NGHIEN CQU - TRAO 001
B A O D A M Q U Y E N C U A N G U D I B I BAT, NGUOl BI TAM GlO;
NGU5l BI TAM GIAM TRONG TO TUNG HINH SU*VIET NAM
Q
uyen con ngucri la thucrc do quan trgng va dugc the hien tren nhieu ITnh vuc, trong dd cd ITnh vuc chinh tri, ITnh vuc phap li. Lam cho quyen con ngudi trd thanh hien thyc la qua trinh mang lai tien bg cho xa hgi.Trong to tung hinh sir, viec bao ve quyen con ngudi dugc xuyen suot trong cdc giai doan ciia qud trinh gidi quyet vu dn. Quyen con ngudi trong td tung hinh sir dac biet la doi vcri ngucri bi bat, ngudi bj tam giir, tam giam la van de nhay cam vd phuc tap, nd khdng chi dimg lai d vdn de li ludn ma cdn la van de thuc tien ciia khoa hgc phdp luat td lung hinh sir.
Quyen con ngucri ciia ngucri bj bat, ngucri bj tam gitr, ngucri bj tam giam trong td lung hinh sir dugc the hien cu the trong cac quyen va ngliTa vu td tung ciia hg dugc phdp luat to tung hinh sir ghi nhdn va dam bdo thuc hien.
Trong td lung hinh sir, ngucri bj bat, ngudi bi tam giir, tam giam tuy hg la ddi tucrng bj huge tgi hoac nghi la cd tgi nhung chua phdi la ngudi co tgi. Dieu nay the hien cu the trong cdc quy djnh ciia BLTTHS ve bat ngucri (bat bj can, bi cdo de tam giam, bat ngudi trong trudng hap khan cap va bat ngudi trong trucmg hcrrp pham tgi qud tang hoac dang bj truy na) va tam giir, tam giam.
Bat ngudi, tam gitr, tam giam la nhtrng bien phap ngan chan dgng cham true tiep den cac quyen co ban ciia cong ddn dugc Hien phap ghi nhan va bdo ddm thuc hien:
PGS.TS. HOANG THI MINH SON*
"Cdng ddn cd quyen bdt khd xdm phgm ve thdn the, duoc phdp lugt bdo ho ve tinh mgng, sice khoe, danh die vd nhdn phdm. Khdng ai hi bdt neu khdng cd quyet dinh ciia tod dn, quyet dinh hoac phe chudn cua VKSND, trie truang hap phgm toi qud tang. Viec bdt, giam giic phdi diing phdp lugt. Nghiem cdm moi hdnh vi truy buc, nhiic hinh, xuc phgm danh du, nhdn phdm ciia cdng ddn ". Tren co sd quy dinh ciia Hien phap, BLTTHS da cu the boa che djnh nay nham bao dam tot hon nu:a quyen con ngucri ciia nguoi bj bat va ngudi bi tam giir, nguori bj tam giam tai cac dieu lir Dilu 80 din Dilu 90.
Ddi vcrri nguoi bi bat trong trudng hgp khdn cdp, mac dii ddy la trucmg hgp bat ngucri cd tinh chat cdp bach dac biet, neu khong bat ngay thi ngucri bi nghi thuc hien tgi pham se c6 khd nang bo trdn nhung de bdo dam cho viec bat dugc tien hdnh than trgng, khach quan ciing nhu bdo ve quyen ciia nguoi bi bdt, BLTTHS quy dinh chi dugc bat khi thugc mgt trong ba trudng hgp tai Dieu 81: Khi co can cu d l cho rdng ngudi do dang thuc hien tgi pham rdt nghiem trgng hoac tgi pham dac biet nghiem trgng; Khi ngudi bi hai hoac nguai co mat tai noi xay ra tgi pham chinh mat trong thdy va xac nhan diing la ngucri da thuc hien tgi pham va xel
* Giang vien chinh Khoa phap luat hinh sir Trudng Dai hgc Luat Ha Ngi
54 TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 3/2011
thdy cdn ngan chan ngay viec ngudi dd Iron;
Khi thdy cd ddu vet ciia tgi pham d ngudi hoac tai chd d cua ngucri bj nghi thuc hien ldi pham vd xet thay cdn ngan chan ngay viec ngudi do trdn hoac tieu buy chimg cir.
Ddng thdi, khi bat van phdi cd lenh cua ngudi cd thdm quyen la: Phd thii trudng co quan dieu tra cac cap; Ngucri chi huy qudn ddi doc lap cdp trung doan va tuong duong, ngudi chi huy ddn bien phdng d hdi ddo va bien gidi; Ngudi chi huy tdu bay, tau bien khi tau bay, tau bien da rdi khdi sdn bay, ben cang. Trong mgi trucmg hgp, viec bat khdn cap phdi dugc bdo ngay cho vien kiem sdt ciing cdp bang van bdn kem theo tai lieu lien quan den viec bat khan cdp de xet phe chudn.
Trong thdi ban 12 gicr, ke tir khi nhdn dugc de nghj xet phe chudn va tai lieu lien quan den viec bat khan cdp, vien kiem sdt phdi ra quyei djnh phe chudn hoac khdng phe chudn.
Neu Vien kiem sat quyet djnh khdng phe chuan thi ngucri da ra lenh bat phai tra tu do ngay cho ngudi bj bat.
Theo sd lieu thong ke ciia Vien kiem sat nhdn ddn tdi cao, trong nam 2008 todn qudc cd 17.791 ngudi bj bat trong trudng hgp khdn cap; vien kiem sat khdng phe chuan lenh bat khan cap la 93 trucmg hcrp. Trong nam 2009 loan qudc cd 16.347 ngucri; vien kiem sdt khdng phe chudn lenh bat khdn cdp la 44 trucmg hcrrp. Dac biet trong nam 2009 vdn cdn 405 trudng hgp bat khdn cdp phai trd tu do. Nhirng trudng hgp vien kiem sat khdng phe chudn deu da dugc co quan dieu tra tra ty do cho ngudi bj bat.
Qua nghien cim quy djnh ciia BLTTHS ve vice bat ngudi trong trudng hgp khdn cdp va thyc lien dp dung chiing ldi tbdy trong
trudng hgp ngudi bj bat khdn cdp do ngudi chi huy tau bay, tdu bien khi tdu bay, tau biln da rdi khdi san bay, ben cang ra lenh, viec bdt khdng the dugc bao ngay cho vien kiem sat ciing cap bang van bdn kem theo tdi lieu lien quan den viec bat khan cdp de xet phe chudn.
Khde vdi ngudi bj bat trong trudng hgp khan cdp, ngucri pham tgi qua tang bj bat khi dang thyc hien tgi pham hoac ngay sau khi thyc hien tgi pham thi bj phat hien hoac bj dudi bat. Ngudi bj bat trong trudng hcrp pham tgi qud tang hoac dang bi truy na thi khdng cdn cd lenh bat cua co quan cd thdm quyen vd bat cir ai cung cd quyen bat rdi gidi ngay den CO quan cdng an, vien kiem sat hoac uy ban nhdn ddn noi gdn nhdt. Cdc co quan nay phdi lap bien bdn vd gidi ngay ngucri bj bat den co quan dieu tra cd thdm quyen.
Trong nam 2008 todn qudc cd 36.597 ngucri bj bat trong trucmg hcrrp pham ldi qua lang vd 3.855 ngucri bi bat theo lenh truy na. Nam 2009 cd 32.838 ngucri bj bat trong tnrdng hcrp pham tgi qud tang vd 3.831 ngudi bj bat theo lenh truy na. Trong dd cd dja phuong dai li le khcri td 100% nhu Qudng Binh, Thdi Nguyen.. .'^'
Ngoai ket qua tren, trong qua trinh thyc hien cdn mgt so bdt cap. BLTTHS nam 2003 quy djnh chung viec bat ngudi pham tgi qua tang va viec bat ngudi dang bj truy na trong ciing mgt dieu luat la khdng phii hgp, vi ddi tucmg va thii tyc dp dung, nhirng viec cdn lam sau khi tiep nhdn ngudi bj bat trong hai trucmg hgp nay khdng gidng nhau. Ngudi bj bat trong trudng hcrp pham tgi qud lang la ngudi chua bj khdi td ve hinh sy, lire hg chua phdi la bj can, bj cdo cdn ngudi dang bj truy na la ngudi cd lenh bat hoac da bj bat, bj tam giir, tam giam hay dang chap hanh hinh
NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO OOl
phat til thi bd Iron ma co quan co thdm quyen da ra quyet dinh truy na. Mat khde doi vdi ngudi bi bat trong trudng hcrrp pham tgi qua tang, sau khi bi bat hg co the bj tam gitr hoac khong bi tam gitr theo Dieu 86 BLTTHS. Con doi vcri ngudi bj bat theo lenh truy na thi sau khi bj bdt, co quan dieu tra cd thdm quyen phai dp dung bien phdp tam gitr hoac tam giam ddi vdi hg.' '
Theo quy djnh tai Dilu 86 BLTTHS thi nhtrng ngudi cd quyen ra lenh bat nguoi trong trudng hgp khdn cdp nhu da phdn tich d tren va chi huy trucrng vimg cdnh sat bien cd quyen ra quyet djnh tam giir. De bdo dam quyen va lgi ich hgp phap cho ngucri bi tam giir, ngudi thi banh quyet djnh tam giU phdi gidi thich de ngucri bj tam giir biet li do minh bj lam giir; dugc gidi thich ve quyen vd nghTa vy; trinh bay ldi khai; ty bao chira hoac nhd ngudi khde bdo chira; dua ra tai lieu, dd vdt, yeu cdu; khieu nai ve viec tam gitr, hanh vi to tyng ciia co quan, ngudi co thdm quyen tien hdnh to tung. Trong thcri ban 12 gid, ke tir khi ra quyet djnh tam giir, quyet djnh tam gitr phdi dugc giri cho vien kiem sdt ciing cdp.
Neu xet thdy viec tam gitr khdng cd can cir hoac khdng cdn thiet thi vien kiem sat ra quyet dinh buy bd quyet djnh tam giir vd ngudi ra quyet djnh tam giir phdi trd tu do ngay cho ngucri bi tam gitr. Quyet djnh tam giir ghi ro li do tam gitr, ngdy bet ban tam giii- vd giao cho ngucri bi tam giir mgt bdn.
Thcri ban tam gitr khong qud ba ngay ke tir khi co quan dieu tra nhdn ngudi bi bat.
Trong trudng hgp can thiet nguoi ra quyet djnh tam giii co the gia ban tam giii: nhung khong qua ba ngay. Trong trudng hgp dac biet ngucri ra quyet dinh tam gift co the gia
han tam giir lan thu hai nhung khong qua ba ngdy. Mgi trucmg hcrrp gia ban tam giir deu phdi dugc vien kiem sat ciing cap phe chudn;
trong thcri han 12 gicr ke tir khi nhdn dugc de nghj gia ban va tai lieu lien quan den viec gia han tam giir, vien kiem sat phdi ra quyei djnh phe chudn hoac quyet dinh khong phe chudn. Trong khi tam giir neu khong dii can cu khdi to bi can thi phai tra tu do cho ngudi bi tam giir. Thoi gian tam gitr dugc trir vao thdi ban tam giam. Mgt ngay tam gitr dugc tinh bang mgt ngay tam giam.
Trong nam 2008 toan quoc co 62.446 ngudi bi bat tam giir, so vai cimg ki nam 2007 tang 17,09% (62.446/53.331), 105 tnrdng hgp vien kiem sat khong gia ban tam giir.
Nam 2009 toan quoc co 59.496 ngucri bj bat tam giir, so vcri ciing ki nam 2008 giam 4,95%
(59.496/62.446), 123 truong hgp Vien kilm sat khong gia han tam giir.'''^
Ngoai ra, trong nam 2008, trong so nhtmg ngudi bj tam giir trong toan qudc cd 389 truong hgp vien kiem sat quylt djnh hiiy bd lenh tam giir theo khoan 3 Dilu 86 BLTTHS;
1.050 trudng hgp co quan bdt gitr tra ty do, khdng xir li hanh chinh (trong do co 193 ngudi bj bat khan cap sau phai trd ty do vi khong dil can cu); 1300 trudng hgp tra ty do chuyin xir li hanh chinh; 175 trucrng hc;rp bdt khan cdp sau chuyin thanh xir li hanh chinh;
4 truong hgp Vien kilm sat da phe chudn lenh bdt khan cdp sau phai trd tu do vi khong dil can cu dl khdi t l vu an hinh su; 88 trucmg hgp qua ban tam giij. Trong nam 2009, trong sd nhung nguoi bj tam gitr da dugc gidi quyei trong toan quoc co 2.722 truong hgp ca quan bat giir tra tu do, trong do 329 truang hgp Vien kiem sat quylt dinh huy bo lenh tam
56 TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 3/2011
giir theo khoan 3 Dilu 86 BLTTHS; 129 trudng hcrp tra ty do khi vien kiem sat khdng phe chudn quyet djnh lam gitr.
Mac dil BLTTHS da quy djnh tuong doi ddy du nhung trong thyc tien thyc hien nhtrng quy djnh ve tam giiir cdn mgt sd bdt cap sau:
+ Ve thdm quyen ra quyet djnh tam gitr:
Theo quy djnh tai khodn 2 Dieu 86 BLTTHS thi chi huy trudng viing cdnh sat bien cd quyen quyet djnh viec tam giii: nhung hg lai khdng cd quyen ra lenh bat ngudi trong trudng hgp khdn cap. Mat khac BLTTHS quy dinh tam gitr dugc dp dyng doi vcri ngudi bi bat trong trucmg hcrp khan cdp va tat ca nhirng ngudi cd quyen ra lenh bat ngudi trong trudng hcrp khdn cdp deu cd quyen ra lenh tam gitr. Vdy chi huy trudng viing cdnh sal bien cd quyen quyet djnh viec tam giir trong trudng hcrp ndo? Dieu nay vdn chua dugc giai thich mgt cdch cy the.
+ Ve thdi ban tam gitr: Theo quy djnh tai khoan 1 Dilu 87 BLTTHS thi, thdi ban lam gitr dugc tinh tir khi co quan dieu tra nhdn ngudi bj bat. Tuy nhien doi tugng tam giti' dugc quy djnh tai khodn 1 Dieu 86 lai bao gdm cd trudng hgp ngucri pham tgi ty thu hoac ddu thii. Dieu dd cd nghTa la hg khong phdi la ngudi bj bdt. Do vdy, thdi ban tam gitr quy djnh nhu tren la chua hodn toan cbinh xac.
Theo quy djnh tai khodn 4 Dieu 87 thi thdi ban tam gitr dugc tinh vdo thdi ban tam giam. Tuy nhien ddi vcri ngudi bj tam gitr, khdng bj tam giam nliung lai bj toa an tuyen phat tii giam thi luat chua de cap. Dieu nay cung dnh hudng den quyen Icri cua ngudi bj tam gitr.
+ Ve can cir de gia ban tam gitr: BLTTHS mdi chi dimg lai d viec quy djnh: Ngudi ra quyet djnh tam giti' cd the gia ban tam giiir
trong truong hgp cdn thilt nhung khdng qua ba ngdy vd trong trudng hgp dac biet cd Ihl gia ban tam giir Idn thir hai. BLTTHS chua quy djnh ro trucmg hcrp nao dugc coi Id cdn thiet va trucmg hgp ndo dugc coi la dac biet nen thyc tien dp dyng cdn cd nhieu each hilu va dp dung khde nhau dnh hudng khdng it din quyen ty do cua ngudi bi tam gitr.
Ddi vdi ngudi bj bdt de tam giam, mac dil BLTTHS khong quy dinh cdn cu cu the de bat bj can, bi cdo de tam giam nhung trong thyc te bi can, bi cdo thudng bj bat dl tam giam khi cd can cir de tam giam Id: 1) Bi can, bj cdo pham tgi ddc biet nghiem trgng;
pham tgi rat nghiem trgng; 2) Bi can, bj cdo pham tgi it nghiem trgng, pham tgi nghiem trgng ma BLHS quy djnh hinh phat lii tren hai nam va cd can cir cho rang ngirdi dd cd the Iron hoac cdn trd viec dieu tra, truy id, xel xir hoac cd the tiep tuc pham tdi. Tuy nhien khdng phdi trong mgi trudng hcrp, khi cd can cir neu tren thi bj can, bj cdo deu bi bdt de tam giam ma BLTTHS quy djnh co quan cd thdm quyen cd the bdt chir khdng bat huge phdi bat de tam giam.
De bdo ddm viec bat chi cd can cur khi phdp luat quy djnh va bat dung ngudi cdn bat, BLTTHS quy djnh nhiing ngudi sau ddy cd thdm quyen ra lenh bat bi can, bj cdo de tam giam: Vien trudng, phd vien Irudng VKSND vd VKSQS cdc cap; chanh an, phd chanh an TAND va TAQS cdc cdp; thdm phdn giir chirc vu chdnh loa, phd chdnh loa phiic thdm TANDTC; hgi ddng xet xir; thu trucrng, phd thii trudng co quan dieu tra cac cap. Trong trudng hgp thii trudng, phd thii trudng co quan dieu tra ra lenh thi phai dugc vien kiem sdt cimg cdp phe chudn trudc khi thi hanh.
NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO 001
Khi bj bat, bj can, bj cdo co quyen yeu cdu ngudi thi hanh lenh bat dgc lenh, gidi thich lenh, quyen va nghTa vy cua ngudi bj bat va lap bien ban ve viec bat. Trong lenh phdi ghi ro ngdy, thdng, nam, hg ten, chuc vu ciia ngudi ra lenh, hg ten, dja chi ciia ngucri bi bat va li do bat. Lenh bat phdi co chir ki ciia ngudi ra lenh vd cd dong ddu. Neu lenh bat khdng cd chir ki ciia ngucri co tham quyen hay khdng cd sy phe chuan ciia vien kiem sdt thi ngucri bj bat khdng cd nghTa vy phai chdp hanh. Trucmg hgp bi can, bj cao bj bat tai noi cu trii phdi cd dai dien cua cbinh quyen xa, phucmg, thj Iran vd ngudi ldng gieng ciia ngudi bj bat chimg kien. Neu bj can, bj cao bj bat tai noi lam viec thi phai cd dai dien co quan, td chirc ngucri dd lam viec chiing kien. Neu bj can, bj cdo bj bat d noi khac thi phdi cd dai dien chinh quyen nai tien hanh bat chirng kien. Khdng dugc bat bj can, bj cao vao ban dem.'^'
Ngudi bj tam giam theo quy djnh ciia BLTTHS chi cd the la bj can, bj cdo. Dieu 72 Hiln phap nam 1992 vd Dilu 9 BLTTHS quy djnh khdng ai cd the bi coi la cd tgi vd phai chju hinh phat khi chua cd ban dn ket tgi ciia toa an da cd hieu lyc phdp luat. Theo do, chimg nao chua cd bdn dn ket tgi ciia toa dn da cd hieu luc phdp luat thi ngudi bj tam giam vdn dugc coi la ngudi chua cd tgi. Do vdy, trong thcri gian bj tam giam hg khdng dirge doi xir nhu ngudi cd tgi. Dieu nay cdn the hien d quy dinh che do tam giam khde voi che do chdp hanh hinh phat tii.'^' Quy djnh nay the hien viec ton trgng quyen con ngudi cua phdp luat ngay ca khi hg la ngucri bj buoc tgi. Viec ton trgng nay khong anh hucmg den viec dieu tra, kham pha tgi pham.
The hien chinh sach nhdn dao, phap luat to tung hinh su quy dinh doi voi bj can, bj cao la phu ntr co thai hoac dang nuoi con ducri 36 thang tuoi, la ngudi gia yeu, ngudi bj benh nang ma noi cu tru ro rdng thi khdng tam giam ma dp dung bien phap ngdn chan khdc.'^' Ngoai ra, BLTTHS con quy djnh nhtrng bien phdp bdo hg cua phap luat doi voi ngucri than thich va tai san ciia ngudi bi tam giam cung nhu tam giir tai Dieu 90 BLTTHS. Khi ngudi bi tam gitr, tam giam cd con chua thanh nien dudi 14 tuoi hoac ngucri thdn thich la ngudi tan tat, gid yeu ma khong CO ngudi cham sdc thi co quan ra quyet djnh tam giir, lenh tam giam giao nhii'ng ngudi do cho ngudi thdn thich cham nom. Neu bg khong c6 ngudi thdn thich thi giao cho chinh quyen sd tai chdm nom.
Trong trudng hgp ngudi bj tam gitr, tam giam cd nha hoac tai sdn khac ma khdng cd ngudi trong nom, bdo quan thi co quan ra quyet djnh tam giiir, lenh tam giam phdi dp dyng nhtrng bien phdp trong nom, bdo qudn thich dang. Co quan ra quyet djnh tam giO, lenh tam giam thong bao cho ngudi bi tam giir, tam giam biet ve viec nay.
Theo quy che tam giam thi mgt thdng khdng qua hai ldn ngudi bj tam giam dugc nhdn qua va do dimg sinh hoat ciia thdn nhan giri den theo quy djnh. Trong thdi gian bj giam, ngudi bj tam giam dugc sir dyng qudn do, chdn, chieu, man ciia ca nhan. N I U thilu thi trai tam giam cho mugn theo tieu chudn.
Ngudi bj tam giam la ntr thi dugc cdp them mgt so tien de mua nhiing d l diing can thill cho ve sinh phu nir.
Ngudi bi tam giam 6m dau, benh tdt, thuong tich dugc can bg y t l cua trai tam
58 TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 3/2011
giam khdm vd dieu trj. Trudng hgp ngucri bj tam giam dm dau, benh tat, thuong tich nang vugt qua kha nang khdm va dieu trj ciia dn bg y te trai tam giam thi giam thj trai tam giam thdng bao cho co quan dang thy li vu dn, dong thdi lam cdc thii tyc chuyen hg den co sd y te d ngodi de dieu tri vd td chuc canh giii: hg.
Trudng hgp ngudi bj tam giam bj nghi mac benh tam than hoac mgt benh khde lam mat kha nang nhdn thirc hoac khd nang dieu khien hanh vi ciia minh thi giam thj trai tam giam phdi yeu cdu co quan dang thy li vy dn trung cdu gidm djnh phdp y tdm thdn. Khi cd quyet djnh dp dung bien phdp bat budc chira benh ciia co quan cd thdm quyen, co quan dang thu li vy dn phdi hgp vdi trai tam giam dua ngudi bi tam giam den co sd chira benh neu trong quyet djnh.
Trong thdi gian bi tam giam, ngudi bj tam giam dugc cdp bao theo quy djnh (cir 20 ngudi tam giam thi dugc cap mgt sd bdo Nhan dan hoac bdo dia phucmg). Gidm thi trai lam giam td chirc cho ngudi bj tam giam nghe Dai phdt thanh Tieng ndi Viet Nam, ddi phdt thanh hoac truyen thanh dia phuang, dgc bdo Nhdn ddn hoac bdo dja phuong. Ngodi ra, hg con cd the dugc xem truyen hinh. Neu ngudi bi tam giam Id ngudi nude ngoai thi dugc nhdn bdo bang tieng nude hg mang qudc tjch khi dugc co quan thy li cho phep. Ngudi bj tam giam cd quyen khieu nai, to cdo viec lam giam trdi phdp luat. Ngudi bj tam giam da hodn cung chd xet xir ma chap hanh tdt noi quy trai tam giam co the dugc xet tang gap ddi so lan gap gd than nhdn vd tang gdp doi so ldn dugc giri thu, nhdn thu, nhdn qua.
Theo thong ke, ndm 2005 toan quoc cd 92.368 ngudi bj tam giam. Vien kiem sat
khdng phe chudn lenh bdt tam giam 327 trudng hgp vd khdng phe chudn lenh lam giam 329 trudng hgp. Ndm 2006 loan qudc cd 105.094 ngudi bj tam giam. So vdi ciing ki ndm 2005 tang l,14%o (105.094/92.368). Vien kiem sat khdng phe chudn lenh bat tam giam 394 trudng hgp va khdng phe chudn lenh tam giam 350 trucmg hgp. Nam 2007 toan qudc cd 107.999 ngudi bi tam giam. So vcri cimg ki ndm 2006 tang 1,03%) (107.999/105.094). Vien kiem sdt khdng phe chudn lenh bdt tam giam 239 trudng hcrp vd khdng phe chudn lenh tam giam 341 trucmg hgp. Nam 2008 todn quoc cd 110.939 ngudi bi tam giam. So vdi ciing ki ndm 2007 tang 2,72%) (110.939/107.999).
Vien kiem sdt khdng phe chudn lenh bat tam giam 298 trucmg hgp vd khdng phe chuan lenh tam giam 334 trudng hcrp. Nam 2009 todn qudc cd 135.012 ngudi bj tam giam. So vdi cimg ki nam 2008 lang 21,6% (135.012/110.939).
Vien kiem sat khdng phe chudn lenh bdt tam giam 178 trudng hgp vd khdng phe chuan lain lenh giam 190 trudng hgp. Nhin chung viec phe chudn tam giam ciia vien kiem sat Id cd can cir vd diing phdp lual. Nhirng trudng hcrp vien kiem sat khdng phe chudn lenh bdt tam giam, lenh tam giam deu ddm bdo cd can cir va than trgng. Viec thyc hien che do an, mac, d vd khdm, chira benh doi vdi ngudi bj tam giam trong thdi gian qua dugc dam bdo theo quy djnh ciia phdp lual.
Tren co sd tim hieu nhti'ng quy djnh ciia phdp luat td tung hinh sy ddi vdi ngudi bj bdt de tam giam ciing nhu thyc tien thyc hien cho thdy: i^ ; •: •-; - :. ":
+ Nhieu quy dinh ciia phap luat cd lien quan den viec bdo ve quyen ciia ngudi bj bat, ngudi bi tam giam kho thyc hien cd hieu qud.
NGHIEN CQU - TRAO OOl
Nguyen nhdn trudc bet vdn la cdc quy dinh ciia phap luat chua dong bg, chua cy the ro rang, chua ddy dii nhu khoan 2 Dieu 88 BLTTHS quy djnh: "... nguoi gid yeu,... md cd noi cu trii ro rdng thi khdng tgm giam md dp dung bien phdp ngdn chgn khde trir truong hop lugt quy dinh " nhung khdng cd gidi thich lira tudi nao la gia yeu, do vdy, trong thyc tien thudng bj phu nhdn bdi y chi chii quan ciia ngudi tien hanh to tyng.
BLTTHS khdng quy djnh can cu cy the bat bj can, bj cao de tam giam nen viec bat thudng dya vdo cdn cu tam giam dan den viec dp dung phdp luat khdng thdng nhdt.
+ Mac dil xu the hien nay la gidm thieu viec tam giam vd BLTTHS cting chi quy djnh cd the tam giam chu khdng bat huge phai tam giam nhung trong thyc tien dieu tra, truy to, xet xir hdu bet nhirng ngudi pham tgi rdt nghiem trgng, pham tgi dac biet nghiem trgng deu bj tam giam.
+ Tinh trang bj tam giam ddi hon thdi gian phat tii md tod an da tuyen hien nay vdn cdn xdy ra trong thyc tien nhung phdp luat chua quy djnh van de giai quyet bdi thucmg ddi vdi ngudi bi tam giam trong trudng hgp nay. Theo Luat trach nhiem boi thudng cua Nhd nude thi ddy khdng phdi la trudng hgp ngudi bj tam giam dugc doi boi thudng.'^' Vdn de ndy hien nay cdn nhieu y kien khde nhau nhung chiing toi dong y vdi quan diem cho rdng trudng bcjp nay co quan tien hdnh to tung phai xem xet boi thudng nhu doi vdi ngudi bi oan. Viec mgt ngudi bi tam giam vdi thdi gian dai hon thdi ban ma ban an da tuyen hinh phat tii doi vdi hg la trdi phdp luat. Do bj tam giam trai phap luat nen
quyen va lgi ich hgp phap cua hg kho tranh khoi bi anh hudng. Do vdy, nhirng ngudi ndy phai CO quyen yeu cau cac co quan tien hanh to tung boi thudng thiet hai.'^'
4- Tinh trang ngudi bj tam giam chet hoac ty tir trong nha tam giam doi khi con xay ra d mgt so trai tam giam. Tinh trang giam gitr qua tdi vdn chua dugc khac phyc. Mgt so trai giam -vugt qua quy mo giam giir, do do cho nam toi thieu cua ngudi bi tam giam khdng ddm bao. Viec cap phat cac do dimg sinh boat thiet yeu d mgt so noi cdn thieu...'' '
Bdo ve quyen con ngudi trong to tung hinh sy co y nghTa quan trgng trong viec thyc hien phap luat, dac biet la trong boi cdnh cai cdch tu phdp va trong xu the hgi nhdp qudc te hien nay. De bao dam tot hon nira quyen cua ngudi bj bat, ngudi bi tam giiir va ngudi bj tam giam trong to tung hinh sy, trudc bet cdn phdi hodn thien mgt so quy dinh lien quan nhu da phan tich d tren, cu the nhu sau:
- Bo sung khoan 2 Dilu 81 BLTTHS theo hudng chi huy trudng vimg canh sat bien co quyen ra lenh bat ngudi trong trudng hcrp khan cdp de phii hap vai tham quyen ra lenh tam giir quy dinh tai Dilu 86 BLTTHS.
Theo do, khoan 2 Dilu 81 se la: Nhiing ngudi sau day co quyln ra lenh bdt ngudi trong trudng hgp khdn cdp:
a) Giti' nguyen b) Giiir nguyen c) Gitr nguyen
d) Chi huy trudng vimg canh sat biln.
- Sira dii khoan 4 Dilu 81 BLTTHS theo hudng trong trudng hgp ngudi chi huy tdu bay, tau biln ra lenh bdt khdn cdp khi tau bay, tau bien da rdi khoi sdn bay, bin cang thi
60 TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 3/2011
thdng bdo cho vien kiem sat dl xet phe chudn chir khdng phai thong bdo bang van ban ciing lai lieu lien quan den viec bat khdn cdp. Theo dd khoan 4 Dilu 81 BLTTHS se Id: Viec bdt khan cdp phdi dugc bdo ngay cho vien kilm sat cimg cdp bang van ban kem theo tai lieu lien quan den -viec bat khan cdp de xet phe chudn.
Ngudi chi huy tau bay, tdu bien phdi thdng bao ngay cho vien kiem sdt de xet phe chudn
(Xem tiep trang 68)
(1), Dieu 71 Hien phap nam 1992. a - • ' (2). Bao cao long ket cong tac nganh kiem sat nhan dan nam 2008, 2009.
(3). TS. Tran Quang Thong, ThS. Tran Tliao, Mgt sd vdn di hodn thien bien phdp ngan chgn bdt ngudi trong lugt td lung hinh su Viet Nam, Nguon: http://www,pup. edu, vn/dien-dan-phap-luat/tim-hieu-phap-luat'mot-so-van- de-hoan-thien-bien-phap-ngan-chan-bat-nguoi-trong- luat-to-tung-hinh-su-vn
(4), Bao cao tong ket cong tac viec tam giii, tam giam quan li va giao due nguoi chap hanh hinh phat tu nam 2008 va 2009 cua Vu kiem sat tam giCr, tam giam, quan li giao due ngudi chap hanh hinh phat tii - VKSNDTC.
(5).Xem: Dieu 80 BLTTHS.
(6).Xem: Trudng Dai hgc Luat Ha Ngi, Gido Irinh lugt td tung hinh sir Viet Nam, Nxb. Tu phap. Ha Ngi, 2006, tr. 47.
(7). Trucmg hgp bj can, bj cao la doi tugng neu tren nhung bo Iron va bj bat theo lenh truy na; bj can, bj cao dugc ap dung bien phap ngSn chSn khac nhung tiep tuc pham tgi hoac co y can trd nghiem trgng den viec dieu tra, truy to, xet xir; bj can, bi cao pham tgi xam pham an ninh quoc gia va co du can cir cho rang neu khong tam giam doi vdi hg thi sS gay nguy hai den an ninh quoc gia van bi tam giam.
(8), Theo Dieu 26 Luat trach nhiem boi thu-dng ciia Nha nucrc (co hieu lire tir ngay 1/1/2010), pham vi trach nhiem boi thudng thiet hai trong boat dgng to tyng hinh sir gom 6 trudng hgp:
- Ngudi bl tgm giu md cd quyet dinh cua ca quan ed Ihdm quyen trong hogt dgng td lung hinh su huy bd quyet dinh tgm giir vi ngudi do khdng thuc hien hdnh vi vi phim phdp lugt;
- Ngudi bi tgm giam. ngudi dd chdp hdnh xong hoac dang chdp hdnh hinh phat tii cd thai hgn, tii chung thdn, nguai da bi kit dn tic hinh, nguai dd thi hdnh dn lu hinh md cd bdn dn, quyet dinh ciia ca quan cd thdm quyen trong hogt dgng Id lung hinh su xdc dinh ngudi do khdng thuc hien hdnh vl phgm tgi.
- Ngudi bi khdi Id. truy td, xet xir, thi hdnh dn khdng bi tgm giir, tgm giam, thi hdnh hinh phgl tit ed thai hgn md cd bdn dn, quyit dinh ciia ca quan cd ihdm quyin trong hogt dgng Id tung hinh .m xdc dinh ngudi do khdng ihuc hien hdnh vi phgm tgi;
- Ngudi bi khdi td, truy td, xet xic vi nhieu tgi trong ciing mgt vu dn, dd chdp hdnh hinh phgl tii md sau dd cd bdn dn, quyet dinh cua ca quan cd thdm quyen trong hogt dgng td tung hinh suxdc dinh ngudi dd khdng phgm mgt hoac mgt sd lgi vd hinh phgl cua nhdng tgi cdn lgi // han thdi gian da bi tgm giam, chdp hdnh hinh phat lit thi dugc bdi thudng thiit hgi luang ung vdi thdi gian dd bi tgm giam, chdp hdnh hinh phat tit vugt qud so vdi muc hinh phgl cua nhdng tdi md ngudi do phdi chdp hdnh;
- Ngudi bi khdi td, truy Id, xii xir vi nhiiu ldi trong ciing mgt vu dn vd bi kit dn tu hinh nhung chua thi hdnh md sau do cd bdn dn, quyet dinh ctia ecr quan cd ihdm quyen trong hogt ddng td lung hinh sir xdc dinh ngudi dd khdng phgm tdi bi kit dn Id hinh vd Idng hgp hinh phgl cua nhdng ldi cdn Igi il hern thcri gian dd bi tgm giam thi dugc bdi thudng thiit hgi tuang irng vdi thdi gian da bi tgm giam vugt qud so vdi muc hinh phat chung crua nhirng tgi md ngudi do phdi chdp hdnh;
- Ngudi bj xet xu bdng nhiiu bdn dn, tod cin da tdng hop hinh phgl cua nhiiu bdn dn dd md sau dd cd bdn dn, quyit dinh cua ca quan cd thdm quyen trong hogt dgng td lung hinh suxdc dinh ngudi do khdng phgm mdi hoac mdt sd tgi vd hinh phat criia nhiing tdi cdn Igi It han ihdi gian dd bi tgm giam, chdp hdnh hinh phgl tit thi dugc bdi thucmg thiit hgi tuang img vdi thdi gian dd bi tgm giam, chdp hdnh hinh phgl lii vugt qua so vdi mire hinh phgl cua nhiing ldi md ngudi dd phdi chdp hdnh (9). Bao Dat Viet, s6 ra ngay 27/10/2009, 6 tii 16 co dugc doi boi thucmg?
(10). Bao cao tong ket cong tac viec tam gitr, tam giam quan li va giao due ngudi chap hanh hinh phat til nam 2009 cua Vu kiem sat tam giir, tam giam, quan li giao due ngudi chap hanh hinh phat tii - VKSNDTC.
