^Mfi ludl oa JOnk U S611 (212)-2009
ve HOA GIAI TRANH CHAP BAT BAI
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uat Da't dai nam 2003 quy dinh viee giai quyet tranh cha'p da't dai bit bude phai qua hoa giai tai Uy ban nhan dan ca'p xa duong su mdi ed quydn khdi kien de'n toa an. Day la mgt quy dinh mdi, nhung qua hon hai nam thi hanh vin chua duge hudng din eu thd, nen thirc tidn giai quyet tranh cha'p dai dai da cd nhieu each hieu va van dung khac nhau. Chinh su map md dd da trd thanh chudng ngai vat lam ach tic trong cdng tac giai quyet tranh cha'p lidn quan den dai dai.Didu dd khdng ehi gay bUc xiic trong nhan dan, ma edn la ndi ban khoan, tran trd eua nhung ngudi lam cdng tac phap luat.
L Hoa giai tai cap xa co phai la nguyen tic bat di bat djch?
Theo quy dinh tai cae Didu 135 va 136 eua Luat Dat dai nam 2003 thi khi xiy ra tranh cha'p dai dai nhai thiet phii qua hoa giai tai Uy ban nhan dan xa, phudng, thi trin (sau day ggi chung la Uy ban nhan dan ca'p xa) noi ed dai tranh chap.
• PHAM THAI QUY
Chi sau khi Uy ban nhan dan cap xa da tien hanh boa giai ma mgt hoac cac ben duong sir khdng nhai tri, thi mdi dugc phep khdi kien yeu cau toa an giai quyet (ne'u tranh chap thuge thim quyen giii quyet cua toa an). Trien khai thi hanh Luat Dai dai nam 2003, ngay 22/7/2004 Toa an nhan dan tdi cao da ban hanh Cong van sd 116/2004/KHXX hudng din:
Ke tu ngay 01/7/2003 trd di toa an ehi thu ly, giii quyei tranh cha'p dai dai da duge hoa giii tai Uy ban nhan dan cap xa ma mdt ben hoac cac ben duong su khdng nhai tri va khdi kien den toa an. Trong trudng hgp duong sir nop don khdi kien ma tranh chap dd chua qua boa giii tai Uy ban nhan dan cap xa, thi toa an tri lai don khdi kien cho duong su. Vdi quy dinh nay, thuc tidn giai quyet tranh chap dai dai trong hon hai nam qua da phat sinh nhiing vudng mic dd la:
Trudng hgp sau khi nhan dugc don yeu ciu cua duong su, de tidn hanh boa giai Uy ban nhan dan cap xa da trieu
tap nhieu Iin nhimg ngudi bi kidn cd tinh trdn tranh khdng de'n nen khdng thd tie'n hanh vide hoa giai duge. Trong trudng hgp nay, ed noi thi Uy ban nhan dan cap xa vin eii tie'p tuc trieu tap ngudi bi kien de td chuc hoa giai bing dugc cho du cd vi pham thdi ban boa giai la trong vdng 30 ngay ke tu ngay nhan don. Nhung cung cd noi lai lap bien bin ghi nhan vd vide khdng the tie'n hanh boa giai dugc de giao eho duong su nop don khdi kidn ddn toa an. De'n giai doan khdi kien, khi ngudi khdi kien nop don ddn toa an, ed toa an cha'p nhan bidn ban vd viec khdng tie'n hanh hoa giai duge do Uy' ban nhan dan cap xa lap de thu ly don khdi kien eua duong sir, nhung eiing khdng it tda an da tra lai don khdi kien theo quy dinh tai diem d khoan 1 Didu 168 Bg luat Td tung dan su (chua ed dii dieu kien khdi kidn) vi cho ring tranh chap chua duge boa giai tai cap xa.
Trong thuc te, thdng thudng ngudi bi kidn ludn tim mgi each de ddi phd nham iin tranh
Ddn chu & Phdp ludt
^hiufL Luat ou JCink tl S611 (212)-2009
viee giii quyet tranh chap, trong khi dd phap luat lai khdng cd quy dinh ve viec ap giai ngudi bi kien de'n de tham gia boa giai. Do dd, vdi each xir ly nay ne'u ngudi bi kien cd tinh trdn tranh de'n ciing viec tham gia boa giii thi tranh chip se khdng bao gid dugc giai quyei. Theo tdi trong trudng hgp nay, vide cae toa an ddi hdi nhat thiet phai cd bien ban hoa giai tai Uy ban nhan dan cap xa mdi thu ly vu an la qua may mdc. Khi xem xet eac quy dinh cua phap luat vd giai quyet khie'u kien hanh ehinh, giai quyet tranh chap lao ddng deu ed quy dinh trong trudng hgp don khie'u nai khdng dugc giai quydt hoac tranh chap lao ddng khdng dugc boa giai tai CO sd trong thdi ban phap luat quy dinh thi ngudi khie'u nai, cae ben tranh chap cd quydn khdi kien den toa an de yeu ciu giai quydt. Va ngay trong Bg luat To tirng dan sir cung da quy dinh trudng hgp bi don da dugc trieu tap hgp le de'n Iin thU hai ma vin ving mat khdng cd ly do ehinh dang, thi toa an lap bien ban ve viec khdng tien hanh boa giii dugc de lam co sd dua vu an ra xet xir ma khdng nhat thiet phii tie'n hanh boa giai. Vi vay, khdng thd cUng nhic la eU phai cd bien
bin hoa giai mdi thu ly don khdi kien, ma neu ngudi khdi kien cung cap dugc bien ban cua Uy ban nhan dan cap xa ve vide khdng tie'n hanh hoa giai dugc vi ben bi kien cd tinh ving mat va cac tai lieu vd viec Uy ban nhan dan cap xa da trieu tap hgp le de'n Iin thU hai ma ngudi bi kien ving mat, thi toa an vin thu ly vu an de giai quyet.
Mdt van de nua la theo quy dinh tai Dieu 135 Luat Dat dai nam 2003 thi: "Uy ban nhan dan xa, phudng, thi tran cd trach nhiem phdi hgp vdi Mat tran Td qudc Viet Nam va cac td chUc thanh vien cua Mat tran, cac td chUc xa hgi khac de boa giai tranh chip dai dai".
Trong thuc te da cd nhung tranh chap dat dai ma Uy ban nhan dan cip xa da tie'n hanh boa giai nhung thanh phin hoa giai khdng ed can bg ciia Mat tran Td qudc Viet Nam hoac khdng cd can bg ciia eac to ehue thanh vien cua Mat tran, ndn toa an da tri lai don khdi kien, tham chi la da thu ly vu an vin cU ydu ciu Uy ban nhan dan cap xa phai hoa giai lai eho ddng thanh phin vi sg ring cip phiic tham se buy an so thim.
Trudc yeu ciu phai hoa giii, lai cd noi thi Uy ban nhan dan cap xa chap nhan td chUe boa giai.
nhung khdng it noi Uy ban nhan dan cip xa lai tir chdi vide hoa giai lai vi cho ring, tranh chap da dugc boa giai va cU the viec tranh chap se bi "treo"
mai.
Theo quan diem cua chiing tdi, trong dieu kien nim bit va am hieu phap luat cua can bg cap xa dang cdn han chd', mat khac vdi thdi ban 30 ngay phai tie'n hanh viec hoa giai nen vide cd du cac thanh vien cua Mat tran tham gia boa giai la khdng hd dd. Do vay, toa an khdng the' qua ddi hoi, cau toan dd'i vdi boat dgng hoa giai d cip xa de roi tu diy cac tranh chip da't dai vao vdng luin quin, trong khi tranh chip doi hdi phai dugc giii quye't kip thdi.
2. Loai tranh chap nao phai qua hoa giai tai cap xa ? Trong thuc te vide tranh chip lien quan de'n dit dai xay ra rat nhieu dang trong nhieu quan he phap luat khac nhau.
Do dd, viec hieu nhu the nao la tranh chip dit dai de khoanh vung nhung loai tranh chip dit dai phai qua thii tuc hoa giai tai cap xa vin chua dugc nhan thuc thdng nhit. TU do din ddn tinh trang nhieu noi, nhieu luc vin quan niem tha "danh nhim hon bo sot". Va day cung la mgt trong nhung nguyen nhan lam ach tic trong cdng tac giai
Ddn chu & Phdp ludt
(pkiLfi luAl oa, JCink tl
S611 (212)-2009quydt tranh chip dai dai hidn nay.
Luat Dai dai nam 2003 eung nhu Nghi dinh sd
181/2004/ND-CP ngay 29/10/2004 cua Chinh phii mdi chi ed quy dinh tranh cha'p dai dai phii qua boa giai tai Uy ban nhan dan ca'p xa, nhung lai chua quy dinh cu thd bit bude phai boa giii ddi vdi nhiing tranh cha'p dit dai thudc loai nao. Can eu vao quan he phap luat tranh cha'p chiing ta cd the phan loai eac tranh chap dai dai nhu: Tranh cha'p vd quan he phap luat dai dai (tranh chip ai la ngudi cd quydn sir dung dai); tranh cha'p ve quan he hgp ddng dan su nhu chuyen ddi, chuyen nhugng, tang cho, cho thud, cho thud lai quydn sir dung dai, the cha'p, bao lanh, gdp vd'n bing quyen su dung dai;
tranh cha'p vd quan he sd huu chung (quyen su dung chung vd dai dai); tranh cha'p vd quan he thUa ke (thua ke quyen su dung dai). vay theo quy dinh cua Luat Dai dai, ed phii tai ca cae dang tranh chip trdn ddu phai thdng qua vide hoa giai tai ca'p xa hay khdng?
Vd vin dd nay hien nay dang tdn tai hai quan diem trai ngugc nhau:
Quan diem thif nhdt cho
rdng: Tat ci eac tranh chap dai dai nhu tranh chip ai la ngudi ed quyen sir dung dit; tranh chip hgp ddng chuyen ddi, chuydn nhugng, tang cho, cho thud, eho thud lai, quydn su dung dai, the chap, bio lanh, gdp vd'n bing gia tri quydn sir dung dai; tranh chap thua ke quyen sir dung dai va tranh cha'p tai sin chung la quyen sir dung dai deu bit bugc phii qua boa giai tai cip xa, thi duong su mdi cd quyen khdi kidn de'n toa an. Don cir nhu vu an tranh chip thUa ke quyen sir dung dai giua dng Le Huu Dai vdi hai ngudi chi gai la ba Le Thj Tir va ba Ld Thi Nguydt d huyen T tinh Q la mgt vi du didn hinh.
Sau khi xiy ra tranh cha'p, do khdng dugc giai quydi kip thdi ndn dng Dai da ed hanh vi manh ddng la dap pha ngdi nha thd do ba Tu va ba Nguydt xay trdn thua dai dang tranh chap thUa ke. Vdi hanh vi dd, dng Dai da bi toa an xu phat 9 thang tu vd tdi ed y lam hu hdng tai san. Sau khi chap hanh xong hinh phat tii, dng Dai tidp tue lam don khdi kidn ydu ciu toa an giai quydi chia tai sin thUa ke, the nhung toa an cuong quyei tra lai don khdi kidn vi eho ring, tranh chap chua dugc boa giii tai cap xa.
Hoac nhu vu an tranh chap hgp
ddng chuyen nhugng quydn sir dung dai giira ba Duong Thi Hudng va chi Nguydn Thi Lidn do Toa an nhan dan huyen Q dang giii quyei. Theo don khdi kien, ba Hudng ydu ciu toa an tuyen bd hgp ddng chuyen nhugng dai vd hidu, bude ehi Lidn tra lai dai cho ba vl cho ring, vg chdng ba khdng ky vao hgp ddng ma do mgt ngudi nao dd ky. Vu an da thu ly nhung tranh chap nay chua qua hoa giai tai cap xa, mac dii quan diem eua toa an la loai tranh chap nay khdng cin qua hoa giii tai cap xa nhung dd' bao dam an toan (khdi bi buy an) ndn da ra quyet dinh tam dinh chi vide giai quydi vu an dd yeu cau duong su lam don ydu eau Uy ban nhan dan xa boa giai mdi tidp tuc giai quydi vu an.
Ngupc lgi, quan diem thit hai lgi cho rdng: Chi ed tranh cha'p ai la ngudi ed quydn su dung dai mdi phai qua boa giai tai cap xa, cdn tranh chap lidn quan ddn eac hgp ddng ma quyen sir dung dai chi la ddi tugng cua hgp ddng, tranh cha'p thua ke quyen sir dung dai va tranh chap tai sin chung la quydn sir dung dai thi khdng bit bugc phii qua hoa giai tai cap xa. Tdi hoan toan ddng tinh vdi loai quan didm nay bdi
Ddn chu & Phdp ludt
^hofi lual oa JCink te. S611 (212)-2009
cac ly do sau:
ThU nhdt: Theo eac van bin phap luat vd dai dai tu trudc de'n nay ta thudng gap hai loai thuat ngu dd la "tranh chip lien quan de'n dit dai" va "tranh chip dai dai". Day la hai thuat ngu ed ndi ham khac nhau.
Tranh chap lidn quan de'n dit dai cd pham vi rgng hon bao gdm tranh chip ve eac quan he hgp ddng, quan he sd hiru, quan he thUa ke ma quyen su dung dai la loai tai sin thudc ddi tugng cua quan he phap luat dd, day la quan he phap luat dan su do Bg luat Dan su dieu ehinh. Cdn tranh chap dai dai cd pham vi hep hon la chi loai tranh chap ai la ngudi ed quydn sir dung dai thudc vd quan he phap luat dai dai do Luat Dit dai dieu chinh. Se rd hon khi ta xem xet quy dinh tai khoin 26 Didu 4 Luat Dai dai vd giii thich tu ngu "Tranh chip dit dai la tranh chap ve quyen va nghia vu eua ngudi sir dung dai giua hai hoac nhidu ben trong quan he dai dai".
Cung nhu tai Didu 25 Bg luat To tiing dan sir da phan dinh rit ro giua tranh chip ve quydn su dung dit va cac loai tranh chap vd hgp dong dan su, tranh chap vd quydn sd huu tai sin, tranh chap vd thua ke tai sin. Trd lai quy dinh eiia Luat Dat dai tai
cae Didu 135 va 136, nha lam luat dung thuat ngu "tranh chip dat dai" chii khdng dung thuat ngu "tranh chip lien quan de'n dat dai".
ThU hai: Tranh chip dat dai phii qua hoa giai tai Uy ban nhan dan cap xa hieu theo nghia hep la phu hgp vdi ddi hdi ciia thuc tidn, bdi le Uy ban nhan dan cip xa la co quan true tie'p quan ly dai dai nim ro mgi bie'n ddng trong vide su dung dai tai dia phuong, nen khi cd ngudi lan chie'm, sir dung dit khdng diing dien tich, vi tri,...
din de'n tranh chip thi viec giao cho Uy ban nhan dan cip xa boa giii la thuan tien va kip thdi dan xep duge cae tranh chip (day cung la co sd ly luan va thuc tidn de quy dinh thim quyen giii quyet tranh chip dai dai theo quy dinh tai Didu 136 cua Luat Dai dai). Cdn cac quy dinh cua phap luat ve quan he hgp ddng, quan he thira ke va quan he sd hiiu la rai phuc tap.
Ndn vdi trinh do cua can bd cap xa, khd cd the xac dinh dugc mdt hgp ddng cd hieu luc hay hgp ddng vd hieu, khd de xac dinh dien, hang thua ke, quan he tai sin chung... Mat khac, muc dich ciia vide boa giai la su thoi thuan ciia cac duong su, vay khi boa giai duong su thoi thuan de thuc hien mdt
hgp dong le ra phii bi tuyen bd vd hieu hoac thoi thuan dugc vide chia thUa ke nhung bd sdt nhung ngudi le ra phii dugc hudng thUa ke, xac dinh khdng dung di sin thua ke... thi can bg cap xa cd kha nang nhan biei khdng? Do dd, ne'u giao cac loai tranh chip nay cho Uy ban nhan dan cap xa hoa giai se khdng tranh khdi vi pham phap luat, xam pham quyen lgi ciia nhirng ngudi khac.
Qua nghien cUu cac quy dinh eua phap luat ve dit dai va thuc trang giii quye't tranh chip dat dai trong hon nam nam qua, chiing tdi thay ring, nguyen nhan ciia vide ach tic trong cdng tac giai quye't tranh cha'p dai dai d cac dia phuong tU khi trien khai thi hanh Luat Dit dai nam 2003 chii ye'u la do nhan thUc ciia nhung ngudi lam cdng tac phap luat qua may mdc, ap dung khdng dung vdi tinh thin quy dinh ciia phap luat. Didu dd da lam giam long tin eiia nhan dan dd'i vdi cac ca quan cd thim quydn giai quye't tranh chip da't dai. Thiet nghi, de cd nhan thuc thdng nhit nhim khai thdng su ach tic trong viec giai quye't tranh chip dit dai, cac co quan cd tham quyen cin sdm ban hanh van ban hudng din ve vin dd
