si; NGHIEP VA TU" TU-O^NG H 6 CHi MINH
NGUYEN AI QUOC
i/6iPHOH6MoiiEiinii6((ti/i0miimpii^(miAm)
NGUYEN THUY DU'C*
Thdi gian gdn ddy, nhieu cdng trinh nghien citu ciia cdc hpe gid trong vd ngodi nudc, nhieu tu lieu mdi lien quan den cdc hoat dpng yeu nudc ciia Nguyen Ai Qudc tic ndm 1917-1923 duac suu tdm trong cdc kho lim trie tai Phdp, giiip ehung ta hieu ddy du, todn dien han cudc ddi, su nghiep cdch mang; ddnh gid rd han vai trd cua Nguyen Ai Qudc trong phong trdo cita nhiing ngudi yeu nude I 'iel Nam tai Phdp nhicng ndm 1917 - 1923.
N
am 1911, d Phap chi ed khoang vai tram ngudi Viet Nam (chii yeu la sinh vien, hoc sinh, thiiy thu, thg thu cdng, ngudi giup viec trong gia dinh ngudi Phap va mot so tri thirc).Trong Chien tranh the gidi thu' nhit, Phap tham gia chien tranh.
Phap da huy ddng hang van ngudi dan thude dia, trong dd cd nhan dan Ddng Duong sang lam bia dd dan cho "nudc me", lam viec cyc nhgc trong cae nha may qudc phdng. phuc vu tien tuyen... Bdi
vay, din nam 1917 thi sd ngudi Viet a Phap 1917, cac gidi Viet kieu tai Phap da dugc tap tang vgt len tdi khoang 9 van ngudi. Trudc khi hgp trong nhdm Hpi ddng bdo thdn di do Phan Nguyen Tit Thanh trd lai Phap vao cudi nam Chau Trinh va Phan Van Trudng sang lap vao
nam 1912. Day la mot td chiirc ai htfu eiia mdt
* Bao tang Hd Chi Minh sd ngudi Viet Nam, tuy khdng cd chuang trinh
Chu tich H6 Chi Minh tiep kieu bao a Phdp den Biarit (Biarritzj, thdng 6-1946.
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hanh ddng, khdng cd dieu le, chi khoang vai chuc hdi vien, nhung ciing cd nhirng anh hudng nhat dinh, tao co sd ban dau cho viec thanh lap Hgi nhifng ngudi yeu nudc Viet Nam vao nam 1917.
Theo tai lieu mat tham Phap, liic dau trd lai Phap, den Pari, Nguyen Tat Thanh d phd Charonne, sau do chuyen den d nha sd 10 phd Stockhom, rdi d nha sd 56 phd Monsieur le Prince. Tir ngay 13 - 7 - 1919 den thang 7 -
1921, Ngudi chuyen ve sd 6 phd Villa de Gobelins, quan 13. Day la nha cua tien sT luat hgc Phan Van Trudng, lam luat su d toa Thugng tham Pari, mdt vien chiic cao cap cd qudc tjch Phap va quen biet nhieu gidi ehinh khach tien bo d Phap. Cimg d vdi dng Trudng cd cu Phan Chau Trinh.
Trd lai Phap lan nay Nguyen Tat Thanh dugc sy giup do tan tinh cua hai chi sT hg Phan. Anh hgc dugc nghe thg anh do Phan Chau Trinh hudng dan va hgc phap van, phap ngu, luat phap tir Phan Van Trudng. Thdng qua Phan Van Trudng, Nguyen Tat Thanh da tiep can nhanh vdi cdng ddng ngudi Viet tai Phap va sau nay lam quen vdi nhieu chinh khach tai Pari. Tir nhifng nam dau trong hanh trinh tim dudng ciiu nudc va hoat ddng d nudc ngoai, Nguyen Tat Thanh thudng xuyen lien lac vdi nhifng ngudi Viet Nam yeu nudc d nudc ngoai de tim hieu, nam tinh hinh ehung va liic nay Ngudi cd dieu kien md rdng mgi tiep xiic vdi ba eon kieu bao.
Sau chien tranh the gidi thii nhat, Diic bai tran, diu nam 1919, dai bieu chinh phii cac nudc tham gia chien tranh den Veexay
(Versailles) - Phap hop Hgi nghi hda binh. Cac doan dai bilu du Hoi nghj nhan dugc mot van ban "Nhiing yeu sach cua nhan dan An Nam".
Dai dien cho nhirng ngudi Viet Nam yeu nudc d Phap, ky dudi ban yeu sach la mot cai ten hoan toan mdi la Nguyen Ai Qudc. Nguyen Ai Qudc da tu minh soan thao ban yeu sach va nhd Phan Van Trudng dich ra tieng Phap. Ban yeu sach cdn dugc dich ra chii Han va chuyen thanh bai dien ca tieng Viet theo the tho luc bat cd ten "Viet Nam yeu cau ca". Ban yeu sach dugc in ra hang ngan ban dudi dang truyin don giii cho Viet kieu, nhiing ngudi Phap tien bg, cho cac toa soan bao Nhdn dao va Ddn ehung, phat trong cac cudc mit tinh, hdi hgp va bi mat gui ve Ddng Duong qua con dudng cac thu thuy, binh linh hdi huong.
"Ong Nguyen phat nhiing truyen dan ay cho tat ca nhifng Viet kieu va nhiing ngudi Viet di linh d Phap. Vi vay ma cd nhifng vu kham xet trong cac trai linh, lam cho nhirng ngudi lao ddng va linh Viet Nam trudc thd o vdi chinh trj nay ciing giae ngd"'.
Theo Bao cao tdng hgp "Ve phong trao ddi dgc lap cho Dong Duong d Pari" giii Bg thuoc dja (ngay 30-1-1920), cua co quan tinh bao chinh tri dae biet do Paul Arnoux phu trach thi: "Truyen don nay dugc in hai lin vdi 6000 ban tai nha in Charpentier, sd 70, dai Id Gobelins"^ Ngay 18-6-1919, bao Nhdn dao da dang ban yeu sach dudi nhan de "Quyen cua cac dan tgc". Theo sy danh gia cua E.Cobelep, tac gia cudn Ddng chi Hd Chi Minh, thi: "Ban yeu sach da trd thanh tuyen ngdn chinh trj bao hieu sir md dau cua giai
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doan mdi trong viec phat triln phong trao giai phdng dan tdc cua Viet Nam,... nd nhu "qua bom" lam chan ddng du luan nudc Phap". Ddi vdi Viet kieu nd ed tae dung thiic tinh, khich le tinh than dan tdc. Khi dd ngudi Viet d Phap ai cung ban tan, td Idng kinh phuc ddi vdi Nguyen Ai Qudc, gap nhau ai ciing ndi din ddc lap, tu quyet. Nha sii hgc ngudi Phap, Charles Fourniau nhan xet: "Tir ngay Nguyen Ai Qudc gui Ban yeu sach tdi Hdi nghj Veexay thi Viet kieu hudng ca ve anh, nhat la khi hg thay ten anh ky dudi cac bai bao dang tren nhieu td bao eiia phai ta ndi ve ndi thdng khd va nhung van de dat ra cho que huong hg.
Viet kieu tim den vdi Nguyen Ai Qudc de dugc anh khuyen bao, giao nhiem vu. Nguyen Ai Qudc nhiet tinh ddn tiep hg, chia se ehd nghi, biia an va vach cho hg thay phai di theo con dudng nao"\ Vdi nhung hoat ddng dd, Nguyen Ai Qudc va Hdi nhiing ngudi Viet Nam yeu nudc tai Phap da tap hgp dugc ddng dao Viet kieu, dua tieng ndi cua nhan dan Viet Nam len vu dai qudc te.
Thye dan Phap lung tiing va bj ddng trudc sy hien dien cua cai ten Nguyen Ai Qudc.
Phan irng trudc sy kien nay, Sd mat tham Phap da tang cudng va md rdng mang ludi theo ddi nhan vat Nguyin Ai Qudc va nhifng ngudi Viet Nam ed lien quan, mdi quan he giifa Nguyen Ai Qudc, Phan Chau Trinh va Phan Van Trudng; mdi quan he ciia hg ddi vdi nhifng ngudi Au va cac nhdm ngudi Trieu Tien, Ailen, Trung Qudc, A rap ...
Ngay 17-10-1919, Bd thude dja da phai ra quylt djnh lap mdt co quan tinh bao cd ten
ggi la Sd dieu tra chinh trj ve ngudi An Nam do Paul Arnoux cam dau"*. Giiip viec cho Arnoux la mdt nhdm mat tham Phap gde Viet, tra trdn. trong Hdi ngudi Viet Nam nhu Jean (tire Tran Van Lam), Dessire, Edouard ...va mat tham ngudi Phap nhu Deveze, nguyen thanh tra sd canh sat,... Cudi nam
1919 dau nam 1920 cd hang loat eac bao cao mat ky ten Jean, Edouard, Dessire, Deveze giii tdi Arnoux ve mgi ddng thai ciia Nguyen Ai Qudc. Cd nhiing bao cao chi tiet, cu the den tirng ngay, tirng gid hoat ddng ciia Nguyen Ai Qudc. Nhiing mat bao nay, dae biet la cac bao cao tdng hgp ciia Arnoux ve viec theo ddi Nguyen Ai Qudc va nhdm ngudi Viet Nam d Phap cho thay: 'Tir cudc dieu tra dugc tien hanh ve hoat ddng tuyen truyen trong cac gidi ngudi An Nam d Pari ve viec iing hd nhifng yeu sach cua ngudi Ddng Duong, thi thay rd linh hdn cua phong trao nay khdng phai la ai khac, ma la ngudi An Nam NGUYEN AI QUAC, ty xung la Tdng thu ky "Hdi nhifng ngudi An Nam yeu nudc" va ciing la thu ky ciia "Hdi nhifng ngudi each mang An Nam"^ Nha sii hgc Charles Fourniau ciing nhan djnh "...tai Paris, Nguyen Ai Qude sdm trd thanh trung tam va dau nao ciia nhdm ngudi Viet Nam jihd be cu trii d Phap".
Viec Hdi nghj Veexay khdng quan tam tdi nhung yeu cau cua ban yeu sach da giiip Nguyen Ai Qudc hieu rang: "Mudn dugc giai phdng, cac dan tdc chi cd the trdng cay vao minh, trdng cay vao lyc lugng ciia ban than minh"^. Nhan thirc nay cang dugc ciing cd, soi
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sang nhd thang lgi cua Cach mang thang Mudi Nga va bdi anh hudng ciia Ludn cuang ve cdc vdn de ddn tpc vd vdn de thupc dia ciia Lenin.
Bao cao mat tham Phap chuyen theo doi ngdi nha sd 6 Villa de Gobelins da ghi nhan nhieu cuge tranh luan gay gat giira Phan Chau Trinh va Nguyen Ai Qudc trong nam
1919 ve thai do ddi vdi thuc dan Phap, ve dudng loi hanh ddng can cd. Nhung dii cd su bat ddng quan diem nhan thiic ve ke thii chinh ciia dan tdc, ve phuong hudng va phuang phap dau tranh giua Nguyen Ai Qudc va Phan Chau Trinh, Phan Van Trudng (tham chi ngay ca giiia hai chi sT hg Phan cung cd sy bat ddng), nhung hai dng ludn hd trg, tao dieu kien cho Nguyen Ai Qudc hoat ddng. Ban than Nguyen Ai Qudc ciing het siic kien tri trong viec ly giai, thuyet phuc cac dng ve quan diem cua minh.
Phan Chau Trinh tuy van kien tri con dudng di ciia minh, nhung cung da bieu Id sau sac Idng tin cay, sy cam phuc cua minh vao tai tri va kha nang cua Nguyen Ai Qudc, dieu nay dugc the hien trong birc thu Phan Chau Trinh giii cho Nguyen Ai Qudc tir Macxay, ngay 18-2-1922: "Bay gid tdi tua nhu chim Idng ca chau. Va lai, cay gia thi gid de lay, ngudi gia tri lan, canh tdi nhu hoa sap tan, hilm vi qudc phd gia vong, ma hai tan cung phai gao cho ha da, may ra cd tinh giae hdn me. Cdn anh nhu cay duong lde, nghj lire cd thira. day cdng hgc hdi, ly thuyet tinh thdng..." .
Nhirng hoat ddng cua Nguyen Ai Qudc trd nen sdi ndi hon khi gia nhap Dang Xa hgi
Phap, tham gia tich cue vao Uy ban Qudc te III, ling hg tuyen truyen Cach mang thang Mudi, bd phieu tan thanh Qudc te III tai Dai hgi Tua thang 12-1920, trd thanh mot trong nhung ngudi sang lap Dang Cong san Phap.
Nhiing hoat ddng tich cue, cd hieu qua ciia Nguyin Ai Qudc trong Dang Cong san Phap tao budc tien trong nhan thiic ve van de thuoc dia, khdng ngimg nang cao uy tin ciia Ngudi, that chat mdi quan he giiia giai cap vd san d chinh qudc vdi cac dan tgc thude dia. Dae biet trong thdi gian tham gia Dang Cong san Phap, Nguyen Ai Qudc da lien he vdi cac dai bieu cd xu hudng chdng thuc dan d mot sd nudc A - Phi de lap mat tran qudc te, ma cu the la Hdi Lien hiep thuoc dia, vao cudi nam 1921 vdi CO quan ngdn luan la bao Le Paria.
Dd la mdt td chirc cd mdt khdng hai trong ljch sii, tap hgp nhiing ngudi thuoc dia sdng tren dat Phap doan ket giiip do lan nhau trong cudc dau tranh giai phdng dan tgc. Bao Le Paria do Nguyen Ai Qudc la chii bien, kiem chii nhiem va phu trach tai chinh ciia bao.
Bao ra dugc tat ca 38 sd, Nguyin Ai Qudc phu trach tir sd 1-15, viet 30 bai, ve tranh, ky hga. Ndi dung cac bai viet tap trung vach tran tdi ac ciia chu nghla thuc dan tren mgi ITnh vyc: chinh tri, kinh te, van hda, xa hgi doi vdi nhan dan Ddng Duong va cac thuoc dia khac, gdp phan tuyen truyen chu nghTa Mac - Lenin, thiic tinh cac dan tgc, budc dau chi ra con dudng dau tranh gianh dgc lap cho hg.
Nguyen Ai Qudc ra siic van ddng ddng bao minh sinh sdng tren dat Phap mua bao, ung hg tien cho bao. Thu viet tay ciia Nguyen Ai
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Qudc giri ddng bao ngay 28-5-1923, ban tieng Phap cd viet:
"Paris ngdy 28-5-23 Ddng bdo thdn men,
Tdi xin giri siru tap "Paria " md ddng bdo yeu cdu (0.25x13) = 3f25 Tien ddt mua trong 1 ndm Id
3f 6f25 Trong lite ehd duac vui mirng dpc thic cua dong bdo, ddng bdo thdn men, tdi xin gid lai chdo rdt thdn thiet.
Nguyen Ai Qudc"*
Ngudi dgc true tiep bao Le Paria la nhtfng ngudi biet tieng Phap. Cdn ngudi Viet Nam d Phap chii yeu lai khdng thdng hieu tieng Phap.
Bdi luc nay phan ddng kieu bao ta d Phap la nhtfng binh linh bj huy ddng sang Phap trong nhimg nam chien tranh dang ehd ngay hdi huong. Khdng nhung khdng biet tieng Phap, ma khdng it ngudi cdn chua dgc thdng thao chif Viet. De giao due tinh than yeu nudc cho ddng bao minh tren dit Phap, khac phuc sy thd o ciia hg ddi vdi Td qudc, dan tdc va de tuyen truyen.
cd ddng ve trong nudc, Ngudi da van ddng Hdi nhirng ngudi Viet Nam yeu nudc ra bao Viet Nam hdn va viet mdt bai bang van van, in thanh truyin don, cd ddng cho viec ra bao va keu ggi mgi ngudi tham gia dat mua bao theo mau, giri cho dng Nguyen Ai Qudc, nha sd 3, phd Marche des Patriarches, Paris, Quan 5^. Rit tiec do yeu ciu cdng viec, Nguyen Ai Qudc da khdng thye hien dugc y djnh nay.
Nhiing nam 1920 -1923, Nguyen Ai Quoc thye sy hoa nhap trong phong trao dau tranh
cua giai cap cdng nhan Phap. giai cap vd san the gidi va bat dau di vao quT dao cua he tu tudng tien tien cua thdi dai do anh hudng cua Cach mang thang Mudi Nga. Nguyen Ai Qudc da ddn tam tri vao cac hoat ddng trong Viet kieu yeu nudc, xay dyng mdi lien ket chat ehe vdi phong trao each mang trong nudc, hudng dan phong trao di theo con dudng cua each mang vd san. Ngudi thudng xuyen viet thu trao ddi tinh hinh vdi nhieu ngudi Viet Nam tai Phap va de nghi hg giiip dd viec cung cap tai lieu de tap hgp viet sach bao tuyen truyen, van ddng kieu bao. Thdng qua phong trao ciia kieu bao, nhifng sach bao mang tu tudng giao due tinh than yeu nudc va each mang, trong dd cd Viet Nam yeu cdu ca do Nguyen Ai Qudc bien soan va in an, bao Le Paria do Nguyen Ai Qudc tham gia sang lap va lam chii but... dugc chuyen ve Viet Nam, timg budc gdp phan djnh hudng con dudng ciiu nudc cho nhan dan ta.
Nguyen Ai Qudc ludn tim mgi each de nhan dan Phap, nhan dan the gidi biet den dat nudc minh va tranh thu mgi djp de vach tran tdi ac ciia thye dan Phap d Viet Nam. Ngudi sir dung triet de vu khi bao chi, tranh thii mgi dien dan hdi hgp, mit tinh, sinh hoat cau lac bg, tham gia cac hdi nhiing ngudi ban nghe thuat, hdi du ljch... de tham gia y kien, tranh luan. dien thuyet td cao ehe do thye dan Phap d Viet Nam, ndi nen tinh canh cua nhan dan An Nam.
keu ggi sy iing hd, giiip do ciia giai cap cdng nhan, cac td chiic tien bd Phap... Qua nhiing hoat ddng sdi ndi va tich cyc cua minh, Nguyen Ai Qudc da giae ngd, cudn hut kieu bao tham gia hoat ddng trong phong trao ciia Hdi nhung
TAP CHi LICH SU" D A N G - SO 4/2009 25
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ngudi Viet Nam yeu nudc tai Phap, timg budc dua Hdi nhiing ngudi Viet Nam yeu nudc trd thanh mdt doan the eua Hdi Lien hiep thude dja.
Nhung ngudi Viet Nam cd them nhieu ban be d cac thude dia va qua Hdi, ban be eae thude dja hieu dae diem dja ly, tinh hinh kinh te - xa hdi, ljch sir dau tranh ciia nhan dan ta. Day la thdi ky Nguyen Ai Qudc chuan bj hanh trang de budc vao giai doan tiep theo trong hanh trinh dan dat dan tdc di den thang lgi. Diing nhu dy cam ciia triim mat tham Phap Paul Arnoux khi dd: "Con ngudi thanh nien manh khanh va day siie sdng nay cd the la ngudi se dat chif thap cao ehung len nen thdng tri ciia ehung ta d Ddng Duong"' .
1, 6. Tran Dan Tien: Nhimg mdu chuyen ve ddi hoat dong cua Ho Chii lich, NXB Van hoc, H,
1970,tr.30-31
2, 5. Tdi lieu lim tai kho Thu kho quoc gia Phdp. Ky hieu luu trie: F7-13405 (Xem: Nguyen Phan Quang. Nguyen Ai Quoc a Phdp 1917-1923, NXB Cdng an nhan dan, H, 2005;
3. Nguyen Phan Quang: Nguyen Ai Quoc a Phdp 1917-1923, NXB Cdng an nhan dan, H, 2005, tr.66
4. Tdi lieu luu tai kho Thu kho quoc gia Phdp.
Ky hieu luu trie F7-1345
1. Le Thj Kinh: Phan Chdu Trinh qua nhimg tdi lieu mdi NXB Da Ning, 2003, tr.355-356
8. Tdi lieu sim Idm ndm 2007. ky hieu IDO/HCUs.p.c.e 367
9. Hd Chi Minh Bien nien tieu sic, CTQG, H, 2006Tl,tr.203-204
10. Hdng Ha: Thdi ihanh nien cua Bde Ho, NXB Thanh nien, H, 1976, tr.81.
CHIEN THANG DIEN BIEN PHU...
(Tiep theo trang 14)
Trong chien diu, nghe thuat tac chien dugc quan ddi ta thye hien phii hgp trong hoan canh lugng dy trif hau cin han ehe. Phong trao bin tia, sy phdi hgp tdt gjifa bd binh va phao binh, dae biet la tran dja chien hao da giiip ta bao dam chien thang trong dieu kien ngudn cung cap cd han"*. Dieu nay chimg td: siic manh tieu diet djch khdng chi phu thude vao hda lyc, phu thuoc vao lugng vii khi, ma phu thude chii yeu vao viec cd phuong cham, nghe thuat tien cdng diing din.
Ket hgp sir dung mdt each nhuan nhuyen ca 3 hinh thirc tac chien: du kich, van ddng, cdng kien trong chien dich Dien Bien Phii la mdt budc phat trien quan trgng ciia tu tudng quan sy Viet Nam. Nd ke thira tmyen thdng danh giae ciia cha dng ta, ddng thdi van dung phii hgp nhung tri thirc quan sy hien dai va mot sd kinh nghiem ciia cac nudc ban vao dieu kien cu the cua chien tranh va chien tmdng khi dd. Chien thang Dien Bien Phu da gdp phan lam phong phii net dgc dao trong kho tang nghe thuat quan sy Viet Nam.
1. Robert Guillanin. La Fin des illusions (Het ao tyong). Trich theo Vo Nguyen Giap: Dien Bien Phii diem hen lich sir, NXB QDND, H, 2000, tr.40i
2. Vo Nguyen Giap: Dien Bien Phu diem hen lich su, NXB QDND, H, 2000, tr.50
3. Ta da huy dong dugc 261.453 dan cong vai 18.301.570 ngay cong, 25.056 tan gao, 907 tin thit, 917 tin luong thuc khac, 20.991 xe dap thi, 11.800 mang nira va hang nghin con ngira tho. Rieng doi xe dap tho da len tren 200.000 nguoi, moi xe cho dugc tir 200-300 kg
4. Ta CO tong so khoang 20.000 vien dan phao 105 ly, so voi sir tinh toan ciia dich can cir vao hoa lire ciia ta la 350.000 vien va thuc te quan Phap da sii dung 132.000 vien.
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