GIAD OUC NUOCNGOAl ®
Gldl THIEU CHUNG VE DAY HOC PHAN HOA TRONG NHA T R U O N G PHil THONG & HOA Kl
NGUYEN PHUONG MAI men Khoa hoc Gilo due Vl|t Nam
Torn tdt: Day hpe phdn hda (DHPH) Id xu hUdng dgy hge xudt hiin ttf rdt Idu vd dupe dp dung d nhiiu quoc gia trin the gidf. Hoa W Id mSt trong nhtfng quScgia cd nin gido due phdt triin nhdt thi gidi. DHPH trong nhd trtfdng phS thSng d Hoa IQ dupe xem Id xu hudng dgy hge toi Uu, mang Igi hiiu qud cao trong gido due. Bdi viit trinh bdy quan diim vi DHPH tmng nhd trudng phS thong d Hoa Ki; Vai trd cua gido viin (GV) trong Idp hpc phdn hda; Mpt so quy tdc tmng DHPH; Mdi tn/dng hgc tdp vd cdc ehiin lupe diqudn H mgt Idp hge phdn hdo dgt hiiu qui.
Ttf khda: Phdn hda; dgy hgc phdn hda; trudng pho thdng; Hoa Ki.
(Nhgn bdi ngdy 20/5/2016; Nhdn kit qud phdn biin vd chlnh stfa ngdy 16/6/2016; Duyit ddng ngdy 24/6/2016}
I.OatvSndl
Hoa Ki Id mdt trong nhutig qudc gia cd n i n gilo due phit triln nhit t h i gidi. Hpc sinh (HS) trong cle n h i trudng phd thdng d Hoa Ki hifn nay ngdy cang da dang.
Cdc em d i n t d nhilu qudc gia khde nhau vdi d e n i n v l n hda va phong d c h hpc tap khac nhau. Do dd, sd thfch vd nang lyc eda d e em cung khdng gidng nhau. GV gilng dgy trong nhdng Idp hpe da thdnh phan nhd viy phli doi mat vdi rat nhieu thdch thdc, khd khdn eho du d b i t cd khdi Idp nao. Difu de nhan thay Id mdt phuong phip gilng dgy gidng nhau danh eho tat c l HS se khdng cdn phu h ^ , eung tUOng t y nhu mdt chile l o se khdng t h i mic vda eho tat e l HS trong cdng mdt Idp. Vi vay, GV phdi tao ra mdt mdi trudng hpc t i p t h i n thiln cdng vdi cdch dgy phu hpp de dd_p dng ddpc nhdng ntiu cau khIe nhau cCia HS va trong boi cdnh nly thi DHPH ddpc xem II xu hudng dgy hpe ddp dng ddpc y l u elu trin. Trang bli vilt ndy, ehung tdi gidi thilu ehung v l xu hudng DHPH trong nhd trUdng phd thdng d Hoa Ki va trinh bay mdt sdquy tic cdng cle chiln Idpc gilo due eda Hoa Ki nhim gidp GV cd the d i p dng ddpc nhu elu hpe t i p da dang vdi nhdng sd trddng v l mde dd nhin thdc khic nhau ciia HS.
2. Quan dilm v l day hoc phin hda trong nhi tntdng ph6 thdng d Hoa Kl
l^dng phli ed trf em eung mdt dp tudi d i n trddng Id dlu gidng nhau. Cdc em khic nhau ve vde ding, e l tfnh cdng nhU nang ldc nhdn thdc v l sd thfch c l nhin.
fl mdc dd CO b i n nhat^ DHPH cd nghTa I I 'xdi lin" di bilt ring dieu gi dang dien ra trong Idp hpe d l HS ed nhilu sy lUa ebon trong vile thu thdp thdng tin, gidi thich ^ tudiig vd dien dgt nhdng gi dd hoe dupc Ndi d c h khde, DHPH md ra nhilu eon dudng de tiep thu kiln thdc, de ' xd If vd dien gidi y tudng ddng thdi xdy dung dupe ede sdn pham m l mdi HS d l u cd the hpc dupe mdt edch hieu [ qui. Cach day hpc truyln thdng thudng mang tinh ddiig f iriilt Chang han, HS cda d Idp cdng dupc nghe mdt d u
^ rfiuyin sau dd t i t e l d e em eung ve mdt bde tranh md
^ v l cau chuyln do. Hodc Id, ed ldp cimg dupe xem mdt
^dpan video v l mdt van de nao dd, ching ban nhu ljch sd ph^ khoa hpc. Khi dd, d c em cungdpe mdt chuong eda ' cudn sdch, cung ddpc ghi chep gidng nhau, rdi eung t r i tdi elu hdi d cudi chuc^g_.CIch day hpc nhu viy da trd nfn qud quen thudc bay Idu nay ddi vdi GV, HS vd phu
huynh. Od Id cdch dgy hpc khdng phdn hda, cd nhifu ban c h l nhit djnh. Dudi ddy, chdng tdi se trinh bdy quan diem v l DHPH trong nha trUdng pho thdng d Hoa Ki.
2.1. Day hgc phdn hda - xu hud^g dgy hgc chtf ddng
Trong mdt Idp hpc phdn hda, GV luon y thdc ring khdng phli HS nIo cdng ed nhu d u hpe tap giong nhau.
Chinh vl viy, GV d n ehii ddng lap kf hoach chuIn bj nhieu phUong an hpc tap khac nhau. Tat nhiln, trin ldp hpe, hp vln phli dilu chinh thfm cho phu hpp vdi tdng ed nhan HS, song vi da cd su chuan bj trUde dya trfn nhdng hifu bilt ve sy da dang cda HS nen cdc phuong dn dgy hpc thudng phu hdp vdi HS.
2.2. Dgy hgc phdn hda chtf trgng chdt lugng ban sdlugng
Nhilu GV hieu nham DHPH ed nghTa la mdt sd HS trdng Ic^ se dupe giao nhifu nhifm vy hpe tap han trong khi d e HS khdc se dupe giao ft ban. Chang hgn, mdt GV ed the giao eho mpt HS gidi dpc hai cudn sach, trong khi dd, mdt HS y l u hdn se ehi phli dpc mot cudn, hodc HS gidi se lam nhilu bdi tap hdn so vdi HS ylu. Song, t r i n thye t l , nlu mdt HS da nim b i t dupe mdt kT ndng nao dd thi phli cho HS dd lam cle dgng bdi tap ren luyfn ede kT nang mdi. NhU vay, khdng phli chi Id dieu chinh sd lUdng bdi tap ma d n phdi difu ehinh bin chat cda bdi t i p de dap dng nhu d u cda HS.
2.3. Dgy hgc phdn hda xudt phdt ttf ddnh gid Mpt GV n l i i hieu dUdc sy d n t h i l t phdi DHPH thi se ludn tim mpi cd hdi de hieu HS cda minh han. Hp se nhin nhan, dinh g i l HS cda minh qua nhdng cudc chuyfn trd gida d c e l nhdn, viee thIo luan trong ldp hpe, cdng vile cda tdng HS. Nhdng danh gia, quan sdt deu Id d e d c h thdc gidp hp hieu rd hon v l tdng HS cua minh, thdng qua do GV ddnh gid dupc mdc dd nhdn thdc, sd trddng, hdng thd vd d c h hpc tap cua HS. Td do, GV cd t h i thiet k l bdi gilng dya tren nhdng hieu bilt cda mmh. Hlnh thdc dinh g i l eudi eung eho dd bdng d c h ndo thUung nhim muc dich tim ra phddng dn di mdi HS the hifn dupe nhilu nhat nhdng kiln thdc dd hpc.
2.4. Dgy hgc phdn hda dua ra nhiiu cdch tiip cdn vi ndi dung, qua trinh vd sin phdm
Trong t i t c l ede ldp hpc, GV d l u phdi quan tdm den ft nhat Id 3 y l u td cda chuong trinh, dd Id: 1/Npi dung - d l u vao, HS hoc eai gi; 2/Qud trinh - Ilm the ndo d l HS
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hilu ddpc cle <f t d d n j vd d e thdng tin; 3/Sln pham - d l u ra, Ilm the nao de HS t h i h i l n dupe nhdng d i l u d l hoc. Tit el cle y l u td nay d l u vd cdng quan trong trong DHPH.
2.5. Dgy hgc phdn hda - each tiip edn Idy hgc sinh ldm trung tdm
Ldp hpc phdn hda dupe van hanh dda t r i n gid thuyet ring su t r i i nghiem hpe t i p se dat hilu q u i cao nhat khi HS tham gia, d m thay phii hop va hdng thd.
Khdng phli HS ndo cung cd mde dp tham gia, cd mdc dd phii hpp vd hdng thd hpe tap gidng nhau. Ddng thdi, DHPH xdc djnh ring nhdng kiln thdc sau phai ddpc xly dung trfn c'o sd sU hilu bilt trddc dd v l duong nhiln khdng phdi t i t d HS deu ed mde dp hilu biet nhd nhau trddc khi hpe. Vi vdy, trorig mdt Idp hpe vdi su da dgng cda HS, GV eln nhin thiy ring mdt nhilm vu ed the dupe xem Id qud d l ddng ddi vdi IHS ndy nhung lai Id thdch thdc ding sp ddi vdi HS khdc. GV trong elc Idp hpe phdn h d a d n hieu ring phdi gidp HS ngdy cdng ed trach nhilm ban ddi vdi sy trddng thanh, t i l n bd cda chfnh minh vd cdm thay t y hao vdi nhdng gi minh ldm ddpc.
HS d n ddde khuyen khieh tham gia tfch eye vdo vifc ra quylt djnh vd dinh g i l d c quylt djnh dd.
2.6. Dgy hgc phdn hda - sU pha trdn gitfa cdc phuang phdp lim viic cd Idp, ldm viec nhdm vd ldm viic cd nhdn
Trong ldp hpc, doi vdi nhilu tinh huong, vile el Idp chia s l thdng tin bode eung thye hifn mdt hogt ddng la rit hifu q u i . CIch gilng day vdi c l ldp nhu vay gidp tat c l HS ed chung mpt cdch hieu vd tao difu kifn eho HS d ldp trao ddi, chia sl, gidp dd lin nhau.
2.7. Day hoc phdn bda - xu hudng day hoc cd tfnh
"hOuea"
Trong ldp hpc phdn hda, GV v l HS hpc hdi lin nhau.
Mac dd GV cd nhieu kiln thdc ban ve mdn hpc song hp vln phli hoe hdi xem HS eCia minh t i l p thu kiln thdc nhu t h i ndo. Sy phdi hop nhu vdy vdi HS rat d n thiet, giiip GV ed t h i nhdn ra cdch day nhd t h i ndo eho phu hop vdi tdng HS. DHPH rat d n tdi sy ndng ddng eiia GV, GV phdi ddnh gid mdc dd phu hop gida ngddi hpc va cdch hpc d l cd sy dieu ehinh kjp thdi de ddp dng dUOc nhu d i l cda tdng ddi tddng HS.'Vi vdy, DHPH thddng dgt hifu qui eao hdn so vdi edch day truyfn thdng.
3. Vai trd cOa g i l o v i l n trong ldp hoc phan hoa Vai trd cda GV trong Idp hpe phdn hda t i t nhiln s l khic rat nhilu so vdi Idp hpc theo kilu truyen thdng. Hp khdng coi minh Id nhdng ngudi sd hdu v l truyln dat kiln thdc nda ma thay vao do GV se Id ngUdi td ehdc eac Cd hdi hpe tgp eho HS.
Mac du npi dung kiln thdc rat quan trpng song GV khdng chd trpng nhieu den vile b i l t tat d d c elu trd Idi md ngUdc lai hp chd trpng vdo vifc "fim hiiu HS". Vi viy, hp phli tgo ra ddpc mdt phuong phip day hoe sao eho thu hiit dupe sy chd y eda HS roi t d dd dan d i t de giup HS hilu bli. Trong Idp hpe phin hda d Hoa Ki, viee to chdc Idp hpc nhim de dgt dupe eac hoat ddng hilu q u i trdthdnh v^n d l Uu t i l n hdng dau.
GV ddng vai trd nhuhuan luyin vien hay hUdng dan viin, trao cho HS trach nhifm trong vifc hoe tap eCia minh. Nhdng GV ndy eln phdi cd d c nang lyc: 1/Danh gia su sin sdng ciia HS thdng qua nhilu hinh thdc; 11 Thdu hiiu" hdng thii vd sd trudng cda tdng HS; 3/Tgo ra nhifu edch thdc gidp HS thu nhdn ddde thdng tin va d e y tddng; 4/Tao ra nhilu edch khae nhau de gidp HS khdm phd vd dda ra y tudng eda minh; 5/Dua ra nhieu each dgy de HS ed t h i the hifn va md rdng vdn hilu bilt eua minh.
Khi DHPH, GV d n phdi hieu ring Idp hpe ehinh Id ndi GV c6 gIng dat dupe sy hilu biet tdt nhit v l hdgt ddng day v l hpc hlng ngly va khdng cd thyc t i l n ndo la thue su tdt nhat phii hdp trong mpi hodn d n h . Rit ft GV t y bi^t d c h to ehdc, dan d i t mdt ldp hpe vdi d c nhu d u da dgng cda HS. Oly la mdt vile ldm rat khd, GV d n phdi dupc d i o tao, boi dddng vd trai nghiim. Dudi diy, chdng tdi se md t l mdt sd each vf v l vai tro d n thilt eiia GV khi DHPH:
-G/dov/fnnhunhpctru'dng.-Cachvfvonnhdvlycho thiy hinh Inh cda mdt ngddl lanh dgo hieu biet sdu sie v l l m nhac va ed khi nang t i p hop mdt nhdm ngudi thdm chf khdng biet nhau de cdng dgt dupc mdt myc dfch chung vdi nhdng nhac cu khdc nhau. Ngddi nhgc trudng giiip d c nhac cdng choi nhac khdng phli bdn t h i n hp chdi nhac.
- Gido viin nhu hudn luyin viin: Mdt ngudi huin luyen viln gidi se di ra nhdng myc t i l u chung cho cd ddi vd cho mdi c l nhin trong dpi thuc hifn. Qud trinh td^ luyfn sf bao gdm ede hogt ddng churig song qua dd moi d nhdn se khic phyc dupe nhdng diem y l u va phdt huy nhdng dilm manh cda minh.
4. Mdt s6 quy tcSc trong day hgc p h i n hoa Trude khi xem xft eu the d e each dieu chlnh ndi dung, q u i trinh v l sin phim cho HS trdng mdt Idp hpc da dgng vf ning lyc, ehung ta eung tim hieu mot so quy t i e trong viec thye hifn DHPH d Hoa Ki nhU sau:
- Can hilu rd nfidn^ khai nilm vd nhdng nguyin t i c cd bdn gidi nghTa eau true ddi vdi cae chd d l , cdc chUdng, bdi md GV dang chuan bj.
- Hly coi dinh g i l la mdt eon dudng giiip GVtUduy va lap k l hogch.
- Bli hpe eho c l ldp eln chd trpng tiS t d duy sdng tgovd tuduy phdn bien.
-Tgo dilu kiln d^ t i t c l HS d l u duac tham gia vdo bli hpe.
- Trong mot Idp hpc phin hda, cin phli ed sU eln bing gida d e nhifm vy HS tu ebon vd nhifm vy GV giao, 5. Mdi trudng hpc tap trong ldp hpc p h i n hda 0 Hoa Ki, mdi trifdng Idp hpc phan hda Id mpt td chdc hudng tdi sU thanh cdng. Ldp hoe phan hda phli hd trp va dupe hd trp bdi mpt tap the HS ludn t i l n bd.
Cd nghTa I I , GV s l d i n d i t HS eiia minh phdt trien ve thii dd, nilm tin va thye tien, tgo nen mdt khong khithuc sy vui v l trong ldp hpc.
* Cdc ddu hiiu ctfa mat Idp hge phdn hda dugc ddnh gid Id dgt hiiu qui:
- Tdt cd mpi HS deu edm thdy thodi mdi: HS edm thay minh ddpc tran trpng v l gdp pnin tgo suthodi mai cho nhdng ngddi khde. Chic chan rang sy quan tam true t i l p vd tieh eye eda GV se ddde HS ddn nhdn.
- Tdn trpng lan nhau: Ldp hpc la noi d l mpi ngddi dfu ed the chia sf nhu d u hpe tdp, y tudng vd nhdn dupe sy tdn trpng td nhdng ngi/di khdc
- Moi ngudi diu edm thdy an todn trong ldp hpa Tat cd HS vd cd GV d l u khdng bj dp lye v l mat tdm li cung nhu elm xdc trong ldp hpc.
- Tdt ed mpi ngUdl diu mong tiin bd: Myc dich cCia Idp hpc phin hda Id gidp mdi thdnh vien trong Idp phdt triln vd tien bd h i t mdc cd t h i cd v l ning lue ehung vd ndng khilu rifng. GV ludn d m thay vui mdng trUde sd t i l n bd eiia mdi HS eung nhu su tien bd eiia ed tap the Idp. HS se eung trao ddi v l myc tieu v l cdch thdc 64 dgt ddoc d c myc t i l u dd.
-GVday/ipe/ii/dngtd/sUf/jdn/iedng: Trong mdt ldp hpe phdn lida, muc t i l u cda GV Id chi cho timg HS bilt d e em dang d d l u trin con dddng dat dupc muc t i l u 1 1 4 • K H O A HOC GIJ^O DUC
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ddng thdi chia sf elc kinh nghifm hpc tap d l gidp HS tiln bd nhanh hdn t r i n eon dudng da djnh dd.
-Mpt cdch hiiu mdi visueong bing;Thdng thudng, chiing ta hilu sy cdng bing ed nghTa la ddi xd nhd nhau vdi tat d mpi ngudi. Tuy nhiln, trong ldp hpe phin hda, cdng bang ddde hilu theo edch khde. 0 day, cdng bing c6 nghia Id cd gang d i m bdo sao cho moi HS deu nhdn dddc sy trp giup phu hpp vdi nhu d u eda minh de phat ffien va dgt dupe thanh cdng.
- GV vd HShpp tdc vdi nhau vi sUphdt triin vd thdnh cong chung:Trong mot Idp hoc phan hda cdng gidng nhd trong mdt gia dinh, mdi thanh vien d l u phli ed trdeh nhilm eho sd phdt trien ciia chinh bin t h i n minh vd cho cd sd phat t r i l n cda nhdng thanh v i l n khae. Trong khi GV ddng vai trd Id ngddi lanh dao thi HS ed trdeh nhiem xdy ddng eac quy djnh eho ldp hpe, gdp phan gili quyet eac vdn de va gidp dd, hpp tdc lan nhau.
6. Cic cliiln lUtfc de giao vien quin If thdnh cdng ldp hoc phin hda
Odi vdi nhieu GV, sy khdng t y t i n trong vile q u i n If mpt Idp hpe phan hda ddi khi trd thanh noi so hai khien cho hp khdng mudn no Ipc gilng day dya t r i n cle sd trudng, ndng lye, nhu d u khic nhau cOa HS. Mdt sd GV cQng khdng the ddnh g i l ddde khi nang eCia minh tron^
vile eung mdt Idc phli ddng nhieu vai va phdi nhan biet nliilu tin hilu khIe nhau td HS. Nhdng kT nang/nang Idc giiip GV thdnh cdng trong mdt mdi trudng phdc hpp thi cling s l gidp ho thanh cdng trong mdi trudng ldp hpe phan hda. Mac dii quan If ldp hpc phin hda khdng phai luc nIo cung de ddng, song q u i trinh nay ed xu hUdng giCip nha trUdng trd n i n thieh hpp vdi nhilu HS hdn, ddng thdi cOng khiln vifc gilng day trd nin sinh ddng va ldm hai ldng HS hon.
* Nhtfng diiu ca bdn edn lUu ^ khi quin li Idp hge phdn hoa:
1/Cd ed sd rd ring eho vifc DHPH dya trfn sd sdn sdng, hiing thii v l kinh nghifm hpc tap cCia HS.
2/Blt d l u DHPH vdi tde dd phii hc^ vdi bdn than GV.
3/Quy djnh thdi gian ddi vdi eac hogt ddng phan hoa de hd trd su thdnh cdng cda HS.
4/Ludn tap trung ehii y vao HS.
5/Gidng day mdt d c h can trong.
6/Phan chia HS thdnh elc nhdm hogc phin chia cho ngoi mdt cdch hdp If, nhe nhang.
7/rao cho HS cim gidc gan gui nhd dang d trdng mpt gia dinh.
8/Olm b i o ring HS cd kf hoach d n trd gidp khi GV dang ban giiip d e HS khac hoac cdc nhdm khIe.
9/Gidm tdi da tieng dn.
10/Llp k l hoach d l HS ddpc hoat ddng ludn philn trong cdc nhiem vy dupe giao.
11/Hddng dan HS sap xIp lai do dac trong idp hpc 12/Hgn ehe tdi da sy Id la mat tap trung eiia HS trong ldp.
13/Khuyf n khich d c hdnh vi phii hpp vdi nhifm vu dupe glad.
14/Can ed k l hoach cho nhdng HS hoan thdnh sdm nhifm vy.
15/Can biet Idc ndo se ra If nh"diitig Igi".
16/De HS tu chiu trach nhifm ve vifc hpc cda minh d n g nhieu cdng tdt.
17/De HS tham gia trao ddi v l cdch thdc vd qua trinh thyc hiln ede hogt ddng eua Idp vd eCia nhdm.
7. k i t luan
DHPH Id xu hudng day hpc tat yeu, phd bien d nhilu nudc t r i n t h i gidi. Hoa Ki la mdt trong nhCfng qudc gia sdm dp dung vd thue hiln thanh cdng xu hudng day hpe nay trong gido due d nhd trUdng phd thdng. d V i f t Nam, trude bdi d n h Ddi mdi cdn bdn va toan difn giao due va ddo tao, bfn cgnh dgy hpc tfch hdp thi DHPH la xu hudng day hpc dd dUdc quan tam va triln khai thuc hifn trong nha trUdng, Tuy nhifn, ddy la xu hudng dgy hpc khd, khdng phdi bat cU GV ndo eung thyc hiln thdnh cdng, do vdy viee dp dyng xu hUdng day hpc nay d nhd trudng pho thdng nUdc ta van cdn nhilu hgn che nhat djnh.
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O
[1]. Tomlinson, Carol A., How to differentiate instruction in mixed'abllity classrooms/CarolAnn Tomlinson. - 2nd edASCD, 1703 N. Beauregard St..
Alexandria, VA 22311 -1714 USA.
[2]. American Association of School Administrators., (1991), Learning styles: Putting research and common sense into practice, Arlington, VA: Author.
[3]. Ounn, R., Beaudry, J., & Klavas, A„ (1989),. Survey of research on learning styles. Educational Leadership, 46(6), 50-58.
[4], Piaget, J., (1978), Success and understanding, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
[5]. Reis, 5., & Renzulli, J., (1992), Using curriculum compacting to challenge the above average. Educational Leadership 50(2), 51-57.
OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENTIATED TEACHING ATTHE U.S. GENERAL SCHOOLS
Nguyen Phuong Mai The Vietnam Institute of Educational Sciences Abstract: Differentiated teaching was a very long time trend, being applied in many countries around the world. The United States is a country with the most developed education. Differentiated teaching in the U.5 schools was considered the optimal teaching trends with high efficiency. The articletouehes uponthis trend at the U.S schools; the role of teachers in the classroom differentiation; Some rules in differentiated teaching; Learning environment and strategies to effectively manage a class differentiation.
Keywords: Differentiation; Differentiated teachinggeneral schools; The United States.
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