OAHOC
Chan dung Marie Curie (1867-1934)
Tranh sdn diu, trUng bay tai Vien lich sO khoa hoc va cong nghe Dibner, C a m b r i d g e , Massachusetts, My
"NgUoii em gai cua Pro-me-te
(BA ME CUA KHOA HOC NGUYEN T O )
d la Marie Curie - ngudi dan ba huyen thoai ciia the ky XX, mdt phu mi duy nhiit cd ten trong cudn "0/7 Giant's Shoulders " (Dimg tren vai nhimg ngirdi khdng Id) ciia Mel vyn Bragg, trong do ten tudi ciia Marie Curie dugc xep ben canh nhiiiig ten tudi vT dai nhat trong lich sir khoa hgc - nhiing nha khoa hgc gidi nhat hoac nhiing nha tu tudng timg tao nen nhiing cudc each mang \ e nhiin thirc nhu Archimedes, (ialilco (ialilci, Isaac Newton, Antoine Lavoisier. Micheal Karaday. Charles Dar\\ in.
Henri Poincare, Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein, ...
P h a m V i e t H U n g
Nhimg cd mdt ngudi khdng nghT nhu the, dd la John Gribbin, mot nha bao khoa hgc cd tieng d Anh.
Gribbin cho rang Marie Curie khdng the sanh vai vdi nhirng ngudi khong 16 nhu Newton hay Einstein, rang so nha khoa hgc thien tai chi dem dugc tren dau ngdn tay \ a Marie Curie khdng nam trong sd dd, riing ba dugc ca tung het ldi chang qua chi vi ba la mot phu mi da lam dugc nhirng vice to Idn ma phiin Idn pliii mi khac khong lam dmrc. ning \ao thiVi ciia ba, bat ky ai cd dii irinh do ciing co the lam dirge nhirng viec Urimg tir nlnr ciia ba. \a rang ba chi
,vi«)n Ki' s,m 2009 rnBWfBfSf^TTW^'^ ^'
KHOA HOC
Dien Pantheon, ndi chon cit nhu'ng danh nhan ciia nUdc Phap
la mdt ngudi gap may', ...
Thiet tudng can phai cd phan bien ddi vdi nhan dinh ciia Gribbin. Cau chuyen ve "ngudi em gai eiia Prd-me-te" sau day chinh la mdt phan bien nhu the.
Va cung can ndi them rang ngay tii thdi ciia Marie Curie da cd nhiing the luc, nhirng tang Idp xa hdi khdng mudn thira nhan tai nang ciia ba, bat chap viec ba dugc tang thudng Giai Nobel lan thii hai. Nhiing the luc nay da khdng tir bat ky thii doan thap hen nao nham ha thap hinh anh ciia ba trudc cdng chung. Dd la nhiing suthat can dugc biet ro de cd them mot bai hgc ve trach nhiem ciia xa hdi ddi vdi mot tai nang khoa hgc, ddng thdi de cd mdt cai nhin day dii va chinh xac hon ddi vdi hire chan dung ciia mdt nha khoa hgc tai diic ven toan ma Albert Einstein da khdng tiec ldi bay td su tran trgng tot bac bing mdt nhan dinh cd mdt khdng hai: "Neu cd mot ngudi duy nhdt khdng hi vinh quang lam cho vdn due, thi dd Id bd Curie ".
1 ] D I E N PANTHEON:
Cach day hon 13 nam, ngay 20-04-1995, trong mot nghi le long trgng, thi hai ciia vg chong Pierre va Marie Curie dugc chuyen ddi tirnghTa trang d Seaux, ngoai d Paris, ve Dien Pantheon - noi chdn cat nhung danh nhan ciia nudc Phap.
Marie Curie trd thdnh ngirdi ddn bd ddu tien dupe an tdng tai ddy, nhd cdng lao vd dire dp ciia bdn thdn bd.
Chinh Tong thong Phap duong nhiem hdi do la
Francois Mitterrand da quyet dinh viec chuyen ddi nay, nham vinh danh Marie Curie va "de the hien tinh thdn tdn trpng quyen binh ddng nam nit trudc phap luat vd trong thuc te"\ Bao chi Phap luc do binh luan day la mdt cii chi danh dau 3 cai phi thudng ciia Marie Curie: Mot phu nu phi thudng + Mot ngudi nhap cuphi thudng + Mdt cdng ddn phi thudng lam rang danh nudc Phap trong the giai khoa hpc.
Trong sd khdng biet bao nhieu ldi ca nggi danh cho Marie Curie ma ngudi ddi cam thay van chua dii, cd mdt ldi nggi ca da bien ba thanh mdt huyen thoai: Dd la danh hieu do nha tha ndi tieng Sarah Bernhart danh tang cho Marie Curie: "Ngudi em gdi cua Pro-me-te". Neu vi than thdng thai Prd-me- te da lay d p liia eiia than Zeus de dem den cho loai ngudi, giiip loai ngudi thap sang dem toi, thi kham pha ve phdng xa ciia vg chdng Curie cung mang den mdt thii anh sang mdi - ban than chat phdng xa phat sang, nhung dd khdng chi la anh sang vat chat, ma cdn la anh sang md ra mdt thdi dai mdi trong nhan thiic ve tu nhien eiia nhan loai!
2] KHAM PHA VE PHONG XA:
Ngudi dau den phat hien ra hien tugng phdng xa eiia uranium la Henri Becquerel, nhung dng lai sdm rdi bd ITnh vuc nghien cuu nay.
Mane Curie, vdi de nhay cam va niem dam me kham pha sin cd tir trong mau, quySt dinh bit tay vao nghien cuu chinh tii cho Becquerel bd dd. Ba lap tiic thue hien mdt loat nghien cuu he thdng ve tia
Khoa hpc & Td qucc \iiiiii Ar s/r// 2 0 0 9
uranium bi mat nay.
Chi sau mdt thdi gian rat ngin, Marie da riit ra mot ket luan vd ciing quan trgng: Khd ndng phdng xa khdng phu thupc vao cdch sap xep cua cdc nguyen tif trong phdn tir. tirdd suy ra rdng hien tuong phdng xa phdi lien quan tdi bdn thdn nguyen tit, nghia Id
nguyen tir cd the cd mot cdu triic ben trong nao dd.
Day la mot kham pha thuc sumang tinh caehmang, vi nd chi ra rang nguyen tir khdng phdi Id thdnh phdn nhd nhdt ciia vat chdt nhu trudc dd ngudi ta vdn tudng, md bdn thdn nguyen tu cd the Id mot "vd tru menh mdng" v&i nhung cdu true bi dn chua timg biet ben trong nd!
Mot tu tudng nhu the cd the coi la "gap may" nhu nhan dinh ciia John Gribbin khdng? Nhung dii Gribbin nhan dinh the nao ciing khdng the phii nhan dugc mot su that la kham pha eiia vg chdng Pierre-Marie Curie da true tiep cham ngdi cho mdt cudc chay dua rao riet chua timg cd trong lich sii khoa hgc: Tdn cong vao the gidi ben trong nguyen tu! Md dau la su ra ddi ciia md hinh hanh tinh nguyen tii ciia Ernest Rutherford, tiep theo la hang loat nhung cudc ban pha nguyen tu dien ra tren khap Au chau trong suot nira dau the ky XX, dan tdi kham pha quan trgng nhat ciia Lise Meitner eudi nam 1938 ve hien tugng phan hach urani, md man cho thdi dai sir dung nang lugng nguyen tii.
Hoan toan khdng cudng dieu de ndi rang chudi kham pha chua tiing cd trong giai doan lich sir hiem hoi nay da bit dau tir nhung nghien ciiu ve phdng xa ma Marie Curie la ngudi dat nen mdng - chinh Marie la ngudi dau tien da gieo thuat ngu "radioactivity"
(hien tugng phdng xa) vao trong kho tang nhan thiic ciia nhan loai!
Chung ta da biet ring nhd kham pha ve phdng xa, hai vg chdng Curie da doat Giai Nobel Vat ly nam 1903. Nhiing ai theo doi lich siicae Giai Nobel se dugc biet riing khong phai Giai Nobel nao ciing dugc hau the danh gia gia tri ngang nhau, tham chi cd nhung Giai Nobel bi coi la nham lan. Nhimg theo cudn
"The Beginnings of the Nobel Institution " (Nhimg budi dau ciia Uy ban Nobel) ciia Elisabeth Crawford Giai Nobel vat ly nam 1903 dugc coi la mdt trong nhung Giai Nobel chdi Igi nhat, cd y nghTa nhat, vi nd diinh dau mot budc ngoat quan trgng trong lich su khoa hgc: Md ra mdt thdi dai hoan toan mdi thdi d;ii tiin cdng viio the gidi hii nguyen tii (sub-
KHOA HOC
• atomic world)!
Nhung kham pha ciia Marie Curie khdng chi co y nghTa each mang ddi vdi vat ly. ma con la mdt dot pha ve mat hoa hoc. Chinh vdi y nghTa dd, Marie Curie da dugc trao tang Giai Nobel lan thii hai.
3] GIAI THUC5NG NOBEL LAN THL/ HAI:
Dd la nam 1911. Trong quyet dinh trao tang giai lan nay, Uy ban Nobel viet: "De cdng nhdn nhung ddng gdp ciia bd cho tien bo ciia hod hgc trong viec kham phd ra cdc nguyen td radium vd polonium, trong viec cd lap nguyen td radium vd nhimg nghien cim ve bdn chdtvd thdnh phdn cua nguyen td khac thudng nay ".
Mdt sd nha viet tieu sir da dat dau hdi lieu Marie cd xiing dang dugc trao Giai Nobel hoa hgc nam 1911 khong? Hg bien giai ring viec kham pha ra cac nguyen to radium va polonium dau sao ciing da la mot phan ly do ciia Giai Nobel vat ly nam 1903 rdi. Vay Marie dugc trao giai hai lan vi ciing mdt thanh tuu, dieu nay co ve nhu la mdt su thien vi, cam tinh qua dang danh cho Marie chang?
Nhung Uy ban Nobel lai cd nhung ly lc xiic dang ciia hg. Chinh trong van kien danh gia cdng trinh ciia Pierre va Marie nam 1903 ve viec kham pha ra radium va polonium. Uy ban Nobel da co chii y de cap den kha nang mdt Giai Nobel ve hoi hgc danh cho cdng trinh nay trong tuong lai, neu nhu no thuc su xiing dang. Van de la d chd cang ngay cac nha hoa hgc cang nhan thay viec cd lap dugc radium la mdt su kien vT dai cua hoa hgc. ke tir viec khiim pha ra d-xy, vi ddy Id lan ddu tien trong lich su khoa hpc dd chifng minh dupe rdng mot nguyen to nay cd the bien dd'i thdnh mot nguyen td khac, tifc Id dd bien giac ma "thuat gid kim " (alchemy) thdnh hien thirc!
Ddy la mdt budc ngoat vi dai cua hod hpc, ddnh dau mot dot phd venhan thue tunhien ciia loai ngudi!
Nhung dinh menh ddi khi that la liing: Chinh vao thdi diem Marie Curie dat tdi tot dinh vinh quang trong khoa hgc thi con cudng no ciia Idng dd ki ghen ghet lai dd ap len dau ba.
4] LONG DO K! GHEN GHET - KE THU CUA TAI NANG:
Miia thu nam 1911, Marie Curie dugc mdi tdi du Hoi Nghi Solvay lan thir nhat tiii Bruxcllcs. thii do
\u,lu Kv \iri, 2 0 0 9 Khoa hoc & Td q u o c 1 3
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•
nude Bi. Dd la hdi nghi Vat ly the gidi dau tien, tap hgp nhimg nha toan hgc va vat ly gidi nhIt the gidi duong thdi nhuAlbert Einstein, Henri Poincare, Max Planck, ... dudi su chii toa cua nha vat ly ndi tieng Hendrik Lorentz. Cung vdi viec dugc trao tang Giai Nobel lan thii hai vai thang sau dd, uy tin khoa hgc ciia Marie Curie da dat tdi tdt dinh.
Hoi nghi Solvay 1911 tai Bruxelles, Bi.
Tap trung nInCfng nha vat ly- toan hpc gioi nhat dUdng thcii
Trong anh: Marie Curie ngdi canh Henri Poincare (ngoai cung ben phai), di/ng sau (tO phai sang) ia Paul Langevin, Albert Einstein
Nhung bat chap mgi uy tin va vinh quang dd, nam 1911 trd thanh nam den tdi nhat trong cudc ddi ciia Marie. Dd la nam ba bi bao chi Phap lang nhuc, bdi ban, tim mgi each de triet ha uy tin.
Tai sao mdt ngirdi tai nang, dire do nhu Marie Curie lai cd the bi bao chi ddi xii nhu vay? Nhiing ai khdng cd CO hdi tim hieu tinh hinh xa hgi Phap dau the ky XX se khdng the tra ldi dugc cau hdi nay. Nhung nhimg ngudi am tudng thi biet ro: Dd la chien dich hen ha do nhirng ke mang nang dau dc ky thi gidi va ky thi ehiing tdc thuc hien! Marie la mot phu nu, va lai la mdt phu mi gdc Sla-vo. Vdi nhung ke mang nang dau dc ky thi, mdt phu nir budc len lau dai danh vgng ciia khoa hgc da la mdt dieu ehudng, nhung mdt phu nir goc Sla-vo dat dugc dieu dd thi cdn ehudng gap bdi(!).
a) Chi§n dich boi ban lan thii nh4t:
Khi bao chi loan bao Marie duoc de eirvao Vien ban
lam khoa hoc Phap, nhiing ke mang nang dau dc ky thi gidi va ky thi chiing tdc d Phap dudng nhu bi dien giat. Hg lap tiic tim each loai bd Marie ra khoi cudc bau ban dd. Vii khi ciia hg khdng phai la khoa hgc, ma la bdi ban: Chien dich bdi ban lan thii nhat bit diu tir ngay 16 thang 11 nam 1911.
Tit ca mgi dieu kien dan tdi quyet dinh bau chiic vien sT da dugc chuan bi sin sang. Ban than Marie
va cac cdng su ciia ba dudng nhu deu tin chic rang vdi uy tin khoa hgc sang chdi eiia ba, viec ba triing cii se la dieu hien nhien. Nhung trd treu thay, hoa ra uy tin khoa hgc khdng du de quyet dinh la phieu. Mdt ddng chay den toi cua chii nghTa bai Do Thai, bai Sla-vo va bai ngoai noi chung, cua tu tudng khinh thudng phu nu, tham chi ciia ca thai do chdng khoa hgc lau nay chay ngam ngam dudi Idng xa hdi Phap nay bong nhien ndi len tren be mat bao chi.
Thdng thudng viec bau vao Vien han lam khong thu hiit gidi bao chi den nhu the. Nhung day la mdt trudng hgp dac biet. Dien cuong nhat la td L'Action Franeaise, mdt td bao dan too qua khich cd xu hudng bai Do Thai, do Leon Daudet, con trai eiia nha van ndi tieng Alphonse Daudet, lam chii biit. Cd the thay ro quan diem cue hiiu eiia nhimg td bao nay thdng qua vu an Dreyfus timg lam rung chuyen nude Phap ehing bao lau trudc dd.
Dreyfiis la mdt sT quan Phap goc Do Thai, nam 1894 bi ket tdi phan qudc (lam gian diep cho Dire) va bi ket an tu chung than. Nam 1906, chinh phii mdi len cam quy^n d Phap da siia sai vu an Dreyfus va Dreyfus dugc tang thudng huan chuang Bic Dau Bdi Tinh. Bit chap su that, trong eon mit ciia nhimg td bao cue huu, Dreyfus van cd tdi va van la "mot ten Do Thai phan bdi". Nhung ngudi ung hd Dreyfus van bi bgn cue hiiu nghi ngd.
Chuyen xay ra vdi Marie Curie cd phan tuong tu.
Tren mat nhung tdbao cue huu, xuat hien nhung chuyen theu det Id bich vdi nhiing ldi ket tdi ac y. Ho viet
1 4 Khoa hpc & Td qudc \ii,ni Ar smi 2 0 0 9
dai y rang toan bd cdng trinh cua Marie deu do Pierre mdm cho. Hg ndi rang Marie la ngudi Ba Lan, mac dii theo dao cdng giao, nhung cai ten Sklodowska ciia ba ggi y rang ba cd the cd ngudn goc Do Thai, v.v. Vdi gigng dieu ay, cae bao bom len mot lan sdng chdng lai ngudi dan ba hien lanh, tuy gdc di dan nhung da coi Phap nhu td qudc thii hai va da lam rang ra cho nen khoa hgc Phap bang nhirng ddng gdp ma ca the gidi phai nguang md.
Mdt tuan trudc cudc bau cii, ling cii vien doi dich vdi Marie la Edouard Branly, dugc bao chi thdi phdng om sdm. Cudi cung cudc bau cii dien ra ngay 23-
11 -1911, vdi suchiing kien eiia cac nha bao, nhiep anh gia, va dam ngudi td md hieu ky. Trong mdt khdng khi kha nhdn nhao hdn ddn, vdng bau ciithirnhat Marie bi mat 1 phieu tren tdng sd 58 phieu bau, vdng hai mat 2 phieu. Giai Nobel vat ly nam 1903 va Giai Nobel hoa hgc nam 1911 eiing vdi su ling hd ciia nhirng nha khoa hgc danh tieng nhat nhu Jean Perrin, Henri Poincare, Paul Appell, va chii tich Vien han lam Gaston Darboux van khdng dii de md canh cdng Vien han lam khoa hgc cho Marie Curie. Su kien nay da lam the gidi chii y va phan no. Dd la mdt su si nhuc cho nudc Phap, ddng thdi lam tdn thuong sau sic den ca Marie lan ung cii vien doi dich la Edouard Branly, mdt nha nghien ciiu cd uy tin.
Nhung tai hoa den dd chua het. Tai hoa thii hai con ac hiem hon.
b) Chien djch boi ban lan thiJ' hai-Vu tai ti4ng Langevin:
Dau thang 11-1911, khi Marie len dudng di Bi de du Hdi nghi Solvay, ba nhan dugc tin bao: mdt chien dich mdi day ac y ddi vdi ba da bit dau tren bao chi.
Lan nay cau chuyen xoay vao ddi tu ciia ba, cu the la quan he ciia ba vdi Paul Langevin, mdt nha vat ly xuat sic ciia Phap ciing tdi du Hdi nghi Solvay.
Langevin von cd quan he ban be than mat vdi gia dinh Curie tir khi Pierre cdn sdng. Langevin chinh la ngudi da td chiic le chuc mimg Marie nhan dip Marie hoan thanh luan an tien sT. Nhung trong nhirng nam vira qua, Langevin cd chuyen liing ciing trong hdn nhan cua dng. Ong da phai di chuyen chd d tirmdt ngdi nha ngoai d ve mdt can hd nhd d Paris de sinh sdng.
Bao chi da viet bai dd tdi cho Marie la nguyen nhan gay nen chuyen xao trdn trong gia dinh Langevin.
Ca Marie lan Langevin bi biio chi md ta bing nhirng
KHOA HOC
• tir ngir tham te gay tdn thuang nghiem trgng ve danh du. Vu tai tieng cang luc cang them am T \ a te hai. Marie da diing len tu bao ve minh va cd ging budc td bao Le Temps phai xin ldi. Chinh td bao nay da timg viet ve ba nhu mdt huyen thoai khi ba dugc tang thudng Giai Nobel Vat ly nam 1903 thi nay lai Id tit khong them da ddng gi den Giai Nobel Hoa hgc nam 1911 ma ba mdi dugc trao tang, hoac chi chay mdt vai ddng dua tin ngin ngiii d mdt trang ben trong nhu mdt tin vun vat khdng dang chii y. Dan dan vu tai tieng Langevin khdng ngd da leo thang thanh mdt vu om sdm lam rung dgng gidi dai hgc d Paris va gidi quan chiic chinh phii Phap d cap cao nhat. Trong liic ba Langevin dang chuan bi lam cac thii tuc phap ly de ly di va dugc quyen nudi 4 diia con thi diing mot cai, mdt vu trdm da xay ra tai tugia ciia Langevin:
Mdt sd thu tir bi an cap dugc dua len mat bao. Leon Daudet, chii biit td canh hiiu L'Action Franeaise, da bien vu tai tieng nay thanh mot vu Dreyfus mdi.
Ngay nay qua ngay khac, Marie phai hiing chiu mdt chien dich chi trich ddc ac cua bao chi vdi nhirng tir ngii dai loai nhu "mdt mu ngoai kieu la hoac, mdt mu Ba Lan, mot nha nghien cim dugc cac nha khoa hgc Phap nang da, da den va an cap chdng cua mdt phu nir Phap that tha luong thien, v.v. va v.v."
De chung minh cho mgi ngudi thay nudc Phap khdng can nhiing nha khoa hgc nhu Marie Curie, Daudet da trich dan cau ndi khet tieng tan bao eiia Fouquier- Tinville trong thdi each mang Phap 1789 khi nha hoa hgc tni danh Antoine Lavoisier bi dan len may chem: "Nudc cdng hoa Phap khdng can bat ky mdt nha khoa hgc nao het" (!!!).
Trudc tinh hinh dd, ban be ciia Marie deu phan no. Tat ca xiim lai de vuc ba diing day. Jean Perrin, Henri Poincare, Emile Borel khan khoan yeu cau cac nha xuat ban va bao chi hay nuong tay. Mdt ngudi anh hg cda Henri Poincare la Raymond Poincare, mdt luat su cao cap vai nam sau trd thanh Tong thdng Phap, da len tieng nhu mot cd van phap ly benh vuc cho Marie. Nhung vu tai tieng tiep tuc bi day tdi nhiing hang tit Idn chay tren trang nhat cac bao dai loai nhu "Lieu ba Curie cd cdn xiing dang tiep tuc giu ghe giao su Dai hgc Sorbonne nira hay khdng?'".
Bi du luan dien cudng biia vay xung quanh, Marie song nhu mdt tu nhan b | giam ham vdi cac con trong can nha cua ba tai Sceaux. Biin be ba lo lang ba se khdng chiu dung dugc nira va se nga quy.
,MS/..2009 i^p>rmw^r^9!m^Mis
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•
Trong cudn "Souvenirs et rencontres " (Ky niem vd gap gd). Marguerite Borel, vg cua nha toan hgc limg danh Emile Borel, da ta lai khung canh vd ciing xiic ddng trong nhimg ngay dd. Emile Borel thi vd cung tire gian va dng hanh ddng tiic khie. Ong de nghi Marie phai rdi khdi Sceaux de den song vdi ban be va chd den khi nao con bao du luan qua di hay trd ve. Marguerite va Andre Debierne da den Sceaux de keo Marie di theo hg, nhung den trudc ciia nha Marie thi gap mdt dam ddng diing ngoai dang chiii riia nhao bang. Mdt ke la Idn: "Ciit ve BaLan di!". Mdt hdn da nem vao nha. Marguerite va Debierne cd gang thuyet phuc Marie ciing di vdi hg. Marie nghe ldi, bdng Eve (eon gai thii hai) tren tay, di cung hai ngudi qua dam ddng. Sudt cudc hanh trinh ay, Marie ngdi bat ddng, mat may nhgt nhat. Marie va Eve den d nhd tai nha ciia Borel, cdn Irene (eon gai Idn) thi den d nhd tai nha Perrin, dugc ba Henriette Perrin trdng nom. Nhung nha ciia Borel lai thudc quyen sd hiiu ciia Trudng Cao Dang Su Pham (Ecole Normale Superieure) nen Emile Borel bi ggi den Bd giao due.
Ong bd trudng giao due la Theodore Steeg cho biet Borel khdng dugc phep cho Marie Curie tru ngu tai dd. Chuyen nay phii len trudng su pham mdt bdng tdi. Neu Borel cd giii Marie trong nha thi chinh Borel se bi dudi khdi dd. Nhung Borel nhat dinh cd giii Marie va da lam mgi viec de dugc cac cap lanh dao chap nhan. De lam dieu dd, Marguerite Borel da dam duong dau vdi tran cudng phong ciia chinh cha de la Paul Appell, hien dang la ehii nhiem khoa khoa hgc ciia Dai hgc Sorbonne. Appell timg iing hd Marie trong viec bau cir vao Vien Han Lam Phap, nhung trudc vu tai tieng Langevin, Appell khdng the thdng cam vdi Marie Curie nhuban be ciia ba. Appell da dimg dung ndi gian khi biet con gai va con re tu nhien day vao vu nay va lam cho mgi viec cang them rac rdi. Ong he Id cho con gai biet dng se eiing vdi mdt sd nhan vat ed uy tin khac den gap Marie de khuyen Marie nen rdi khdi nudc Phap, vdi ly do don gian la neu ba tiep tue d lai Phap thi se bat dn. Ong ndi vdi Marguerite:
"Bo da lam mgi thii cho ed ay (Marie), bd da iing hd cd ay trong cudc bau cu- vao Vien han lam, nhung bo khdng the ngan can tran lut dang nhan chim cd ay". Nhung Marguerite tra ldi: "Neu bd nhugng bd cai phong trao dan toe chu nghTa xuan ngdc ay va cd nai ep Marie nen rdi khdi nudc Phap thi bd se khdng bao gid nhin thay mat con niia". Appell, luc ay dang
xd chan vao giay, nghe cd con gai ndi vay, lien ndi dien len quang ludn chiec giay ve phia cd. trung vao canh ciia ra vao. Nhung nhd dd, dng cung suy nghT lai, va cudc gap go Marie de khuyen nhii ba trd ve Ba Lan da khdng bao gid xay ra. Chinh vg chdng Borel da cd cdng giii lai cho nudc Phap mdt trong nhiing nha khoa hgc xuat chung nhat, mdt ngudi con uu hi nhat!
Cdn Langevin - nan nhan thir hai trong vu tai tieng thi sao?
Vi tiep tuc bi bao chi lang ma den miic khdng the chiu dung dugc niia, Langevin, mdt nha vat ly xuat sic ciia nudc Phap, cudi ciing da phai cd mdt quyet dinh bi tham: Thach diu siing vdi Gustave Tery, bien tap vien eiia td bao da cdng bd nhirng la thu giua dng va Marie.
DIU the ky XX, truyen thdng dau siing cua the ky XIX van la mdt each thiic dugc sii dung kha pho bien d Phap de giai quyet mau thuan xung dot tay ddi. Tuy nhien, dieu nay hau nhu chira bao gid xay ra trong the gidi hgc thuat han lam, vi the vu Langevin lai cang lam mgi ngudi ehii y. Tinh hinh dd dan tdi mot cudc xung dot ngay trong gidi bao chi, mdt so bao bdi nho Marie va Langevin, mdt sd lai benh vyc.
Cudc tranh luan nay khdng tranh khdi nhiing ldi nhao bang lan nhau, the la dan tdi nhirng cudc thach dau giua mdt sd nha bao. Rat may la hg chi sii dung kiem va bang Idng ket thue khi mdt ngudi chi can dam bi thuong ddi thii ma thdi, thay vi dam ch6t.
Nhung Langevin va Tery thi dau siing that su. Kho khan lam Langevin mdi kiem dugc mdt trgng tai.
Dd la dng Paul Painleve, mdt nha toan hgc sau nay len lam Thii tudng, va timg lam giam ddc Dai hgc vat ly va hoa hgc Paris. Cudc dau dien ra vao budi sang ngay 25 thang 11 nam 1911, hai ddi thii dung each nhau 25m. Theo thii tuc, trgng tai se dem 1, 2, 3, hai ben se nd siing. Nhung Painleve, von la mdt ngudi xira nay chi biet sach vd, hit sire la lam vdi viec dau Sling, da dem qua nhanh den ndi Tery khdng kip gio sung len, cdn Langevin da gio sung len nhung khdng thay doi thii nang siing nen cung tir tir ha siing xuong, khdng bin. Ket qua la khdng ed mdt vien dan nao dugc bin ra. Im lang bao triim trudng dau. Hai ben hinh nhu suy nghT lai va thay ring khdng cin thiet phai nhu the. Cac nha bao hdm dd tu tap kha ddng de theo ddi, nga ngac chimg kien su im lang. Khi sue nang ciia cai chet de len vai hai ddi thii, hg ddng y vdi nhau cham dirt cudc dau.
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Tin tire ve nhiing hire thuda dugc cdng bd va ve cudc dau Sling dd dang da den vdi cac nha lanh dao Vien han lam khoa hgc Thuy Dien. Hg rat lay lam phien long vi mdt mat giai thudng cho Marie da dugc cdng bd, mat khac vu tai tieng dua hg den the khd an khd ndi. Marie nhan dugc mdt birc thu ciia mdt dai dien ciia Vien han lam la Svante Arrhenius, ndi rang cudc dau Sling da tao nen an tugng cho rang nhiing chuyen bao chi lam om sdm la khdng sai. Ong de nghi Marie giii cho dng mdt birc dien de bao cho dng biet se khdng den du le trao giai va viet mdt buc thu ndi khdng mudn nhan giai thudng den chimg nao vu tai tieng Langevin chua dugc chiing minh trudc toa an rang mgi dieu cao budc la vd can cii.
Trong tat ca nhirng chuyen phien toai gay ra tir vu tai tieng nay, ngudi bi tdn thuong nhat la Marie. Nhung ba khdng chap nhan de mgi ngudi mudn lam gi thi lam. Ba da giii thu cho Vien han lam Thuy Dien dudi dang mdt van ban day dii nghi thuc, de ndi vdi hg rang ba da dugc trao giai thudng vi viec kham pha ra radium va polonium, va rang ba khdng the chap nhan viec danh gia gia tri ciia mdt cdng trinh khoa hgc bi anh hudng bdi mdt su vu
khdng bi di lien quan den ddi tu ciia mot nha nghien cuu.
Ngay 06 thang 12 nam 1911, Langevin cung viet mdt buc thu dai den Svante Arrhenius, ngudi ma ong da quen biet tir trudc. Ong da mo ta lai toan bd su viec, giai thich dgng CO an giau dang sau chien dich bdi nhg nay la cai gi. Ong keu ggi Uy ban Nobel dimg bi anh hudng bdi chien dich bdi nhg vd can cu
do. Cudi ciing, may man thay, IJy . . - , - , ^ -
. . l-idi nghi Solvay nam 1927, hien dien nhUng nha vat ly gioi nhat
ban nay da k h d n g thay d d i q u y e t Marie Curie ngdi 6 hang ghi dau, tha 3 ta trai sang. Albert Einstein tha 5.
dinh ciia ho.
KHOA HOC
• tugng phdng xg) ... Tdi dd neu gid thuyet cho rdng hien tuang phdng xg khdng phdi Id mgt dnh chdt thudc ve nguyen tir (ma thugc ve ben trong nguyen tir)".
Nhung trong khi lam ro phan ddng gdp ciia minh, ba van khong quen nhic den cong lao ciia chdng ba, ba myen bd: "Tdi coi ddy ddng thdi Id mgt tdng thudng ddnh cho cd chdng tdi, Pierre Curie ".
Tuy nhien, tat ca nhirng cd gang ciia Marie da vlt kiet siic luc ciia ba. Ba bi roi vao tinh trang suy nhuge nghiem trgng. Ngay 29 thang 12 nam 1911 ba dugc dua vao benh vien. Dia chi benh vien dugc giau kin de khdi bi quay ray. Khi ba tam hoi phuc, ba sang Anh de dieu duong tiep tuc. Nha vat ly tri lieu Hertha Ayrton cham sdc ba va giii cho gidi bao chi khdng den lam phien. Tron mdt nam troi qua ba mdi thuc subinh phuc de quay trd lai lam viec dugc nhu trudc day.
Trong cudn sach ciia minh. Marguerite Borel da nhac lai y kien ciia Jean Perrin, rang "5 ngiriri chiing tdi dd dimg len de benh vuc Marie chdng lai ctm Id ddt ciia nhung Idi luc tlu hen ha nhdm triet ha hd. neu Marie phdi Ird vi' Ba Lan ihi cluing la .se mdi mdi
\f^
Ngay 11 thang 12 nam 1911, Marie van den Stockholm de du le trao giai thudng. Ba da diing vung trcMi ddi chan ciia minh, cat Idi dong dac dgc mgt dien van lam cir toa cam ddng, ke lai con dudng khoa hgc diiy gian khd nhung vd ciing dep de ma ba da di qua. Bang nhirng tir ngir dugc chgn lua mdt each can than, cd chii y va chat Igc, ba khdng ngan ngiii dung chir "tdi" dc cho cii toci thay ro nhung ddng gdp ciia ba trong cdng trinh hgp tac vdi Pierre Curie: "Tdi dd goi hien luangdd Id radioactivity (hien
phdi chiidc Idy sir xau hd"". Nam ngudi do bao gom vg chdng Perrin, vg chdng Borel va Andre Debierne.
Cu6i Cling vu tai tieng nay da khdng dan den mdt thii tuc td tung nao. Con cudng no cham diit vao ngay 23 thiing 11 nam 1911 khi nhiing doiin trich thu tir giiia Langevin va Marie dugc cong bo tren td LOeuvre, cho thay khdng cd bang chimg nao dc ket tdi chong lai Marie. Vg chdng Langevin ciing da di den mdt dan xep ly di vao ngiiy 09 thiing 12 luim
1911 ma khdng nhac e.\ den IVIarie.
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KHOA HOC
Xet cho eiing, thdi ghen ghet dd ki trudc mdt tai nang ndi trdi au cung la mdt can benh thudng dnh eiia ke tam thudng. Chi ed nhirng tai nang Idn mdi hieu nhau. Dieu nay cd the thay ro qua biic thu Einstein giii cho Marie khi vu Langevin dang len tdi dinh diem:
Tdi cam thay cdn phdi ndi vdi bd rdng tdi vd cung ngudng mo tinh thdn ciia bd, nghi luc ciia bd vd tinh trung thuc ciia bd. Tdi tu thdy minh may mdn vi dd duac quen biet bd tai Bruxelles. Tdi ludn ludn biet an the gian ndy vi cd nhirng con ngudi nhu bd - cdng nhu Langevin - nhimg con nguai chdn thdnh Idm cho bgn be vui mimg hdnh dien. Neu cdi dam nguai thap hen dy tiep tuc qudy rdi bd, thi don gian xin bd hay ngirng dgc nhirng l&i tdm thuang ciia hg. Hay demdc cho nhiing ke doc dc trao trd bia ddt ra nhifng chuyen tdm thudng do'.
5] OL/NG J R E N VAI NHLfNG NGUCJl KHONG LO:
De phan bien John Gribbin, xin dan ldi ciia chinh Gribbin", thay cho mdt nhan dinh tdng quat ve tam vde khoa hgc ciia Marie Curie:
Kham phd vi dai trong cdng trinh ciia Marie Curie ve radium thuc ra cd 2 mat: Trudc het nd ciu ra rdng nguyen tie khdng phdn chia duoc (dir&i tdc dgng ciia lire CO hgc hoac hod hgc), rdng cd nhimg thir di ra tir nguyen tu: Nhimg tia bi mat ndy thuc ra Id nhirng hat do nguyen tuphdtra, vd trong qua trinh dd nguyen tie hien thdnh mot cdi gi dd khac. Do dd chung ta biet rdng nguyen tif, hoac hat nhdn nhu hien nay ta ndi, tuy khdng the phdn chia nira nhung Id mgt cdi gi dd cd the bi bien ddi thdnh mot cdi gi khdc. Dieu ndv ddn chung ta tai nhifng hieu biet ddy dii hem ve cdc kieu phdng xa hien dai vd cudi ciing Id ve phdn rd hat nhdn, v.v. Nhimg vdn de thuc suxdy ra trong cdng trinh ndy, vd cdi dd md dudng cho cdc nhd nghien cim khdc, nhu Ernest Rutherford, Id a viec su dung chdt lieu nhu mdt thir cdng cu, vd ddy mai Id khia canh hdp ddn nhdt ciia cdu chuyen. O day, vg chdng Curie dd khdm phd ra hien tugng phdng xg, cd lap dugc mdt nguyen td mai, tao ra mgt khdm phd gdy dn luang sdu sdc vdo thdi dd. nhimg rdi bdn thdn vdn de phdng xg lai rdt. rdt quan trgng. Cdi xdy ra trong vdt lieu phdng xg Id a chd hat nhdn nguyen tie phdng ra mat loai hat dugc ggi Id a (Alpha) vd trong qud trinh ndv nd hien mot nguyen td ndy thdnh mgt nguven td khdc, dd chinh Id gidc ma cua cdc nhd
gid kim thuat (alchemists). Roi sau dd hat alpha, mdt loai hat cimg nhd be nhimg chuyen ddng cue nhanh, gidng nhu mot vien dan be xiu, cd the duac sir dung nhu mgt mdy thdm dd de bdn phd vdo ben trong cdc nguyen tie khdc, xem xem nd se Idy cdi gi ra khdi nguyen tie, vd rdt cudc chung Idm va nguyen tu ra sao. Dd Id viec dung cdc hat de bdn phd cdc nguven tu khdng ben vung de Idm cho hat nhdn bi vd ddi ra vd nhu the Id bgn dd gdy ra hien tuang phdn rd hat nhdn.
Vdi nhan thiie tren, ban ed the ndi rang Marie Curie ed the dugc coi nhuZxi me cua khoa hgc nguyen ti?.
Cdng trinh md bd tien hdnh dd true tiep ddn tai cdng trinh ciia Rutherford, rdi vai viec Idm vd nguyen tie vd tdi khoa hgc nguyen tie sau ndy. Dd Id qud trinh khdi ddu ciia vdt ly hat ca bdn hien dai, trong do ngudi ta dimg vat ndy de bdn phd cdc vdt khdc de xem xem cdi gi se xudt hien a ddu ra, dieu do dd thuc su thuc ddy vdt ly the ky XXphdt trien manh me.
Cdn chinh Melvyn Bragg, tac gia cudn "On Giants' Shoulders " thi ket luan: Chdng cd gi phdi tranh cai dethdy rdng vai thdi gian, cdng trinh ciia Marie Curie se duac nhin nhdn trong mot vien cdnh ndng bd len tdm nhimg nhd khoa hgc mdJohn Gribbin ggi la "thuc su hang nhdt" (the very first rank). Ndi each khac, theo Melvyn Bragg, neu hdm nay ai dd cdn chua thay ro tam vde "thuc suhgng nhdf ciia Marie Curie thi rdi thdi gian se cho thay.
Cd le cam thay ndi nhu the van chua dii, Melvyn Bragg cdn dan ldi ciia Susan Quinn, mdt nha nghien cuu tieu sii khoa hgc, ring chIng can phai chd dgi gi niia, Marie Curie tu lau da thudc lap ngudi "thuc sir hang nhat" rdi: Bd thupc lop ngudi dung tren vai nhimg ngudi khdng lo tir lau r o i ! •
Sydney ngay 08-12-2008
(1) Xem "On Giants' Shoulders", Melvyn Bragg, Sceptre, London, 1998, trang 270.
(2)Motphu nukhac la Sophie Berthelotcung dUdc chon cit d do nhung chi vdi tu each vd ciia nha hoa hoc danh tiing Marcelin Berthelot
(3) Nguyen van trong quySt dinh ciia nha nUdc Phap vi viec di ddi mo vd chong Curie vi Pantheon.
(4) Xem "On Giants' Shoulders", trang 265.
(5) Xem "On Giants' Shoulders", trang 256
(6) Nguyen van: "... Marie Curie hiu nhu la ba me ciia bom nguyen tO...". Xin chQa cum tO "bom nguyen tif ciia Gribbins thanh "khoa hoc nguyen tO", vi Marie Curie khong the chiu bit cO mot trach nhiem nao trong dU an chi tao bom nguyen tif sau nay, xet " e o bat cit goc do nao.
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