VAN DE MOI TRUONG TRONG GIAI QUYET TRANH CHAP DAU TU QUOC TE
G I C ANHA DAU TU VA NHA N U 6 C
DAO KIM ANH **' VO PHUONG THAO "
Tom t&t: Bai viet khai quat ve nhiing each tiep can khac nhau doi vai vk'n de moi trudng trong thpc tien giai quye't tranh chap diu tu quoc te giUa nhk diu tu nUdc ngoki va Nha nudc tiep nb$n diu tu, t&p trung vao each Nha nUdc sd dung cac l&p lu&n ve mdi trudng va quan diim cua trgng tki diu tu khi xem xit v&'n de nay. Tiep theo, thdng qua phan tich vu Burlington Resources Inc. v. The Republic of Ecuador^^' - mot tranh ch&'p diu tU gin day cd lien quan tdi trach nhi$m boi thuang tbi^t h$i do 6 nhiem moi trudng cua nhk diu tu, bai viet phan tich xu budng mdi trong vigc sd d\ing l&p lu^ bio ve moi trudng nbu mgt 'Vu khf di Nha nUdc bao ve lai ich cua minh trUdc cac khieu ki^n cua nhk diu tu, tU dd rut ra ke't lu&n vk mdt sd'kinh nghiem cbo Viet Nam.
Tiikboa: Bao ve mdi trUdng; tranh ch&'p diu tUqud'c te. trgng tai diu tu; Vi^t Nam.
Abstract: This article examined different approaches in dealing with environment issues in investor-state dispute settlement at international arbitration. We focused on bow the state uses environment-related arguments to support their case and how arbitral tribunals resolve this issue in practice. Further, by analyzing the case of Burlington Resources Inc. v. The Republic of Ecuador - a recent investment dispute involving habiiity of investors for environment damages, the article revealed a new trend in applying environment argument.^' to protect the state's interests in disputes with foreign investors, thereby drawing out conclusion and recommendations for Vietnam.
Keywords: Environment protection; international investment dispute, investment arbitration;
Vietnam.
Ngay nh&n bai: 17/11/2019; Ngay sda bki: 26/12/2019; Ngay duyet d&ng bki: 27/2/2020.
1. Dat va.'n de mdi trfldng nghiem trpng. Mac dfl diu tfl Ha tha'p cae tieu chuan radi trfldng da nfldc ngoai ddng gdp quan trpng vao sfl tflng dflpe eac qud'c gia sii dung nhfl mot phat trie'n kmh te nhUng eung keo theo yeu to' de canh tranh trong linh vfle thu tinh trang d nhiem mdi trudng va suy hiit vd'n diu tU qud'c te. Dieu nay dupe ly
giai la nhfi d i u tU nUde ngofii ed xu hUdng '"' Gifing vien. Khoa Lufit, Trucfng Dai hoc Ngo^i , , . - . - , - . L -' -• thuong; Email: anhdkeftu.edu.vn.
Iua chpn cac quoc gia eo tieu c h u a n moi ,-. Troly luat sU, Cong ty Lufit l.NT & Partners, trfldng tha'p nhfim tiet kiem chi p h i v a ^^^BurlingtonResourcesInc. v. Republic of Ecuador (vif nguin luc vi d u nhU chi p h i d i u tfl h e Burlington). ICSID Case No. ARB/08/5, Decision on
Ecuador's Counterclaims dated 7 February 2017.
thdng xii ly ehfi't t h a i , n a n g c a p m a y i,ttps://ww»-.itaIaw.com/sites/defaultyfile8/ca8e- mde '^* Tuy nhien, thflc te chflng minh documents/itilaw8206.pdf,truycap ngfiy 20/10/2018.
rjng chinh sach tren keo theo nhieu tac "' Kvia Tieoh..,. (2006,. w^stVo. Doo, K„„„ c.n
° , - . , . , - . • Hurt You- Investor-State Disputes and the Protection dpng k h d n g m o n g mud'n ddi vdi nUde tiep ^^^^^ En\ironment in Developing Countries, (ilobal nhfin d i u t u , d a c biet l a h a u q u a d n h i e m Environmental Politics 6:4. tr.85.
, j 7.2020 NHiW L l ^ KHOA HOC X A H O I Q
vAX DE MOI TRCOXC. TRONG CLAI QUYET TRANH CHAP..
giam tai n g u y e n . dfic biet la cac qudc gia vdi h e thd'ng quy dinh p h a p l u a t mdi trUdng "long leo" co n g u y cd bi bien thfinh
"bai rfic cdng nghe" cua t h e gidi.
X h a n tha'y r i i ro nfiy, eae qudc gia ngfiy cfing c h u t r p n g hdn tdi cae quy dinh ve moi trUdng trong cae dfl a n d i u tU nUdc ngoai.
n h i m nfing eao ehfi't lUdng nguon vo'n d i u t u . Xhflng hien phfip dUdc thflc hien k h a da dang, cd t h e thdng q u a b a n hfinh quy phara p h a p l u a t ve tieu c h u a n mdi t r u d n g , thiet lap cd cbe kiem t r a c h a t ehe ddi vdi boat ddng eua du a n hoac ap d u n g cbe tai m a n h ddi vdi h a n h vi gfiy d nhidm cua nhfi d i u t u (vi du n h u , xfl p h a t hfinh chinh, yeu cfiu boi thfldng t h i e t h a i hofic tfldc gia'y phip d i u tfl). V i n de d a t r a la nhflng bien p h a p n a y ed t h e m a u t h u i n vdi cac cam ket bao hp d a u tfl eiia qudc gia t r o n g cfic hiep d i n b d i u t u ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n v e s t m e n t A g r e e m e n t s - IIA'^'), dae biet la trong eac IIA t h e h e cu khi nbflng vfi'n de n b u mdi t r u d n g vfi lpi ich cdng cdng ehUa thflc sfl dupe q u a n tam'"**. T r o n g khi dd, rapt diem dae t h u trong linh vUe p h a p l u a t d i u t u quoc t e la su ton t a i cua cd che giai quyet t r a n h chfi'p (GQTC) gifla nhfi d i u t u nfldc ngofii va Nhfi nudc tiep n h a n d a u tu, theo dd n b a d a u t u dupe quyen trUc tiep khdi kien N b a nUde r a t r p n g tai qudc te. Do dd. khi N h a nUde thfle bien rapt bien phfip ve mdi trfldng gfiy t b i e t b a i cho n h a d i u tfl nfldc ngoai tbi ed nguy cd hi n h a d i u t u khdi kien r a trpng tai quoc te t r e n cd sP mdt I LA. da ky ke't gifla h a i qudc gia. Thflc tien cho t h a y cac bien p h a p ve mdi trfldng ngay cang trd thfinh ddi tfldng bi n h a dfiu tfl n h i m tdi t r o n g cfic t r a n h c h a p vdi Xha nudc'^'.
Cau hdi dfit r a lfi t r o n g t r a n h c h a p gifla n h a d i u tfl va Xhfi nflde. m a u thufin gifla ldi ieh c u a n h a d a u tU va nhflng Ipi ich mdi trfldng dfldc bdi d d n g t r p n g tfii g i i i q u y e t r a .^ao? L a p lufin ve ldi ich cdng cdng cd the' dfldc X h a nfldc sii d u n g n b u t h e nfio trUde k h i e u kien eiia nhfi d i u t u ve bien phfip mdi trUdng?
Q u a n t r p n g h d n , l a m t h e nfio de rapt qud'c gia d a n g phfit t r i e n nhU Viet N a m cd t h e b a n c h e vfi ngfin ngfla r u i r o p h a t s i n h t r a n h cha'p vdi n h a d i u tU k b i thflc b i e n cac bien phfip mdi trUdng? B a i viet n a y se t r a ldi eae e a u hdi t r e n t h d n g q u a p b a n tieh thfle t i d n G Q T C d a u tU quoc t e lien q u a n tdi cac bi^n p h a p mdi trfldng, d a c b i e t t a p t r u n g vao v u Burlington Resources Inc. v. The Republic of Ecuado/^^ m p t t r a n h chfi'p g i n d a y dfinh da'u bfldc p h a t t r i e n q u a n t r p n g t r o n g e a c h tie'p c a n e u a t r p n g tfii d i u tU ve v a n de mdi trUdng. Tfl do, b a i viS't r i i t r a m p t so k i n h n g h i e m cho Viet N a m t r o n g boi c a n h viee k i e m s o a t d n h i e m mdi trfldng ddi vdi eae dfl a n d a u tfl nfldc ngofii d a n g dfit r a n h i e u t h a c h thflc.
' " T r o n g bfii viet nfiy, thufit ngfl hifp dinh d i u tU qu6c te (International Investment Agreements - llA) d u ^ dung d^ chl cfic hi^p dmh quoc te c6 quy dinh ve d^u lU, bao gom cac hi^p dinh khuyen kMch vfi bao h6 d i u t u song phuong (BIT), cac hiep dinh thuong mai tu do CO noi dung ve dfiu tu,...
'*' Dao Kim Anh (2018), "Bao ve moi trucfng vfi sflc khoe cpng dong trong cac hi$p dinh dfiu t u qu6'c te vfi mot so khuyen nghj vdi Vi^t Nam". Tap chi Nhan lUc Khoa hoc xa hgi. so 11(66), 37.
•••'TamaraL Slater (2015), Inveator-State Arbitration and Domestic Environmental Protection.Washington University Global Study Law Review,14(i)_ t r idfi
" ' Burlington Resources Inc. v. Republic of Ecuador
Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdi
Sfi 7-2020
DAO KIM .\NH. VO PHCOXG THAO 2. Lap luan ve moi trfldng - ctf sot
bien minh cho bien phap ciia Nha nfldc trong tranh chap vcfi nha dau tfl
Trfldc kia, vfiii de radi trfldng trong giai qu_\et tranh cha'p diu tfl quoc te thfldng dflpe Nha nfldc sU dung nhU mdt lap luan de bao ve eho bien phap bi nhfi diu tU khdi kien, nbfim muc dich trfinh trach nhiem ddi vdi nhfi diu tU, hoac de giam khoan bdi thudng phai tra'^. Mdt trong nhflng vu viec tieu bieu trong dd Nha nUdc sit dung Ifip lufin ve mdi trUdng nhu mdt
"la chin" de bien minh cho bien phfip eiia minh la vu S.D. Myers, Inc. v.
Government of Canada giai quye't bfing trpng tai theo Hiep dinh TbUdng mai tfl do Bic My (the North American Free Trade Agreement - NAFTA). Trong vu nay, nha d^u tfl - edng ty S.D.Myers (Hoa Ky) hoat ddng trong linh vfle thu gom va xii Iy chat thai PCB'^' da diu tfl vao Canada, vdi boat dpng chinh lfi lap cfic cd sd tbu gora cha't thai tai Canada, sau dd chuyen vi cac nhfi may tai My de xd Iy. Nam 1995, Bd trfldng Bd mdi trfldng Canada ra Quye't dinh ca'm xua't khau cha't thai ed chfla PCB khien dfl an cua S.D.Myers phai diing boat ddng.
Nguyen ddn cho ring bien phap cua Canada dfi vi pham nguyen tie ddi xfl qudc gia trong NAFTA khi tao ra sfl phan biet ddi x^ gifla S.D.Myers va cae cdng ty xii Iy hda cha't ndi dia vi chi phi xii ly chat thai tai nha may cua nguyen ddn tai My thfi'p hdn nhieu so vdi cae cdng ty eiia Canada. Tuy nhien, hi ddn lap lufin ring l$nh cfi'm nfiy la cin thie't de bao ve mdi trudng trUdc efic tae dpng xa'u eiia viee van chuyen PCB trong qufi trinh van chuyen, do dd Canada se khong phai ehiu trfich
S6 7-2020
nhiem bdi thfldng theo Chudng 11 cua NAFTA'^'.
Thflc tien xet xu cho thfiy cfich tiep can ciia cae bpi dong trpng tfii dau tU ve van de mdi trUdng la khdng gid'ng nhau. Theo rapt nghien cflu ciia Tamara L. Slater, tinh tdi nfim 2015.
trong 46 vu tranh chap gifla nhfi diu tu vfi Nha nflde dupc biet den lien quan de'n bien phap mdi trUdng, cd 7 vu hdi dong trpng tAi danh Uu the eho nha diu tU, 4 vu nghieng ve Nhfi nflde, cac vu cdn lai dfldc giai quye't thdng qua hda giai kin gifla cfic ben""'.
Ddi vdi nhflng vu viec rafi flu th§' nghieng ve Nha nude, trpng tai ve ed ban ung hd Ifip lufin cua Nha nfldc khi qudc gia dd cd the dUa ra cac bfing chflng khoa hpe chflng rainb rfing bien phfip bao ve mdi trfldng lfi ein thiet vfi khdng nhim muc dich ban che diu tu Cu the, trong vu Methanex Corporation v. United States of America'^^^\ nha diu tu Methanex dfi kien
•^ Nitirih Monehhurrun (2013). Is investment arbitration an appropnate venue for environmental issues?A Latin American perspective, Revista de Direitolnternacional. 10(1), tr.l99.
'*" Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) lfi mpt nhdm cac h^p chfit nhan t^o tru6c day duoc sii dung r^ng rai trong cac thiet bi dien nhUng da bj cfi'm vao cu6i nhflng nfim 1970 d nhieu nUoc bdi nhdng nguy cd gay hai cho moi trUtJng vfi silc khoe. Tuy n h i e a PCB lfi nhQng hdp chfit rfi't bin vflng nen qua trinh xu Iy doi hoi phUdng phap vfi cong nghe hien dai. dieu nay dfin tdi sU ra doi cua ngfinh cong nghiep thu gom vk xU ly chfit thai PCB.
''' S.D. Myers. Inc. v. Government of Canada.
Respondents Counter-memorial (UNCITRAL) dated 5 Oct 1999. https://www.italaw.com/sites/ default/
files/case-documents/italaw8495.pdf. truy cfip ngfiy 20/10/2019, doan 457.
' " " T a m a r a L. Slaier tldd, tr.l46.
.Methanex Corporation v. United States of America.
Final award of the Tnbunal on Jurisdiction and Mtrits (UNC1TR.AL) dated 3 August 2005, https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/file8/case- documents/ita0529.pdf, truy clip ngfiy 20/10/2019.
NHAN LI^C KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
VAN DE MOI TRCOXG TRONG GIAI Q L ^ T T TR.\NH CHAP...
Hoa Ky d u a t r e n Hiep d i n h X.AFTA. eho r i n g l e n h cfi'm s a n xua't c h a t m e t h y l t e r t - b u t y l e t h e r (MTBE) " ' eiia b a n g California n h i m muc dich chiera la'y t h i p h i n eua n h a d i u tU, tfl dd cd t h § hi coi la mpt hfinh vi tudc doat q u y e n sd hflu (expropriation) vi p h a m quy d i n h tai X.AFTA. K h d n g dong y vdi lap l u a n c u a M e t h a n e x , hdi ddng t r p n g t ai da bi t h u y e t p h u e bdi b i n g chflng k h o a hpc dflpc d u a r a bdi Hoa Ky va k e t l u a n r i n g b a n g California t h a t .-^u dfi b a n hfinh l e n h cfi'm vi muc dich bao ve mdi trUdng trUdc nhflng tfic ddng cd h a i cua ehfi't M T B E chfl k h d n g nhfim gay bfi't ldi ddi vdi nhfi s a n xufi't m e t h a n o l " " .
Tuy nhien, t r o n g rapt sd' t r u d n g hdp, t r p n g tfii Iai cho rfing c h i n h sach mdi trfldng ma N h a nude d u a r a ehi la "vd bpc" cho mpt h a n b vi vi p h a m IIA. Vi du, t r o n g vu S.D. Myers n e u t r e n , t r p n g t a i da ket lufin r i n g ly do bao ve mdi trUdng la hofin tofin k h d n g t h u y e t p h u c de C a n a d a b a n hfinh l e n h cfi'm c h a t P C B , vi C a n a d a hofin t o a n cd t h e sd d u n g nhflng cfich thflc khfic hieu q u a hPn dd bao ve mdi trudng*"'. T r o n g mpt so' t r a n h chfi'p khfic n h u \-u Santa Elena v. Costa Rica^^^\
ngay ca khi hdi dong t r o n g t a i dong y r i n g ly do bao ve mdi trUdng la h d p ly vfi e i n thiet t h i N h a nUde v i n k h d n g t h e trfinh khdi n g h i a vu bdi t h u d n g do h a n h VI vi p h a m IIA n e u quy dinh t r o n g IIA k h d n g cho p h e p dieu nfiy. Xdi each khfic, t r o n g tai thfla n h a n q u y e n ciia cac quoc gia trong viec nfing cao cfic tieu c h u a n mdi trUdng, nhUng ehi phi vfi eae t b i e t h a i phfit s i n h se do Xha nude gfinb chiu chfl k h d n g p h a i la n h a d a u tfl"^*.
3 . T h i e t h a i v e m o i trflcrtig - cd sdf d e N h a n f l d c k h ^ k i e n l a i n h a d a u tfl t a i t r o n g t a i q u o c t e
N h u dfi phfin tich d t r e n . trong h i u bet cfic t r a n h chfi'p trUdc day. Nhfi nUdc t h u d n g chi dflng lai d viec sii d u n g ly do bao ve mdi trUdng nbfl mot "la chan de hdp p h a p hda eho bien phfip cua m i n h v a eae hpi ddng t r p n g tai k h a c n h a u ed q u a n diem k h d n g gid'ng n h a u ve v a n de n a y . T u y nhien, t r o n g mot sd' t r a n h cha'p gfin day, N h a nude k h d n g chi dflng lai d viec tfl bao ve ma da b i t d i u sii d u n g l a p l u a n ve mdi trfldng nbfl mot "vu k h f de p h a n to' va budc n h a d i u tfl p h a i bdi t h u d n g t h i e t h a i do d nhidm mdi trUdng gay r a bdi h d a t dpng d i u tfl. Mdt vi d u dien b i n h la v\i Burlington Resources Inc. v. The Republic of Ecuador (vu Burlington), t r o n g dd k h i ddi m a t vdi cac khie'u k i e n c u a n h a d a u tfl, E c u a d o r dfi p h a n td' vfi y e u c i u n g u y e n ddn boi thfldng ve cae t h i e t h a i radi trfldng da gay r a t r o n g q u a t r i n h d a u tfl t a i nfldc nay. Hpi dong t r p n g tai k e t l u a n n g h i e n g ve p h i a E c u a d o r , khfing d i n h rfing B u r l i n g t o n da gay d n b i d m mdi trfldng vfi boi t h u d n g cho E c u a d o r sd' t i e n len tdi hdn
Ui) MTBE lfi mot hdp ehfi't hflu cd chu yg^u dugc pha vfio xfing de thay the chi. Tuy nhien, den cuo'i thfip ky 1990, MTBE bi canh bao lfi hgp cha't co kha nSng gay b^nh cho nguoi, dfic bif t la benh ung thu.
"*' Methanex Corporation v. United States of America, tldd, doan IV(4) 20.
»*' SD Myers. Inc. v. Government of Canada, tldd, doan 195.
""^^ CompaHia del Desarrollo de Santa Elena SA v Republic of Cost^ Rica. ICSID Case \ o . ARB/96/1 Award dated 17 February 2OO0' https;//www.italaw,com/sites/default/fiIe8/ca8e- documents/italaw6340.pdG, truy cap ngay O5/I1/2019 '"•' CompaHia del Desarrollo de Surn.-i Elena •> A Republic of Costa Rica. tldd. doan 71
Q NHM LUC KHO/t HOG U Htl «« 7-21120
DAO KIM ANH. VO PHUOXC. THAO 40 tneu USD'^^. Ke't lufin nfiy danh dfi'u
sfl thay doi quan trpng ve each tiep can ddi vdi cac gia tri mdi trUdng trong thfle tien giai quye't tranh chfi'p dau tU. Vfi'n de dat ra lfi cfic lap lufin ve radi trudng dfi dfldc Ecuador dfla ra nhfl the nfio? Hdi dong trpng tai da xem xit vfi giai quyet vfi'n de nfiy ra sao? Tfl vu tranh chfi'p nay, lieu cae Ifip lufin ve mdi trfldng ed kha nfing dflde vien dfin nhfl rapt "vu khf hieu qua cua Nhfi nfldc trong cac tranh chap vdi nhfi diu tfl? Cac cfiu hdi nfiy se dflpc tra ldi trong phan tiep theo day.
3.1. Tom tit vu Burlington Burlington Resources Inc la mdt edng ty chuyen khai thac diu rad va khi thien nhien thanh Ifip theo phfip luat Hoa Ky, da ky Hpp dong hdp tac kinh ddanh vdi Chinh phu Eeuaddr de khai thfic dau tai cac md so' 7 va 21 tai Ecuador. Tfl nfim 2002, gia diu tang manh khdng the kiem soat. Nfim 2006, Ecuador da ban hanh Lufit ve Hydrocarbon (Luat So' 42) dieu chinh quy dinh ve thue nhim raue dich kiem soat vfi on dinh gia dau. Luat sd' 42 quy dinh ring Nha nfldc se danh thue 50%
len eae san phira diu md, va mflc thue tang len tdi mflc 99% vfio nfim 2007 khi Ecuador siia doi lufit. Vi Burlington khdng hofin thanh nghia vu ddng thue, nen sau dd Ecuador dfi thflc thi Luat sd' 42 bfing each ticb thu tfii san eua Burlington.
Thang 4/2008, Burlington nop ddn khdi kien Ecuador ra Trung tam qudc te ve giai quyet tranh cha'p dau tfl (International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes - ICSID) cho ring bien phap eiia Ecuador da vi phara cara ket khdng tfldc doat quyen sd hflu ciia nha dau tfl dfldc
quy dinh trong IIA gifla Ecuador va Hoa Ky. Lien quan tdi cae yeu cau eua nguyen ddn, hpi dong trpng tai ket lufin rfing viec Ecuador tich thu tai san eiia nhfi dau tu da cfi'u thfinh hanh vi tfldc doat quyen sd hflu trai vdi quy dinh trong IIA va yeu ciu Ecuador ed trfich nhiem bdi thudng eho Burlington*"*'. Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh xet xfl. Ecuador dfi de trinh vfin ban bd sung ve yeu ciu phan to. theo dd khdi kien lai Burlington do hfinh vi gay d nhiem mdi trudng tai hai mo diu va yeu cau nha diu tfl boi thfldng vdi sd' tien len tdi 2,8 ty USD.
3.2. Yeu cau pban to ve moi tritc/ng cua Ecuador trong vu Burlington
a. Xic dinh luit ip dung
Trong vu nay, hdi dong trpng tai xac dinh lufit ap dung chii yeu de giai quyet yeu ciu phan td' ve trfich nhiem eua nhfi diu tfl ddi vdi eae thiet hai mdi trudng tai Ecuador la lufit ndi dia eua Ecuador.
TrUde bet, hdi ddng trpng tfii l;y' giai ly do fip dung lufit ndi dia Ecuador doi vdi yeu ciu phan td' ve mdi trUdng, eu the lfi lufit boi thudng thiet hai ngofii hpp ding cua Ecuador. Theo Dieu 42(1) Cdng Udc ve giai quyet tranh chfi'p dau tu gifla cfic quoc gia vfi cfic edng dan cua quoc gia khac (Cdng fldc ICSID), khi xem xet ndi dung tranh cha'p, hdi ddng trpng tfii cd the fip dung (i) luat mfi cac ben thoa thufin, (ii) trfldng bdp khdng cd thoa thuan, hdi ddng
" ' ' Burlington Resources Inc. v. Republic of Ecuador, tldd. doan 1099.
'^"'Burlington Resources Inc. v. Republic of Ecuador.
Decision on Liability dated 14 December 2012, h ttps://www. 1 tala w. co m/s 1 tes/d ef a u I t/(i k-M/C a se- documents/!talawl094_0.pdf, truy cfip ngfiy 22/10/2019.
t f 7-2121 NHAN LlfC KHOA HOC XA H A Q
\'AX DE MOI TRU(3XG TROXC. GIAI QUiTT TR.\NH CHAP...
trpng tai cd quyen ap dung luat qudc gia la mdt ben trong tranh chfi'p vfi pbap luat qudc te Uen quan. Trong trfldng hdp nay.
hdi dong trpng tai ifla chpn fip dung luat ndi dia cua Ecuador tren ed sd (ii) neu tren. cu the lfi ap dung theo lufit npi dia eua qudc gia eung vdi phap lufit qudc te lien quan"^'.
Cach tiep can nfiy cd nhieu diem thfl vi. Trfldc kia trong cae tranh chfi'p diu tfl cd lien quan tdi bien pbap mdi trudng, cfic hdi dong trpng tfii thudng Uu tien ap dung quy dinh trong IIA vfi tap qufin diu tu, la cfic ngudn luat chu ye'u trong phap lufit diu tu qud'c te'^*'*. Theo mdt khao sfit dUa tren 98 vu tranh chfi'p dien ra tfl nfim 1998 de'n nfim 2006, lufit qud'c gia khdng dfldc sfl dung mdt cfich thfldng xuyen de Ifim ngudn lufit cho viec giai quyet tranh chfi'p diu tfl quoc te'"". Tuy nhien, trong vu Burlington, hpi ddng trpng tai da lfla chpn ap dung luat qud'c gia tie'p nhan dau tfl. Cd quan diem lo ngai ring lfla chpn nay ciia bpi ddng trpng tai la danh sU flu tien eho Nha nfldc bi ddn vi luat qud'c gia la cdng cu the hien y ehi cua Nha nude va thudng cd xu budng bao ve quyen ldi Nha nUdc. Do dd. viee hpi dong trpng tai lfla chpn ap dung luat ndi dia cd the dUde eoi lfi dang gifin tie'p uu tien bao ve cho lpi ieh ciia qudc gia. Tuy nhien, dieu nfiy khdng hofin tofin dung. Vdi cae tranh chap lien quan tdi hanh vi gay d nhiem mdi trUdng xay ra trong qua trinh diu tU, viee ap dung luat cua qud'c gia dd la bdp ly vi dd la ndi phat sinh hanh vi va cung la ndi xay ra thiet hai. Lfla chpn nay cung phu hdp vdi sU phat tnen cua phap lufit diu
tfl qud'c te khi mfi vfi'n de mdi trUdng con chua dUde de cfip tdi trong phin ldn cac IIA. dfie biet lfi cac HA the be cu vd'n tap trung vfio cac quy dinh ve bao hp vfi khuye'n khich diu tU. Ngofii ra, mac du bpi ddng trpng tfii lfla chon fip dung luat npi dia cua nudc tie'p nhfin dau tU, nbung viec dien giai cae quy dinh phap lufit dd nhu the nfio thudc ve hdi ddng trpng tfii. Van de nay se dUdc phan tich dudi day.
Ddi vdi ndi dung tranh chfi'p ve viec diin giai lufit bdi thudng thiet hai ngofii hdp dong eua Ecuador, bai ben chii ye'u bfi't dong vi che dp trach nhiem dUdc fip dung ddi vdi nha diu tU lien quan tdi cac thiet hai ve mdi trfldng. Che dp trach nhiera nay dfldc xac dinh dfla tren phap luat eua Ecuador, bao gom Hie'n phap, Bp lufit dfin sfl, vfi cac an le ciia Ecuador. Dfla theo cac van ban phap lufit va an le, Ecuador eho ring eh§' dp trach nhiem nghidra ngfit (strict liability) se dfldc fip dung trong trfldng hdp nfiy, trong khi Burlington eho ring trpng tai nen ap dung che dp trfich nhiem dfla tren ye'u to^ ldi (fault-based liability). Che dp trach nhiem nghiem ngat la cbe dp ma kbi ap dung se dem Iai ldi the bdn eho hi ddn vi bi ddn ehi can ehflng minh cd tdn tai thiet hai do hfinh vi cua nhfi diu tfl gfiy ra mfi khdng can ehflng minh yeu to ldi va nha diu tfl ehi ed the dUdc miln trach khi chflng minh
"^'Burlington Resources Inc. v. Repubhc of Ecuador Decision on Ecuador's Counterclaims, tldd. doan 74
^* Saverio Di Benedetto (2013,. international Investment Law and the Envircnment pi international investment law. t r . l 4 7
°' Saveno Di Benedetto, tldd. tr 67 Q NHAN LMC KHOA HOC XA Hftl
167-2028
DAO KIM .AXH. VO PHUOXC, THAO dupc nguyen nhan gfiy ra thiet hai lfi
trfldng hdp bfi't kha khang, hoac mpt ben thfl ba, hoac nan nhan ciia thiet hai.
NgUdc lai, ddi vdi che dp trach nhiem dfla tr§n yeu td' loi - ehe dp dem lai Uu the eho nha diu tu vi Nha nUde se phai ehflng minh ddng thdi bai yeu to' la ed tdn tai thiet hai ddi vdi mdi trfldng va thiet hai dd la do 161 bit cin cua nha diu tfl*^^*.
De giai quyet vfi'n de nfiy, hpi ddng trpng tfii phan tieh va diln giai phap lufit ndi dia eiia Ecuador, cu the d dfiy lfi Bd lufit dan sU Ecuador vfi dfic biet lfi nhflng an le cd lien quan ma tofi fin Ecuador dfi x^t xii. Sau khi xem xdt mpt so' an le eua Ecuador, hpi ddng trpng tai ke't luan ring che dp trach nhiem dupc sfl dung trdng phap lufit Ecuador ddi vdi trfich nhiem boi thudng tbiet hai ve mdi trUdng lfi ehe dp trach nhiem nghiem ngat, vi the Ecuador khdng cin chflng minh ye'u to' ldi trong hfinh vi ciia Burlington*^'". Mdt diem dang lflu y la hdi ddng trpng tai trong vu nay hoan toan ed quan diem trai ngfldc vdi trpng tai trong vu Perenco Ecuador Ltd. v.
The Republic of Ecuador and Empresa Estatal Petrdleos del Ecuador(vu Perenco) (mdt vu viee ed nbieu tinh tiet tfldng tfl va dupe x^t xfl song song vdi vu Burlington).
Trong vu Perenco, trpng tfii khfing dinh ring ehe dp trach nhiem dfla tren yeu td ldi nen dfldc ap dung vfi cho ring phfin quye't trong fin le ciia tofi fin Ecuador khdng thflc cha't dfla ra quy dinh eu th^ ve che dp trach nhiem thdng qua cae fin le'-^'.
Khdng ddng y vdi lap luan nay. hdi ddng trpng tfii trong vu Burlington eho ring Toa an Ecuador da thflc sfl thie't lap nen ehe dp trach nhiem nghiem ngat eho cfic
sti 7-2020
hoat ddng tiem an nguy ed, dfic hiet lfi boat ddng khai thfic diu md'-'"
b. Tinh toan thiit hai thuc te Sau khi ap dung ehe dp trach nhiem nghiem ngfit vfi ke't lufin ring Burlington phai ehiu trach nhiem boi thfldng ddi vdi cfic thiet hai ve mdi trfldng gfiy ra tai Eeuaddr, hdi dong trpng tfii tiep tuc xfic dinh thiet hai thflc tephat sinh. Trpng tai cho ring phfldng phap tinh toan thiet bai mfi bai ben dfla ra, cu thd lfi phUdng phap tinh tofin dien tich vfi khdi Ifldng dfi't thfle te bi d nhilm do boat ddng khai thac lfi ehfla ehinh xac va diy du de tinh toan so tien khic phue tbiet bai bdp Iy.
Chuyen gia cua Ecuador (Cdng ty giam dinh lEM) da sii dung phUdng phap dflng md hinh tren phin mem may tinh de tinh toan tong khdi Ifldng dat bi d nhiem.
PbUdng phap nay da bi hdi ddng trpng tai bac bd vi ly do so' lieu theo md hinh khdng khdp vdi so' lieu thfle te, tfl dd da "thdi phdng" kich cd thflc sfl cua vflng dfi't bi d nhilm'^*". Ve phia Burlington, chuyen gia cua nguyen ddn (Cdng ty giam dinb GSI)
^' Burlington Resources Inc v. Republic of Ecuador. Decision on Ecuador's Counterclaims, tldd, doan 225-235.
1231 Burlington Resources Inc. v. Republic of Ecuador. Decision on Ecuador's Counterclaims, tldd. doan 236-239.
'•"'Perenco Ecuador Ltd. v. The Republic of Ecuador and Empresa Estatal Petrdleos del Ecuador (Petrwcuadorl.lCSW Case No. ARB/08/6. Interim Decision on the Environmental Counterclaim dated 11 August 2015, http8://www.italaw.coni/
sites/default/fiIes/case-documents/italaw6315.pdf, t r u y c ^ p ngay 15/10/2019.
'-'^'BurUngton Re.-ources Inc. v. Republic of Ecuador.
Decision on Ecuador's Counterclaims, tldd. doan J ix.
"^'Burlington Resources Inc. v. Republic of Ecuador.
Decision on Ecuador's Counterclaims, tldd, doan 373.
NHAN LOC KHOA HOC XA HAI Q
\-AX DE MOI TRUOXC. TRONG GIAI QU\-ET TRANH CHAP..
dfi sU d u n g phfldng p h a p ve dfldng bao q u a n h (hand contouring), theo dd t h u tbfip tfi't ca cac mfiu d eac vflng d n h i e m hoac bi n g h i la d n h i e m cho den khi m a u t h u dupc la m i u saeh, tfl dd cd t h e p h a c hpa r a k h u vflc bi d nhiem. Hdi ddng t r p n g tai cho r i n g each pbae hoa vflng dat hi d n h i l m dfla t r e n m a u thflc te lfi phfldng phfip phfl hdp nhfi't trong vu nay. tuy nhien vfin khdng tin t u d n g hofin tofin vfio ket q u a giam dinh cua Cdng ty GSI, vi edng ty nfiy dfi k h d n g lay du mfiu de gifim dinh'^^.
Do k h d n g thoa m a n vdi nhflng phfldng p h a p t i n h tofin khdi Ifldng dfi't bi d n h i l m do h a i ben d u a ra, hpi dong t r p n g tfii q u y e t dinh se tfl minh tdi k h a o s a t k h u vflc d a n g t r a n h chfi'p nhfim tim r a eon sd c h i n h xae nhfi't. Theo ke't q u a thflc dia, hdi ddng t r p n g tfii dfi d u a r a ke't lufin rfingsd' tien khfic p h u c t b i e t h a i thfle t e cho v u n g dfi't bi d n b i e m se rdi vfid k h o a n g 33 trieu USD, rapt eon sd'nhd hdn r a t n h i e u so vdi sd'tien 790 t r i e u U S D raa E c u a d o r yeu c i u bdi t h u d n g , nhUng cflng ldn hdn rfi't n h i e u so vdi 1,1 t r i e u U S D m a B u r l i n g t o n dfla ra'^""'
Vu Burlington la mdt t r o n g sd'it cfic vu t r a n h cha'p ma N h a nfldc t h a n h cdng t r o n g viec dUa r a yeu cau p h a n to' ve mdi trfldng tai trpng tai d i u tfl quoc te Tuy r i n g trudc dd N h a nfldc v i n p h a i ehiu t r a c b nbiem boi thUdng eho n b a d i u tU do vi p h a m IIA, viec yeu c i u p h a n td' dUde c h a p nhfin dfi t h e hien dupe p h a n nfio sU cfin b i n g t r e n can can gifla ldi ieh cdng - ldi ich tfl trong thflc t i l n GQTC dfiu tfl-^'.
Mdt t r o n g nhflng v a n de dfing ehu y t r o n g
\-u nay lfi viec bdi ddng trpng tfii da lfla chpn a p d u n g va dien giai p h a p l u a t ndi
Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
dia de xfic dinh t r a c h n b i e m ga.v » n h i ^ m mdi trfldng cua n h a d i u tfl. C;uh tiep L.I eua hpi ddng t r p n g tfii vu viec nn> cung co p h i n tich cflc vfi c b u ddng hdn so vdi eae hdi ddng t r p n g tai d i u tfl k h a c . Viec hpi ddng t r p n g tai vu Burlington lfla ebon di thflc dia tai dia die'm d n h i l m cho thfi'y t r a c h n h i e m va sfl c h u ddng cua t r p n g tfii t r o n g qufi t r i n h giai quyet t r a n h c h a p . Dieu nfiy cung cho thfi'y trpng tfii dfiu tU ngay eang s i n s a n g hdn t r o n g viee x e m xet eac v a n de "phi t r u y e n thd'ng" nhU ldi ich ve mdi trUdng t r o n g eae t r a n h c h i p d i u tfl.
4 . L i e n h e v d i V i e t N a m
Tai Viet Nara, v i n de mdi trUdng lien q u a n tdi cae dfl fin d i u tfl, dac biet la dfl a n d i u tfl nfldc ngoai n g a y cfing trd n e n nhfle nhdl. Mdt so' vu viee g a y n e n lfin sdng bflc xfle t r o n g dfl lufin cd t h e k l dd'n lfi v u Cdng t y V e d a n xa t h a i r a song T h i Vai sud't 14 nfim va vu Cdng t y F o r m o s a xa t h a i vfldt q u a t i e u e h u a n cho p h e p d i n de'n eai c h e t eiia 80 t a n h a i s a n dpc bd bien 4 t i n h B i c m i e n Trung'^"'. T u y n b f l n g sfl cd' n a y d e u dflpc t h o a thufin gifla Nhfi nUdc v a n b a d i u tfl, cu t h e la n h a d i u t u d a c a m ke't bdi thfldng c h o t h i e t h a i mdi t r u d n g d a g a y r a , n b f l n g v u viee nfiy lfi da'u b i e u c a n h b a o ve r u i ro p b a t s i n h
^'^'Burlington Resources Inc. v. Republic of Ecuador, Decision on Ecuador's Counterclaims, tldd. doan 386 ' ^ ' Burlington Resources Inc. v. Republic of Ecuador, tldd. doan 430 - 433, 889.
''«' Harnson J a m e s (2016), Environmental Counterclaims in Investor-State Arbitration. The journal of World Investment & Trade, (17)^ t^ 4gg
™' Hofing Thi Hanh, Nguyin Tufi'n Dung. Ban vi v&'n de bao c? moi trudng a khu vuc pDj http://moitruong.net.vn/ban-ve-van-de-hao-ve-m • truong~Q-khu-vuc-fdi. truy cap ngfiy I5/10/2019
sfi 7-2020
DAO KIM AXH. VO PHUONG THAO tranh chfi'p gifla Chinh phu Viet Nam vfi
nhfi diu tu nUdc ngofii lien quan de'n mdi trUdng.
Ddi mfit vdi nguy cd d nhilm mdi trUdng ngfiy cfing tfing, Viet Nam cd xu hfldng ngfiy cang t h i t chat tieu chuin ve mdi trUdng, tfl dd cd the gfiy anh hudng kinh te khdng nhd doi vdi cae nhfi dau tU nfldc ngofii. Cu the, trudng hdp thudng xay ra trong thfle tien tranh chfi'p d i u tfl quoc te la khi Nha nflde thay doi boae ban hanb mdi efic quy dinh phap lufit nhfim nang eao tieu chuan mdi trudng.
Khi do, cac du fin diu tfl nflde ngoai mac dii da dap flng cfic tieu chuan mdi trfldng tai thdi diem dflpe cfi'p phep dau tfl lai trd thfinh khdng du tieu chuan khi ap dung theo cac tieu chuin mdi. Khi Nba nfldc dfla ra nhflng ehe tfii tfldng flng nhfl xxt phat hfinh ehinh, tfldc gifi'y phep d^u tfl, thi hanb ddng nfiy ed the bi nha d^u tfl cho la vi pham eac quy dinh trong IIA vi du nhfl vi pham nguyen tie ddi xfl cdng bang va thda dang hoac eac quy dinh ve tfldc doat quyen sd bflu... Nhflng mfiu thuin trong linh vflc phap luat bao ve mdi trfldng do dd ed the trd thanh nguyen nhan din tdi eae tranh cha'p dau tfl qud'c te gifla nhfi diu tu vfi Nhfi nude.
Trong bdi canh dd, viec hieu va nfim b i t thue tien xet xU tranh cha'p diu tfl lien quan tdi va'n de mdi trfldng la vd cflng quan trpng de Nha nfldc cd the sfl dung nhflng Ifip luan ve ldi ieh mdi trfldng nbfl mpt "vu khf" hieu qua de bao ve Idi ieh chinh dang ciia qud'c gia.
Tfl phan tich ve thflc tiln xet xfl tranh cha'p diu tu lien quan tdi eac bien phap mdi trUdng vfi dac biet lfi tfl sfl thanh
edng cua Ecuador ve yeu ciu phan td*
trong \-u Burlington, ngfldi viet dfla ra mpt sd' gpi y vfi khuyen nghi cho \'iet Nam dfldi day.
Thd nhi't, cfic ldi ich mdi trfldng dang ngfiy cfing dupe quan tfim trong tranh chfi'p diu tu, the hien d each tie'p cfin cua trpng tfii cd xu hfldng cfin bfing gifla ldi ieh kinh te cua nha dau tfl dupc bao hd vfi lpi ich cdng cdng ma qud'c gia tie'p nhfin diu tu hudng tdi. Viec sii dung quyen phan to' trong ed che GQTC diu tU quoc te de yeu cau nhfi diu tU bdi thfldng thiet hai ve mdi trfldng cd the giup Nhfi nflde bao ve quyen ldi chinh dang khi ban hanh vfi thfle thi cfic ebinb sach edng. Nhfl da phan tich, xu the hien nay ehd tha'y trpng tai diu tfl dang ngay eang cd cfich tie'p can "md" hdn khi xem xet va'n de mdi trudng. Vi vay, khi xay ra tranh chap vdi nha diu tu lien quan tdi Idi ich mdi trUdng, Viet Nam cd the xem xet sfl dung quyen phan td' eua minh de budc nhfi dfiu tU phai chiu trfich nhiera ve thiet hai mdi trUdng gay ra bdi boat ddng diu tU.
Thd hai, Viet Nara can hofin thien phap Iuat qud'c gia, trong dd bao gdra ca phfip lufit ve dau tU vfi phap luat ve bao ve mdi trudng de ed the ehie^ra Uu the trong lap luan trUdc bdi ddng trpng tai.
Nhfl dfi pban tieh trong via Burlington, ddi vdi yeu eau phan td' ve radi trfldng, hpi ddng trpng tfii da lfla chpn fip dung phap luat ndi dia eua Ecuador, dac biet la cfic fin le eua tofi an nUdc nfiy. Hien tai, he thd'ng fin le ciia Viet Nara dang mdi phfit trien, eu the lfi cbo tdi nfim 2019 mdi cd 29 an le dflde edng bd' va
9i7-aa NHAN LMC KHOA HOC XA HOt Q
VAX DE MOI TRU(i)XG TRONG GIAI Q U ^ T T TRANH CHAP..
chfla cd a n le n a o lien q u a n d e n moi t r f l d n g ' " ' . Ben c a n h dd, quy d i n h phap lufit ve mdi trUdng e u a Viet N a m vfin chfla t h a t chfit c h e . t r o n g dd cd t h e k e d e n Id h d n g t r o n g h e thd'ng quy c h u a n ky thufit ve mdi trfldng t r o n g ki^m sofit n g u o n t h a i , eu t h ^ la t i e u c h u i n ky t h u a t vfin cdn thfi'p, e h u n g e h u n g vfi lac h a u so vdi t h e gidi. Vi vay. t r o n g trfldng h p p xay r a t r a n h c h a p n e u l u a t Viet N a m dfldc lfla chpn a p d u n g t h i t r p n g t a i se g a p khd k h a n t r o n g viee dien giai p b a p lufit ndi dia. De khfic p h u c dieu nfiy, Viet X a m e i n tiep tuc hofin t h i e n p b a p l u a t ve bao ve mdi t r u d n g p b u hpp vdi cfic tieu chufin qud'c te, tfing cfldng cac quy dinh ve t h u c t b i p h a p l u a t , ddng thdi x e m xet ghi nhfin cac fin le t r o n g linh vUe t r a n h cha'p mdi trUdng.
Thd ha, thflc t i l n GQTC d i u tfl h e n q u a n tdi t h i e t h a i ve mdi trfldng cho thfi'y bfing ehflng khoa hpc lfi rapt ye'u td' q u a n t r p n g de xac dinh t r a c h n h i e m ciia n h a d i u t u cung n b u t i n h toan mflc dp bdi thfldng. Trong vu Burlington, hpi ddng t r p n g tfii da k h d n g chi diing lai d viec x e m xet b i n h thflc cua b i n g chflng k h o a hpe, ma da yeu eau k h a o s a t lai va trflc tie'p thflc dia de kiem t r a t i n b cbinb xac c u a cae van de ky t h u a t t r o n g b i n g chflng.
Ngofii vfi'n de ky tbufit, vfi'n de tbdi diem d u a r a b i n g ehflng khoa hpc ciing vd cimg q u a n trpng. T h u d n g thi bfing ehflng k h o a hpc se dfldc dUa ra trUdc hpi ddng t r p n g t a i sau khi t r a n h cha'p phfit s i n b , t u y nbien, t r o n g mpt sd' vu viec. bfing chflng khoa hpc (bao gdm viec nghien cflu, gifim dinh ve viee d a p flng tieu c h u a n mdi trfldng ciia
k h o a n dau tu) Iai p h i i dUdc d u a r a trUde khi k h o i n dfiu t u dude h i n h thfinh (vi du n h u t b d n g q u a viec dfinh gia tac ddng moi trfldng kbi Ifip dfl a n d i u tfl). Ddi vdi trfldng hdp nfiy. ne'u tfl d i u viec n g h i e n eflu va gifim d i n h dfi k h d n g cbiuin xfic, t h i qud'c gia se khd cd thd bao ve dfldc q u y e n ldi eua m i n h k h i t r a n h chfi'p Hen q u a n de'n t i e u chufi'n mdi trUdng dd x a y r a . Vi vfiy, Viet N a m n e n xfiy dflng m o t dpi n g u c h u y e n gia k h o a hpc vdi c h u y e n m d n vflng v a n g de cd t h e bao ve tdi da q u y e n ldi c u a N b a nfldc t r o n g t r a n h chfi'p vdi n h a d i u tfl.
Tdm lai, v i n d e mdi trfldng xufi't h i e n n g a y cfing n h i e u t r o n g cac t r a n h chfi'p d a u tfl qud'c t e . Thflc t i l n g i a i quyd't t r a n h c h a p cho tha'y sfl t h a y dd'i t r o n g e a c h tie'p c a n e u a cac qude gia c u n g nhfl q u a n d i e m e u a hdi d o n g t r o n g t a i k h i x e m x6t ldi ich mdi trfldng t r o n g moi q u a n h e vdi nhflng t i e u c h u i n ddi xxi t r u y e n thd'ng t r o n g cac hifep d i n h d i u tfl.
Ne'u nhfl trfldc d a y , eac quoc gia hi ddn chfl ye'u sd. d u n g l a p lufin ve mdi trfldng n h u rapt "la c h i n " b i e n m i n h cho bien p b a p e u a N h a nflde trUdc k h i e u k i e n eua nhfi d a u t u t h i g i n d a y cac gia t r i mdi t r u d n g edn dflde vien d i n nhfl m d t "vu k b i " de N h a nflde dfla r a yeu e a u p h a n to' n h i r a budc n h a d a u tfl chiu t r a c h n h i e m ve h a n h vi gfiy d n h i i r a gfiy r a t a i nfldc t i e p nhfin dfiu tfl. .Mac d u so' t r a n h chfi'p
'^" Danh sfich cac an le da duoc cong bo tai https://anle.toaan.gov.vn/webcenter/portal/anle/anl truy cfip ngaj 16/11/2019.
'-'Nuish Monebhurrun. tldd, tr.202
Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC X A H O I
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DAO KIM AXH. VO PHUOXC THAO dflde ghi nhfin ehfla nhieu va cdn nhieu
vfi'n de chua thd'ng nhfi't trong quan diem cua bdi ddng trpng tfii, nbflng phan quyet gin day nhfl vu Burlington Resources Inc. v. Republic of Ecuador la vi du tieu bieu eho thay trach nhiem boi thfldng ve cac thiet hai mdi trfldng gay ra bdi nha diu tfl hoin toan cd the dflde xem xet tai trpng tfii diu tfl. Kinh nghiem cua Ecuador trong viee dua ra yeu ciu phan to' ve mdi trUdng cung nhu nhflng nhfin dinh cua hdi dong trpng tai trong vu viec tren mang lai nhieu gia tri cho Viet Nam trong bdi canb ehung ta phai ddi mat vdi ngfiy cang nhieu vu viee 6 nhiira mdi trUdng trong eae du an diu tfl nfldc ngoai. Cflng vdi viec tie'p tuc hoan thien eae quy dinh phfip lufit trong nfldc ve mdi trfldng va dau tfl, Viet Nam cung can ein chuan bi sfin sang trfldc nhflng tranh cha'p cd the pbat sinh vdi nha diu tfl nfldc ngoai lien quan tdi cae bien phfip mdi trfldng eiia Nhfi nflde. Tfl dd, Nha nflde ed the bao ve quyen vfi ldi ich cbinh dfing cua qud'c gia trfldc cfic khien kien cua nha diu tfl tai trpng tai qud'c te. ddng thdi theo dudi chinh saeh thu hiit diu tfl can bfing gifla ldi ieh kinh te'vfi eac ldi ieh mdi trfldng.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Dao Kim Anh (2018). "Bao ve mdi trfldng va sflc khde cdng ddng trong cac hiep dinh diu tfl qud'c te vfi mot sd khuyen nghi vdi Viet Nam". Tap cbi Shan lUc Khoa hpc Xa hpi, so 11 (66).
2. Thi Hanh, Xguyin Tuan Dung. Bin vi vail de bao vi mdi trUdng d khuMJc FDI, http://moitruong.net.vn/ban-ve-van- de-bao-ve-moi-truong-o-khu-vue-fdi.
truy cap ngay 15/10/2019.
3. Burlington Resources Inc. \.
Repubhc of Ecuador (vu Burlington).
ICSID Case Xo ARB/08/5. Decision on Ecuador's Counterclaims dated 7 February 2017
https://w\vw.italaw.com/sites/default/fil es/case-documents/italaw8206.pdf. truy cap ngay 20/10/2018.
4. Harrison James (2016).
Environmental Counterclaims in Investor-State .Arbitration, The journal of World Investment & Trade, (17).
5. Kyla Tienhaara (2006), What You Don't Knov^ Can Hurt You: Investor- State Disputes and the Protection of the Environment in Developing Coun tries.Global Environmental Politics 6:4.
6. Nitish Monebhurrun (2013), Is in vestmen t arbitra tion an appropria te venue for environmental issues?A Latin American perspective, Revista de Direitolnternacional, 10(1).
7. Tamara L. Slater (2015), Investor- State Arbitration and Domestic Environmental Protection, Washington University Global Study Law Review,14(l).
8. Saverio Di Benedetto (2013), International Investment Law and the Environment. Elgar International Investment Law.
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