Khoa hoc v§ con ngiroi

Khoa hoc v§ con ngiroi

Nguyen Anh Qu6c^

' Khoa Triet hpc, Tnrong Dai hpc Khoa hpc X§ hoi va Nhan van Tp. H6 Chi Mmh.

Email: nguyenanhquoc2@yahoo.com

Nhan ngiy 6 thang 12 nam 2019. Chap nhan dang ngay 15 thang 1 nam 2020.

Tom tat: Trong lich su, nghien ciiu vl con ngudi la chua that khoa hpc. Viec giai thich nguon goc cua loai ngudi rat c6 y nghia trong cupc diu tranh vdi nhung tu tudng xa la con ngudi hien thirc.

Ddi sdng sinh dpng can phai dugc giai quyet vl mat thuc tien la tien de nghien ciru cua khoa hpc.

Khoa hpc tu nhien lam ro nhiing han chi ciia nhung ly thuyet sieu hinh ve con ngudi, ddng thdi dat ca sd, nen tang cho khoa hpc xa hdi va nhan van nghien ciiu con ngudi. Khoa hpc tu nhien cd nhiem vu cai tao the giai thanh nhihig san pham; khoa hpc xa hpi cd chiic nang bien doi san pham thanh con ngudi; khoa hpc nhan van dua con ngudi hien thuc trd thanh nhu cau cua tat ca. Khoa hpc ve con ngudi la khoa hpc chan chinh.

Tu khoa: Con ngudi, khoa hpc xa hpi va nhan van, khoa hpc tu nhien.

Phao loai nganh: Triet hpc

Abstract: During the course of history, research on humans has not been really scientific. The interpretation of the origin of mankind is very significant in the struggle with the ideas that are distant from humans of reality. The vivid life being addressed practically is the precondition of research for science. Natural sciences make clear the limitations of metaphysical theories on humans, while laying the foundations for social sciences and humanities to study them. The former has the task of transforming the world into products; while the latter - social sciences - has the function of transfonning products into people; and the humanities make humans of reality become the needs of all. The science of humans is the true science.

Keywords: Humans, social sciences and humanities, natural sciences.

Subject classification: Philosophy

35

Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 2 - 2020 1. M d d a u

Van de con ngudi va cudc sdng con ngudi, nhu ban chat, vj tri, vai trd, gia tri con ngudi trong the gidi; dac biet la van de giai phdng con ngudi; xay dyng va phat trien hoan thien con ngudi, dua con ngudi "tu vuong qudc tat yeu sang vuong qude cua ty do" [1, tr.393] ludn la van de dugc nhan loai quan tam. Nd dugc nhieu nganh khoa hpc nghien cuu vdi nhiing tri thicc phong phii da dang, d nhung gdc dp khae nhau.

Nhung neu chi dimg lai d viec chia tach eon ngudi thanh cac yeu td, cac bd phan de nghien cuu se khdng tranh khdi sy phien dien, thilu triet de trong sy nghiep giai phdng con ngudi. Khac vdi khoa hpc cu the iy, vdi tinh each la the gidi quan va phuong phap luan ehung nhat, triet hpc nghien eim con ngudi mdt each khai quat, can ban; nd cho cac khoa hpc cu the cd phuong phap luan trong viee nghien eiiu con ngudi.

Trong lich su "con ngudi ludn ludn tao ra cho minh nhiing quan niem sai lam ve ban than, ve minh hien nay dang la nhu the hoac sau nay se la nhu the nao" [1, tr.24].

Con ngudi dugc xay dyng theo khudn mau, chuan rayc cho trudc ay. Hp ehua thay boat ddng thuc tien cua con ngudi gan lien vdi nhu eau mdt each toan dien trong mdi lien he vdi nhau. Neu tu bd mpi nhu cau la de khdng cdn ham mudn niia thi khdng cdn ham mudn la dang thuc hien nhiing dieu khdng can thiet lam. Thye hien nhung dieu khdng can thiet lam la thua, vi nd khdng mang gia tri hien thyc nao. Ngudi ta ehi cd nhu eau thiet thyc la cd nhu cau khong vd ich. Tu bd nhu cau vd ich khdng cd nghia la that bai ma vi khdng them an thua vdi nhiing dieu vd nghTa. Dat dupe nhu cau khdng vd nghTa la viec Iam cd y nghia.

Nhiing dieu cd the lam dugc nhung lai phai

dan lai theo khudn mau, chuin muc, dieu ran, gidi luat mdt each khd hiiu la phi ly- Nhirng nhu ciu hien thyc frd thanh khdng cd nhu cau trong sy tudng tupng cua con ngudi, biin su tudng tugng i y trd thanh khat vpng lam cho toan bd bien thuc sinh sdng thanh nhung thu xa la, ddi djch vdi con ngudi. Cai xa la con ngudi lai dugc xem la nhung thu cao quy ma muc dich, trach nhiem ddi sdng vuon tdi de tdn thd nd. Phu thude vao nhung nhu cau tudng tupng da trd thanh nd le, lam dau khd cho tat ea. Khi xay dung con ngudi can cu vao khudn mau, chuan myc ay thi con ngudi dS trd nen khd hieu khi lam dugc dieu mudn nhung khdng lam; dieu khdng thich lai lam;

khdng lam dupe van Iam; nghT nhung dieu nen nhung khdng lam; biet nhung dieu khdng nen lai lam... Trong lieh sir ngudi ta keu gpi sy tha thu eho nhau nhung lai khdng budng tha cho tat ca chiing ta cai t^n con ngudi thanh thien theo nhung khudn mau, ehuan myc mot each khd hieu nay. Cd the ndi, do nhiing ehe djnh eiia lich su, cac nha tu tudng trudc C.Mac chua dua ra dugc nhiing quan diem, phuang phap luan ngbiSn cuu eon ngudi mdt each khoa hpc.

2. Cif Sff nghiSn cihi con ngirdi Viec nghien cim con ngudi hien thyc sinh sdng ve mat ly luan eiing rat can thiit phai lam ro ngudn gdc vi nd ed y nghTa trong viec chdng lai quan niem sai lam ve con ngudi. Ngudn goc eon ngudi hien thuc dugc giai thieh bing can hdi "ai de ra cha tdi? ai de ra dng eiia eha tdi? v.v..." [3, tr.181]. Cau hdi dugc dat ra chi dien ra trong hr duy, sy phien dien trong nhan thiic ma chua xem xet tu qua trinh biin ddi theo chu ky phu dinh, trong mdi lien he ciia qua

Nguyin Anh Quoc trinh van ddng ty nhien cua con ngudi.

Nhung sy sinh san iy khdng dien ra teong tu duy mdt each tudng tupng ma la qua trinh ty nhien eua "su van ddng tuan hoan dugc dem lai mdt each cam tinh cu the trong su tien len vd tan iy, - sy van ddng tuan h o ^ ma vi thd eon ngudi lap lai ban than minh trong viec sinh con de cai va do dd eon ngudi bao gid ciing van la ehu the"

[3, tr.181]. Con ngudi xuat hien la ket qua ty nhien, ma d do van ddng ty nhien hay boat dpng xa hdi thi con ngudi van la san pham duge san xuat ra. Dua tre bao gid ciing dugc thua hudng vira ve mat sinh hpc, di truyen nhung nd vua la thanh qua cua cha me, ndn nd la san pham dugc thua hudng td cha me ea yen td tu nhien va hoan canh xa hpi. Hien tugng nay la mdt tat yeu, khdng can phai giai thieh ve Iy do su xuat hien eua dua tre. Neu viee xuat hien dua be bang sinh san vd tinh, rdi nhung thanh tyu khoa hpe tien bd hon thi ngay ca viec xuat hien bang nhiing phat minh mdi di niia thi viec xuat hien eon ngudi eiing khdng the giai thieh ed ngudn gdc bat dau tu sy tudng tugng ve ban than nd. Con ngudi van la san pham eiia ty nhien va xa hdi. Khoa hpc ty nhien ed nhiem vu nghien ciru lam cho the gidi thanh nhung san pham eiia thdi dai;

khoa hpc xa hpi cd chitc nang lam eho nhung san pham ay trd thanh eon ngudi sinh sdng hien thyc, cdn khoa hpc rdian van giao hda con ngudi ay trd thanh ehinh minh. Khi san pham ed ngudn gde td tu nhien thi con ngudi lam no le eho tit ca.

Khi san xuit ra xa hdi thi thi gidi ty nhien la san pham cua con ngudi, con khi ea nhan dupe s^g tao ra bdi ehinh ban than minh thi con ngudi la chu the chan chinh cua Ijch sit. Tat ea qua trinh san xuat va sang tao nay, eon ngudi khdng phai tuy tien, ma dya tren nhirng dieu kien, tien de duge khoa hpe

ty nhien lam ro de dap img eae nhu ciu hien thuc eiia con ngudi. Cac khoa hpc xa hdi va nhan van theo do ma nghien cuu nhiing quy Iuat sang tao, san xuit ndi ehung, tdc nghien eiiu con ngudi la nhu cau ciia con ngudi.

Ve mat nhan thuc thi "ai de ra con ngudi dau tien va ty nhien ndi ehung" [3, tr.181].

Do cau hdi dugc xem xet d gde dp nhan thue luan sieu hinh, ma chua xuat phat tir tinh hien thyc cua nd nen cau hdi dd ehi "la san pham ciia sy truu tugng". Xuat phat tu san pham tudng tugng, cai phi hien thuc, tire cai trong tu duy thi can hdi ay la khdng thuc te, khong nghiem tiic ve khoa hpc, nen khdng can tra ldi, "bdi vi nd hoan toan khdng ddng", nd khdng giup ieh gi cho lihiing nhu cau hien thyc cua con ngudi.

Ching ban khi gia djnh trai dat khdng tdn tai la sy tudng tugng, phi hien thye ve trai dat. Cau hdi ed trai dat hay khdng trd nen thua, mat het y nghTa. Sy tdn tai cua trai dat la tien de nghien ciiu nd, khdng bac bd dupe ma cung chang can ehiing minh ve sy tdn tai cua trai dat. Cac khoa hpc cung khdng can phai tranh luan cd trai dat hay khdng. Nhung su sang tao ciia khoa hpc tu nhien la d chd neu khdng ed trai dat thi eon ngudi cd the sdng duge khdng, neu sdng dupe thi bang nhiing cai gi va nhiing thu dd nd the nao, lam bang each nao de tao ra ehiing; cdn sy sang tao cua khoa hpe xa hdi va nhan van phai tren co sd thanh tyu khoa hpc ty nhien de Iam ro sdng bang each nao, thi nao ndn sdng, sdng d dau va khi nao khdng nen, tiic lam ro con ngudi hien thye can cd nhau khi nao, d dau, cu xu vdi nhau nhu thi nao de con ngudi trd thanh nhu cau cua tat ca ddi sdng.

37

Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 2 - 2020 Cac khoa hpc tu nhien cd the gia djnh trai dat khdng tdn tai de sang tao nhung khdng the gia djnh eon ngudi khdng tdn tai dl sang tao. Neu gia dinh con ngudi khdng sdng tbi mpi sy sang tao cua con ngudi la khdng cd va su sang tao ay cung chang de lam gi. Khoa hpc chan chinh cung khdng gia dinh con ngudi chet di thi the gidi ay la gi. Cai chet xet cho ciing van la san pham cua ty nhien, cdn neu chet la cua su sang tao, hoac dugc san xuat ra thi cai chet cung se la nhu cau ciia con ngudi. Nhung con ngudi cd nhu eau sdng chu khdng cd nhu can chet. Neu cd gang gia djnh ve su sdng sau khi chet de nghien eiiu eon ngudi thi ehi ed nhiing suy nghT lien quan den tdn giao mdi tudng tugng ra dugc. Nhirng suy nghT ve su huy diet sinh sdng eua nhan loai mdi ban vl thi gidi se sdng sau khi ehet, bdi vi nd da, dang dugc chuan bi trong suy nghT dk thyc hien eai chet cho ca nhan loai.

Neu dang sau cai chet la sy vTnh cim thi cd le ching ai mudn sdng niia. Khi dd, mpi thu ton tai trd nen thua, tat ca khoa hpc khdng edn ddi tugng de nghien cuu niia.

Khdng cd khoa hpe nao lai dat eau hdi neu sy sdng con ngudi khdng tdn tai thi vu try the nao. Khoa hpc ndi ehung khdng dat eau hdi tai sao con ngudi phai sdng ma tap trung giai quyet ddi sdng la gi, lam the nao tao ra nd, nen sdng vdi nd the nao, d dau, khi nao la cd y ngbia. Tuy nhien, den nay sy lya chpn each sdng rat can thiet phai dat cau hdi tai sao phai lua chpn each nay ma khdng lya chpn each khac, cac khoa hpc ly luan van tiep tue ed co sd, ddi tugng de nghien cuu. Khoa hpc ly luan cd vai trd la chi cho con ngudi khdng sai dudng, lae ldi trong ddi sdng.

Khoa hpc ly luan, ly thuyit, co ban la he thong nhiing nguyen tie ehung, pho bien trong nhan thuc vl cac sy vat, hien tugng.

Khoa hpc co ban cd lich su xua nhat cho din nay dupe tach ra thanh khoa hpc ddc lap la triit hpc va toan hpc; no trd thanh phuang phap luan cho ly thuyet eua cac khoa hpc khac. Nhung ly thuyit eiia cac khoa hpe tu nhien ma chua phu hgp vdi toan hpc, hoac toan hpc chua diing vdi cac khoa hpc ay thi ly thuyit cua cac khoa hpc do dugc bd sung cho phu hgp. Toan hpc ludn dung trong ly thuyet cua nd, nhung lay do lam CO sd cho viec xay dyng ly thuyet eua nhiing khoa hpc cd lidn quan. Khoa hpc xa hpi va nhan van khdng hoan toan tach khdi khoa hpc ty nhien, nd khdng hoan toan biet lap vdi cac khoa hpc co ban khac.

Nhung ddi sdng ndi ehung, eon ngudi ndi rieng khdng the dua toan bp boat dpng cua nd ve cac phep tinh gian don. Ngay nay, triit hpc khdng ehi la ca sd ly thuyet cho cac khoa hpc khac ma nd cdn gan vdi ddi sdng sinh ddng phong phii; nd khdng chi giai thich sy phong phit, da dang eiia hien thye xa hpi ma eon giai quyet nhung mau thuan ddi sdng eua mdi ea nhan.

Toan hpc va triet hpc dupe xay dung tren nhung tiln de nhat djnh, tue la he thdng ly luan dupe thiet lap tren co sd nhiing van dl dugc thua nhan lam nen tang, khdng phai chiing minh, cung chang bac bd dupe.

Xuyen sudt Ijch sii ciia khoa hpc thi toan hpc cho din nay van chii ylu ed mdt he thdng ly thuyit nhung cac ly thuyit triit hoc lai rit phong phu, da dang. Mdi he thdng ly thuyit cua yilt hpc dugc xay dung tren nhiing tiln dl khac nhau, dd la nhiing khai niem

Nguyin Anh Qudc pham tni, phan doan... nhung tit ca tien de

nay la nhiing quan niem vl thi gidi, ve nhan sinh va nhan thuc, dl nhien, nhiing tien de nay khdng hoan toan do tudng tupng ma cd.

Xuat phat tu nhiing tiln dh iy thi "Cac nha triet hpc da ehi giai thich thi gidi bang nhieu each khac nhau" [2, y.20]. NIU xuit phat tu ly thuyet khac nhau thi phuang phap nghien cuu khoa hpc khac nhau. Phong phii trong each tiep can khoa hpc nhu the nao thi xet eho cimg, nd chi cd mdt muc dich ehung la giai phdng con ngudi, do la "van de la cai tao the gidi" [1, tr.20]. Khac vdi cae triit hpc trong Ijch sd, triet hpc C. Mac khong xuit phat tu nhiing tien de cd tinh chat thuin tuy ly luan ma lay eon ngudi hien thye lam tiln de xuat phat trong toan bd he thdng triit hpc cua minh. Con ngudi hien thuc trd thanh tiln de trong toan bp he thdng triet hpe C. Mac, dd la triet hpc cai tao the gidi. He thdng triet hpe C. Mac khdng phai la phep tinh edng cac phuong phap, tao ra nhiing tudng tugng trong viec tiep can eon ngudi, ma la dan gian hda cac phuang phap trong nghien ciiu con ngudi, do la triet hpc con ngudi, khoa hpc ve con ngudi.

Vice dat ra van de nguyen nhan dau tien vdi muc dich cuoi ciing ciia hien tugng tu nhien ciing nhu eon ngudi khdng phai la nhiem vu eua khoa hpc ve con ngudi; nd khdng phai la doi tugng hien thyc cua con ngudi, ma qua dd, ddi tugng hien thyc ciia con ngudi la sang tao ra ban than minh va tim ra nguyen nhan de trd ve ddi sdng lam ngudi. Xet d gdc dp ly tinh thuan tiiy eiing khdng thi giai thich, lam ro nguyen nhan diu tien va ket qua cudi ciing ciia sy van ddng eae hien tugng tu nhien va con ngudi.

Cdn viec "dat van de ve sy sang tao ra ty nhien va eon ngudi, quan dd anh truu tupng hda con ngudi vaty nhien" [3, tr.181]. Viec di tim hieu sy sang tao ra ty nhien va con ngudi trong trudng hpp qua trinh nhan thicc da "gia djnh con ngudi va ty nhien la khdng tdn tai, tuy nhien anh mudn tdi chimg minh su tdn tai cua con ngudi va ty nhien cho anh" [3, tr.181] la vd ly. Viec chiing minh ty nhien va con ngudi tdn tai la khdng can thiet ve khoa hpc bdi ty nhien, con ngudi hien thyc la tien de, ddi tugng nghien cim.

Ty nhien va con ngudi khdng cdn la ddi tugng dugc gia djnh ve su tdn tai nira. Khi tir bd nhiing tudng tugng, budng bd cai chi tdn tai trong tu duy thi liie do hr nhien va con ngudi sinh ddng nhu the nao trong qua trinh ay. Hien thyc khdng phai ehiing minh ve ngudn gde con ngudi bang sy tudng tupng cua eae ly thuyet sieu hinh.

Khi nao cdn tudng tugng trong viee giai thich ngudn gde ty nhien va con ngudi thi khi do la sy cd chap, sy ieh ky, bao thu, dd se la trudc sau nhu mpt trong nhan thuc va nhu the eung se tudng tupng mpi thu khdng tdn tai, con chi co ban than minh la tdn tai.

C. Mac viet: "khi anh quan niem con ngudi va tu nhien la khdng tdn tai thi anh hay quan niem ca ban than anh ciing khdng tdn tai, vi anh ciing la ty nhien va ciing la con ngudi"

[3, tr.l82]. Cdn neu cu dat cau hdi tai sao tu nhien va con ngudi lai tdn tai thi "viec trihi tupng hda tdn tai ciia ty nhien va cua con ngudi mat het mpi y nghTa" [3, tr.l82], nghia la tu nhien, con ngudi khdng tdn tai thi suy nghT ve nd la thua. Neu nhan thuc ve ngudn gdc con ngudi "khdng gia djnh ty nhien la khdng tdn tai" thi tat nhien la

39

Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, s6 2 - 2020

"hanh vi phat sinh eiia ty nhien" chi cdn dat ra cau hdi con ngudi la gi, sinh sdng eua nd the nao, tuc "nhu ngudi ta hdi nha giai phau ve sy hinh thanh cua xuong cdt d bao thai, v.v..."[3,fr.l82].

Tien de nghien ciru khdng phai la con ngudi thanh thien theo khudn mau dugc tudng tupng ra ma la ca nhan mudn trd thanh cai ma ban than nd ed. Nghien ciru eon ngudi "xuat phat tu rihung tien de hien thye va khdng phiit nao xa rdi nhung tien de ay. Nhiing tien de ay la nhiing eon ngudi, khdng phai nhirng con ngudi d trong mdt tinh trang biet lap va cd djnh tudng tugng" [2, tr.48] m^ la nhung ca nhan trong qua trinh phat trien. Co sd cua viec nghien ciiu con ngudi "phai bat dau bang viec xac dinh tien de dau tien eiia mpi su tdn tai eua con ngudi, va do dd la tien de cua mpi lich sd, dd la: ngudi ta phai co kha nang sdng da rdi mdi cd the "Iam ra lich su" [2, tr.50].

Mudn sdng thi tnrdc het phai cd an, udng, nha d... Mpi hanh vi eua con ngudi dupe bat dau d viec san xuat ra nhung tu lieu sinh sdng ay nham thoa man nhung nhu cau bao dam quyen sdng ciia con ngudi, dd la

"hanh vi lieh su diu tien la viec san xuat trong nhung tu lieu de thoa man nhiing nhu cau ay, viec san xuat ra ban than ddi sdng vat chit" [2, tr.40]. Hanh vi cua mpi Ijch su ma phai thye hien hing ngay, hing gid, chi nhim d& duy tri ddi sdng con ngudi. Hanh vi thit hai la "dua tdi nhiing nhu ciu mdi;

va sy san sinh ra nhirng nhu can mdi nay la hanh vi lieh su dau tien" [2, tr.40], va thu ba san xuat ra ngudi khae bang con dudng sinh de va nay sinh su giao tilp giiia nhirng con ngudi. Ba hanh vi nay thdng nhat vdi

nhau trong qua trinh Ijch su cua con ngudi hien thuc.

Viec nghien ciiu con ngudi, "ban than khoa hpc ve con ngudi la mdt san pham cua viec con ngudi bieu hien ban than minh mpt each thuc tien" [1, tr.209], dilu dd nd ddi hdi khai quat toan bd Ijch sd nhSn loai.

Nhung "Tien de dau tien cua toan bd lich su nhan loai thi dT nhien la su tdn tai eiia nhiing ca nhan con ngudi sdng" [2, tr.29].

Nhung ea nhan sdng dugc sinh thanh va phat trien tu tu nhien. Nd mang day dii dac tinh cua the gidi, con ngudi la mpt bd phan ciia gidi ty nhien. Lieh su loai ngudi la lich su ciia sy thdng nhat giiia nguydn nh§n va muc dich. Cac khoa hpe ty nhien, khoa hpe xa hpi va nhan van raa xa la vdi nhimg tien de nay trong nghien cuu con ngudi thi ehi lam cho nd trd ndn khd bilu, va nhu thi thi phan cdn lai cua khoa hpe chi la sy tudng tugng duge giai thich bing cau chii vdi ngu nghia eua nd ma thdi.

Neu khdng xuat phat tu dilu kien ty nhien eiia mdi ca nhan lam tiln dh nghien eiiu eon ngudi tbi se yd nen khdng tudng.

Nhiing tien dl xuit phat nghien eiiu con ngudi mdt each khoa hpc "khdng phai la nhiing tiln dl biy tien, khdng phai la giao dilu; dd la nhung tiln dl hien thue ma ngudi ta ehi ed thi bd qua trong tri tudng tupng thdi. Dd la nhiing ea nhan hien thye"

[2, tr.28-29]. Tien dl ay la co sd cho cac khoa hpc nghien eiiu vl con ngudi. Khoa hpc hi nhien, khoa hpe x5 hpi va nhan van nghien ciiu su van ddng cua ty nhien, sy tha hda ciia nhiing hanh vi Ijch su diu tien iy, qua dd Iam ro qua trinh phat triln kinh tl, xa hpi, chinh tri, nha nude, ton giao, dang

Nguyen Anh Qudc phai, nghe thuat, phap luat, van hda, truyen

thdng, dao due...

3. Quan he giva khoa hpc tu nhien vdi khoa hpc xa hoi va nhan van trong nghidn cihi con ngirdi

Ly thuyen sieu hinh ve eon ngudi edn thdng tri thi viec nghien cim ty nhien d eon ngudi la rat ban hep, kha khiem tdn, nlu ed thi ciing chang qua nhan danh gia trj nhan van de hgp ly hda trong viee nghien cim iy.

Neu khdng co viec ly giai vl y nghTa ciia ddi sdng tu nhien, nguy bien eho sy tham sdng sg chet thi yeu td ty nhien d con ngudi bi bd qua trong nghien cicu khoa hpc.

Nhirng quan diem do trong Ijch su can dugc xera xet lai mot each nghiem tue, dl qua dd lam ro sy thdng nhat giiia khoa hpc vdi ddi sdng hien thyc eua eon ngudi. Khoa hpe ndi ehung phai dugc xuat phat tir "co sd ciia ddi sdng con ngudi hien thue, cdn nhu lay mdt CO sd nay eho ddi sdng va mpt co sd khac cho khoa hpc thi ngay tir dau do la mpt sy ndi lao" [3, tr.l79].

The gidi tu nhien la hien tugng mang tinh tit yeu, khach quan, phd biin dugc eae "khoa hpc ty nhien da trien khai mpt boat ddng to Idn va da tieh liiy nhung tai lieu khong ngung tang them" [3, tr.l78].

Bing hoat ddng thyc tien, con ngudi da kham pha thi gidi mgt each hien thye, lam eho thi gidi bdc Id cac thude tirih va nhirng quy luat tu nhien ciia nd. Bat dau tu thdi phyc hung, khoa hpe tu nhien cd dieu kien phat triln va dae biet la khi "khoa hpc ty nhien nhd ed cdng nghiep ma cang tham nhap mdt each thyc tien vao ddi sdng con

ngudi, eai tao ddi sdng eon ngudi va ehuan bj eho viee giai phdng con ngudi, mac dau nd trye tiep bude phai hoan tat viec phi nhan hda cac quan he con ngudi. Cdng nghiep la quan he lich su hien thuc ciia ty nhien, va do do ca ciia khoa hpc ty nhien vdi eon ngudi" [3, tr.l78].

Khi khoa hpc ve giai phau bat dau phat trien hon thi co the ngudi dugc nghidn ciiu mdt each he thdng. Nhiing ehiic nang sinh hpc nhu ddng hda, di hda, sinh san...; "ed may" sinh hpc dang van dpng, timg bd phan nhu tim, gan, phdi, than... de con ngudi cd the thye hien trao ddi chat giua co the vdi mdi trudng. Hoat dpng trao ddi chat nhu thd, udng, an... dugc nghien eiiu sau hem.

Mac du, viee can thiep mpt each co hpc vao than the cua eon ngudi cho den nay van con d muc dp nhat djnh, do cdn xem viec nghien eiiu nay la mdt viec vi pham cac gia trj nhan van, quyen con ngudi, nd vi pham cac gia tri truyen thdng ciing rihu nhung van de ve dao due tudng tugng. Nhung sy phat trien cua khoa hpc ty nhien, kinh te thj trudng thi se pha vd tat ca nhiing gi cd trong ly thuyet sieu hinh ve con ngudi truu tugng. Viec nghien ciiu than the con ngudi la xu hudng cua khoa hpe ty nhien, ddi tugng eua khoa hpc se khdng cdn chi la the gidi ben ngoai eon ngudi ma cdn la than the con ngudi. Chi khi hieu dugc con ngudi hien thye thi "sy phat huy rapt each dai chiing nhiing lye lugng ban chat ciia con ngudi thi ban chat eon ngudi ciia ty nhien hoac ban chat ty nhien eua con ngudi ciing trd nen de hieu" [3, tr.l78].

Tu xua cho den nay, nghien ciiu de cai tao, chinh phuc, khara pha the gidi ben ngoai con ngudi xet eho cimg la de 41

Khoa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam, sd 2 - 2020 con ngudi dupe quyen sdng, dugc vui ve, CO cai an, udng, cd eae tu lieu sinh boat...

trong ddi sdng xa hdi. Bing lao ddng thi con ngudi da lam ra nhieu eiia cai, tri thuc khdng ngung dupe tang them, nhieu d i n muc cd dieu kien de ehuyen budng nghien ciiu. Dd la nghien ciru co thi ngudi, ed the chinh sua, thay the cac bd phan trong viec thye hien chuc nang trao ddi chit, lam dep than the.... Nghien cuu nay cd y nghTa d chd, trude day san xuat ra san pham de dap ung nhu cau an, udng, tu lieu sinh boat tbi tuong lai con ngudi la nhu can ciia tat ca;

cac phuang tien nhu nha cua de tranh mua, nang, nhiet dp de eo the thieh nghi mpi hoan canh eua thdi tiet; cac phuang tien di chuyen bang xe, may bay; lien lae bang dien thoai, intemet... Iam cho ddi sdng rdng ban ve khdng gian, dai ban ve thdi gian. Khi khoa hpc ty nhien nghien cim, hieu ro ve ca the ngudi hien thyc sinh sdng se trd thanh co sd khoa hpc ve con ngudi.

Neu nghien cuu con ngudi ma khdng nghien cuu the chat, dieu kien ty nhien nhu dia chat, dia ly, khi hau... thi viec nghien cicu ay la ehua toan dien. Cho nen "Mpi khoa hpc ghi chep Ijch su deu phai xuat phat tu nhung co sd ty nhien ay va nhung thay ddi ciia chiing do hoat ddng cua con ngudi gay ra trong qua trinh lich su" [2, tr.3 3] la co sd de bae bd quan niem sieu binh ve con ngudi. Khoa hpc mieu ta sy hinh thanh cua trai dat "giang cho mdt ddn kjch liet" [3, tr.181] vao quan niem ve sy sang tao ra ttai dit, sang tao ra toan bd the gidi ty nhien, ddng thdi trye tiep bae bd Iy luan ve sy sang tao ra con ngudi. Viec trinh dien xiec thi la, mdi; neu phai di tten day dien mdi sdng dugc thi tat ea co the di duge... Khd, phuc tap ttong ty nhien nhung nhd cd khoa hpc ky thuat thi con ngudi da lam cho ttai dit dupe lan tten

tit ca nhung banh xe, xoay quanh tat ca nhung cai quat dien; d tai mpt thdi diem nhung con ngudi da dugc d tit ca mpi noi tten thi gidi, d mpt noi nhung dang sdng cho tit ca mdt ddi ngudi ma khdng phi ly... Tat ca cae mdi quan be i y la vi dilu mdi la, sang tao nhung lai e ngai nhung dilu mao hilm d l dugc sdng. Mpi sy mao hiem ttd nen bi hiem khi khoa hpc ehua nghien ciiu ve con ngudi mdt each day du. Neu eon ngudi la san pham eua tu nhien bi mat nhu the nao thi ty nhien la san phim eua con ngudi se chang bi mat den nhu thi. Khi do con ngudi khdng chi cd nhu cau ma cdn la nhu cau eua tat ca.

Kit qua nhiing kham pha, sang tao, phat minh ttong khoa hpc deu xuat phat tii nhu cau sdng cua con ngudi. "Toan bp Ijch su la sy chuan bj de "con ngudi" trd thanh ddi tupng ciia y thuc cam tinh va de nhu can

"cua con ngudi vdi tu each la con ngudi"

trd thanh nhu cau" [3, tt.l79]. Khoa hpc ty nhien vua la phuang tien, vua la npi dung cua ddi sdng, dieu do chi cd the thyc hien trong trudng hpp khoa hpc xuat phat tir ty nhien. Khoa hpc ty nhien ve con ngudi eho den nay chu yeu la y hpc, sinh hpc. "Ban than Ijch su la mdt bp phan hien thyc eua Ijch su ty nhien, cua sy sinh thanh cua tu nhien bdi con ngudi" [3, tr.l79]. Mdt sd linh vuc khac thupc khoa hpc tu nhien thi van dang miet mai tim kiem, kham pha, chinh phuc vii try ma chua trye tiep gan ket vdi viec nghien cim co the ngudi; khoa hpe xa hdi, nhan van van chua thuc sy nghien cuu ea nhan mpt each toan dien, ehua xuat phat tu tien de ty nhien cua con ngudi. Viec nghien eim ay cdn dua tten co sd ly thuyet trim tupng, sieu hinh nen nhiing tien d l i y mit di nen tang khoa hpe eiia nd. Nhiing tien d l trong viec nghien eiiu ve con ngudi chua thdng nhit nen kit qua nghien eiiu cua

Nguyin Anh Quoc cac khoa hpe xa hdi, nhan van cdn ttanh

luan, edn tiep tue nghien ciru them. Nhiing ttanh luan, nhung vin dl cdn tilp tue nghien eiiu ttong khoa hpc xa hdi va nhan van ed nguyen nhan cua nd la khi nghien ciiu dugc bat dau tu nhiing tiln dh tudng tugng ra, tue la bat dau, xuat phat diim tu nhiing dieu khdng cd tren hien thuc, khong cd tien de trong nghien cim, hoac tiiy tien, khdng nam viing ly thuyet khi tilp can vin de. Ly thuyet cua khoa hpc xa hdi va nhan van khdng the xa la ddi sdng hien thye, neu xa la ddi sdng hien thue eua con ngudi thi khoa hpc xa hdi, nhan van mit di tinh chan chinh cua nd va ehi edn lai nhung dilu nham nhi trong dau cua nhiing ngudi nhieu cbii nghia ma thoi. Khoa hpe xuat phat tu con ngudi hien thue va eai hien thyc ciia con ngudi, dd la quan diem ro rang ve khoa hpc, tuc la "khoa hpc tu nhien bao ham trong nd khoa hpc ve con ngudi eiing nhu khoa hpe ve con ngudi bao ham trong nd khoa hpc ty nhien: do se la mdt khoa hpe"

[3, tt.l79]. Quan trj the gidi rapt each khoa hpe khdng phai bien con ngudi thanh dieu gi ghe gdm, to tat, manh me, vT dai ma lam eho ban than minh ttd thanh nhu eau eua tat ca. Khdng ed con ngudi mpi thu trong vu try ttd nen vd nghTa, su tdn tai eua the gidi rit cin thiet ed ban tay cua con ngudi. Su manh me khdng phai d eho ed nhu cau ma sue manh hien thue cd duge d eho con ngudi trd thanh nhu eau eua tat ca.

Khoa hpe ve con ngudi, tuc khoa hpc xa hdi, nhan van va khoa hpc ty nhien co mdi lien he mat thiet vdi nhau. Khoa hpc nao tach ty nhien ra khdi eon ngudi hoae tach con ngudi ra khdi ty nhien thi khoa hpc dd se trd nen xa la va trd thanh nguy bien.

Con ngudi la doi tugng trye tiep ciia khoa hpc ty nhien, nen "tu nhien la ddi tugng

trye tiep cua khoa hpe ve con ngudi" [3, tr.l78]. Bdi vi ehi ed "rihung luc lugng ban chat cam tinh dac thii cua con ngudi chi tim thay su thyc hien cd tinh chat ddi tugng cua minh trong nhiing ddi tugng tu nhien, thi ehi cd the cd duge su ty nhan thuc eua minh trong khoa hpe ve ty nhien ndi ehung" [3, tr.l79]. Tat ea ribiing cai hien thyc dugc sang tao ludn tuan thii quy luat ty nhien da dugc con ngudi nhan thuc.

"Hien thyc xa hdi cua ty nhien va khoa hpc tu nhien eua eon ngudi, hay la khoa hpc ty nhien ve con ngudi, do la nhimg each diin dat dong nhit" [3, tr.179-180].

Con ngudi la san pham phat trien eao nhat ciia tu nhien thi mpi thdng tin ve tu nhien cua con ngudi mang day dii thdng tin ciia the gidi.

Mpi van de eua hien thye xa hpi dugc nhan thdc xuat phat tu nhu cau cua con ngudi, sy phong phu cua nhu cau quy dinh sy phong phii ve ddi tugng nhan thuc. Sy phong phii eiia khoa hpc do dd ma xuat hien. Cho nen "con ngudi phong phu va nhu cau phong phu ciia eon ngudi dang sinh thanh nhu the nao thay cho sy phong phii kinh te va su ngheo nan kinh te" [3, tt.l80].

Sy sinh ddng eua the gidi phai la nhu eau bien thye eiia eon ngudi. Su phong phu ty nhien chinh la sy da dang hien thyc cua ddi sdng con ngudi. "Con ngudi phong phu ddng thdi ciing la con ngudi cd nhu cau ve toan bd sy toan ven cua nhung bleu hien sinh boat ciia con ngudi, la eon ngudi ttong do sy thyc hien eua ban than no bieu hien ra la tinh tat yeu ben ttong, la sy thieu thdn"

[3, tr.180]. Sy tdt dep eiia xa hpi khdng bao ham chi cd no du ma khdng ed thieu thdn;

no dii va thilu thdn la nhiing nhan td tich cyC kich boat nhung tiem nang noi con ngudi, "xa hpi khong chi su phong phii cua

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Khoa hpc xa hdi Viet Nam, sd 2 - 2020 con ngudi ma ca sy ngheo nan cua no dlu CO y nghTa eon ngudi va do dd cd y nghTa xa hdi nhu nhau" [3, tt. 180].

Sy thieu thdn hay no du xet d khoa hpc ve con ngudi chi ed y nghTa ttong viec tim ra nhung ddng lue, tiem nang dl phat huy nd; phat hien ra cac rao can de khac phye nd; cdn lo budn hay vui ve la ed d noi ehinh ban than con ngudi. Lo buon va vui ve la nhu nhau nhung khac la tiiy thude vao ddi tugng dap iing. Su phong phii, da dang cua nhu cau la sy phong phu, da dang ddi tugng nhan thuc. Nhung mpi sy da dang ciia thi gidi khdng cd nghTa tat ca ttd thanh ddi tupng raa chi cd su sang tao lam cho nhu cau cd tinh ngudi. Trong the gidi ed nhieu am thanh khac nhau, nhung am thanh cd tinh ngudi den nay duge bieu hien qua bay ndt nhac; Nhan thuc va boat ddng sinh sdng khoa hpc khdng lam cbo ddi sdng trd nen phuc tap ma dua mpi sy phuc tap trd thanh gian don nhat ciia ddi sdng cd the. Khdng ed hanh phuc nao ma khdng dugc bat dau td sy phuc tap nhung khdng cd bat hanh nao dupe ket thuc bang viec don gian hda ddi sdng. Con ngudi ttong quan he phuc tap duge trd ve dang gian don ttong sy phong phu, da dang ciia the gidi neu xuat phat td nhiing tiln dl cua con ngudi hien thuc. Nlu khdng xuit phat tu nhiing tien de ay thi khdng hieu duge ddi song hanh phiie ed duge khi con ngudi trd nen rape raac, dan sa the nao; khdng hieu duge hanh phiie cd duge trong sy dan so, mdc mac ay la gi thi nhu the viee giao due, xay dung con ngudi trd nen thua. Viec eham lo cho hanh phuc ciia con ngudi se edn xa lam, mai van chua ed nhiing ngay thang dugc sdng ttong sy vui ve. Khoa hpe la tu nhien ve eon ngudi.

Khoa hpc ty nhien, khoa hpc xa hpi va nhan

van neu xa la con ngudi hipn thyc se trd nen sieu binh va sdng ttong su tudng tugng.

4. Ket luan

Khi xem xet con ngudi hien thuc la chu the cd nhu ciu va kha nang thyc hien nd, nhung se la khd hiiu nlu khdng thiy con ngudi hien thyc cdn la nhu eiu eua tat ca. Con ngudi cd nhu ciu din dau thi the gidi ddi tugng manh me nhu vay va con ngudi ttd thanh nhu ciu din dau thi ban than nd manh me din do. Sdc manh cua con ngudi la nhu ciu ddi vdi eon ngudi. Con ngudi khdng chi cd nhu cau ma edn sang tao ra eae nhu ciu nhung din nay eon ngudi van cdn nhu cau cd tinh ban nang ma ehua lam cho ban than rairih trd thanh nhu eau eua nhau mdt each day du. Khoa hpe ty nhien cd nhiem vu tao ra san pham; khoa hpe xa hdi lam cho nhiing san pham ay trd thanh con ngudi hien thue sinh sdng, khoa hpe nhan van lam cho nhiing con ngudi hien thyc ay ttd thanh nhu cau eua ddi sdng. Con ngudi la ddi tugng ciia khoa hpe. Tat ea khoa hpc la khoa hpc ve con ngudi, khoa hpc ty nhien ve eon ngudi. Khoa hpc ve con ngudi la chan chinh nhat.

T^i lieu tham khao

[I] C. Mac va Ph. Angghen (1994), Todn tgp, t.20, Nxb Chinh tri qulc gia, Hi Npi.

[2] C. Mic vi Ph. Angghen (1995), Todn tap, t.3, Nxb Chinh tri quic gia. Hi Npi.

[3] C. Mic vi Ph. Angghen (2000), Todn tap, t.42, Nxb Chfnh Ui quoc gia, Hi Npi.

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