nhan hoac cgng dong. Nil td md, lo sg, hao hue... khien con ngudi muon ven birc man tuong lai de biet trudc hoac tim phuong each giai quyet tinh hinh hien tai.
TAP CHI KHDA H p C - SO 13/201V 73
Ndi lo vk sinh Ida benh tu van la noi lo khdng cua rieng ai. Khi ddi dien vdi nhiing khoanh khac sinh tu nhu vay trong ddi sdng, con ngudi thudng au lo, sg hai vi cam thay dudng nhu minh khdng thd lam chu tinh thd van menh, cd mdt the lire nao do dang chi phdi, dieu khien moi chuyen. Dd xua tan nhung thic mac, lo lang trong Idng, tran an ban than, con ngudi thudng cd xu hudng tim sir vien trg, thinh y tir cac the luc sieu nhien qua cac phucmg thiic du bao. Trong tmyen Cd qudi bdc su truyen, Quy Kinh bi dm may thang khdng khdi lien vdi thay coi tii vi tudng sd den hdi. Canh trong Hoan Chdu ki tha}' cha khdng ve, vdi vang ra chg xem boi...
Nhin chung, trong hau het cac trudng hgp, tinh hudng, tinh the, ngudi ta deu mong mudn, deu tin vao cac diem bao. Vi du, mdt tich, cd nha ng, con trai di lac, nghe ddn rang mieu son than cung rat linh thieng ben thanh kinh mang da>" du le \^at den mieu cau xin than bao mdng (Dieu thdm ki dn); mdt cdp, ngudi thdn ng hi nan trdm cap hoanh hanh, mai khdng tun ra thii pham, nghe Vucmg tien sinh d huyen Kim Thanh la ngudi gidi bdi dich, ben den bdi mdt que xem sao (Cdu chuyen ngdi chiia hoang a huyin Dong Triiu): tinh duyen: Chang Tii Uyen tinh cd gap ngudi con gai dep, trong long si me khdng biet each gi tuong kien, chang nghe ddn den Bach Ma rat thieng, ben den mat dao, xin que bdi the (Cuoc gap ga ki Ig a Bich Cdu); hay Ngd Kieu Nuang nhd cha giai que bdi '""Ngoc lai kinh" de ban chuyen hdn nhan (Viet Nam ki phiing su luc); bi de dog linh minh. sir viec bat thudng, khi ca bay hd keo den lang khien ngudi dan ai ai ciing khiep sg thi Iiic nay tha;' bdi xuat hien vdi tu each la ngudi ly giai hien tugng la thudng va bay qu>' trinh ciing bai dimg quy each de dudi hd di (Truyin ngicdi nudi hd a huyen Tdng San): danh giac. khi Ngd Tien chiia lap qudc, quan phuang bac vao an cudp. Tien Chiia lo lang nam mdng dugc bao cd am trg (Bd Cdi Dgi vicang); thi tdi, \Tja cha yeu cau cac hoang td tim mot mdn an dang Cling td tien ciing la de chgn ngudi ke vi, Lang Lieu ngay dem lo nghT, bdng mdt hdm thaj' than nhan mach bao lam ra mdn banh chung, banh day (Truyen Lang Lieu): bi thdn linh qua Pdch, khi quan hnh cay da gd thap bi hoa mat chdng mat, nga lan, Ddng Trieu khkn xong cam hai ddng tien ciii dau tung len rdi sup la;", da ran mdt tieng, bao mgi ngudi la than linh da ling cho mdt am mdt ducmg (Nam Trieu cdng nghiep dien chi) ... [3].
2.2. T h d i gian d u b a o
Thdi gian qitd khic: thudng thdng tin du bao dat ra mang tinh du trii vd tuang lai la chinh nhimg trong mdt sd phuang thiic dac thii nhu mdng (vdi sy dich chuydn khdng gian len the gidi tren cao nhu thien dinh, xudng the gidi dudi th4p nhu am phu, thuv phii hoac den cac khdng gian khac tren mat dat) thi thdng tin \k thdi gian cd thd la qua khii. trong mdng cua ngudi nam mdng hoac qua khu ciia ngucri xuat hien trong mdns. Thdi gian qua
74 II T R U d N B BAI HOC T H C I B D HA NOI
khlj ciia ngudi nam mgng dugc nhac den bao gom thdi gian qua khij xuat than. Bich Chau cho vua Thanh Tong biet qua khtr, xuat than ciia vua von la Tien ding Tieu Dien (Truyen ngdi den thieng a cita be), Tien thoi sao trong mgng bao cho vua Le Thanh Tong biet qua khu ciia vua vdn la mot tien dong dimg ben canh thugng de (Chuyen mat giac mgng), Ong Nguyin Trgng Thudng, Hoang Binh Chinh (Ong Nguyen Trgng Thudng, Thdn hd Bong Binh) diu dugc my nhan trong mgng bao cho biet qua khir tien kiep la than hg Dpng Dinh... Thai gian qua khir ciia ngudi nam mgng la thdi gian lam viec thien hay gay toi ac, thdi gian nay dugc nhac tdi nhu mpt cai "nhan" ma hien tai la cai "qua" nhan dugc.
Thdi gian qua khtr thuoc ve ngudi du bao va ngudi dugc du bao thudng gan vdi viec giai thich cho xuat than va cai chet cua hp. Nguyen Giam sinh xuat hien trong mgng nguoi di bien bao cho hp biet trudc kia dugc thugng de giao cho xuong tran lam vua nude Nam, nhimg vi vua hien tai phuc trach dang thinh nen phai trd ve trdi (chet) de dau thai lam vua nude khac (Truyen Nguyen Gidm sinh d Lg San). Trang nguyen xa DTnh Ke mong gap lai con trai, biet xuat than ciia con la ngudi trdi va trd ve trdi (chet) la do tdi ldi cua ong (Chuyen Trang nguyen xd Binh Ke). Tien quan chua bao mong cho thai tir Le Duy Vi biit nang phai ve trdi de cham sdc cho thai hau dm nang (Tien qudn chiia). Di diin ta khong thdi gian qua kbit trong cac phuang thiic du bao, tac gia thudng bit diu bing cac cum tir
"luc trudc", "dgo trudc", "trudc ddy", "nguyen trudc kia"... di tao mpt lat each vdi hien tai, dua ngudi doi dien ve thdi gian qua khu. Nhung qua khii khong dd ddng cung ma co mpt su ket ndi vdi tuong lai, dung quiS khu di ndi chuyen hien tai va tuong lai. Tuy cac phuang thiic du bao thi mac nhien ggi din den tuong lai nhung su xuit hien si lugng thdi gian qua khii khong phai la ft khien chting ta phai suy nglm vi su chuyin dich ciia vu tru, cua thdi gian, ngay mai bat dau tii ngay hom nay, tuong lai cd ve huyin hoac xa xoi nhung bat nguon true tiep tit qua khir va hien tai, dd la mpt ddng chay lien tuc va chju anh hudng ciia triet li nhan qua. luan hdi.
Thdi gian tuang lai: kha nang doan trudc tuong lai la diiu phi biin d trong cac que bdi. G. Vitroi cho rang: "Chung ta cham tdi tinh hudng ngugc ddi la trong y thirc diu tien ve thdi gian, con ngudi theo ban nang da ci tim each vugt len va loai trir thdi gian" [1, tr.33]. Chiem nhieu trong cac du doan tuong lai la nhom hga phiic, sinh lao benh tir. Ngudi Trung Quoc da the hien su trudng sinh bit lao bing cau chuyen IS Thien Dai Thanh xuing nao loan am phti va xda ten minh ra khdi si sinh lit, len thien dinh trpm dao tien, linh dan nham tre mar khong gia (Tdy du ky). Thdi gian tuong lai gin vdi viec dirge keo dai thoi gian song, tang them tuoi thp hay bi nit ngin thdi gian sing gram tho la tiiy thuoc vao thai dp each irng xir vdi cuoc song qua khir va hien tai. Nhimg ngudi an d phiic dire, lam viec thien. hieu thao thi dugc tang thp (Nhu Chi them tudi thg, Hiiu thdo trudc sau); nhims ke
TAP CHf KHDA H D C - SO 13/2DT7 H ' ^
pham tdi ac, hilu sSc hi giam thp (Chuyen mu dc, Chuyin yiu qudi a Xuang Giang). Tudi thp ma Thugng dd tang hay giam dugc tinh bSng ky (mot ky bang mudi nam) dugc ghi true tidp vac sd sinh tii ciia mdi ngudi. Thdi gian tuong lai trong mdng la sy bao trudc cho ngudi nam mong bidt trudc cai chdt va sy trd ve cua minh. Nd cd the di kem he thdng tin hieu bidu trung nhu thugng dd ban cho cay biit (Truyen ngudi liet nu a An Ap); hoac ldi mdi len tda sen; hoac ldi thugng dd sai sii Thanh Long Yen Nguyet mdi den dien Tu Hu, thao mdt chuang Ngpc Diep (Chuyin Ly Hodng), hoac ldi nhac trd ve de lam viec cii vi chd trdng kia khdng ai lam, bd lau tat bi phat (Mot dong chic Idy dugc gdi thdn). hoac ldi hira hen ciia ngudi da chet rang khdng bao lau nira se dugc gap nhau, chd nen dau budn qua (Tien Qudn Chiia, Chuyen ngicdi Hit nu a An Ap); hoac ngay thang nam chet da dugc quy sii bao trudc bang trat ddi (Gidy thue chef). Viec cac tac gia dy bao cai chet nhu la su yd ve mpt chdn cii phan anh udc mong vugt len cai chet ve the xac ciia con ngudi, dugc nam trong vdng tuan hoan tai sinh bat diet.
Tuang lai, cdng danh do dat cua cac quan lai thudng dugc than nhan bao trudc (tu liic ngudi me cdn mang thai, liic mdi sinh, thua cdn m hpc, tir hie mdi thi xong chua yet bang
\"ang) bang nhiing tudc danh hp dat dugc sau nay nhu Tham hoa, Thugng thu, Trang nguyen: Dao nhan dua vao xem tudng ma doan rang me Giap Hai sau na>" sinh eon se dd Trang nguyen (Truyen Trgng nguyen xd Dinh Ke); Le Nai mdi thi xong, me dng nam m a thay than nhan bao: ngoai hien cd mdt vien Hoang giap nam, sao khdng ra md cira ddn vao? (Truyen trgng nguyen Le Ngi); Ong Dang Chat dugc than den go cira goi dich danh:
Ong trang (Ong Ddng Chdt).
Tuong lai khdng chi dugc dy bao bang thdi gian udc dinh, ma cdn di kem vdi nhiing ldi khuyen, tu van ciia ciia cac "bdc su" nhu: "sau nay... nhd... neu khdng...", "niu...
thi...", "chac chdn... nhung dimg quen... vi...", "sau nay khi... thi nhd ddn con chdu...
thi...". Neu de y chiing ta se nhan ra, thdi gian tuang lai vdn da md rdng cang dugc md rpng, nhirng dii kien dugc ndi sau nhiing cum "sau nd)^'', ''neu", "chac chan"... da thudc tuang lai, thi "nhd', "dimg quin", "hay"... la hanh ddng tuang lai ke tiep su kien tuong lai va nhim su kien se xay ra sau nhiing cum tir "thi", "vi", "hiim ndf... la tuang lai ciia tuang lai khi nhan vat lam theo hay khdng lam theo ldi nhan nhii, dan dd. 6 da%', xay ra cac trudng hgp sau: nhan \ a t dugc dy bao hoan toan lam theo ldi dan dd (dat md chdn, lam theo ldi chi dan trong mdng, chon ngay tdt...) thi tucmg lai dat kdt qua nhu y, trgn ven (Truyin hg Vii a Mo Trgch, Truyen Ti tuang xd Md Trgch, Truyen trgng nguyen xd Dinh Ke); nhan vat dugc dy bao chi thyc hien mdt phan ldi dan cua ngudi du bao thi tuang iai dau tien ciing dat dugc ket qua tdt nhung chung cue dd dang, khdng trgn ven. tham chi hk hanh (Dinh Tien Hodng Ki, Ngdi md nhd ho Trdn, Chuyen Trau Canh axd Tic Trdm).
76 II T R U d N G BAI HOC THlIl e O HA NDt
Tuong lai thudng xuat hien ngay sau du bao va dugc chiing thuc. Day ciing la thdi gian ling nghiem tiie la dd chiing thuc xem dy bao cd diing khdng. Xay ra may trudng hop chii ydu sau: khdng ling nghiem (3/243 truyen xuit hien cac phuang thiic du bao, chiem 1,23%); irng nghiem ngay luc do hoac ngay mai (Chidm ti le 21,4%); mdt thdi gian ngSn sau hoac pham vi thdi gian trong vong ddi ngudi trd lai (Chidm ti le eao nhat 72,84%); vai ddi sau (Chidm ti le 4,5%). Sy khdng img nghiem cd ti le it nhat la vi thudng dy bao co diing, CO sai, nhiing dy bao sai bi quen lang chi nhiing dy bao dimg mdi duge ghi chep, Imi tmydn, cdn xay ra ngay va trong vong ddi ngudi chiem ti le cao nhat vi: "Trong xa hoi nguyen thuy phuong hudng thdi gian chi cd y nghia ddi vdi tuong lai true tiep, qua khir khdng xa, va boat ddng dang diin ra, ddi vdi nhung hien tugng dien ra tryc tiep xung quanh con ngudi; cdn nhiing bidn cd d ngoai pham vi nay thi con ngudi xa hdi nay tri giac mdt each mo hd, toa dp trong thdi gian dugc xac dinh mdt each la m a " [1, tr.33], nhirng dir bao qua xa qua mky tram nam, mSy ddi nhu Trang Trinh Nguyen Binh Khiem trong Chep them vi Bgch Vdn gm thi qua ma hd, khd kiem chiing nen it dugc de cap.
Thdi gian hien tgi. Dii dy bao la noi den tuong lai nhung hien tai van la van de quan trpng va trung tam. Thdi gian hien tai cd y nghia to ldn, nd co siic manh lam thay ddi dir bao trong qua khii va tucmg lai da dugc bao trudc: Tran Thai Vuong la Chieu Van ddng tir theo lenh Thugng de giang sinh noi cung vua 48 nam, den han bi benh nang, sap ve trdi.
Nhd con cai hieu thao ma Thugng de cam ddng, tang tudi thp them 12 nam (Td tdu thien dinh ung nghiem). Cha ciia Nguyen Dinh Gia d Cat Trii, Cam Khue la ngudi gidi xem so doan menh, nha giau co bac nghin. Ong ty xem sd cho minh se cd hai diia con ngoan, trong do cd mdt quy tir. Nhung khi tudi da tdi 50 hai diia con van rong choi cd bac sudt ngay.
Dao nhan noi: sd menh khdng img nghiem bdi tam thuat sinh bien. Con ngudi ta khdng co gi dang trpng bimg long hieu. Ong thyc cd tdi vdi trdi lau rdi, neu bidt l4y long yeu quy the thiep de phung thd cha me thi cd the lam ngudi dugc ndi tire gian ciia quy thSn. Tir do dng ben het long thd phung khdng chut xao nhang, hai con dng cung sua ddi tinh ndt, dng sdng ddn 70 tudi, kip thay ngudi con la Dinh Gia di thi tning cir nhan khoa Mau Than nam Tu Dire thii nhSt 1848 (Dung miiu tha dgo nhdn).
Thdi diem xuat hien dy bao thudng g§n vdi nhumg sy kien dac biet ciia hien tai, dir bao ve tuang lai nhu mdt each de thudng / phat hanh ddng hien tai. Nhimg motif truyen tieu bieu cd the ke den nhu lam viec tdt dugc den cm, dugc trdi ban thudng (bang ngdi dat phong thuy, dugc giiip dd do dat trong thi cir, sinh con quy tir, iky dugc vg hidn...) (Chuyen gd Ira dong gidng sinh, Truyen Trang Nguyen xd Dinh Ki, Truyen hg VU a Mo Trach. Nhu Chi duac them ludi tho...), ddc ac, bao ngugc, tham lam, hkx hidu.,. nen bi
TAP CHI KHOA H D C - SD 13/ZDlV
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phat (hi bdnh, giam tudi thp, chdt, khdng dugc sieu thoat, con cai hu hdng, gia (finh phieu tan, bi mit chtic...) (Chuyen Ly tudng qudn, Truyin mu dc, Truyen yiu qudi a Xuang Giang...). Thdi didm hien con la tuong lai he 16 trudc: Chiu anh hudng ciia thuyit dinh menh, tidn dinh, mgi su via;, moi thur d^u dugc sip xdp trudc. Hoa phtic, song chet van menh ca nhSn hay dan tdc ddu dugc Trdi djnh s^n, troi^ mdi thdi dilm d dau, lam ^ , gap ai... khdng phai chuyen tinh cd. Vi thi nhung nhan v|it dgc biet sau nay d vi the ngdi cao tii tiic cdn binh thudng da sdm co nhiing ddu hieu bao trudc.Thdi gian iiien tai vdi nhCfctig diem bao ay chinh la tuong lai dugc hien lg trudc d hien tai. Hdi Nghe vuong cdn nhd, tam chin tudi theo hSu Minh vuong, vfira liic tren giudng co chile chieu tnic, Minh vuong bao vinh thu, Nghe vuong ung khiu dpc: HOu vi thu qudn, Trung khong ngogi kinh Tudc nhU vi nd, Khiing thuong nhdn tinh (Cd nang gidi giang, trong r§ng ngoai clii^, bat lam day td, e cham nhan tinh). Tac gid truydn tii do da ket luan:
Ngudi quan tu ndi "mdnh trod cd d&i hieu, khdng ai ngan can ndi" vd sau qua nhien nhu vay (Chtryin Nghe vuang) [4, tr.102-103 - Tap 2]. Tuong lai cdn la sy chfrng fliyc cua du bao qua khii: co Mc cac tac ^ d kl cudc ddi nhdn vdt theo thdi gian tuydn tinh nhung ciing CO nhilu trudng hgp lai diing thao tdc ddo chiiu thdi gian tran thu^t. Nha van mieu ta nhiing su kien d hi^n tai, sau do, quay trd vd qua khu cua nhan v^t vdi nhfing phuong tiiiie du bao de khing dinh lai nhiing su kidn d hidn tai la diing (Viec thi cu, Ong Li Trai, Cy ThdiTi, Viet Nam l^ phung su luc, Tn^en, Xem tudng xuang...).
2.3. M^t s6 d^c dilm cua thoi gian gSn voi du* bao
Su keo ddi cua thdi gian du bdo: thdi gian trong du bao cd the chi la mpt khoanh khae vut hien vdi mdt ldi phan truyen ciia than linh hoac keo dai sudt ddm ddn sang. Du bao co thi chi xudt hidn trong mdt dem gin liin vdi rngt thdng tin nhung ciing co thd xuit hi?n trong nhilu dem cung vdd mot thdng tin hoac tinh tiet co su chuyin biln. Cac chi tilt mieu ta du bao thudng dugc cac tac gia mieu ta mang dac diem la co sy keo ddi ve tiidi gian xdy ra sy kien, cd thi diin ra hdi lau, tir dem din sang, vdi ngdy, vdi tuan, ca thdng; Khi Than Long Do hien linh bao ve linh khi nude Nam thi "miii huong ngao ngat, tieng nhac vang liing, hoi lau mdi tan" (Do doc khuong td thdnh vuong); Liic Le Lgi sinh, nha co doa may hong che phu suot ba ngdy liin khong tan (Lam San thuc liic); co sao Thai Bgch di chuyin qua bau trdi, sau hai thdng mdi md khudt la dilm bao Din thang 4, Hiln vuong cho md khoa thi chon ke sT (Nam triiu cong nghiep diin chi). Ciing trong tac phdm ndy. Nam Binh Tiun (1616), mua xudn, ngdy 16 thdng gieng, nguyet thyc, mat trang bi che khudt khodng mdt phin mudi, lai co sao khach pham vao qudng mat trdi, han mudi ngdy mdi hit Id dilm
78 II T R U d N B SAI HOC T H U S D HA NOr
dir bao Cung phi hp Td ciia Binh An Vuong dm chdt; d bdc trilu ngdi dien mai bang trong hoang cung tu nhien cd mau tir tren mot cdt tru chay xudng loang ca n i n nha, mui tanh hoi ndng nac. Thanh Dd vuong sai dao sT lap dan can ta d l gidi trie din ngoai thdng bdy mdi hit (Nam triiu cdng nghiep diin chi); bd me cua Sinh phong dai vuang den ky vao tnroc hdm sinh nd mdt ngay, dang dem chgt thay mdt ngdi sao lira to nhu cai dau tir tren trdi ha xudng lugn vdng tren ndc nha hdi Idu mdi tan (Truyen ve Sinh phong dgi vuang tdn tri cdng thdn thugng te Igc cdng hp Dinh)...
Khdng chi dimg lai d viec mieu la du bao keo dai ma de nhan manh, cac tac gia cdn sir dung thu phdp Idp di lap lgi mat su kien du bdo: Ddn Iiic hda tang, liie bpc cdt, chau diing quanh vai hdu. xa li bay vao dng tay ngudi chau thir, phat ra anh sang, he lay ra lai cic bay vdo... Riit cudc ngudi con thii ay van noi ngdi vua, ay la Minh Vuong (Linh hdn dng dinh nhudng ngdi cho chdu); than nhan xuat hien bao hai ldn bao, nhac nhd, dpa, khuyen ran de giir dat cho rJia hp Vii (Truyen hg Vu a xd Trung Hdnh); con chudt dap la len mat nguoi gia nhan ba ldn cho thay sd trdi da diem (Truyen dng Ido mang lot hd). Vdi vd sd trudng hgp du bao dugc lap di lap lai cd tinh chu ky nhu Tran Ba Kinh mdng len trdi hang thang vao ngay ram vao mdng mdt de hpp cdng ddng thien tao. Chu sinh ba ngay nam mdng mpt ngay den Hoa qudc,.. Khi nha van su dung cac phucmg thiic dy bao trong tac pham thucmg tao nen sy mo hd, hoai nghi vi the thii thuat mieu ta keo dai, lap di lap lai cac phuang thiic du bao mang den cam giac dang tin cay vao cau chuyen.
Thdi gian duac ma hod ki hieu thay vi ndi true tiip: Thdi gian dugc ndi ddn trong cac phuang thiic dy bao thudng khdng tryc tiep ma dugc ma hoa trong nhiing cau tho, bai sSm ki.. ma ngudi thudng khdng dd gi hieu dugc,ed nhilu trudng hgp ddn khi sy kien xay ra rdi ngam lai mdi biet da dugc dy bao trudc. Van Phai hdu Nguyen Quyen nghe dugc bai tha sam bdn cau tho chua hieu hit y nghia ra sao: Tam ngd chi thai/ Hdc long ngo hi/
Qudn lieu long thdnh/Sinh cdm dgi vi?. Ddn khi pha dugc thanh Dai La. cac nha Nho cimg vdi Nguyen Quyen mdi giai thich dugc y nghia cua bai tho dy: "tam ngu chi thdi" tiic la nam Quang Hung thii 15, "hSc long" rdng den tiic nam Nham Thin, "hd ngd" gap hd la noi ve thang gieng 2, "quan tieu long thanh" la ndi quan nha Le pha thanh Dai La tire thanh Thang Long, "Sinh cam dai vu" la chi vao thudng qudc cdng vay (Hoan chdu ki) [5]. Viec du bao cai chet cung xuat hien nhieu va ph§n ldn cung dugc ndi vk dn y: Sau khi cdng tii Hiep Dire qua ddi. ngudi ta mdi hieu y nghia cau ke: dinh trung minh kinh nguyen vo lic:
dinh Piing (nua dinh) la ban ngu, tire la nira nam, chi vao thang sau vay, minh kinh (guong sang chi mat trang) la ngay ram trang trdn to va sang, nguyin vd uc la khdng lau dai. Tdt ca nghia: ngay ram thang sau nam nay cdng tir Hiep Due qua ddi. Bay gid ngirdi ta mdi biSt
TAP CHI KHOA HDC - SO 13/2017 , l| ^^
ldi ke that huyin dieu, ling nghiem khdng sai (Nam triiu cdng nghiep dien chi); ldi tien tri (sdm ngii) ndi rdng: Cuu euu kiln khdn di dinh/ Thanh minh thdi tiet tan hoa/ Thap dao duong ddu qua ma/ Hdu binh bach van hdi gia... Hai cdu ddu da img nghiem (am chi vide Trinh Trang chit nam 81 mdi). Cdn hai cdu sau giai tiiich: "duong ddu qud ma" cd nghTa nam At Miii (de) ddng binh, qua nam Ngp din nam Thdn vugt qua dia gidi. Ddi quan tram van cua Nam chiia Diing quan cdng se ra thang Long vdo nhiing nam Canh Than. Suy nghiem theo ldi sdm ngii do thi quan Nam se than tdc cudn chieu rudi thang tien ra Trung Dd, thu phuc giang son dung nen sy nghiep ba vuong (Nam triiu cdng nghiep diin chi) [3, tr.386]. Thdi gian ma hod thudng roi vao cac trudng hgp lien quan den cac su kien lich sir, hung vong trieu dai, viec len ngdi vua, su sinh tir cua cac nhan vat ndi tieng. Vide ma hoa thdi gian trong cac phuang thirc dy bao qua sam ki, dong dao, sam ngir phan anh quan niem tmng dai la co trdi dieu bi mat khdng de dang ma biet va tiet Id dugc chi nhiing ngudi cd kha nang dac biet mdi thau td. Co trdi thudng khdng dugc noi ra trudc nhimg viec thdng bao sy kien bang ma hoa la mot cii lach thdng minh vira ndi vira khdng va thudng den khi sy kien da dien ra rdi thi ngam lai cac bai tha ngudi ta mdi biet dugc no dugc bao trudc do.
3. KET LUAN
Ddng vai trd nhu mdt phuang thiic dy bao, thdi gian ludn la pham trii co y nghTa dac biet trong tu duy, cam quan, y thiic tdn giao tin ngudng cua ngudi trung dai. Rd rang la:
"Khdng gian va thdi gian khdng chi ton tai mpt each khach quan, chiing cdn dugc con ngudi y thuc va the nghiem mpt each chu quan, trong nhiing nen van minh va xa hdi khac nhau d nhimg giai doan khac nhau ciia sy phat trien xa hdi, d nhung tang lap khac nhau ciia ciing mot xa hpi, tham chi d nhiing ca nhan khac nhau nhung pham trii nay khdng dugc tri giac va ling dung nhu nhau" [1, tr.31].
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Gurevich A., (1996), Cdc pham trii vdn hoa trung cd,]^xb Giao due, Ha Ngi.
2 Tran Nho Thin (2008), Vdn hoc Viet Nam dudi gdc nhin vdn hoa, Nxb Giao due. Ha Noi, 3 Nguyen Khoa Chiem (2003), Nam trieu cdng nghiep dien chi, Nxb Hgi Nha van, Ha Noi,
tr.564
4. Trdn NghTa (1997), Tong tap tiiu thuyit Viet Nam, tap I, 2, 3, 4, Nxb Thi gidi, HaNoi.
5. Nguyen Canh Thi (2011), Hoan Chdu ki, Nxb The giai. Ha Noi 6. Ngo Gia Van phai (2006), Hodng Le nhdt thong chi, Nxb Van hoc. Ha Noi.
80 J TRLfCfNB BAI H D C T H U e C HA NOI
A SURVEY ON TIME OF ART ASSOCIATED W I T H THE METHODS OF FORESEEING IN VIETNAMESE MIDDLE-AGE
NARRATIVE LITERATURE
Abstract: Time of art is among the essential issues in poetics study, and is particularly important in the study of methods of foreseeing in Vietnamese Middle-age narrative literatwe. Through the survey on the typical styles of lime that the event took place.
Through the kind of time was mentioned and the characteristics of the times was portrayed in the methods of foreseeing, we could realize that the creative thinking of contemporaiy writers were influenced by religious senses and Middle-age beliefs Keywords: time of art, foreseeing, good sign and bad sign
