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BAO TON VA PHAT HUY
Dl SAN VAN HOA TOC NGIIdl THIEU SO VUNG TAY BAC
• TS NGUYEN THI THU HOAI Khoa Viet Nam hoc, Trudng Dai hoc Supham Hd Noi
• Tom tdt: Bdo ton vd phdt huy di sdn vdn hoa ddn tgc ndi chung vd di sdn vdn hoa tdc ngUdi thieu so noi rieng Id nhiem vu quan trgng dexdy dUng nen vdn hoa Viet Nam tien tien, dam dd hdn sdc ddn tgc. Tdy Bdc Id khu vUc co nhieu tgc ngUdi thieu so vdi nen vdn hoa da dgng Id mgt nguon liic cho phdt trien kinh te- xd hgi. Viec hdo ton, phdt huy nguon di sdn ddc hiet ndy dephdt trien da dat dUdc nhieu ket qud nhUng cdn nhieu hgn che, hdt cap. Tii ddnh gid nhiing ket qua cung nhU hgn che, bdi viet dUa ra mgt so kien nghi de hdo ton, phdt huy tot hdn di sdn vdn hoa tgc ngUdi thieu so vitng Tdy Bdc.
• TU khoa: vdn hoa tpc ngUdi, Tdy Bdc.
1. Quan diem cua Dang va Nha nucrc Viet Nam vl bao ton, phat huy di san van hoa cac toe ngiroi
Nghi quygt Trung uong 5 khda VIII cua Dang khdng dinh: "Disanvanhdalataisanvd gia, gdn ket cpng ddng ddn tde, la edt ldi cua ban sac dan tdc, ca sd dg sang tao nhung gid tii mdi va giao luu vdn hda"'^'. Muc tieu: "Xay dung nen van hda va con ngudi Viet Nam phat trien toan dien, hudng den chdn - thien - my, thdm nhudn thih thdn dan tdc, rtiian van, dan chu vd khoa hpe"'^' vd "Xdy dimg van hod ttong chinh tn va kinh te...
vi su phdt trien ben viing cua dat nudc, gdp phdn xay dung vd bao ve Td qudc"*^' dugc Dai hpi XII cua Dang dg ra, tigp tue the hien quan diem cua
Dang ve xay dung van hda, con ngudd Viet Nam dap ling ygu cau hdi nhdp. Nhd dd, vdn boa tiing budc ttd thdrtii ngn tang tinh than vung chdc cua xd hpi. Id siic manh ndi sinh quan ttpng bao dam su phat tridn bgn vting va bao ve vting chdc Td qudc vi muc tieu "dan gidu, nudc raanh, ddn chu, cdng bdng, van minh". Tren ea sd quan digm chi dao ciia Dang, Chien luge phdt trien van hda den nam 2020 cua Bd Van hda. The thao va Du lich xdc dirtii cac nhiem vu ttgng tdm cdn thuc hien, ttong do cd nhidm vu bao tdn vd phat huy di san van hda dan tdc. Theo dd, bao tdn va phat huy di san van hda ddn tdc la rtiiiem vu then chdt cua chign luge phat trign van hda. Cac nhiem vu cu tiig la: (I) Tap tiimg digu tra todn
LYLUAN CHINHTR!-So 4/2020
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THUCTliN-KINH NGHI|M dien, nghign cuu, suu tam, bao tdn vd phat huy gid tri di tich lieh sii - vdn hda va van hda phi vat the; eac loai binh nghe thudt cd tmyen dde sde, van hda ddn gian eua timg dia phucmg, tiing vung van hda, tiing vung dan tdc; nghe thu cdng tmyen thong, lg hgi tigu bigu, kho tang Han Ndm. Kgt hgp phai hai hda viee bao tdn va phat huy gid tri ch san van hda vdd cac boat dpng phat trien khih te, du hch bgn viing; (2) Dieu tta, suu tdm, xdy dung ngdn hdng dti heu ve van hda vdt the va van hda phi vat tiig tigu bilu; (3) Dau m ttang thigt hi ky thudt hien dai de bao quan, giti gin lau ddi tai heu, hien vat tai cac bao tang, ca quan lim trii tu heu lich sii, vdn hda, nghe thudt d tmng ucmg va dia phucmg; (4) Thuc hien cac hinh thuc tdn vmh cdc nghg si, nghe nhan tigu bieu vd ea che ehinh saeh de cac nghe nhan phd bign, tmygn day nghg cho cdc the hg'"". Viec bao tdn phdi gan vdi cdng tdc dap iing nhu cau phat trien ben vung."Tpc ngudi Id mpt edng ddng ngudd dugc binh tiianh ttong lich sii, mangba tidu chudn chii ydu sau day: eung chung tieng ndi; cung cd chung mdt y thuc tu giac tdc ngudi bigu hien d ten tu ggi chung; cd nhiing yeu td van hda thdng i±at..."'^'. Trong dd, van hda tdc ngudi la tdng thg cdc yeu td van hda mang tinh dac thu tdc ngudd, nd thue hien chiic nang cd kdt tdc ngudd vd phdn biet tde ngudi nay vdi tdc ngudi kia.
Trong van hod tdc ngudi, cdc yeu td dau tien duge nhdn chen la ngdn ngii, trang phuc, cac tin ngudng vd nghi lg, vdn van hgc ddn gian, tri thuc ddn gian ve tu nhien xa hdi, ve ban than con ngudi vd tri thiic san xuat, khau vi an udng, tdm ly dan tde'^'... Ndi each khac, van hda tdc ngudi la "nhiing khia canh tidu bieu cua tdc ngudi dd tao nen nhting net khac biet vdi van hda cae tdc ngudd khac"'^'. Van hda tdc ngudi la mdt bd phdn, la ca sdhinh thanh cua van hda ddn tdc vi
mdi qudc gia ddn tde (nation) cd nhigu toe ngudi (ethrtic). Trong dd, ed mdt tdc ngudi chigm da sd va nhieu tge ngudi thieu so. Vdn hda tdc ngudi thieu sd trong nhigu tmdng hop va nhieu digu kien bi lang quen, mai mdt hoae khong dugc tdn trgng. Do do, "Neu coi tiidng nhat cua vdn hda tii da dang, tbi mudn cung cd su tiidng nhdt ay, phai ttgn co sd bdo tdn va phat tiien tinh da dang cua van hda, md d day the hien rd nhat la da dang vdn hda tdc ngudi va van hda dia phuang (vdn hda vung). Se khdng ed su tiidng nhat van hda nao viing chdc va lanh martii lai dua ttdn ca sd tiiudn nhat hda hay don nhdt hda van hda"'^l Ndi each khac, van hda cac tdc ngudd cdn dupe ddi xu cdng bdng dua ttdn casd da dang van hda vi muc tieu phat trien ben vting. De thue hien dugc muc tigu dd, rapt sd nhiem vu can lam la:
(i) Chap nhdn da dang van hda; (ti) Giu gin ngdn ngu tdc ngudd; (ui) Giii gin ban sdc vdn hda tgc ngudi; (iv) Y thiic tu giac tdc ngudd; (v) Van hda gdp phan phdt trign kinh tg - xd hdi'^'.
2. Thuc trang bao ton va phat huy van hoa toe ngiroi thieu so viing Tay Bac hien nay
Tdy Bdc gdm 11 tmh va cac khu vuc: Son La, Dien Bidn, Lai Chdu, Lao Cai, Yen Bdi, Hda Bhtii, Phu Thg, Tuygn Quang, Ha Giang, Tay Thanb Hda, Tdy Nghe An. Vdd vd tti dia ly tiep giap vol hai nudc la Lao va Tnmg Qudc, dudng bidn gidi ddi, Tdy Bde la mdt vung bien cuang, la "phen ddu" vdd vi tti chien luge, thudng xuydn phdi ducmg ddu vdi cac the luc xam luge. Tay Bac la dia bdn sinh sdng cua 30 dan tdc, thude 3 ngii he khac nhau""'.
Cac tdc ngudi cd kbi sdng tap trung thanh tiing thdn, ban, cd khi rai rac, dan xen, edng cu nhtmg van tao thanh nhieu viing tpc ngudi vol eac thdn ban cdn luu giti dugc cac gia tri van boa dde sdc, vdi nhiing tiem ndng to ldn. Bg Van boa, The thao vd Du Iich dd ban hdnh Quyet dinh sd 1877/QD-
LYLUANCHfNHTR!-So4/2020
Bang 1: Thong ke cac toe ngum d^ Tdy B^c
Ngghe
Ngifhe Nam A
Ngii he Thai-Kadai
NgO'tieHan-Tang
Nhom ngdn n g i !
"Nhom V i e t - M i f c ^ g Nhom Mong - Dao NhomMori'KhcjMe Nhom Tay-Thai Nhom Kadai Nhom Han Mhom Tang-Mien
" ^ o c n g u i f
* Kinh, Mi/Sng, Tho Dao, Ivlong
Khang, Kho MiJ, Mang, Xinh Mun Bo Y, Giay, Lao, Lif, Niing,Tay, Thai, San Chay Ccf Lao, La Chi, La Ha, Pu Peo
Hoa, San D'lu, San Chay . ' ' Cong, Hal^hi, La Hii, Lo Lo, Phii La, Si La ^ : .j
BVHTTDL ngdy 8-6-2015 cdng rtiian Tay Bac cd 7 di san vdn hda phi vdt thg qudc gia. Trong do.
Son La cd 2 di sdn: Li Hgt Chd cua ngudd Thai, xa Ddng Sang, huyen Mdc Chdu vaNghe thudtXde Thai tinh Son La; Dien Bien ed 3 di san: Lg Kin pang then eiia ngudd Thai ttdng (thi xd Mudng Lay), Tgt Nao pe chdu cua ngudi Mdng den (xa Mudng Dang, huyen Mudng Ang), L6 hdi Den Hoang Cdng Chdt (xd Noong Het, huyen Dien Bign); Lai Chau cd 1 di san: Nghg thuatXde Thdi (tinh Lai Chau); Yen Bdi cd 1 di san: Nghg thuat Xde Thdi (Mudng Ld, thi xa Nghia Ld).
Thdi gian qua, duge su quan tam cua Dang, Nha nude, viee bao tdn va khai thac dl san van hda vung Tay Bac phuc vu muc tidu phat ttien ben vting cd nhieu ket qua tdt dep. Cu the:
Mdtla, cdp uy va chinh quygn cac cdp vung Tdy Bdc da quan triet, cu thg hda cac ehu tmong, nghi quygt cua Dang ve xay dung va phat ttien van hda, con ngudi Viet Nam dam da ban sac dan tde thanh ede ke hoach, chuong ttinh hdnh ddng cu thg. Cdc dia phuang da ban hanh cac nghi quydt, de an ve phat trign kinh tg, van hda, xa hdi, chl dao eac ngdnh chiie nang nghien ciiu xay dimg eac dg tai, dg dn, ttong dd dac biet chu
(Tic gii tdng hgp) ttpng den phat trien van hda cac ddn tdc thigu sd, nhu: Nghi quygt sd 02/NQ-TU, ngay 28-6- 2016 cua Tmh uy Lai Chdu vigiam ngheo bin vtmg tren dia ban tinh Lai Chiu giai doan 2016- 2020; De tdi khoa hpc cua Ban Ddn van Tinh uy Lai Chau ve "Nghien cihi tap tuc tin ngudng cua din tdc vimgcao va cicgiiiphip bao tdnphit huy ban sac vin hda dan tdc"; Dl tai cua Ban Tuygn giao Tinh uy Lai Chau ve "Giai phap bio tdn vi phit huy van hda truySn thdngdan tdc Mdng, gdp phan dn dinh ddi sdng vat chit, ddi sdng tinh thin cua ddng bao tren dia ban tinh Lai Chau"; De an cua Sa Van hda, Thg tiiao va Du lich thtii Lai Chau vg kidm kg lap dartii muc bao tdn cdc gia tti vdn hda tmydn thdng 13 ddn tpc tten dia bdn tirtii; Dg tai Sim tam va xuit ban tiiinh an pham sing tic cua cdng ddng cac dan tdc tmh Dien Bien (van hoc din gian va van hoc viit), Dg an vg kiem kg di san van hda cdc tdc ngudi thieu sd tinh Dien Bien, Dg an giam thieu tao hdn vd hdn nhdn edn huyet tiidng trong vung ddng bao dan tdc thigu sd tai tinh Lai Chau...
Nhin chung, cdc de dn, de tai vg co ban da tiiuc hien dugc cdng tac kigm ke, danh gia hien ttang di san van hda vat tiig, phi vat tiie ttgn dia ban,
LYLUAN CHINH TRI-S64/2020
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T H L T C T I E N - K I N H NGHIEMthuc hien viec suu tdm de bao luu van hda, van hgc dan gian cde tde ngudi noi ddy.
Hai li, cdng tac bao tdn, khdi phuc vd phat huy cae gid tti van hda vdt thg, phi vat thg cac dan tdc da dugc cae dia phuong quan tam thuc hien, dat dupe nhung kdt qua quan ttpng. Den nay, Lai Chau sim tam tten 31 nghin Men vat, ttong dd cd gdn 1.900 hien vdt van hda dan tdc;
kiem ke lap danh muc di san van hda phi vat the 13 ddn tdc cu trd thaitii cdng ddng; phdi hgp td chuc md dugc 13 Idp tmyen day vdn hda phi vat the cac dan tpc. Suu tdm, bao tdn tri thiic dan gian cua hai ddn tdc (Dao vd Hd Nhi); 6 lan dieu dan ca, dan vu cua cac dan tdc: Thai, Si La, Lu, Mdng, Ha Nhi, Dao; phuc dung 16 lg hdi cua cac dan tdc, ddng thdd hang nam duy tri td chuc 40 Id, lg hdi'"'. Trong ndm 2020, Bd Van hda. The thao vd Du lich lua chpn 7 Id hdi tmyen thdng cac dan tde thigu so can duge phue dung, bao tdn. Trong dd, cd 5 Id hdi viing Tay Bac, gdm: Lg hdi tmyen thdng dan tdc Ldo, tirtii Dien Bien; Li hdi tiuygn thdng ddn tdc La Chi, huyen Quang Binh, tinh Ha Giang; I i hpi tmyen thdng dan tdc Nung, huyen Hoang Su Phi, dnh Ha Giang; Lg hdi tmyen thdng ddn tdc Thdi, tmh Yen Bdi; Lg hdi tmyen thdng dan tdc Shi La, tmh Lai Chau.
Ba li, cdc cap uy va chlnh quygn dia phuang da quan tam, chu trgng khai thac vdn van hda ddn gian cdc dan tdc thieu sd, dugc cu the hda bdng vigc td chuc eac chuang trinh bigu dign nghe thudt, cdc hdi thi, hdi didn, hen hoan nghe thuat quan chung. Dgn nay toan tinh Lai Chau cd tten I nghin ddi van nghe, ttong dd ed 665 dpi boat ddng thudng xuyen vd hieu qua. Hau het cac dia phuang ttong tinh duy tri tdt viec td chuc ngdy hdi vdn hda - tiie thao cac dan tdc ttong cac dip le, tgt, nhigu dia phuong td chiic vdo dip Qudc khanh 2-9 hdng nam"^'. O Dien Bien, cae sde mau van hda tdc ngudd cung dugc chu ttpng
khai thac va phat trign ttong cdc chuong trinh bieu diln nghe thudt quan chiing vd dinh cao la Ig hdi hoa ban, bdt ddu td chuc diudng nidn tu tiidng 3 nam 2016 tai tiidnh phd Dien Bien Phu.
Tuy rtitign, bgn canh nhiing ket qua dat dugc, cdng tac bao tdn phat huy di san vdn hda tdc ngudi thigu sd edn mdt sd ban che nhu sau:
Mdtla, cac giai phdp cdn chua dugc den hanh ddng bd va triet de, vi the higu qua eua giai phap chua eao. Tuy cdc cap uy, chinh quyen da cd nhdn thirc dting ddn vg vai ttd cua viec bdo tdn, phat trien van hda tmyen thdng cac dan tdc nhung mdt bd phan nhdn dan va cde cap iiy, chirtii quygn cdn ehua cd rtiidn tinic day dd, dan den linh ttang muc dp quan tdm cdn thap, hieu qua chua cao. Trong dd, cdng tdc tuyen tmyen ttong nhan dan, dac biet la doi vdi ddng bao dan tdc dtigu sd vg bao tdn di san van hda chua dugc chu ttgng. Mdt sd ndi dung can bao tdn gap, nhu:
ngdn ngu, sdng tdc van hgc ddn gian, tri thiie ban dia cua cdc dan tdc chua dugc quan tam toan chgn, dan den hieu qua bao tdn cdn thdp. Viing ngtrdi Lao, ngirdi Kho Md d Pa Thom, Mudng Ldi, Phu Ludng (huyen Dien Bien, tinh Dien Bien), viing ngudd Mdng (Phinh Sdng, Tuan Giao, Dien Bien); vung ngudd Thai d Chigng Mai (Mai Son, Son La) hay vung ngudi Gidy d xa San Thang (tiianh phd Lal Chdu, tmh Lai Chdu) khi dupe hdi ve lich su tpc ngiroi, lich sudia ban cu tru hay cdc thuc hanh van hda tdc ngudi dgu khdng dua ra dugc nhiing cau tta ldi thda dang"^'.
Hai la, chua khai thac tdt di san van hda tdc ngudd ttong phat trign khih te - xa hdl. Van hda dugc xem nhu mdt ngudn luc quan ttgng ttong phat trien kinh tg - xd hdi. Id mdt ngudn vdn trong cdc chign luge phdt trign. Cac di tich lich sii van hda, danh lara thang eanh, van hoa tpc ngudi... da trd dianh nhung ngudn luc quan ttgng ttong kinh te du lich, nhir Sa Pa, ban Ldc...
LYLUAN CHINHTR!-So4/2020
JQ
Tuy rtitign, viec thuc hign cac du dn phdt trien kinh te - xa hdi d vung dan tdc thieu sd vung Tdy Bdc cdn thigu su "vao cupc" cua cdc bgn tham gia: itiia quan ly, ehu du an, chuygn gia vd cdng ddng duge hudng lpi hoac hi thiet thdi tu du an.
Tinh ttang ban sdc van hda dan tdc Tay Bdc eua nhigu tdc ngudi hi mai mdt nghidm ttgng. Cdc ddn tdc it ngudi nhdm ngdn ngti Mdn - Kho me nhu: Khdng, Mang, Kha Mu... dang cd nguy ca hi "Thai hda". Cac dan tde d vtmg bidn gidi vdi Tmng Qudc lai cd nguy ea bi "Han hda",
"Choang hda"... Cdn eac dan tdc d vimg ven do thi, ven dudng giao thdng lai cd nguy co "Kinh hda". Ngudi Ha Nhi d YTy (Lao Cai), Mudng Te (Lai Chau) bd ttang phuc tmygn thdng cua dan tdc minh va mac ttang phuc eiia ngudi Ha Nhi - Trung Qudc sdn xudt bdng vai cdng nghiep.
Tuong tu nhu vdy, ngudi Mdng d bign gidd phia bac cung bd trang phue san xuat thu cdng de mua ttang phuc ma nguygn heu dugc san xudt bang phucmg phap edng nghiep cua Tmng Qudc. Nghe nhan gidi vg am nhac tmygn thdng da mat di, ldp tte rat It biet sii dung r±ac eu cua cha dng dg lal, nhigu thanh nign khdng thudc mdt bai, mdt lan dieu dan ea. Chinh vi vay, chua giai quyet hdi hda va thda ddng mdi quan he giiia bao tdn di san vdi phdt tidn kinh tg - xa hdi.
Ba la, chua chu ttpng viec giao due nhdn thuc ve dl san van hda tdc ngudi ttong phat trign kinh te - xa hpi cbo ba con dan tdc thigu sd. Theo nghign cuu, nhan thiic ve gia tri ciia (h san van hda tdc ngudd trong phdt trien kinh td - xd hdi eua chinh ngudd ddn tdc thieu sd cdn chua that todn dien. VI du, tai xd Noong Ludng, huyen Dign Bien tinh Dien Bign ndm 2017, ttong mdt gia dmh ed ba ddi lam thay mo va lam thay gido, dgn the he chdu chat hien nay khdng ai bidt chti Thai. Gia ffirtii khdng cho eon dep tuc hgc chu Thai, ngdn ngii, van hda Thai, vi ly do hpc chu
Thdi, gioi van hda Thai eung khdng kigm duge tign de sdng. Tai vung ngudi Kho Mu a ban Pa XaXdvd ban Xa Cudng (xaPaThcnn, huyen Dien Bien, tinh Dien Bien), ttong ban chl cdn 1-2 cu gia 70,80 tudi bleu biet vg lich su tu cu, vg phong tuc thd eung td tien, phong tuc cung ban, ve tin nguong vdt hnh... cua tpc ngudi mmh.
3. Nhiirng kien nghj nhdm bao t6n, khai thac di san van hoa foe nguM vi muc tieu phat trien ben virng van hoa viing Tay Bac
Tir tiiuc ttang bao tdn va phat huy di san vdn hda tdc ngudd d Tay Bdc, tac gia de xuat cdc kien nghi trong viec bao tdn, khai thdc di san van hda tdc ngudi nham muc tieu phdt trign ben vung van hda vimg Tay Bdc nhu sau:
Thunhit, thuc hi^ giio dgc song ngu tiing Vi$tvi tiing din tdc
Vung Tdy Bdc trudc ddy, tieng Thai dugc xem la "ngdn ngu giao tiep vung" vd da sd cdc tde ngudi d day deu ndi dugc tieng Thai. Tieng Thdi, vdn hda Thai dd ttd thanh mdt net dac sde gdn vdd dia danh mien Tdy Bdc. Vdd lgi thg dan sd ddng, sdng tap trung va cd mdt ngn van hda vat thg, phi vat the ddc sdc, vdn hda Thdi da tao ra mdt siic thu hut va siic lan tda cao d khu vuc nay.
Tai huyen Dien Bign, tirtii Dien Bien, ttong edng ddng ngudd Kha Mu va ngudi Lao d xa Pa Thom va xa Mudng Ldi, da phan ngudi Lao va ngudi KhoMu dgu nghe ndi dugc tieng Thai, ben canh viec duy tii tigng Lao va tidng Kha Md. Tigng Viet chu ygu sii dung ttong radi tmdng tmdng hgc va hdnh chinh. Trong gia dmh, chu ygu van su dung tidng ddn tdc. Hien mpng nay mdt phdn la do d cac vung Pa Tham va Mudng Ldi, dac biet la Pa Thtrai, giao tiidng di lai khd khan, ngudi dan chu yeu van sdng bdng canh tae tii tuc tii cap, it cd giao du vdi ben ngoai. Nhieu hpc sinh khi dugc hoi: Neu dg lua chgn hpc tieng Viet hoae tieng Kha Mu, era se hpc tieng gi titi da sd cdu tta ldd
LfLUAN CHINHTR!-SO4/202O
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THI/CTIEN-KINH NGHIEM la: Tieng Viet. Ly do chu yeu dua ra la: (1) sdch gjdo khoa, gido vien su dung tieng Viet ttong day hpc; (2) ed cam gidc xdu hd khi ndi tieng Viet khdng thdnh thao vd khi sii dung tieng ndi cua dan tdc minh. Do dd, viec giao due ngdn ngu ddn tdc hien nay dugc thuc hien chu yeu ttong mdi tmdng gia dinh mdt each tu nhien, bdi le, dng ba, tham chi bd me khdng ndi dugc tieng Viet ngn viec sii dung tieng dan tde nhu mdt ddi hdi bat budc khi thuc hien giao tiep. Trong 15 dgn 20 nam tiep, khi cac bdc cao rtign khdng cdn nua, thay vdo dd la ldp ngudi dd sii dung thdnh thao tieng Viet, viec gido due ve ngdn ngu, van hda ttong gia dinh ngudi ddn tdc thigu sd khdng dugc thuc hien. 6 Viet Nam ndi chung va Tdy Bde ndi rieng, vdd cdc tde ngudd thieu sd, nhu eau sii dung tieng Viet la cbinh dang, phuc vu muc tieu phdt trign, cdn tigng me de cd gia tri nhuld mdt "cdng cu duy tri ban sdc ciia tung dan tde", dam bao tinh da dang cua van hda qudc gia dan tdc. Vdd quan digm dd, cdc nghidn ciiu ve chinh sach dd khdng dinh: "Nha nudc ludn kidn tri dat van de ddng bao ddn tdc thigu sd phdi dugc gido due tieng me de theo nhu yeu cau cua hg va ttach nhigra cua chinh quyen rtiidn ddn la phai dap img nhu cau ay. Chl ed nhu vay, mdt qudc gia da dan tdc, da vdn hda mdi du dieu kien dam bao cho qudc gia pbat trien bgn vung ttong xu thg hdi nhdp eua toan the gidi""'".Thahai, ting cudinggiio due dad^ngvSnhda cho cic chd thi vin hda din tdc thiiu sd
CMp rtiian da dang vdn hda, hdi nhdp dg phdt trien la mpt van dg quan ttpng ttong bao tdn va phat huy gia tri van hda tde ngudi, bdi le, khdng cd mdt ngn van hda nao cd the phat trien dugc neu nen van hda ay bi cd lap hay lua chpn "khep km", "ddng ciia". Viec giao luu vd tigp bien vdn hda mdt each cd chpn Ige se la mot tat ygu hdnh tiinh cua mdi ngn vdn hda. Do dd, "Trong mdt
qudc gia da ddn tdc, mdi mdt qudn die ddn tdc deu cd the bao luu ngdn ngu, van hda eiia dan tde minh, ddng thdi hg cung can hda nhap vdo ngdn ngu va van hda chung cua qudc gia""^'.
Cudi tiieky XX ttd lai day, dae biet la til nhting nam 60, gido due da dang van hda dd tta thanh mpt ndi dung quan tdm ddc biet ttong he thdng giao due d cdc qudc gia da tdc ngudi nhu Nga, Canada, Hoa Ky, Tmng Qudc, Smgapore, mat khde, ttong cde nghign cuu caban ve chinh sdch d cdc qudc gia nay eiing dugc thuc hien nham muc tigu giai quyet cde van dg ve ddn tpc va bao dam su phdt trien hdi hda. Hpc gia My Jame A.Banks, "muc tidu can ban cua gido due ve da dang vdn hda la lam eho nhirng cdng ddng ngudi thudc cac nen van hda, mdu da, tdn giao, giai tang xd hdi khac nhau cd thg duy tri moi quan he tuong hd ttong hda binh va thda hiep, tu do dat dugc hieu qua cdng sinh""^'. 6 Viet Nam ndi chung va khu vuc Tay Bae ndi rieng, ch san van hda dan tdc thidu sd Id san pham sang tao do cdng ddng cac dan tdc thieu sd ttong tmdng ky lich su sdng tao ra, ttd thdnh mdt bd phan cau thanh quan ttpng cua van hda Viet Nam, lam ndn mdt nen van hda Viet Nam da dang, gidu ban sac.
Giao due da van hda la viec gido due nhieu loai van hda, khdng phai chi la van hda cda mdt tdc ngudi ndo dd md Id tdng hgp vdn hda cua nhieu tdc ngudi. Do dd, mdi ngudi khdng chi dugc gido due vg vdn hda ciia tdc ngudi da sd ma cdn tiep thu vdn hda cua cac tdc ngudi thigu sd. De cd tiig hhih thdr± dugc tu tudng nay, viec thau higu, chdp nhan va tdn ttpng van hda ldn nhau de cung phdt trien la digu het sue can thidt. Giao due da van hda nen dugc tiiuc hien d cap do toan dan, quan chiuig hda, Digu do ed nghia la tat ea mgi ngudi sdng ttong mdt qudc gia, khong phan biet gidi tinh, nghg nghiep, khu vuc cu tini, dia vi xa hpi... deu cdn thigt phai dugc gido due ve da van
LYLUAN CHINH TRI-So4/2020
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hda. Day chhih la mdt viec lam quan ttpng ddi vdi viec bao ve va phdt huy di san vdn hda ddn tdc titigu sd d Viet Nam ndi ridng va cae qudc gia da tdc ngudi ndi chung'^^.
Thuba, bio v$ mdi trudng suih thii - casd cda dc Ihuc hinh vin hda
Van hda cua mdi mdt cgng ddng, mdt ddn tde dugc xay dung dua ttgn dieu kign tu nhien ma tpc ngudi dd sirtii sdng. 6 Tdy bdc, ngudi Thdi sirtii tu chu yeu d vung thung lung, gan nguon nudc vd hp dd tao ra itiitrng tri thiic nudc rat dac sdc vdd he thdng mucmg phai ldi h'n loc cgn, nhiing ddc sdc vdn hda ara thuc, van hda iing xu xung quanh radi trudng nudc nay. Ngudd Kha Mu cu tni chii yeu a viing reo giua, canh tdc chu yeu ttgn cdc nuong rdy, tao ra radt nen van ntinh nuong ray vdi he thdng cac tri thdc, tdp tuc xung quanh radi tmdng nay. Ngudi Mdng do lich sii di cu va tap tinh tdc ngudd, hp sdng chu yeu a vung reo cao khudt neo, trgn cac cao nguyen da, chinh vi the, hg cd radt nen van hda rue ra td am thuc, kign diic, ttang phuc dgn cdc lg hdi, tap tuc ttong hdn rtiian, tang ma. Chdng thg ma dan gian cd cdu: Thdi an theo nudc, Xa (Kho Mu) dn theo Ilia va Mdng dn theo suong mu. Ro rdng la, vdn hda cua mdi tdc ngudd duac nay sinh tu chinh digu kien sirtii tu cua hg vd hien nhien, de luu giti cac gia tri van hda tiuygn thdng dd, bao ve mdi tmdng sinh thai la mdt dieu can ban, cap thiet. Khi mdi tmdng nuang ray khdng edn thi cd cdn nhiing tap tuc ve cung riing hay tri tinic lam nuong cua ngudd Kho Mu; khdng cdn cdc con sdng, con sudi, khdng cdn nhimg lach nudc tu nhign de smh hoat, ngudi Thai khdng cdn tri thiic ban dia ve he thdng tudi tidu.
Thatu, nhin rdngmdiunh dulich cdngdSng tudc tiidn bin dan tdc thiiu sdnhimxaydiflig cic sin phim du Ifch bin vQngbio dim nguyen tic mdi quan h$tuo'ngb6^iia kinh tivi vinhda
Nhiing nam gan ddy, Tay Bac da nhan dugc su quan tdm hd ttg cua rtitieu td chiic ttong va ngoai nudc ttong viec phdt trien san phara du lich cdng ddng. Vi du rtiiu du lich cdng ddng ban Nd Cung, Xd Mudng Xo, huyen Phong Thd, tmh Lai Chdu;
ban Mai Hich, xd Mai Rich, huyen Mai Chau, Hda Bhlh. Hai ban nay dugc xdy dung san pham du lieh cdng ddng theo hudng ben viing do cac du an EU (ban Na Cp) vd du an Tmng tam Siic khoe va Phdt tiien cdng ddng COHED (ban Mai Hich) r±dm dam bao su phat trien cdng ddng d gdc dp rpng ldn hon va ca sd lap ke hoach khdng chi cd su tham gia, ma cdn cd su kiera sodt cua cpng ddng. Day la nhung du dn dd dupe Idem nghiem ttong thuc te, dugc thuc te chting minh ve tinh kha thi la nhung md hinh dang dg chiing ta quan tdm tim bleu va iing dung. Hien nay, san pham van hda cdng ddng cua ngudd Thai, ngudi Mudng dd duge quan tdm hd ttg va xay dung de dua den du khach; cac cdng ddng tdc ngudi khac cd dieu kien cu tni tap trung thanh thdn ban, nhu: ngudi Mdng, ngudi KhaMu, ngudi Lao, ngudi Ha Nhi...
cdng cd the duoc nghien ciiu danh gia vd xay dung vdi san pham du lich cdng ddng ddc thu.
Cac ban Che Can (Mudng Phang, Dien Bien), Ban Men (Thanh Nua, Dien Bien), Cp My (Dien Bien), Ban Bd (Chieng An, Son La), ban Him (Chigng Co, San La), ban Hon (Tam Dudng, Lai Chau)... da it nhieu xay dung dugc md hinh du lich cdng ddng theo md hmh nhd nudc vd nhan dan eiing lam.
Theo dd, mdi tiidn ban thudng lam tiieo md hinh eu ra 15-20 ngudi tiiam gia lam du lich edng ddng vdi cdc cdng viec nhu cung cap san pham am tiiuc, hudng dan tiiam quan... Xet ve phat tiign khtii te, viec td chuc du lich cdng ddng cd tiig ndi dd lam thay ddi dien mao cua thdn ban, ty le hd ngheo giam rd ret. Cac san pham cua nghg thu cdng tmyen thdng, san pham van hda am thuc tiuyen tiidng, am nhac dan vd tiuygn tiidng cua
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THirCTliN-KINH NGHIEM ddng bao cd dieu kien ttd thanh nhiing san pham kinh tg, tao tiiem cdng an viec ldm va thu nhdp cho ngudd ddn, lam thay ddi nhdn tiiue ve viee giu^ cdc gid tri vdn hda tmyen thdng.
Tuy nhign, trong qud trinh khai tiidc du hch edng ddng, viee phat trign thieu bgn vting hay
"phdt triln ndng" vdn dign ra, gay nhieu tdc dpng tigu cue. Viec xay dung md hmh du lich cdng ddng ttong cdng ddng ddn tdc thieu sd la can thigt, kha thi rihung ro rang, viec khai thac nhu thg ndo, ttach nhiem cda chinh quyen ddn ddu, su phdi hgp cdc bgn Ugn quan, su phan chia lpi nhuan, quyen va ttach nhiem eua edng ddng nhu the ndo la viec m5i dia phuong can xay dung phuong an rieng, phu hpp vdi tinh hinh dia phuong mdt cdch ro rdng. Dg lam dugc digu ndy, su hd ttg cua cac ca quan qudn ly r ± a nude ve du lich, cdc vien nghien ciiu vg du lich va cac td chiie phat trign la hdt sue can thidt ttong viee thu thdp, phan tich thdng tm, dinh hudng nghien ctiu thi trudng, phat trign san pham... de eimg vdi cdng ddng timg budc xae dinh cdc cohdi thich hgp vdd dia phuong, bao dam phdt trign bgn vung, giupi, phathuyban sac van hda tdt dep cua cdc dan tpc"*' •
(I) DCSVN: Van Men Hdi nghi Trung uong 5 khoa VIII Nxb Cbinh tti qudc gia, HaNgi, 1998, tt.63.
(2), [3) DCSVN: Van kien Dai hoi dai biiu toan quoc lan thuXIL Van phdng Trung ucmg Dang, Ha N6i, 2016, tt.l26,128.
(4) Chiin luac phat trien van hoa, thi due the thao, du lich va gia dinh din nim 2020, tam nhin 2030, Nxb Van hda Thong tin, Ha Noi, 2012, tt.161.
(5) PhanHiiu Dat: Motsdvan dividan tochoc Viet Nam, Nxb Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi, Ha Ngi, 1998, tt.456.
(6) Tran Qudc Vugng (chu bien): Van hda hoc dai
cuong va casa van hoa VietNam, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, 1996, tt. 107.
(7) http://www.vnuhcm.edu.vn/daotao/saudai- hoc/Luanvan/phamthihongxuan.
(8) Ngo Due Thinh: Van hoa, van boa tdc ngudi va van hoa VietNam, Nxb Khoa hgc Xa hdi. Ha Npi, 2006, tt.845.
(9) Vuang Xudn Tinh, Tran Thi Hong Hanh: Phat trien ben vQng van hda toe ngudi (qua nghien cdu mot lang ngudi Dao d dnh Lang San va mdt lang ngudi San Diu tai tmh Thai Nguyen), Ky ygu H6i thao qudc tg: Bao tdn, phat huy ban sdc van hoa dan tpc phuc vu phat trien ben virng do DHKHXH va Nxb TP.Ho Chi Minh va DH Bansomdejchaopraya Rajabhattd chiic, 2010, tt.286-287.
(10) Pham Van Luc: Gidi thieu sa luac lich sucac dan tdcdTayBic - Vi&tNam, http://app.utb.edu.vn.
(11), (12) Trudng Giang; Tiip tuc bao tdn, khoi phuc va phat triin van hoa cac dan tdc thiiu sd, http://laichau.dcs.vn.
(13) Phdng van cua tac gia khi dign da.
(14) Tran Tri Doi: Chinh sach giio due ngdn ngU vung dan tdc thiiu sdva vin diphat triin bin vdng a Wef JVam hien nay, Ky yeu Hgi thao qudc te: Bao tdn phat huy ban sac van hoa ddn t6c phuc vu phat trien ben vdng, tt.24I.
(15), (16) Ha Kmh Hung, Ddng Tinh: Thdng luan giao due hoc dan tdc, Nxb Khoa hgc giao due (Tai lieu tieng Trung Qudc), Bdc Kinh, 2002, tt.39,105.
(17) Nguygn Thi ThuHoai: Giao dye da vanhda gdn vdi viec bao tdn di san van hda dan tdc thieu sd- nhung gai y cho Viet Nam, Ky yeu Hgi thao khoa hgc qudc te Giang day, nghien cuu Viet Nam hpc vd deng Viet, nhting van dg Iy thuyet va tiiuc tiln, Nxb Dai hpc Qudc gia thanh phdHd Chi Minh, 2016.
(18) Kgt ludn sd 65-KL/TW cua Bp Chinh tti, ve tiep tuc thuc hign Nghi quyet sd 24-NQ/TW, cua Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang khoa IX, ve cong tac ddn t6c ttong tinh hinh moi.
LYLUAN CHINHTRj-So 4/2020
