Nhan luc nganh Logistics va tac dong den nen kinh te Viet Nam
Nguy6nTifeMinh Truong ThSo Phuong. 'R'&i Digu Linh Truong Dai hpc Kinh t^, Dai hoc QuO'c gia Ha NOi
Bdi vi^t /i4 sdn phdm cua de tdi "Ngiiien ctiu nhu cdu dao tao nganh logistic tai Vi0t Nam"
do Trudng Dai hoc Kmh te, Dgi hoc Qud'c gia Hd Noi tai trg. Ma s6': KTDA 12.03
Hiiu qui cua loglsUcs inh hudng true tilp tdi khi nang egnh tranh vi mfle dd hdi nhap efla mdt qude gia. Bai vilt khii quit dupe thyc trgng ngudn nhin lue Logistics Viet Nam Uong nhflng nam gin diy, phin Uch v i chi ra nhu ciu vl quy md, sd lupng eung nhu eo ciu ngudn nhan Iyc glal dogn 2018-2025, qua dd dua ra mpt sO gpi y nhim khic phue vin d l thieu hyt cflng nhu eii thidn chit lupng ngudn nhan lye Logistics tgi Vidt Nam.
1. Tong quan ve iogistics va ngudn nhan \m logistics
LogisUes dupe phit minh vi iing dyng lin dau Udn Uong Hnh vye quin su vdi y nghia l i "hiu cin" hay
"Ulp van". Cung vdi sy phat triln efla lye lupng sin xuit vi sy hd tro cfla eudc cich mang khoa hpc ky thuit, logistics dupe nghien eflu siu vi flng dung sang eic linh vye khic nhau nhu sin xuit, kinh doanh. Din ngiy nay, cd rit nhilu khii niem khic nhau vl logis- Ues trdn thd gioi v i dupe xiy dyng cin efl trdn nginh nghi vi mye dich nghidn cflu. Cd lhl hilu rang logis- tics li mdt chudi cic hoat ddng lien tue, cd quan he mat thilt vdi nhau, tie dOng qua lai lin nhau dupe thyc hi|n mdt each khoa hpe va cd hd thd'ng tuan ty tu len k l hoach, quin ly thyc hien vi kilm soit ddng luu trfl, vin chuyin e i e tii nguyen (nguydn vit lidu, bin thanh phim, thanh phim, hang hda), til chinh, thdng Un tu noi eung eip d i n kho chfla, qua cic n h i xudng, cic xi nghiep, nhi miy, kho bii, ngudi b i n budn, ngudi b i n II v i din tay ngudi tidu dung.
Cung vdi sy phat triln mgnh me eua n l n kinh t l thi gidi theo hudng toin cau hda, khu vuc hda, vai trd eua logistics cang trd ndn quan trpng, dupe lhl hidn 6 nhflng dilm sau:
Thu nhat, Logistics ddng vai trd quan Upng trong vi|c liln kit cic hoat ddng cua lidn kit cie hoat ddng Uong ehudi gii In toan ciu GVC (Global value chain).
Cae nhi quin Iy eoi Logistics nhu mpt cdng cy, phuong tiln lidn kit c i c ehiln lien kit cie linh vye trong ehiln lupc kinh doanh, d i e biet la P cic nudc dang phil ttiln. Hon nfla, tao ra nhflng huu dung vl thdi gian vi dia dilm cho cie hogt dpng kinh doanh.
Thfl hai, tdi uu hda ehu trinh luu ehuyin sin xuat, kinh doanh v i tilt kiem, glim thilu chl phi. Logistics cflng vol su tro giflp cfla cdng nghd thdng tin, trd thinh
cdng cu hd tro su di chuyin vi ddng chiy cfla nhilu hogt dpng quin ly hieu qui, tgo thuan loi ttong viec b i n hiu hit cic loai hang tu khiu diu vao nguydn vit lidu, phy kien... d i n khi sin phim tdi tay ngudi Ueu dung cudi eung. Ngoai ra, logisUes giflp tilt kidm, giim ehi phi trong qui trinh sin xuit v i phan phdi, luu thdng hang hda tu do dgt dupe hidu qui eao hon, giam duoe gii thinh va nang eao mue dp canh Uanh cfla sin phim dd.
Thfl ba, gdp phin mo rpng thi truong trong Ihuong mgi qude id. Trong bdi cinh toan ciu hda hi|n nay, thuang mgi qude td Ii su lya ehpn lit ylu efla mdi quOe gia trong tiln trinh phit triln dit nudc. Hidu qui hoat dpng logistics tic ddng true tilp d i n khi ning hdi nhip cfla n l n kinh t l nho vide thfle diy xuit nhip khiu phit triln, khdi Iuong vi gii tri hang hda trao ddi giua cie qude gia, eie nln kinh t l tang eao.
Thfl tu, hoat ddng logistics hieu qui se lim ting linh canh tranh efla nln kinh t l qude gia. Nhd vide giim ehi phi logistics bang vide hinh thanh vi phit triln hd thd'ng logistics hoin chinh, qui trinh sin xuat, phan phdi hing hda tinh giin hon sd gdp phin ning eao khi ning eanh tranh eua quOe gia tren thi trudng qudc tl.
Ngudn nhan lye duoe dinh nghia Ii tit e i nhung nguoi trong dp tudi lao ddng (theo quy dinh efla phip luit) ed khi nang lao ddng (tru nhflng ngudi khdng cd kha nang lao ddng, mit sfle lao ddng logi nang,...).
Nguon nhan Iuc ludn dupe dinh gia la mpt ylu tO cd vai trd quan trpng ddi vdi mpi nganh kinh tl, dae biet trong logistics, nhd nhflng vai trd sau: i) Ngudn nhan Iyc la ddng lyc cho su phat triln cfla nginh; ii) Nguon nhan lyc la nhan td chfl ylu dem Igl lpi nhuin cho cdng ty; iii)Ngudn nhin lue l i ngudn lue mang Unh chien lupc; Iv) Ngudn nhin Iyc li ngudn lyc vd tan.
NGHIEN CUU
RESEARCH
Nhu viy, ngudn nhin lue ludn dupe coi l i ylu td quan ttpng, cd vai ttd then chdt dOl vdi sy phit triln v i gdp phin ning cao khi ning cgnh tranh cfla nginh logistics. Trong khi do, loglsUcs la mpt nganh dupe danh gii dem lgi nhilu lgi ich ttong kinh doanh. Hon nua trude xu t h i toan eiu hda, cic hoat ddng logisUes xuydn sudt tu khiu sin xuat d i n Udu dflng eang ngiy cang ddng vai trd quan ttong ddi vdi su phil Uiln toin didn eua n l n kinh tl, b i o dam sy dn dinh vi md cfla qude gia. Vi viy ed lhl thiy, nhin Iyc nginh logisUes li nhin to thilt ylu va la dpng lyc ddi vdi sy phit triln cfla n l n kinh tl.
2. Thirc trang cua nhan iirc va tac flong flen nganh Logistics Viet Nam.
Trong diiu kien egnh tranh gay git efla xu hudng hpi nhip qudc t l nhu hidn nay, nginh LogisUes Viet Nam ddi hdi phii phit triln ngudn nhin lyc cd c i ky nang, trinh dp ehuydn mdn va tiing Anh chuydn nganh. Tuy nhien nhan lyc nganh Logistics hien nay thilu hyt c i vl sO lupng vi ehit lupng.
Theo thOng lin efla Vidn nghidn eflu va phil triln Logistics cho bllt, hi$n sd lupng lao ddng dang lam viee trong cie doanh nghilp LoglsUcs chi d i p ung dupe 40% nhu ciu vl nhin lyc Logistics hi|n nay. Ben cgnh dd ty le ngudn nhin Iuc dupe d i o tgo bii bin vl chuydn mdn chi ehilm 5-7%. Kit q u i khio sit eua Vien Nghidn cflu phit triln TP.HCM vl chit lupng nguOn nhin Ipe logistics eho thiy, eo d i n 53,3%
doanh nghiep thilu dpi ngfl nhan vidn cd trinh dp ehuydn mon vi kiln thflc vl logisUes, 30% doanh nghidp phii d i o tgo Igl nhin vidn vi ehi ed 6,7%
doanh nghiep hii ldng vdi chuydn mdn cfla nhan vidn.
Theo kll qui diiu tra eua VI|n Nghien eflu vi Phit triln kinh t l trudng Dai hpc Kinh t l Qud'c din, hi|n cd tdi 80,26% nhin vien trong cic doanh nghiep logisUes dupe dio tgo thdng qua cic cdng vide hang ngay, 23,6% nhin vidn tham gia cie khda d i o lao Uong nude, 6,9% nhin vidn dupe eic chuyin gia nudc ngoii d i o tgo, chi cd 3,9% dupe tham gia eac khda d i o tgo d nudc ngoai.
Theo Bio cio Logistics \^dt Nam thi nhin lyc logis- tics tai doanh nghidp dupe chia thinh 4 c i p b i o gdm:
1) Cip quan Ui gdm cie nhi lanh dao cip cao nhu:
giam dd'c, phd giam dde logistics; ii) Cip quan ly vi chuydn gia li cic nhi linh dgo cap tmng nhu: trudng phdng logistics; iii) Cip diiu phOi vi giim sit nhu: td tardng td vin ehuyin, chuyen vien hoaeh djnh Ip trinh vin til,..; Iv) Cip nhin vidn — Ky thuit nhu: Iii xe, dong gdi hing, dllu khiln xe nang,..
Theo dd nhu eiu vl c i p quin ly v i chuydn gia dang cao nhat vdi 57,1% doanh nghilp lya chpn, ttip theo la nhin Iyc d eip diiu phdi giim sit chilm 33,3%, cap nhin vien ky thugt l i 14,3%. Cudi cung, rat It doanh nghiep (chiem 9,5%) ed nhu ciu luyln dyng nhin luc d cip quan tri
O O K I N H Tt CMAU A TH/VI B I N H DUONC; I T H A N C 3 / ZQ 1 91
Tu nhflng thuc ttgng va myc Udu dupe d l ra ed Uil thiy nganh Logistics Vi|t Nam dang d Unh ttgng khit nhin lye. Tuy nhidn thilu hyt 6 diu, nhu e i u nhin Iyc o tung Hnh vuc l i bao nhidu thi cin lam ro d l c6 hudng dllu ehinh va phan bd nhan luc tdt nhit,
- Nhu cdu nhdn luc ciia cdc doanh nghidp djch vii Logistics: Theo sO lidu edng bd trong Sieh Tring LogisUes VLA 2018, sd lupng doanh nghi|p dieh vy logistics Vilt Nam nam 2016 la 22.366 thi den nam 2018, con sd nay l i khoing 30.971 doanh nghi|p, lang 30%. Trong dd, hidn cd 12.025 DN logisUes ed quy md dudi 5 ngudi (ehilm 38,83%); 8.400 DN ed tfl 5-9 ngudi (27,12%); 8.781 DN co tfl 10-49 ngudi (28,35%); 1.385 DN cd tfl 50-199 ngudi (4,47%); 152 DN cd tu 200-299 ngudi (0,49%); 114 DN cd tu 300-499 ngudi (0,37%); 74 DN cd tu 500-999 ngudi (0,24%); 32 DN cd tfl 1000-4999 ngudi (0,1%) vi 8 DN cd ttdn 5000 ngudi (0,03%). Tren eo so sO Ii|u thdng ke niy cd thi udc tinh quy mO nhan lyc tmng binh tai eae doanh nghilp dich vy logisUes Vilt Nam khoing 20 ngudi/doanh nghiep.
Mfle tang trudng nhan luc binh quan lai cac doanh nghidp la khoing 7,5%.
- Nhu cdu nhdn lire cua cdc doanh nghiep sdn xudt kinh doanh: Theo sd Ii|u eua Tdng cue Thdng kl, tdng so doanh nghidp dang hogt dOng trdn phgm vi ea nudc tinh din thai dilm 31/12/2017 la 561.064 doanh nghiep. Trong mdt doanh nghiep sin xuit kinh doanh cd quy md tmng binh 100 ngudi thi se cin it nhit 4 nhin lyc vl logisttcs (quan ly xuit nhap khau, mua hang, kho hing, van tii v i phin phdi). Ndi eich khac ty Id nhan lyc logisttcs trong eae doanh nghilp san xuit kinh doanh l i 4%. Quy md nhin lyc cfla cic doanh nghidp sin xuit kinh doanh \^et Nam dat khoing 30 Iao dpng/doeinh nghiep, ty le qua dio tgo logistics (hoie gin vdi logistics) la khoing 50%. Mfle do tang trudng vl nhan lyc Ii khdng eao, khoang 5%
do sy gia tang ly trpng thud ngoai trong nhflng nam Ulp theo.
Nhu ciu thi Idn song khi nang dap ung Igi chua eao dan din sy thilu hut ldn vl nhan lye nganh LogisUes Viet Nam gay ra nhflng h | qui ding Uie.
Diu tidn la doanh nghiep Logistics Met Nam mit di eo hdi cgnh Uanh. Quy md thi trudng LoglsUcs Vi^t Nam mdi chi chilm 0,5% Uil tardng logisUes toin ciu, mpt con sd q u i nhd so vol Ulm ning efla nginh niy.
Nguydn nhan chu yeu l i do quy md vi ehit lupng nguOn nhin lyc hien chua cao d i n d i n can trd cho vi|e phit triln cfla doanh nghiep, tfl dO lam giam nang lue eanh tranh efla nginh Logistics Vidt Nam.
Hd qua lilp theo chinh la viee nhin vien phy ttich LogisUes cfla doanh nghiep phii kiem nhidm nhilu nhiem vy mdt luc, giy qua tii cflng nhu khdng Uanh khdi sai sdt khi Uiye hidn nhflng linh vyc khdng phii chuydn mdn ehinh. Bdn cgnh dd, doanh nghidp phai thud them nhin vien bdn ngoii lam viec thdi vy khi nhu cau vl dich vu Logisttcs tang cao Uong mpt thoi dilm.
Mpt he qua nfla la nhan vien Logisttcs Uianh ttigo Uing Anh chuyen nginh hidn nay chua nhilu d i n d i n vi^c c i c doanh nghidp dich vu LoglsUcs Vidt Nam it cd CO hOi Iam vide vdi eie dOi tic nude ngoai, giim eo hdi tilp e i n vdi nguOn khieh hing Idn v i gii tri don hing cao.
Vi|c ttiilu nguOn nhan Iyc chit lupng eao d i e bl|t d eip quan ly v i chuydn gia li mOt rao cin Idn d l nginh Logistics Viet Nam phit triln. Diy chinh la nguydn nhan cho vi|c e i c doanh nghilp Logistics Viet Nam hidn nay chua thi tham gia siu vi bao h i m nhilu dieh vy trong ehu6i hoat ddng Logistics.
3. Giai phap cai Ihien thieu hut nhan lire nganh Logistics Viet Ham
Bi cii thidn thyc trang thilu hyt c i vl sd lupng va chil lupng cfla nhin lyc nginh Logistics nhu hidn nay Uii cin eie giii phip P e i c i p Nhi nudc vi Doanh nghidp. ^ rndi c i p se giii quylt nhflng thuc trang cy thi edn tdn dpng phu hpp vdi trach nhidm, quyin hgn va nang lye.
a) Nhdm gidi phdp dd'i vdi Chinh phu vd cdc co quan qudn ly nhd nudrc:
Nhi nude ein Igo dllu kidn thuan Ipi d l phat triln thdm cie co sd d i o tgo vl Logistics, e i c nginh lien quan mil thilt nhu Quin tri chudi eung ung, Vin lii,... e i d eip Dgi hpe, Cao ding hay nhung tmng tim dio tgo nghidp vy. Dl giii quylt Unh trgng niy ein sy quan tam dac bi|t cua Bp Giao dye va Dao tgo.
(1) Djnh hudng eie truang Dgi hpe dua thdm nginh Logistics vao chuong trinh dao lao cfla trudng, ho ttp kinh phi d l giing viin cd diiu kidn tu nghilp nang cao trinh dO- Thdm nhilu dia ehi eo so dao tgo ddng nghia vdi viec sd lupng luyln sinh diu vio nhilu hon, bude diu gia ting dupe nhin lyc Uiam gia vio nginh Logistics.
(2) Chi dgo bidn soan giio trinh mdi hay dieh giio Uinh, saeh tiing anh ehuyen nganh LogisUes d l tao ngudn tii nguydn bpc Udu phong phu hon cho c i giing vien vi sinh vien, tfl dd giup nhflng ai quan tim din nginh Logisttcs cd ttil thu ngp nhilu kiln thfle tu ngudn chinh quy hon.
(3) Xiy dyng cie chinh sich nhim lao diiu kiln lim vi|e, phfle loi lOt d l gifl ehin ngudn nhin lue chit lupng eao lim vide tai Vidt Nam, giim thilu thyc trgng chiy mau chit xim, eflng nhu nhdm chinh sich thu hut nhan tai vl lim viec cho dil nudc.
b) Nhdm gidi phdp dai udi cdc doanh nghidp dang hoat ddng trong linh vuc Logistics.
Dudi gde dp cfla Doanh nghidp cin quan lim hai mye tieu l i gia ting sO lupng nhin vien P eip quin ly, chuyin gia vi ning cao trinh dp ehuydn mdn efla nhin vidn hidn tgi.
(1) Nang cao trinh dO chuydn mdn efla nhan vidn
cdng ty. Tip trung phat triln nhflng ngudn lye hien ed l i phuong i n kinh t l nhit d l phat triln edng ty. Nhung giii phap cd thd thye hidn nhu:
- Dio tao trong ndi bp doarUi nghidp, cae ehuong trinh d i o tao bao gom d i o tgo lgi, dao tgo bd sung va d i o tgo nang cao, chuyen sau ve nang lye. Viee dao tgo nay sd do nhung chuyen gia, quan ly, ngudi cd trinh do chuyen mdn cao ttong doanh nghiep true ttep dung lop giing day. Tin dyng cic chuydn gia ben ttong DN cd rit nhilu Ipi ich.
- Tgo su khich le, gia ting dOng lue lim vide cho nhin vien. Doanh nghiep ed thi cai tao mdi trudng lam vide, thin thidn va cdi md hon cho nhin vien, giup nhan vien thoai mil khi lim vide.
(2) Gia ting sO lupng nhin vien d cip quin ly, chuyen gia. Diy la lue lupng dang thilu hyt nhit trong khi Igi Ii Iuc lupng ndng cdt giflp phit triln cdng ty.
Nhflng giii phip ed thi thyc hidn:
- Tri hoan viee v l huu vdi nhung quan ly cip tmng.
Day la phuong an dau tien ma doanh nghidp cin ein nhie khi chua thi tuyin dupe ngudi thay thi du ning lye. Viee tri hoSn vl huu niy se giflp edng ty ed thdi gicin tuyin dyng v i dao tgo ngudi thay thi cflng nhu till kidm dupe ehi phi ehieu md, d i o Igo ttong mpt thdi gian.
- Thye hien d i o tgo trye tilp tfl e i p linh dgo efla doanh nghiep- Diy Ii hinh Uiuc d i o tgo tmyln thdng nhung lai rit cd hi|u qui vdi nhan sy quan ly eip tmng. Vdi cic nang lyc quin ly, diiu hinh vi quin tri ban thin thi vide quan sat, nghe, vi tilp xuc trye tidp hang ngay vdi lanh dao DN sd giflp nang cao nang lyc efla eie ein bO quan ly, ehuyen gia mOt eieh ly nhien va tham nhuan.
5. Ket iuan
Sy thilu hyt nhin lue nginh LogisUes dang tie dOng siu rOng din nln kinh t l Viet Nam. Tuy nhien vdi nhflng nhgn dinh vl tam qutin Upng eua LogisUes vdi sy phit Uiln kinh t l vi nhflng tie dpng Ueh cyc efla d i o tao phit triln nhin lye hidn nay thi ttong tuang lai gin, nhin lue nganh LogisUes Viet Nam se duoc eii thien c i vl sd lupng vi chit lupng, khie phye nhflng dilm ylu hien cd. Giii quylt dupe van de nhin lye la buoc mOl budc dii Uong vide thue hien myc Udu phit ttiln Logistics Viet Nam cua Chinh phu./.
Tai iieu tham khao
Bio eio logisttcs Viet Nam 2017, 2018 Doan Thi Hdng Vin (2003), LoglsUcs — Nhflng vin d l eo bin, Nha xuit bin Lao dOng — Xa hOi, Hi Ndi.
Nguyin Vin Dilm, Nguyen Ngpc Quin (2004), Quin tri nhan Iyc, Nhi xuat bin Lao ddng — Xa hpi
Trin Xuin Ciu (2018), Kinh t l ngudn nhan lye, Nha xuil ban Dgi hpe Kinh t l qudc dan
