Tieu ban: TAI NGUYEN SINH VAT BifeN vA N G U O N LOI 275
PHAN TICH HIEN TRANG NGHE LlTOl KEO VEN BOf VA NHAN THlTC CUA NGlT DAN O DONG
B A N GSONG CUtJ LONG
Le Xuan Sinh, Nguyen Thanh Long va Do Minh Chung Khoa Thiiy sdn - Dgi hpc Cdn Tha
I. GlCn THIEU
Nam 2005, khai thic thiiy sin da dong gop 3,9% GDP cua Vift Nam v i 8,4% GDP ciia Dong bang song Ciru Long (DBSCL). Dac biet, d cic tinh ven bien nhu Soc Trang, Bac Lieu va Ci Mau nginh thiiy sin dong vai tro quan frpng hon (chiem khoing 50% tong GDP ciia cic tinh nay). Sy dau tu tot hon da v i dang giiip gia tang sy dong gop ciia ngiy thiiy sin trong nen kinh te Viet Nam va nganh thiiy san thudng dugc xep vao mot trong nam nginh nghe co gii tri kim ngach xuat khau hing diu cua dit nude. Vio nam 2002, gii trj xuit khau cua nginh thiiy sin lin dau tien vugt mirc 1 ty USD. Nam 2005 gii frj xuit khau thuy sin niy len den 2,62 ty USD va du kien den nam 2010 gii trj niy se dat hon 4 ty USD. Co khoing 4 trifu lao dpng trong ITnh vyc thuy sin, trong do co 3 trifu lao dpng trong nganh khai thic thuy sin va 1 trifu lao dpng lam nghe nuoi frong thiiy sin v i 0,7 trifu lao dpng lam frong lanh vyc che bien thuy sin v i cic djch vu thuy sin. Tuy nhien, hau hit khdi lugng v i gii frj thuy san xuat khau gia tang li tir nuoi frong (Bp Thiiy sin, 2002, 2005 va 2006).
Sy dau tu cho nganh thiiy sin chii yeu bat dau tir nhung nam cuoi ciia thap ky 1990, sau nhu-ng thift hai nang nl do con bao So 5 (Linda) gay ra v i chu yeu li doi vdi nganh khai thac thiiy sin, dac biet li sy dau tu phit trien khai thac xa bd. Tuy nhien, sy dau tu cho khai thic xa bd gin day da bilu lp khong hieu qui v i gin day da bj gidi ban rat nhieu. Mpt an tuong sau sac li han 90% trong tong so khoing 29.000 tiu khai thic thiiy sin co cong suit nho v i tip trung khai thic thuy sin ven bd (Bp Thuy sin, 2007). Tuy nhien, theo kl hoach den nam 2010, khoing 90% tong diu tu cho ITnh vyc khai thac thiiy sin se dugc tip trung diu tu cho phit frien ca sd ha ting trong khi chi biln thiiy sin va xuit khiu chi chiem khoing chirng 4,6%-6,r/o tong lugng dau tu (Vietnam's Economic Times, 2002).
Cpng dong dja phuang d DBSCL dugc vi nhu li "Xa hpi an ci", nai co 70% nguon protein cung cip tir san pham ciia ci. DBSCL cung cip hon 60% tong sin pham nuoi trong thiiy sin va 40% ting sin phim thuy sin khai thic ngoai ty nhien ciia Vift Nam. Bdi vi cic tau khai thic quy mo nhd va mpt ty If ldn san lupng c i khai thic dugc li san phim co gii frj thap, chi co khoing 20% ca khai thic d DBSCL dugc xuit khiu (Vien Nghien cim Nuoi frdng Thuy sin 2, 2007). Tiu khai thic thiiy sin qui mo nho co cong suit dudi 90 CV chilm 70% tong s6 tau thuyin khai thic ciia viing, da v i dang gay nhilu quan ngai trong vifc quin ly cic hoat dpng khai thic, ngudn lgi thiiy sin ty nhien vi cic vin dl kinh t l xa hpi co lien quan khic. Nghien ciru nay dugc thyc hifn tii thing 7/2007 tdi thing 6/2008 nhim mo t i nghe ludi keo qui mo nho ven bd d DBSCL. Nghien cim da sir dyng s6 lieu khao sit tir 176 tiu ludi keo ven bd d cic tirih Ben Tre, Soc Trang, Bac Lifu, Ca Mau va Kien Giang v i so sanh nhimg sy khic nhau chii yeu giii-a ba nhom khai thic chinh: (i) Nhom 1 - Khu vyc trong v i xung quanh Vudn Quoc gia C i Mau, 38 tiu; (ii) Nhom 2- Khu vyc cich Vudn Quoc gia Ca Mau frong khoing 30 km trd lai, 40 tau, (iii) Nhom 3 - Khu vyc cich Vudn Qudc gia Ca Mau ban 30km, 98 tiu.
116 Tuyen tap Hpi nghi KHOA HOC TOAN QUOC V^ SINH HOC B I E N V A PHAT TRI^N B £ N VLTNG
1. M6 ta nghe ludi keo ven bd
Moi tau khai thic ludi keo ven bd co tir 4 den 5 ngudi, cao nhit dfn 8 ngudi. Nhirng nguai lam nghe ludi keo d c i ba nhom co tuoi trung binh giong nhau tir 42-43 tuoi (tre nhit la 29 tuoi vi gii nhat la 62 tuoi) vdi kinh nghiem trung binh trong nghe dinh ci tir 12,7-14,1 nam (it nhat li 1 nam va nhieu nhit Ii 36 nam). Hau hft ludi keo co kich thudc mat ludi d cinh ludi tir 80 din 240mm v i d dut ludi tir 30 din 40mm. Vat lifu ludi keo thudng sir dyng la polyethylene (700D/5x3-700D/15x3). Chilu dai day gilng phao dao dpng tir 21,8 m den 40m. Vin ludi keo thudng CO hinh chir nhat hoac hinh bau due va dugc lim bang gd. So lugng thuyen vien ciia tau khai thac thiiy sin d khu vyc nay thi khic nhau giira cic nhom. Cic tiu khai thic nay thudng khong CO trang bj miy dien hing hii (La bin, miy dinh vj...) m i chi cd miy bp dam dugc sir dyng nhieu vi cic tau niy tap trung khai thac ven bd d dp siu tir 5-25m.
^ ^ .
.2ii;-t<.
hUn tx"! n^i/ Ini^^lg djirill bii ciia right" liKti Kio - Vy Nam. 2007.
Hinh 1: Ngu> tru'd'ng khai thac cua n g h i l u d i keo vao miia mu'a 6' vu Nam (Trung tam Tin hoc thiiy san, 2007)
I'hAii l«. iiyi/ mn'mj: cbiili bm lua iiflic t\i,n Ki-.. • Vu l l . i . : i i i n '
Hinh 2: Ngu'tru'd'ng khai thac c i i a ngh§ , lu'O'i keo vao mua kho cr v u Bdc •) (Trung tam Tin hoc thuy s a n , 2007)
Ngudi lam nghe ludi keo trong va quanh khu vuc Vudn qu6c gia C i Mau (nhom 1) cd tau khai thic vdi cong suit rat nho (I8,2±4,3 CV vdi 2-3 thuyin vien), vdi nhom 2 - nhdm gan Vudn quoc gia li 36,5±20,1 CV va 3-5 thuyin vien. Ca hai nhom niy (1 va 2) khdng thi di khai thic d ngoii khai (xa bd) va tim hoat dpng khai thic ciia hp ciing khong xa, khoang 6,8±5,4km doi vdi nhom 1 vi 17,l±12,2km doi vdi nhom 2. Ngudi lam nghi ludi keo d nhom 3 thi cd tau ldn hon v i cong suit tau manh hon (42,8±13,2 CV), so luong thuyin vien trung binh tren tiu cung nhieu han (4-6 thuyen vien/tau, nhieu nhat Ii 10 ngudi/tau). Vi vay, mpt so tiu d nhdm 2 vi nhit la nhom 3 doi khi co the khai thic c i d ca hai khu vuc gin bd va xa bd (tam hoat dong
Tieu ban: TAI NGUYEN SINH VAT B I ^ N VA N G U O N LOI 277
each bd trung binh 15-20kjn, .\a nhat 60km). Cong suit tau giCra cac nhom khac nhau co y nghTa thong ke, rieng so thuyen vien fren tiu thi khic nhau khong co y nghTa thong ke giira nhom 2 vi 3. Ve kinh nghiem khai thiic thiiy ciia ca 3 nhom thi khong khac nhau, chu yeu tir 10-20 nam.
Nhin chung, co khoang 57,4% so tau khai thac ven bd khong co dang ky tau thuyin, nhit la nhom tau co cong suit nho han 45 CV (so lieu nay cung dupe bio cio bdi VIFEP nam 2005:
khoang 33% tiu ludi keo d khu vuc quanh Vudn Quoc gia C i Mau khong dang ky so vdi ting s6 tau thuyen va nhom tau co cong suit 20-49 CV thi khong c6 thuc hien viec dang ky)- Nguyen nhan Sd thiiy sin va cic Cong ty bio hiem khong cip giiy phep hanh nghe khai thac va cung cip bio hiem cho cac tiu co cong suit nho, ngoai trir mpt so rit it (7,7%) ngudi dinh ca song trong vi quanh Vudn Quoc gia.
Tiiy thupc vao kich cd tiu va cong suit ma thdi gian hoat dpng ciia mpt chuyen bien ciia tau ludi keo dai hay ngan, bien dpng tir 2-7 ngiy/chuyen bien. Miia vu khai thic ciia nhom I tir thing 1 den thing 7, trong khi 2 nhom khac boat dpng khai thac quanh nam. Tit ci tau ciia nhom 3 hoat dpng khai thic tren Bien Dong (ngudi danh ca song d bd bien Dong) hoac Vjnh Thai Lan (ngudi dinh c i d bd bien Tay). Nhirng ngudi khai thac d nhom 1 va 2 tip trung dinh c i d dja phuOTig vi viing lin can Vudn Quoc gia Ca Mau (hinh 1 vi 2).
2. San luung va cac Ioai thiiy san khai thac dugc
Tong sin lugng c i khai thic dugc trong nam giu:a cac nhom thi khic nhau va bien dpng trong moi nhom tiiy thupc vio cong suit ciia tau, thdi gian hoat dpng, cic Ioai khai thac ciing nhu ngu trudng vi miia vu khai thic. Nam 2007, sin lugng khai thic trung binh moi tau d nhom 1 la 6.883,7kg (±4.320,1) thap hon % sin lugng khai thac thiiy san ciia nhom 2. Nhom 3 co sin lugng cao nhit (21.153,4) kg nhung dao dpng rit ldn giira cac tau (±22,156.9).
Sin lugng tinh tren CV la mpt chi tieu khac the hien khi nang khai thic ciia ludi keo. Nhin chung, cic tiu ludi keo co sin lugng trung binh li 583,7kg/CV/nam nhung dao dpng rit Idn.
Khai thic thiiy sin d trong va quanh Vudn quoc gia Ca Mau co sin lupng thap nhit nhung tom dong vai trd quan frpng trong tong sin lugng khai thic va c6 gii cao hon cic loai thiiy sin khic.
Sin lugng khai thic tinh tren CV/nam khic nhau co y nghTa thong ke giira nhom 1 v i hai nhom con lai, nhung giira nhom 2 va nhom 3 thi su khic nhau ve chi tieu nay la khong CO y nghTa thong ke. Trir lugng thiiy sin ven bd ciia viing DBSCL dugc ngu dan nghe ludi keo ven bd dinh gii da giim khoing 43,0% so vdi nam 1997.
Tom, ca tap va muc la nhung loai thucmg khai thic dugc d
Qyj Hai manh v6 Loai co gia ]o/^'\ 0.1% tri thip
20.1%
Ca tang day 2.0%
Hinh 3: C c c i u san Iu'p'ng khai thac theo loai trong n g h i lu'O'i keo ven b d (2007)
278 Tuyln tSp HOi nghi KHOA HOC T O A N Q U 6 C V E SINH HOC BltN vA P H A T TRjgN_B£N
Tom 49.8%
1.6%
nhom 1 v i 2 frong khi co 85%o Hai manh
so lugng tau d nhom 3 thudng j^^^.^ Cua v6 Loai co^ gia bit duac cic loai ci noi. o < o / ' \ 1 8%~\ 0.1%A tnmap Trong tong khoi lugng thuy \ \ J / ->-^^<>
sin khai thac dugc d nhom 1 thi tom, ca tap, myc chiem lan lugt la 57,0%, 24,2% va 9,9%
va doi vdi nhom 2 lan lugt la 42,9%, 42,4% va 8,4%. Tdm chifm mpt ty If nho (35,6%) frong khi ca noi, ca tap, c i diy va myc cau thanh tuong ung vdi 49,9%; 7,8%; 2,6% va 2,4% tong sin lugng khai thac cua nhdm 3. Nhin chung, tom la loai thudng cd gia cao nhat, kf dfn la myc, chinh vi the ma ty frpng cic loai nay frong tong gia frj thi cao hon khi so sinh vdi ty If cua chiing frong tdng sin lugng khai thic, vi dy: tom chiem Vt tong gia frj cua nhdm
1 (hinh 3 va 4, bing 1).
Bang 1. Tdng san \ipqn\g va san lu'g'ng khai thac/CV/nSm ciia ngh§ lu'd'i keo ven bdr
^f6ng Hinh 4. Cc ciu t6ng giii trj khai thic theo loii
trong nghi lu'6'i k6o ven b6' (2007)
Npi dung
Tdng san luvng khai th>ic trong nam + Tmng binh
+ Do lech chuan
San Iu'p'ng khai thac CV/nam + Trung binh
+ Dp lech chuan
D e n vj
kg kg
kg kg
Nhom 1 38 6.883.7 4.320,1
391,5 221,2
Nhdm 2 40 27.173,4 15.402,9
815,9 433,1
Nhdm 3 98 21.153,4 22.156,9
563,5 705,9
3. Phan phoi va sur dung san pham thiiy san khai thac dugc
Hau hft cic tau khai thac thiiy sin sau khi dinh bat vf bin san phim thiiy san khai thac t? | ben cho cac co sd thu mua tai cac dja phuang vdi dang tuoi song. Ty If cua nhdm 1, 2 va 3 ba ,|
cho cac CO sd thu mua lin lugt la 98,9%, 99,9% va 97,3% tdng khoi lugng thuy san khai thic j dugc. Cic ca thu mua thiiy sin sau do bin lai cho cic nha may chf biln thuy san tai dja phuong:
vdi ty If d nhom 1, 2 va 3 lin lugt li 98,1%, 87,5% va 86,2% khoi lugng thuy san thu mua dugcj
(hinh 5). | Trung binh co 0,5% khoi lugng thuy sin khai thic dugc sir dyng tryc tilp trong cac gia din^
tham gia khai thac thiiy sin, nhung ty If niy ciia nhom 2 la it ban so vdi hai nhdm cdn lai (0,^1'"
so vdi 0,6% v i 0,6%). Nhom 3 con bin fryc tilp tai cic chg frong tinh vdi ty If la 2 , 1 % tong khoi lugng thiiy sin khai thic, frong khi nhom 1 va nhom 2 sir dung lin lugt 0,5% va 0,7% tone khoi lugng thiiy sin khai thic lim qua tang cho ngudi than hoac cho lao dpng thue mudn (bang 2)-
Tilu ban: TAI NGUYEN SINH VAT BI^N VA N G U C N LQI 279
Udc lugng tir tmng binh so ngudi trong mdi hp la 4-5 ngudi v i khoi lugng khai thic trung binh ciia tau ludi keo cho thay moi nam hp cd thf tieu thy binh quan/ngudi khoing 50 kg thuy sin khai thic dugc bang chinh tau ciia gia dinh (cho tat ca cic loii).
Khoi lugng thiiy san nay CO y nghTa ldn ve mat cung cap protein dpng vat cho cac hp khai thac thuy san frong khi khoi lugng thuy sin tieu thy tren dau ngudi binh quin nam 2005 tinh chung c i nude la 24 kg va tinh rifng cho DBSCL la 60 kg (ci san pham thuy san tir nuoi frdng thiiy sin vi khai thic thiiy sin).
Tieu thy trong gia dinh
Sii dung khac Q CO/ Ban tai cac (lam qua, ...) ^ . ^^chgr trong tinh
0.5% \ v , I L ^ 1.2%
Ban cho cac CO so thu mua
97.8%
Hinh 5: Phan phdi san phim thuy san tu-ci (% tong s6 khdi lu'qrng khai thac) ciia tau lu'd'l k6o ven be
Bang 2. Ty If phan phdi cac san phim thiiy san khai thac du'p'C ciia cac nhom
Npi dung
Sir dyng sdn ph^m tuo'l sdng ddu tien (% khdi lup'ng khai thac)
+ Tieu thy trong gia dinh
•^ Ban ca tucyj tryc tiep tai cac c h g trong tinh
••• Ban ca tucri cho cac co' s d thu mua + Hinh thdc khdc (lam qud bieu...) No'i tieu thg cud! cimg
(% kh6i lup'ng cd tuoi bdn t^i chp')
••• Cac chp' trong tinh
••• Cdc cho trong nude + Nhd mdy che bien trong tinh
•t- Nhd mdy ch4 bien trong nude
•^ Xuat khau
D e n vj
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Nhom 1
0.6 0.0 98.9 0.5
0.0 0.0 98.1 1.9 0.0
Nhom 2
0.1 0.0 99.9 0.0
0.4 0.3 87.5 2.5 9.4
Nhom 3
0.6 2.1 97.3 0.7
1.2 9.5 86.2 0.0 3.0
T6ng cpng
0.5 1.2 98.2 0.5
0.8 5.3 89.0 1.0 3.9
4. Phan tich chi phi v^ thu nhap
Chi phi, tong thu nhap va thu nhap thyc tir boat dpng khai thic thiiy sin co sy bien dpng rat ldn tiiy thupc vao cong suit cua tau. Nhin chung, tong chi phi co djnh chifm 5,8% tong chi phi hang nam ciia nghe ludi keo (hinh 6, bing 3).
280 Tuyen tjp Hpi nghi KHOA HOC T O A N Q U O C V t SINH HOC Bi^N VA P H A T T R | £ N B ^ N VLTNG
Luang thuc 6.8%
Sira chOa va b^o tri
7.4%
Khac 0.3%
Tien cong thuy thu ll.r/o
Hinh 6: Ty le cac chi phi biln d6l ciia tau lu'O'i keo ven b e Trung binh moi tiu d nhom 1 phai chi phi 55,68 frieu dong va thu dugc 28,84 trieu dong trong nam. Ty If giira long thu nhap va tong chi phi (ty If B:C) ciia nhom 1 li 1,56. xep hing thir hai. Co khoang 10,5% cic tiu dinh c i trong nhom 1 phii chju thua Id frong qua trinh khai thac, hay noi cich khic la nhom 1 chju riii ro cao hon khi so sinh vdi hai nhom cdn lai.
Khong CO hp nio d nhom 2 bj 16 frong qua trinh khai thic sau khi moi tiu chi 258,29 tnfu dong/nam thi hp CO mirc lai rong li 57,77 trifu dong. Nhung nhom nay co ty If B:C thip (1,28). Doi vdi nhom 3, cic hp khai thic chi phi trung binh 111,48 trifu dong/nam v i dat dugc lgi nhuan trung binh moi nam la
187,2 trieu dong. Co khoing 3,1% tong so hp khai thic frong nhom nay phii chju Id.
Tuy nhien ty If thu nhap:chi phi (B:C) ciia nhdm nay dat cao nhit (2,79) so vdi hai nhom cdn lai.
Tong chi phi hang nam giira ba nhom khai thic khic nhau cd y nghTa thdng ke nhung tong chi phi/CV/nam thi khic nhau khong co y nghTa thong ke. Tong lgi nhuan, lgi nhuin/CV/nam vi ty If B:C ciia cic tau ludi keo thi khac nhau khdng co y nghTa thong ke giira nhdm 1 va nhdm 2, nhung khic nhau co y nghTa thong ke giii-a nhom 3 v i hai nhom cdn lai. Chi phi v i lgi nhuan da the hifn tiu ludi keo qui mo nho frong va quanh Vudn quoc gia Ca Mau dat hieu qua kinh te tot hon tiu ludi keo qui mo nho d khu vyc lin can, trong khi do tau ludi keo co cong suit ldn ban (nhom 3) co the dat dugc ket qui tot ban neu nhu chiing dugc dau tu diy du hon de cd the boat dpng xa bd.
C i nam 2007, nhimg hp khai thic chi chi trung binh khoing 0,1% tdng chi phi sin xuat cho cic boat dpng kinh te khic, trong khi 93,8% tong lai rong cd tir boat dpng khai thic thiiy sin.
Lgi nhuan thuc ciia cic hp khai thic thiiy sin giira cac nhom thi khic nhau khong cd y nghTa, co nghTa rang cic hp khai thic thuy sin kiem song chii yeu vio boat dpng khai thic thiiy sin. Lgi nhuan thyc frung binh fren diu ngudi li 30,92 frifu dong. Nhom 3 co lgi nhuan trfn diu ngudi cao nhat (46,69 trieu dong/ngudi/nam) v i ke den la nhom 14,12 frifu dong/ngudi, trong khi nhom 1 thip nhit (7,95 trifu dong/ngudi/nam). Lgi nhuan trung binh frfn diu ngudi d DBSCL nam 2007 udc lugng khoing 10-12 frieu dong. Dieu niy giiip giii thich tai sao cd mpt ty If kha ldn nhirng ngudi dinh ci khong hii long vdi vifc cung cip thirc an cho gia dinh hp (60,5%;
92,5%; va 34,7% tong so dip vifn tuong img cho nhdm 1, nhdm 2 va nhdm 3). Ly do chinh la tong Igi nhu^n cd tir tiu ludi keo qui mo nhd va ven bd khong du dl cai thifn kinh t l gia dinh cua hp. Diu tu tot (tiu ldn hon, hoat dpng xa bd,...) cd the giiip ngudi danh ca d nhdm 3 cd lgi nhuan tot hon hai nhom con lai.
Nhiing phin tich tren day cho thiy rang tiu cac hp lim nghe ludi keo qui mo nho phy thupc chii yeu vio boat dpng khai thic ven bd. De giam i p luc len nguon Igi thiiy sin ven bd, dac bift Ii tir cac tiu khai thic nho ven bd, thi viec da dang nganh nghe vdi cac hoat dpng co thu nhap tit hon khai thac ven bd la rit quan trpng doi vdi cpng dong khai thac thiiy sin d cic dia phuang.
Tieu ban: TAI NGUYEN SINH VAT Bi^N VA NGUpN LOI 281
B a n g 3. C h i phi va lo-i n h u a n tip ngh§ l u d i keo ven Dien giai
Tong chi phi (/tau/nam) + Trung binh
+ Dp l^ch chuan
Trong do a. Ty \e chi phi co dinh b. Ty \e chi phi bien doi Tong chi phi (/CV/nam) + Trung binh
+ Dp lech chuan
Ty 1? cac khoan mpc chi phi bien doi + Dau
+ Tien cong thiiy thu + Sifa chCfa va bao tri
+ Thifc an, tht/c pham cho ngu-di khai thac + Nuac (Ja
+ D i u
+ Chi khac (phi ddu tau, thue, ...) Tong Ipi nhu|in (/tau/nam) + Trung binh
+ Op lech chuan
Tong Ip'i nhu^n (/CV/nam) + Trung binh
+ Op lech chuan
Muc dp thanh cong cua n g h i ludi keo (co Ipi nhugn, theo % ciia tong so tau) Ty 1$ tong thu nhgp/tong chi phi (TR/TC) + Trung binh
+ Op lech chuan
T6ng Ip'i nhu^n (hp/nam) + Taing binh
+ Op lech chuan
Dcrn vi n
•000 a '000 d
%
%
•000 d
•000 d
%
%
%
0 / /o
%
%
%
0/
/o
•000 d
•000 d
'000 d '000 d
%
lan lan
•000 d
•000 d
Nhom 1 38 55.681,9 33.726,4
3,4 96,6
3.193,5 1.893,0 100,0
69,7 0,0 11,5 11,0 3,4 4,2 0,1
28.838,4 38.161,2
1.692,5 2.059,3
89,5
1,56 0,61
32.935,8 44.585,7
Nhom 2 40 258.294,9 134.439,3
3,2 96.8
7.563,2 2.947,7 100,0
63,9 23,2 4,5 2,8 3,2 2,2 0,2
57.767,4 19.431,4
1.888,9 774,1
100,0
1,28 0,17
57.767,4 19.431,4
b e Nhom 3
98 111.481,6
80.161,5 8,7 91,3
2.773,1 1.754,3 100.0
68,8 1,2 9,4 9.9 6,6 3,8 0,4
187.196.6 224.036,6
5.203.6 7.509,3
96,9
2,79 1,77
187.792,5 223.779,3
Tong cpng j
! 176 132.800,6 113.911,5
5,8 94,2
3.952,5 2.878,2 100,0
66,7 11,1 7,4 6,8 4,7 3,1 0,3
123.589,9 182.807,0
3.692,2 5.931,0
96,0
2,18 1,52
1 124.806,4 182.601,1
5. Nhan thirc cua nhirng ngudi khai thac ludi keo
5.1. Muc dp hdi long ve viec kiem song vd gidi tri
Sir dyng 5 mirc dp tir 1 cho khong hii long din 5 li rit hii ldng, so lifu phin tich cho thiy CO 46,5% tdng s6 ngudi khai thic khong hai long ve so tien mi hp kiem dugc tir boat dpng khai thic (trung binh 2,6±0,8 v i trung vj = 3). Nhom 1 va nhom 3 thi khi quan hon nhung nhom 2 thi khong thi di biln xa ciing nhu khong the den khia thic d khu vyc Vudn Quoc gia Ci Mau, cho nen muc dp hii long vl khi nang kiem song ciia nhom 2 thap.
Them vao do, mac dii chi co 20,4% tong so ngudi dinh c i khong cim thay vui ve vdi so gid trong ngiy hp phii lam viec tren bien nhung viec phii di bien thucmg .xuyen lim hp suy nghT ve thdi gian giii tri vdi gia dinh vi ban be. NTiin chung, co 43,7% tong so ngudi danh ludi keo cam thiy hai long vdi thdi gian giii tri ciia hp. trong khi so ngudi khong hai long chiem khoing
282 Tuyen tjp HQi nghj KHOA HOC T O A N Q U O C V 6 SINH HQC BI^N vA P H A T T R | £ N B £ N VLTNG
31,9%. Muc dp khong hai long vl thdi gian giai fri d nhdm 2 li cao nhit (70%), cd the bj anh hudng bdi ket qui thap cua nhom nay vf lgi nhuan cung nhu khi nang chu cap cho gia dinh.
5.2. Su thay doi cua nguon Ipi thdy sdn, sdn luang vd miia vu
San lugng khai thac cua nghf ludi keo dugc nhiing ngudi khai thic udc lugng giam trung binh 43,0% so vdi 10 nam trudc day. Diy thyc sy la mpt vin df ldn cho ci ngudn lgi thuy sin, ngudi khai thic va cpng dong. Co mpt so ly do cho sy thay ddi sin lugng khai thic, frong do nhiing ly do quan frpng nhat la: nhifu tau khai thic, khai thic qua mirc nhu bat ca con va sii dung cac loai ngu cy bj cam va moi trudng bj 6 nhifm. Thdi tiet thay doi va ngudi lgi ty nhien suy giim ciing dugc 10% ngudi danh ca nhan djnh cd inh hudng xau. Sir dyniu thnag miirc dp tir 1 cho rat khdng hii long din 5 la rat hai long, so lifu phan tich cho thay co 84,4%) ngudi danh ca dugc phdng van khdng hai long vdi sin lugng khai thac dugc frong nam qua (trung binh 2,1±0,9 vi tnmg vj = 2). Han nira cd 88,6%) ngudi dinh ca khong hai long vdi trir lugng thiiy sin d ngu trudng ciia hp (trung binh 1,9±0,7 va trung vj = 2). Mpt chii y quan frpng li tit ca ngu dan d nhdm 2 khdng hai long vdi sin lupng thuy sin khai thic dugc nam qua va trir lupng thiiy sin d ngu trudng mi hp da khai thac (bing 4).
Bang 4. Nhipng ly do l i m thay d6i tru' lu'O'ng thuy san (Phan tich nhilu l^'a chpn)
Nhung ly do lam thay d6i trir luvng thuy san 1. Co nhieu tau tham gia khai thdc
2. Khai thdc qud mu-c, ddc biet bdt nhieu cd con 3. Moi trudng 6 nhiem
4. Thdi tiet va miia vg
5. Su suy giam nguon Ipi thuy san tu nhien
Nh6m1 (n=28)
60,7 35,7 0,0 25,0
7,1
Nhdm 2 (n=40)
97,5 12,5 25,0 5,0 12,5
Nhom 3 (n=93)
60,2 44,1 30.1 16,1 11,8
T6ng cpng (N=161)
69,6 34,8 23,6 14,9 11,2
5.3. Su thay doi ngu cu khai thdc vd nghe nghiep
Khoing 46,2% cua 171 y kien fri ldi li mudn thay ddi sang nghi khai thac khac (mpt trong nhung nghe cho phep), cao nhit vdi nhom 1 (84,2%). Ly do chinh la: mong mudn cai thifn san lugng khai thic thuy san va tang thu nhap (44,6%), suy giam ngudn lgi thiiy sin (30,4%), cQng nhu chi phi cao va thilu von cho khai thic (20,6%). Nhung ngudi khai thac khdng muon chuyen nghe thi mong mudn co kinh nghifm tdt han va cd thu nhap cd thi chip nhan dugc dl tilp tyc vdi nghe khai thac hifn t^i.
Khio sit cho thiy cd 52,6% cua 135 y kiln tra ldi vf mong muon chuyen doi nghi khic nghf khai thac thuy sin neu nhu hp tim thiy co hpi. Ty If nay cung cao nhit d nhdm 1 (78,9%
ciia 38 y kiln tra ldi). Trong tong so ngudi khai thac muon rdi khdi nghf thi cd 45,1%. mong mudn giir vinig va cii thifn sinh kl cua hp, 37,4% nhin manh sy suy giim ngudn lgi thiiy san ty nhifn, va 11,0% da cim thiy mft moi khi lim nghf danh ci. Thfm vao d6, vifc tim kiem lao dpng cho boat dpng khai thic cung la mpt kho khan, cung cd mpt hp cho ring se bd nghe ludi keo ven bd vi nghf nay se bj cam. Nhirng ngudi danh ci khdng muon rdi khdi nghe danh ca de nghj cd kinh nghifm khai thic tot va hp yfu nghf frong khi cac nghi khac hp khdng cd kinh nghifm.
Tieu ban: TAI NGUYEN SINH VAT BI^N VA N G U 6 N LOI 283
5.4. Nhdn thiirc ve qudn ly khai thdc thuy sdn
Sau anh hudng nang ne cua con bao So 5 (Can bao Linda) nam 1997, nghi khai thic thuy sin da dugc diu tu v i ho trg rit nhieu, nhung sau vii nam thi sy diu tu nay da thi hifn la giin frii vi kem hifu qui. Khai thic qui mo nho va ven bd khong dugc khuyin khich hoac h i frg vdi nhieu ly do ciia cic cap chinh quyfn. Ngay cang co nhieu luat If v i qui djnh dua ra nhim gidi ban sy phit trifn nhimg loai tau/nghf khai thic qui mo nho v i ven bd vdi mong mudn li bio vf nguon Igi thuy sin ty nhien, cung nhu dim bio boat dpng khai thic thuy sin va cupc sing cua cpng dong nghe ci. Tuy nhien, vi chinh sich va quy djnh thudng dugc thilt lap theo quy trinh tir fren xuong nfn co rit nhieu han chf frong khi ap dyng, c i d vimg bien va viing nude npi dja.
Nhin chung, co 19,9%) so lupng ngudi dinh c i khong hai long vdi vifc thi hanh chuc frich cua cong chirc trong ITnh vyc thuy sin. Dieu nay thf hifn cao nhit d nhom 1 (27,3%). Tuy chi cd
11,4% tong so y kien tri ldi la khdng hai long vdi luat If va qui djnh hifn hinh frong thiiy sin, nhung so niy thi cao gap doi d nhom 1 (21,0%), cd the la do nhieu quy djnh v i boat dpng kiem soit ban dugc ip dyng va tien hinh frong ciing nhu xung quanh Vudn Quoc gia Ca Mau.
5.5. Vai trd vd bdo vi rirng ngdp mgn vd rgn san ho Hin quan den thuy sdn
Khoing 80,7% tong so ngudi lam nghe ludi keo nhin thiy vai frd quan frpng cua rimg ngap man trong vifc bio vf dit theo y nghTa gia trj giin tiep phi thj trudng (48,3% l i rat quan trpng, 32,4% la quan frpng, trung binh 1.9±1.1 v i tnmg vj = 2). Ddi vdi ran san ho, ket qui lan lugt la 5,7%, 16,6%, 66,9%, 3,4±1,0, va 4.
Tam quan trpng ciia rimg ngap man doi vdi da dang cic loai c i frong nghTa gii trj giin tiep phi thj frudng da dugc chi ro bdi 77,9% tong so ngudi khai thac bang nghe ludi keo (39,8% la rat quan frpng, 38,1 % li quan frpng, frung binh 2.0±1.0 v i tnmg vj = 2). Con ket qui doi vdi ran san ho lin lugt la 6,3%, 6,9%o, 6,6±0,9, va 4. Cd 66,9% tong so ngudi lim nghe ludi keo fri ldi CO doi vdi cau hoi "Khai thac thiiy sin co nen bj ban chi frong rimg ngap man? Tham chi khi khong cho khai thac d vimg nay m i chi de cho c i va rimg phit frien (gia frj ton tai/hif n bunr hay gii frj duy tri)?". Tuong ty cung vdi cau hoi cau hoi nay doi vdi ran san ho thi so tri ldi CO chi la 34,6%.
Cau hoi "Cd nen ban chi sy phit friln rimg ngap man df the hf con chau cua chung ta sau nay co thi hudng mdi trudng ty nhien hifn hihi khong? (gii trj ton tai)" dugc 36,4% so dip vien dong y. Cung vdi cau hdi tuong ty cho ran san ho thi ty If so dip vien img hp li 51,9%. Co the thiy ring, nhilu ngudi lim nghi ludi keo qui mo nho ven bd khong nhan biet dugc tim quan frpng ciia hf sinh thii rimg ngap man ciing nhu ran san ho doi vdi nguon lgi thiiy san bdi vi hp khong tryc tilp khai thic frong rimg ngap man, dong thdi ciing vi ran san ho rit hiem co d nai nude bifn can hoac nai bifn co dp due cao nhu ven bien DBSCL.
5.6. Nhgn thirc ve Vudn quoc gia Cd Mau
5y inh hudng cua Vudn Quoc gia Ca Mau (MPA) doi vdi nguon lgi thiiy sin v i cic boat khai thic thiiy sin da dugc 71,5% and 22,5% ting s l ngudi dinh c i d nhom 1 va nhdm 2 dpng khai thic thiiy
nhan bilt dugc. Thu nhit, sy inh hudng quan frpng nhit ciia Vudn QuIc gia Ii giiip bio vf nguIn Igi thuy sin (70,4% doi vdi nhom 1 vi nhom 2 l i 22,2%). Thir hai, Vudn Quoc gia vi khu vyc dac bift cho cic loai thiiy sin tni ngy va sinh sin (ci hai nhom cimg co ty If li 40%). Thu ba, Vucm QuIc gia giup tao da dang sinh hpc ciia hf smh thii rimg ngap man (7,4% va 11,1% so ngu dan d nhom 1 va nhom 2). Nhom 3 co rit it ngudi nhari thirc dugc sy inh hudng ciia Vudn QuIc gia Ci Mau vi hp d xa nfn khong hudng lgi ich true tilp nao tir Vudn quoc gia C i Mau.
2 8 4 Tuyen tap Hpi nghi KHOA HOC T O A N Q U O C V £ S I N H HOC BI^N VA P H A T T R | £ N B S N VLfNG
5.7. Mdu thudn trong cpng ddng vd each gidi quyet
Ngudi khai thac qui mo nho ven bd thuoiig dau ghe tau khong qui xa nhi ciia hp va hp ty cong coi, cham soc. Dieu kien d nai diu tiu thudng khong tot nhung ngudi dinh ca cd thf chap nhan dugc bdi vi hp khong can phii tri tien cho nai neo diu tau (thai dp xii do chiia?). Su cii thien dieu kien cung nhu to chirc ciia ben bai v i nai neo dau tiu l i quan frpng cho sy hgp tic tot hon giu-a nhting ngudi dinh ca, de ding hon trong vifc quan ly vi thuan Igi on cho cdng tac mua bin, b i o quin v i van chuyen cic sin phim thiiy sin khai thic dugc.
L i nghe khai thic qui mo nho v i thudng li nhung hp khong giiu, phin Idn nhii-ng ngudi dinh c i cim thay thoai mai khi song trong cpng dong cua hp, ngoai trir 11,4% co quan tam den cic m i u thuin trong cpng dong. Miu thuan chinh li cich doi xu hang ngiy giii-a nhimg ngudi frong cpng dong dja phuang, nhung khong xiy ra nhieu trong hoat dpng khai thic thuy sin bdi vi nhting ngudi dinh c i nhin biet rang hgp tic dong vai tro quan frpng trong nghe nghifp ciia hp. Tuy phan ldn mau thuin trong cpng dong dugc giii quyft qua nhifu cich khac nhau, nhung vin con 18,2%) tong sd ngudi dinh ca khong hii vdi nhirng cich giai quyft nay.
5.8. Vdn de sue khoe cua ngudi lao dpng trong khai thdc thuy sdn
Ngu dan lam nghe ludi keo cim thay an toin ciing nhu co sire khoe tot khi dinh c i (trung binh 3,9±0,9 v i trung vj = 4), nhung vin co mpt ty If dang ke khong hii ldng ve su an toin cung nhu ve sinh trong nghe nghifp cua hp. Co tit c i 139 trong tong sd 176 ngudi hanh nghf ludi keo phii chju dung mpt tdi nhieu van de ve sire khoe va benh tit khac nhau. Dau lung, dau cot song chiem ty If cao nhit vdi 64,8%; ke do la met moi, dau bao tir hoac mpt so trifu chung xiu ve tieu hoa (56,8%); cim sot xiy ra vdi 43,9% so dip vien; giam tuoi thp hoac mau gii chiem 26,3%; CO frieu chirng dau trong mat, tai hoac dau chin tay dugc 18,0% so ngudi trinh biy. Ty If so ngudi tham gia nghe ludi keo ven bd co mua bao hiem y t l li rit cao (98%) nhung chi co 2,0% tham gia mua bio hiem nhin thp. So lieu phan tich cho thay 81,3% ngudi mua bio hilm hii long vdi bii hiem y te. So 16,7% ngudi mua bao hiem khong hii long vdi bio hilm m i hp da mua vi thu tuc phuc tap, so lupng tifn boi thudng bio biem khi dugc nhan thi it.
6. Ket luan
Ket qui nghien ciru cho thiy nghf khai thic thuy sin bing ludi keo qui mo nhd ven bd vin con pho bien vdi sd lugng Idn vi dang giy nhieu ap lyc len nguIn Igi thiiy san d viing ven biln a DBSCL. Cong tic quin ly nganh con long leo vdi loai hinh khai thic niy, nhit li nhirng trudng hgp diing xung dien, ludi mat nho, tai nhQ-ng dja ban hoac thdi gian khai thac khong dugc phep. Rirng ngap man va Vudn quIc gia Ca Mau dugc nhin thirc kha ro bdi ngudi dinh ci dja phuang thong qua lgi ich tryc tiep co tir Vudn quIc gia, nhung khong rd dii vdi ngudi d xa.
Tom va muc la hai loai quan frpng ciia nghe ludi keo ven bd nhung kem hifu q u i hem dii vdi nhirng ngudi khai thac gin Vudn QuIc gia. Diu tu tot cho nghi dinh ca xa bd va co nhilu nginh nghe vdi thu nhap tot hon df lya chpn la nhti-ng dilu quan trpng d l bio ve nguon Igi thuy sin ty nhien ven bien DBSCL, die bift Ii d khu vyc trong v i xung quanh Vudn Quoc gia Ca Mau.
V. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Sd Thiiy sin cic tinh ven biln DBSCL (1995-2007). Bio c i o tong kit hing nam.
2. Tong cue Thong kf (2006). Nien giim thong ke, 20005. Nxb Thong ke.
Tieu ban: T A I NGUYEN SINH VAT B I ^ N VA N G U O N LO'I 2 8 5
3. Le Xuin Smh (2005). Bio ve va phat tnen nguon Igi thiiy sin d vimg ngap lu ciia Dong bang song Ciru Long trong tinh hinh mdi. Ky yeu Hpi thdo khoa hpc loan quoc vi Moi trucmg vd nguon lai thiiy sdn do Bo Thiiy san to chirc tai Hai Phong, 14-15/01/2005. Nxb Nong nghiep, tr.397-315.
4. Le Xuin Sinh, Huynh Van Hiln, D6 Minh Chung & Vo Thinh Toan (2007). Tic dpng .\a hpi ciia viec ton that c i trong khu vyc tieu du in thuy lgi 6 Mon - Xa No.
5. Trung tim Tin hpc thiiy sin (2007). Miia vy khai thic ciia ludi keo.
6. Bp Thiiy sin (2002-2007). Bao cio tong ket nginh thiiy sin hing nam.
7. Vifn Nghien cuu nuoi frong thiiy sin 2 (R1A2) (2007). Hifn trang va xu hudng ciia khai thic thiiy sin d DBSCL, Viet Nam.
8. Vietoam's Economic Times, 13/05/2002.
ANALYZING T H E S T A T U S OF N E A R - S H O R E T R A W L I N G FISHERIES AND A W A R E N E S S O F F I S H M E N IN THE M E K O N G RIVER DELTA
Le Xuan Sinh, Nguyen Thanh Long and Do Minh Chung
SUMMARY
Local community in the Mekong Delta is said to be "fish eating society" where 70% of their animal protein relies on fish products. The Mekong Delta contributes more than 60% of total aquaculture production and 40% of total wild fish catch of Viemam. Among a large number of fishing boats, frawlers have developed and dominant in Viemam fisheries. The small-scale frawlers cover about 70% total number of fishing boats and have been given too much concern in terms of both natural aquafic resources management and other socio-economic problems. This paper describes the small-scale frawling fishenes in the Mekong Delta using surveyed data from
176 small and near-shore frawling fishers Benfre, Socfrang, Baclieu, Camau and Kiengiang provinces, and compares the differences of major indicators between three mam fisher groups:
(i) Group 1 - Inside and around Camau National Park, 38 fishers; (ii) Group 2- Near, is that, < 30 km from Camau National Park, 40 fishers, and (iii) Group 3 - Far, is that, > 30 km from Camau National Park, 98 fishers. The analysis shows that small scale and near-shore fishing puts more pressure on the natural aquafic resources in the coastal areas of the Mekong Delta while there has been insufficient management on this type of fisheries. Mangroves and Camau Nafional Park regconised by the local fishers via direct benefits obtained from the park. Shnmp and squid are two most important species of near-shore frawlmg fisheries but less efficient to the fishers who live near the park. Better investment for off-shore fishing and more alternatives of better income occupations are important to protect the natural aquatic resources along the coasts of the Mekong Delta, especially Cmau National Park.
Key words: Small and near-shor frawling fisheries, catch volume and value, costs and income, perception.
