TursurxurdNG HOA GIITA LE QUY DON vdi SUTGIA TRIEU TIEN,
SUY NGAM VE VAN HOC D I SU* DONG A
LifiU TRifiU HANH •'
Sau khi trinh bay mgt cdch vdn tdt npi dung xUdng hog vdn thd gida Le Quy Don vdi dodn sd gid Triiu Tien - Hdng Khdi Hy tgi kinh do nhd Thanh (Bac Kinh) ddi Cdn Long ndm thd 26 (1760). tdc gid da trinh bay nhiing suy tU cua minh ve vdn hgc di sd, ve khd ndng vd trien vpng cua viec nghien cdu vdn hgc di sd Dong A, ve vai trd cua vdn tha chd Hdn vdi quan he ngogi giao giiia cdc nUdc trong khu vUc ndy.
1. Trong ngoai giao qua lai gifla cac nfldc Ddng A, tfl Minh Thanh trd lai day, da the hien d l y du truyen thd'ng thi phu Td truyen. Dfldi sfl ban ehe eua the che thfldng mai trieu cd'ng, cd hdi tiep xuc trflc tiep eua sfl gia cac nfldc Ddng A dfldng nhfl chi cd trong sfl quan eiia Ble Kinh.
Dieu dd da tao nen nhflng trai nghiem hiem cd dd'i vdi cac nha tri thflc, va tren phfldng dien van hgc sif, mdi ndi tfl lflu gifl nhflng ghi chep dee dao ciia rieng minh.
Vl nhfl, sfl xfldng hga gifla Phung Khac Khoan vdi sfl gia Trieu Tien Ly Toai Quang da trd thanh chii de dam dao say sfla cua cae nha tri thflc hai nfldc Viet Nam va Tridu Tien, gidi hge thuat ngay nay cung quan tam nhidu vd nd. Trong thdi gian di sfl nha Thanh, Le Quy Ddn da xay dflng tinh hflu nghi td't dep vdi doan sfl gia Trieu Tien Hdng Khai Hy, thd chfl Han cung trd thanh chu de ban luan ciia ddi ben, iam tang them cd hdi hieu biet trflc tiep de hai ben tim hieu lan nhau.
Bai viet nay lay sfl xfldng hga gifla Le Quy Ddn va cac van nhan Tridu Tien iam dd'i tfldng xem xet, tim hieu vd van de nay, ddng thdi n g l m nghi them ve kha nang nghien cflu van hgc di sfl cua Ddng A.
2. Ddi Can Long nam thfl 26 (1760, Canh Thin, nam thfl 21 nien hieu Canh Hflng), tai Ble Kinh, Le Quy Ddn cung vdi chinh sfl Tran Huy, phd sfl Trinh Xuan Thu, T r i n Nhat Xfldng da xfldng hga, ngam vinh cung vdi Yen hanh sfl Hdng Khai Hy trong sd quan Hdng Lfl. Le Quy Ddn cd ndi ve sfl kien nay trong Kien van tieu luc(l) nhfl sau:
"... Cud'i nam Canh Thin ddi Canh Hflng, ke hen nay eung vdi T r i n Huy Mat, Trinh Xuan Thu tham gia bfla tiec ta't nien, ed gap sfl ban la Hdng Khai Hy, Trieu Vinh Tien, Ly Vi d sd quan Hdng Ld, trai chieu mdi nhau ngdi, dung gily but de ndi chuyen vdi nhau, nhan giao tinh td't dep, sau khi trd vd chd d cua minh, hg lien lenh hai vi thieu khanh dem thd vat tdi tang. Nam mdi lai sai ba ngfldi eon eua minh la Hdng Toan Hd'i, Trieu Quang Quy, Ly Thieh Phfldng tdi tham, chung tdi d lai kinh hai thang, thfl tfl qua lai, dai khai ddu td't dep ca.
Bflc thfl dem giao thfla viet: "Tflng xem dia dd va kinh sach ma biet tdi quy (*) Pho giao sU, Vien Van Triet, Vien Nghien ciiu Trung Udng Dai Loan.
(1) Xem: Le Quy Don. Kien vdn tieu luc.
LIEU TRIEU HANH
bang, nhflng Ddng Nam xa xdi, gan nhfl sflc bd ngfla (la gid'ng cd tinh chay rdng ma edn) khdng the den dfldc. Ngdi chung chieu trong Lfl tfl, thflc la viec bat ngd, tuy chfla quen thugc ma trong bung rat kinh men, long nhd nhung canh canh.
G i n tdi chia tay, ke di theo h l u ed dfla tdi td hdng, trd ve md ra xem, t h l y toan nhflng y trinh trgng nhfl lue ngdi chung, khdng ngan dfldc cam ddng. Viee mong ed mgt l l n den quy quan, de lai chiem ngfldng tdn dung, chung tdi ha chang cd y dd sao? NhUng vi the le bd huge, ddi ben chung ta cflng nhU nhau, doan tuyet that la ehUdng han. Quat giay d nUde tdi la thd vat, eho nen ggi la cd mdt chut de lam ki niem, theo nhU di y eua "lua nUde Ngd, gai nUdc Trinh" chep trong Ta truyen, khdng biet ngai ed vui Idng nhan cho khdng?"
D l u nam, ngay nguyen dan dUa thU ndi: "TrUdc day tiep dUdc ldi phue dap quy bau, den nay c l m lay ngam nghi, khi tinh t h i n gap gd thi nUde Viet nUde Yen cung khdng xa. Ben quy ngai lai sai ngUdi mang tin tdi, de ro sflc khde trong dip nam mdi, thdi la vui mflng khdn xiet.
Nhfl ke hen nay chang qua chi la ngfldi ngoai ba nghin dam, ma d ndi dat khach, gap nam mdi, edn khdng xiet bdn chdn ve Idng rieng nhd nfldc nhd nha; hudng hd eac ngai lan ldi nfldc non hang nam hang thang, ngifa d l u trdng ve phUdng Nam, thi lam the nao ma neu dUdc tam Idng tudng nhd. Tdi mud'n den ngay quy qud'c, bee bach ra ngdi but d l u lUdi, de biet van hien phUdng Nam, nhUng vfla bd huge ve the le, lai vfla luc cdng viec ban rdn, thanh ra khdng .thda man dfldc y dinh eua tdi, dung nhfl cau ngfldi ta ndi sat canh nhau ma thanh nhd dip, that la dang tide! Pham vat dfldc ngai cd thinh tinh ban
cho, xin n h a n Knh du so' va trdn trgng ta dn, bdi vi tfl chd'i la khdng tdn kinh. Tdi da hge dfldc ldi day cua t h l y Manh Tii nfldc Trau. Tuy the, ma tdi tfl nghi v l n khdiig yen tam, xin ngai xet cho".
Ldi tidu d i n cua Hdng thfldng thfl phuc dap bai thd cua T r i n chanh sfl (tflc Trin Huy Mat - ND.) r i n g : "6 ndi d l t khach, dfldc tiep dung nhan, do day ma ngudi dfldc sfl s l u nao, bai thd gvii ngay mdng 7 thang gieng, thinh tinh d l y ray, tdi luc be hgc nghe nhd mgn tfl chfldng, luc ldn bd dd, nay kinh dgc bai thd tUdi dep, khdng khac gi khue nhac thdi sao bang thd. Vay xin kinh dap lai, de hdp vdi sii gap mat d ndi mudn dam dUdng trUdng".
Ldi tieu d i n dap lai bai thd cua tdi r i n g : "Trdng t h l y dung nghi thanh nha, cdn dinh ninh ghi nhd trong Idng, nay nhan dUdc bai thd tUdi dep khdng khac gi dUde thfla tiep bdng dang t h a n h tao. Bai thd a'y y tfl sat, am dieu hay, lam cho ngfldi ta dgc di dgc lai hai ba l l n , dfldng nhfl b i t dfldc vien ngge quy. Vd nghe lam thd, tdi van bieng nhac, di dfldng trfldng hang ba ngan dam, ma tfl then khdng cd lay mdt bai thd. Nay dfldc tiep thinh tinh, khdng le cd phu bung td't, vi the quen ca vung vd que keeh, kinh xin ndi dieu, chi e bi chu nhd dfldi mflng cfldi khue khich".
Ldi tieu dan dap lai bai thd ciia Trinh phd sfl (tflc Trinh Xuan Thu) rang: "Nggn den le loi d ndi quan khach, chi ngam thd ciia Cao Thflc Chau, Tiet Dao Hanh, budn khdng ed gi de tieu khien, bdng nhan dfldc bai thd tfldi dep, cd the khuay khda dfldc sfl tfldng nhd khi gap mat d quan Hdng Ld, md thd de suy nghi ngam nga, vui sfldng nhfl ngfldi dfldc eua. Nay xin bat ehude ve n h a n Tay tii, de giup vao vat lieu dung day lg tUdng".
Ldi tieu d i n dap lai bai thd cua T r i n chanh sfl rang: "Thfl tfl gfli den ludn ludn, tam linh dfldc thdng sud't, khdng phai nhfl ngfldi ta ndi "nha g i n ma ngUdi xa" vay. Chung ta nhU beo may tan hgp, viec a'y khdng c l n ndi ddn lam gi, ma gai nUdc Trinh, lua nUdc Ngd cung chUa tflng cd de tang dap, duy mdi l l n td ro tam tinh, cung ed the lflu lai dfldc quang canh d trong gia'y mfle. Tdi ban viec vat sud't ngay, khdng may luc chd'ng cai gay khd ma di dao ehdi dfldc, thanh ra khdng tranh khdi cai ldi hga v l n khi cham, that dung nhfl cau ndi: "ngfldi hay ke dd each nhau hang ba mfldi dam dfldng".
Ldi tieu dan dap lai thd eua tdi rang:
"Thin Tfldng thuy gay dan d tren sdng Thu, khue dan da ket thuc ma v l n khdng thly ngfldi. Co nhan dflng dien nay vi vdi thd van tdt bac, y ndi thd van den chd t h i n ki dgc dao. Nay tue ha dflng ngdi but md ta eanh hfl khdng, thau sud't mgt diem linh tinh, khdng ngai tao phien. Tdi hai ba l l n dgc thd van gvii den khdn xiet nhay mua vui mflng. Rat biet r i n g ldi tiia cua Huyen Yen khdng lam tang gia tri bai phu Tam dd, gigng que keeh d thdn que khd ed the hga dfldc khue dfldng xuan bach tuyet, nhflng khdng dam hoan toan ed phu Idng chu dao eua ngai. Nay xin dem bet tai nghe eon Ifla dap lai, mong ngai vui long nhan cho, thi may m i n llm".
Ldi tieu dan ciia Ly hgc si (tflc Ly Huy Trung) dap lai thd cua ba sfl t h i n ring:
"Phfldng xa gap nhau, nghieng cay Igng cung nhau ndi chuyen, day khdng phai la sfl t i m thfldng, khi xep ban thfl d san rdng, dfldc thfla tiep dung nghi thanh nha. [Nhflng tide vi] m l y eau chuyen sd qua, khdng khac gi trdng bdng dfldi nfldc;
ve nam sudng ndi cdng quan, ay nay sud't
ngay, may dfldc ngfldi giup viec ngai ha cd', ban cho ldi van xinh tfldi, gap gd phfldng trdi, dfldc ldi vang ngge phfldng Nam vang den, ngam nga mang vd Ddng thd, tran tang trong nip trong rfldng.
Xfldng ed hga khdng, mudn dam khdng bd, ldi van tinh dai, tinh than eung td".
Nhflng trfl tae ndng can eua tdi, nhfl Qudn thu khdo bien, Thdnh md hiin phgm luc va Tieu tUdng bdch vinh thi iam
trong khi di dUdng deu dUdc Hdng thUdng thu viet giup ldi gidi thieu tren d l u sach, Ly hgc si cung lam bai tiia tap thd bach vinh. Sau day, tdi ed dUa cho quan kham sai ban td'ng la Lang trung T i n Trieu Chau xem, T i n khen la van chUdng cd khi tUdng eao sieu, hinh sle riie rd.
Nam Quy Ty (1773), ban ddng khoa vdi tdi la dng Nguyen Dao, phung menh di sfl, khi den Ble Kinh, ed gap Ly Tri Trung, phd sfl nfldc ay, ndi la chau hgc si Ly Huy Trung, lai ndi chuyen chu dng ta da cung Thi giang Le Qud Dfldng(2) "quy qud'c" ket nghia tfldng tri ndi da't khach va trao ddi van thd vdi nhau, Ly Tri Trung lai dfla danh thiep nhd cho sfl t h i n nfldc ta td y hdi tham tdi hien nay gifl chflc gi va kinh chuc binh yen.
Ldi trieh d i n r l t dai, nhflng de t h l y sfl chan thflc cua tinh y trong dd, ehi cd each chep toan bd. Nfla tren cua doan vidt la nhflng ldi khen ngdi dd'i vdi phong tuc hdn hau, chuong le gifl phep ciia Trieu Tien. Le Quy Ddn md ta nhflng trao ddi qua lai b l n g giay but gifla hai ben sfl gia, long tran trgng ed the nhan thay rd ret.
Tfl sfl tang qua va dd'i dap gifla sfl t h i n hai nfldc, khdng khd de nhan ra tinh cam gifla hai nfldc vfla quen, ma vfla la. Trong
(2) Ten hieu cua Le Quy Don.
LIEU TRIEU HANH
qua trinh phung sfl xuat hanh, Le Quy Ddn dem nhflng tae pham cua minh nhfl Qudn thu khdo bien va Thdnh md hien phgm luc tang eho nhflng ngfldi ban ma
dng quen tren dfldng cho tdi cac si nhan trung thd va si n h a n d Tridu Tien, deu dfldc mgi ngfldi ddng Idng khen ngdi.
Ve chuyen di Ble Kinh nay, Le Quy Ddn tflng ndi: "Dgc dfldng gap eac si dai phu trung chau, khd khan trong trd chuyen, g i n nhii gap ke dieh vay, lai ed cdng sfl Tridu Tien, kham sai ban td'ng quan, ddu la van hao mdt thdi, khdng nhin nhau b l n g con m l t nfldc ngoai, ndi chuyen qua lai, ke hen nay thflc ed phuc ldn, trong lue dd'i dap chfl nghia, may khdng bi cfldi ehe, cang mud'n khen ngdi hdn. Qudn thU khdo bien, Thdnh md Men phgm luc ddu dfldc viet ra luc ke hen nay
chfla den ba mfldi tudi, dfldc nhflng ngfldi ndi tieng yeu thich, khdng chi gifl khfl khfl lay mgt minh, the mdi biet Idng ngfldi khdng khac, dem thanh chinh ra dd'i vdi nhau, l i y chfl nghia de biet nhau, thi bo'n be ddu la anh em ca"(3). Dd'i vdi Le Quy Ddn, l l n di sfl Trung Qud'c nay dich thflc la mdt cugc hdi ngd hiem cd trong ddi. Khdng ehi dem lai nhflng hieu biet mdi cho Le Quy Ddn, sfl giao tidp vdi cac nhan si trung thd va Trieu Tien cang la nhflng kinh nghiem quy gia khdng the thay the dfldc trong qua trinh hinh thanh tri thflc eua Le Quy Ddn, cang eho thay nhflng quan niem gia tri tfl trfldc tdi gid - ciia dng cd y nghia phd bien.
3. Cae tiet sfl Trieu Tien ma Le Quy Ddn gap d B l e Kinh chu yeu cd ba ngfldi la: chi'nh sfl Hdng Khai Hy, phd sfl Trieu Vinh Tien, Dai hge si Ly Vi Trung. Theo Qud'c trieu nhdn vat khdo, Hdng Khai Hy tflng la trang nguyen, nhieu lan di sfl
Nhat Ban va B l e Kinh, cd kinh nghiem ngoai giao phong phu. Trieu Vinh Tien, Ly Vi Trung deu gifl chflc quan trgng d trieu Ly. Vd nhflng n h a n vat ma Le Quy Ddn gap gd tai B i c Kinh, hgc gia Nhat Ban la Thanh Thiiy Thai Lang tflng cd nhflng khao chflng chi tiet, ra't dang tham khao(4).
Qua nhflng ngdn tfl eua Le Quy Ddn, dudng n h u dng tU hao trUde nhflng thd van de tang ciia tiet sfl Trieu Tien. Thflc ra, thd van la sd trfldng cua sfl t h i n Trieu Tien, den Trung Qud'c cung cd khi phai chiu lep ve, hoac dfldc dan ra de lam ran.
Tham Dflc P h u cd nien dai sdm hdn mdt chut tflng ndi ve phfldng thflc tidp dai sfl nha Minh eiia Tridu Tien ddi van Minh nhfl sau:
Tuc cda Trieu Tien rdt coi trgng thd vdn. Cung lap ra HUdng hgi thi. Cdc bdi thdn tdi trieu cdng da phdn la dgi lieu???
Ggi ngUdi dUdc bdn viec chinh sii la Te tudng. Budc phdi cd mgt Ngii sit de theo doi. Biu chgn lUa ki cdng tii nhiing ngUdi vdn hgc ndi tieng ldm sii gidi. Neu thieu phdi mua dd tich??? Ngau due? chdu(5)
Hien nhien, van hge di sfl qua lai gifla Tridu Tien va Trung Qud'c la tieu diem quan tam ciia cac hgc gia Trung Qud'c va Tridu Tien. Nha Nho N h a t Ban Lam La Sdn ggi dd la "thi chien" (cugc chien bang thd van - ND.). Trong md'i quan he gifla Le Quy Ddn va sfl doan Hdng Khai Hy khdng he cd chuyen gifldng cung mua
• kidm thd van kieu "thi chien", ma dd la
<3) Le Quy Don Bac sd thdng luc (Tu tU).
(4) Thanh Thuy Thai Lang. {-^Y t ^\tni^\
^ S f f l : ^ * ) , so 12 (2001:10), tr.31-47.
(5) Tham Diic PhCi. Vgn Lich dd hd bien (Bac Kinh, Trung Hoa thU cue, 2004), quyen 30, tr.786.
sfl "tfldng tri tfldng tich" (biet tai va tran trgng tai cua n h a u - ND.). Tuy Tidn Khiem Ich(6) khdng hd bieu lg bat man dd'i vdi trinh do lam thd trong Hodng Hoa tap, nhflng dd'i vdi nhflng ngfldi iam thd chfl Han d cae nfldc Ddng A, trinh do Han van eiia cac sfl tiet Trieu Tien, thdng qua cai nhin cua cae sfl gia Viet Nam, la dd'i tfldng de sfl tidt eac nfldc ngfldng md.
4. S u y n g a m v e thcf chuf H a n d D o n g A vdi q u a n h e n g o a i giao
Thd chfl Han la mdi gidi va cdng cu eho sfl giao lflu, hieu biet lan nhau gifla eac ndn van hda khu vflc Ddng A. Tfl Minh Thanh vd sau, cac sfl tiet ngoai giao qua lai ngay cang nhieu va viec tang thd l l n nhau dung thiic la da tai hien truyen thd'ng thi phu Td truyen. Do vay, trong luc thien ha thai binh, sfl gap gd gifla thi nhan cae nfldc da cho thay quan niem ve bd coi thd gidi va trat tii cua ngfldi thdi ly.
Cdn trong nhflng luc bien loan, cd the tha'y, nha thd tim kiem sfl an dn than tam trong thd, trong khi mdt sd' ddng nhdm tri thflc bi hidm trieh, lflu phdng, phieu di, thi ea trd thanh phfldng thflc tuyet nha't eho sfl ki thae ndi Idng. Thi ea khdng chi la cdng cu bieu dat tinh cam, ehi hfldng ca nhan, ma cdn la con dfldng td't hdn ca de tim kiem he thd'ng gia tri trong cai trat tfl the gidi dang bien ddng gay git.
B i t d l u tfl truyen thd'ng thi phu cua Td truyen, sfl tiet ngoai giao va thd phu trd nen g i n ket khdng rdi. Khdng Tfl ndi:
"Hanh ki hflu si, sxi fl tfl phfldng, bat nhuc quan menh, kha vi si hi"(7) (Hanh dgng cua minh cd liem si, dem nd ra van dung d bo'n phfldng, khdng iam nhuc menh vua, cd the ggi la si vay). Phan Ldi ddi Thanh sd da r u t ra dfldc mdt sfl khai quat vd van hda vidt eua sfl tidt trfldc ddi
Han, tham chi cho rang, tac pham sfl tiet da md ra ca mdt ngudn mach phong nha eho nghin nam. Ong viet: "Thdn phung menh ra khoi bien cUdng, cd nhiing sU lg ki ldi hgi an nguy, phdi dng phd de khdng nhuc menh, Thdnh nhdn diu cho dd Id viec khd, chdc trdch cua ngUdi di sd that Id ndng ni. Md nhiing ngUdi thdi xUa phung menh di sd de lgi danh tieng, ludn ludn la cdc si nhdn vdn nhd. Hgc trd cua Tii San, Quy Trac, Yen Anh thdi Xudn Thu, diu biet ldm hieu nhiiu, gioi ve giao tiep. Luc Gid, Nghiem Trd, Chung Qudn, Tu Md Thien, TUdng NhU ddi Hdn diu nhdt nhdt phung menh di sd. Cho den Trdn Thang lap cdng tuyet vdi, md Truyen ggi cdng cua dng la chUdng tdu; Td Tii Khanh tiet thdo, md dUdc tdng ndm cha ldm td cua phong thi nghin ddi. NhU the de thdy ldm sd cho Thien tie, chi cd vdn nhdn la phu hdp nhdt"(8). Thd eua Td Vu tang Ly Lang that ra ehi la ddn thdi, dfldng nhfl da thanh dinh luan, ai ai cung ndi nhfl vay, nhflng Phan Ldi da nhin ra md'i quan he gifla sfl tidt va van hgc viet, dd ed the coi la ed nhan thflc sau sac.
Van hda viet cua sfl tidt khdng ehi ed ghi chep ve phong tho nhan tinh, ma cdn phan anh, mdt Id, sfl quan sat lan nhau
(6) Tien Khiem Ich viet: "Cac be toi ban trieu theo hau, phung sii Cao Le, vi co Hodng Hoa tap... Dong quo'c van the ciing pho, tii lam chii cong, khong ngai chiu kho tdi do, dem ngu y nhu vien nen it co nhiJng tii de then. Tien Khiem Ich. Bgt Hodng hoa tap, Muc Ti hdu hpc tap (ThUOng Hai, ThUdng Hai co tich xuat ban xa, quyen 46, tr. 1528-1529).
(7) (Thanh) Nguyin Nguyen (hieu kham) Ludn ngd chu sd, Thdp tam kinh chu, sd, (Dai Bac, Nghe van an thU quan, 1955), tr.118.
(8) Phan L6i. Td'ng Udng Chu thii phung sii Liiu Cdu tu. True Sa Dudng tap, Td khd' todn thU ton muc tiing thU, (Ddi Nam huyen: Trang Nghiem vdn hda, 1995), tap bp, sach 250, quyen 9, tr.52.
LIEU TRIEU HANH
gifla gdc nhin "tdi va hg"; hai la, sfl va cham va dung hdp gifla sfl vat mdi, eu va quan niem gia tri; ha Id, sfl phan anh vd eac mat ciia thfldng nghiep hoac hien thflc xa hdi. Lay giai doan Minh Thanh iam VI du xem xet, sau khi the che giae dieh trieu cd'ng nha Minh dfldc xac lap, da quydt dinh hinh thai ed ban eiia sfl ngdai giad qua lai gifla cae nfldc Ddng A. Cud'i Thanh, chu nghia qud'c tde ndi day, hinh thai ngoai giao gifla Trung Qud'c va the gidi tidn vao trong he thd'ng the gidi, giao dich tridu cd'ng truyen thd'ng ehinh thflc bfldc vao qua khfl. The nhflng, b i t luan trong thdi ky nao, thd chfl Han ludn gifl mdt vai trd quan trgng trong sfl qua lai gifla cac nfldc Ddng A, nhflng du ki eua sfl tidt eung la sfl lieu quan trgng de nhin lai l l n nhau. Vi nhfl, lich sk Lflu C i u (quIn dao Ryukyu n l m gifla Trung Qud'c va Nhat Ban - ND.) cd quan he cflc ky chat ehe vdi nhflng sac phong di sfl Lflu C i u trong hai ddi Minh Thanh, sfl phat hien ra Dai Loan cung cd lien quan tdi s i c phong sfl Lflu Cau ddi Minh(9); nha thd ldn ddi van Thanh la Hdang Tdn Hidn cung cd chd dflng trong lieh sfl ngoai giao can dai, tac pham ciia dng nhan dfldc sfl ddn nhan eua ddc gia ca hai nfldc Trung Qud'c va Nhat Ban. Mat khdc, sfl lflu truydn d khu vflc khac cung tao nen thanh danh eho nha thd, nhfl Hga nguyet luc eua Tao Huyen trong thi dan cud'i ddi Thanh viet: "Nhflng ke hao danh trong kinh ludn ludn ket giao vdi cac sinh sfl (eac sfl gia tdi trieu sinh - ND.), hy vgng cd the lflu danh tieng sang nfldc khac, nen Ly T h u I n Khach cd ma'y bai thd lflu truyen sang nfldc khac, deu khdng phai la nhflng tac pham hay"(10). Ndi tdm lai, van hda vidt cua sfl tiet eac nfldc Ddng A
vfla la cfla ngo de xem xet l l n nhau, vfla la mdi trfldng de hai ben len tieng tim hieu qua lai; t h a m chi,^ cd kha nang edn t h a n h bang chflng cho nhflng y tfldng (va tfldng tfldng) van hda eiia mdt qude gia hoac khu vflc. Sfl tiet ngoai giao cdn dai dien cho mot sfl du n h a p tri thflc mdi, quan diem mdi, nhfl sfl tiet Nhi Khiem ddi Minh d Tridu Tien(ll), tang Hoang Bich Tdng tdi Nhat Ban khoang gifla Minh Thanh(12). Van hda viet eua sfl tiet eung la cdng cu quan trgng de giai ma each bay td tinh cam truyen thd'ng nghieng ve ldi ly luan. Hgc gia Nhat Ban la Thdn Tinh Chfldng Gidi da cd nhflng thao luan ra't ehi tiet vd thd chfl Han va quan he thdng giao gifla Tridu Tien va Nhat Ban(13). Nhflng nghien cflu vd Yen hdnh luc, Hodng Hoa tap da day len sfl ehu y eua cac hgc gia(14), nhflng cac nha nghien cflu vanh dai ngdn ngfl Han van
(9) Nhiing nghien ciiu ve phUdng dien nay rat nhieu, nghien ciiu m6i day co the xem: Chu Uyen Dieu. Niii trong sdng nUdc - Tong luan vi ngiidi Minh vdi nhgn thdc Ddi Loan, "Hpc bao Lich sii Dai hpc Dai Loan", so 40 (2007:12), tr.93-148.
(10) Tao Hoang. Hpa nguyet luc, ngUdi viet chUa tiing dpc, trich d i n theo: Tien Trpng Lien (chii bien).
Thanh thi ki sU (Nam Kinh, Giang To co tich xuat ban xa, 1987), quyen trieu Gia Khanh, tr.8228.
(11) Xem: VUdng Quo'c Ludng. Nhi Khiim "Lieu Hdi biin" vd "Canh Ngp Hodng hoa tap", TrUdng Ba Vi. VUc ngogi Hdn tich tiing khdn (Bic Kinh, Trung Hoa thU cue, 2006), quyen 2, tr.337-346.
(12) Ve nghien ciiu cua Hoang Bich Tong, xem:
Lieu Trieu Hanh. "Hinh tUOng Nhdt Bdn trong thd ca cua Thien sU Mdc Yem - Lay ndi Phu Si vd tdng Id ldm dd'i tUpng trung tdm", Tgp san nghien cdu Vdn Triet Trung Qud'c, Vien Nghien cdu Trung uang sd 24 (2004:03) tr. 129-153; Hai thanh dm trong thi ca Thiin sU dn Nguyen: lay tha cudi dbi ldm trpng tdm trong Diep Quoc Ludng, Tran Minh Tu. Nhdt Bdn Hdn hpc nghiin cdu tuc thdm, Vdn hpc thiin (Dai Bic, Trung t a m xuat ban Dai hpc Dai Loan, 2005), tr.157-186; v.v..
(13) Thon Tinh ChUdng Gi6i: « ^ r >-• r f t i f — J l t l t (Dong Kinh, Trieu N h a t t a n vftn xa, 1995).
cdn thidu nhflng nghien cflu ve sfl phong phu cua van ban va ndi ham trong van hge Trung Qud'c cd lien quan tdi sfl tiet.
Nam nay, cac hgc gia khd'i Hoa ngfl da b i t dlu chu y tdi dieu nay, nhflng nhflng nghien cflu van hge Han eiia sfl tiet Viet Nam v l n edn r l t khdng day dii. Sfl tfldng hd gifla sfl tiet va van hgc la mgt kho tang quy bau cd sflc anh hfldng rgng, ngi dung phong phfl, sfl phong phu cua cac the tai va nhflng y nghia ham chfla trong dd v l n cdn ddi nhflng nghien cflu sau hdn.
Mat khac, chung tdi nhan thay ring, dd'i vdi cae sfl t h i n ngoai giao, nhflng trai nghiem lfl hanh khdng chi la nhflng hdi fle khd quen cua ca nhan, ma cdn la nhflng vd'n van hda quan trgng treng ddi sd'ng xa hdi va tri thflc ciia hg. Van hda viet cua sfl tiet (bao gdm thd, du ki, t i u nghi, v.v.) khdng chi la nhflng sfl nghe nhin du lieh ddn t h u I n , ma hdn the, cdn phai truyen dat dfldc nhflng tfl thd va thanh dieu cua ehinh quydn d d i n g sau dd. Do vay, van hgc viet sfl tiet la sfl khai trien nhflng thanh dieu phflc hdp, dang ddi chd nhflng sfl thuyen thich va phuc dflng tfl nhieu gdc do khac nhau.
Ket l u a n
Thd chfl Han vdi quan he ngoai giao la mdt m l t xich quan trgng trong van hgc chfl Han d Ddng A, sfl nghien cflu nay van cdn d trong giai doan thii nghiem ddi mdi cua the gidi Han ngfl. Tinh quan trgng cua chu de nghien cflu nay the hien d:
1. Dap flng trao lflu nghien cflu van hgc van hda qud'c te hien nay. Ai eung bidt ring, tfl duy khdng gian g i n nhfl thay the tfl duy thdi gian, nhflng ban luan eua mdt chii the ddn n h l t ludn bi thay the bdi tinh chu the tfldng hd. Do dd, nhflng nghien cflu ve lfl hanh, dia li hoe nhan van, dia
chi van hda trd nen rdng rai tren the gidi.
v a n hda viet sfl tidt eung cap tai nguyen va dieu kien tuyet vdi eho nhflng nghien cflu theo hfldng nay.
2. Cung cap cho van hge Trung Qud'c gdc nhin va ngdn ngfl ly luan mdi. Nhfl da ndi, van hda vidt sfl tiet khdng hd la ddi tfldng chii yeu eiia nhflng nghien cflu van hgc Trung Qud'c d qua khfl, ma nhin trong tien trinh nghien cflu trfldc mlt, it ra trong giai doan Minh Thanh, mfle do eac tac pham dfldc lflu truyen ra nfldc ngoai eung la bien phap quan trgng de eac nha thd, tae gia cd dfldc danh tieng hay ldi ich. Nhflng van tfl qua lai gifla Yen hanh sfl Tridu Tien vdi nha thd Tfl Xuyen Ly Dieu vao gifla ddi Thanh cung la chuyen cd thflc khien cae sfl gia van hgc hflng thu ban bac, ta't ca ddu cd the thay trong Vu thdn thi thogi cua Ly Didu Nguyen, cdn Tuy vien thi thogi eua Vien Muc cung cd mdt so' ghi chep vd sfl tiet Trieu Tien. L i y van hda viet sfl tiet lam m l u ehd't, y eanh my hgc va sach lUde tu tfl ddu ed it nhieu nhflng nhan thflc va the nghiem chflng thflc khac nhau dd'i vdi viec the hien pham tru va ndi ham van hge Trung Qud'c.
3. Suy tfl ve vai trd cua van hge chfl Han, sfl qua lai cua cac sfl tidt Ddng A, thd chfl Han, van chfl Han la mdt hinh thflc quan trgng nhat cua van hda. Tham chi, cac sfl t h i n eua Nhat Ban - Han Qud'c, Han Qud'c - Viet Nam eung dung thd chfl Han de thfl hoa. O cac khu vflc
(14) Nghien ciiu lien quan xem ldi dan trU6c ciia VUdng Quo'c LUdng, Tao Hong. Ludn Ddng Viet
"Trieu Tien phd" - Bdn them ve mdi quan he ngogi giao vd tii phu thai cd dgi", VUc ngogi Han tich tung khan, quyen 1, tr.411-421; Ly Nham. Trung Hdn vdn hpc quan hi siC ludn (Bac Kinh, Xa hpi khoa hpc van hien xuat ban xa, 2003), tr.388-400; v.v..
LIEU TRIEU HANH
Ddng A ngoai Trung Qud'c, Hodng Hoa tap do eac sfl t h i n Trung Qud'c - Han Qud'c xfldng hga da trd t h a n h mau mfle eho thd chfl Han cae nfldc hgc theo. Tfl can dai trd vd trfldc, van hda Han bang chfl Han tflng la tam diem suy tfl eiia eac tri thflc thude cac vflng van hda khac.
Trong khi mgi ngfldi sdi ndi ban tan ve nhflng anh hfldng Nhat Ban ma Lfldng Khai Sieu tiep thu, thi lai quen mat rang, d Nhat Ban trfldc dd da tflng lflu hanh Hdi qud'c dd chi cua Nguy Nguyen. Van hda viet ciia sfl tiet chinh la bfldc khdi dau td't nha't eho sfl suy ngam vd viec Han ngfl, Han van, Han thi dfldc truyen ba va dien bidn d khu vflc Ddng A.
4. Cung cap nhan thflc sau hdn vd tinh the tae ddng Mn nhau gifla cac nfldc Ddng A, bao gdm Trung Qud'c, Lflu Ciu, Nhat Ban, Han Qud'c (Trieu Tien). Ddng thdi, qua van hda vidt cua sfl tiet, nhan thflc ve md hinh the gidi cua nhdm tri thflc Ddng A dfldng thdi cung nhfl qua trinh xung dot va dieu hda trong hanh trinh giae lflu vdi cac ndn van hda khac cung rd hdn.
Thd di sfl, dac biet la nhflng phat ngdn trong tinh hud'ng quan phfldng, b i t huge phai tinh tdi lap trfldng td qud'c. Thflc ra, trong sfl qua lai gifla cac nfldc Ddng A the ky XVI - XVII, thd chfl Han ludn gifl vai trd quan trgng.
Trong sa LUu Cdu luc, chung ta thay, ngoai dai le tridu cd'ng, sfl xfldng hga vdi cac van nhan tai ndi dd dfldng nhfl la hdat ddng van hda quan trgng nhat eua cae sfl t h i n tai dat Lflu Ciu. Cae thi tang Lflu C i u cd the lam thd hay khdng eung la chu Ae ban luan yeu thich cua cac sfl tiet(15). Thd vfla la mgt bg phan cua tfl lenh ngoai giao, vfla la thfl biet dfldc khdng the thieu trong ddi sd'ng tinh than.
Neu nhu the che giao dieh trieu cd'ng quy dinh cai khung ed ban cho t r a t tii gifla cac nfldc, thi thi ca sfl tiet lai phan anh cai t r a t tfl thien ha do, dung sfl am ap cua thd ca de iam giam di sfl lanh leo cua cai khung cflng n h I c a'y. Sfl xfldng hga gifla cac sfl tiet Ddng A chfla dflng sfl tidp xuc qua lai dfldi cai nhin cua nhau, gifla
"tdi va hg", thi phu ddng thdi la c h i t mdi gidi trgng yeu cho sfl tae ddng lan nhau gifla nhflng the che chinh tri(16). Sau sfl tfldng phung cua Le Quy Den va sfl than Tridu Tien d Bac Kinh trong sud't thdi Thanh, sfl t h i n Trieu Tien v l n duy tri sfl giao lflu vdi cac sfl t h a n Viet Nam(17), nhflng dfldng nhfl khdng dfldc td't dep b l n g md'i giao tinh gifla Le Quy Ddn va Hdng Khai Hy. Tfl dd de thly, cudc hanh trinh di Bae Kinh cua Le Quy Ddn, vfla de nang hgc thflc cua minh len, vfla la vi danh tidng bang qud'c, dich thflc la mdt lln ngoai giao thanh cdng cho nfldc nha.Q
N g i i c f i d i c h : T h S . T R A N T H I T H U Y NGOC (Vien Triet hgc, Vien Khoa hgc xd hgi Viet Nam)
(15) Trong cac tac pham ciia Uong Nhiep, TC( Bao Quang, Trieu Van Hai, Ly Dinh Nguyen, deu de cap den thi tang cl Luu Cau, xem: VUdng Ham. Minh Thanh sac phong sd biit tap trung Liiu Cdu sd lieu khoa cit ngdu, DdngDdi Loan Ddng A vdn minh nghien cdu hpc khdn (Dai Loan dai hpc Dong A van minh nghien cflu trung tam), ki 6 (2006:12), tr.111-129.
(16) Xem them: Bpc Hien Khue. Tha xUdng hpa gida sd thdn Viet Nam vd Triiu Tiin trong Hodng Viet thi tuyen. Tap san nghiin cdu Hdn tich d nUdc ngodi, quyen 1 (Bic Kinh, Trung Hoa thU cue, 2005), tr.293-306; Tao Hong. S d n vi "Triiu Tien^
phu," cdng quan he ngogi giao vd tii phu, thdi cd dgi. Tap san nghien cdu Hdn tich d niidc ngodi, quyen 1, tr.411-424; VUdng Quoc Ludng. Nhi Khiem Lieu Hdi biin vd Canh Ngp Hodng hoa tap, Tap san nghien cdu Hdn tich d nUdc ngodi, quyen 1 (Bic Kinh, Trung Hoa thU cue, 2006), tr.337-346.
(17) Nhu Yen h a n h s i i L y Diic Phii, Liiu Die Cung, Tii Cao Tu cuoi thdi Can Long deu tiing de cap den an tUdng ve sii tie't An Nam trong cac tac pham cua minh.
