NHAN THUC VE NGUOI DONG TINH VA QUYEN CUA NGUOI DONG TINH
1. Hieu nhu- the nao ve nguoi dcmg tinh'.'
Khdi nidm ddng linh lux en di (hax ddng linh) dircre dimg dd chi xiec bj hap dan trdn phucmg dien linh xeu htix tinh due hoac xiec xeu duirng hax quan he linh due giiia nhfrng ngucri cimg gic'ri tinh x iri nhau trong hodn canh ndo dd hoac mdt each Idu ddi.
Ddx Id quan niC-m phd bien hidn nax trdn the gidi eung nhu Iiii Viet Nam. 1 ux' nhidn.
khdng phai ai ciing nhtin thire ducre ede diing ngudi ddng tinh eiing nhu ban chdl eua ddi tugng ndx. Cd thd dd ciip mc)l sd thudt ngu lien quan den xan dd ddng tinh nhu sau ;
- Siralghl: Id nguiri dj tinh luxen di (chi xeu. quan he tinh due vdi nguiri khdc gicii.
chiem da sd trong xd hdi hien nax).
- (;i/r: Id nguiri ddng linh nam. thucrng chia liim 2 diing (gax Id: Id nguiri ddng tinh nam an niiic. euehi nhu plui nti; gax kin: la nguiri ddng tinh nam ed nam tinh. xd mgi nguiri khd phdt hidn Id gax).
lesbian (hoiic les) Id ngudi ddng tinh nu. ed the chia 1dm 3 dang \Feiii: ehi ngirdi ddng tinh mi ed nir tinh xa mgi ngucii khd phdt hien la Ics; liiiieh: Id ngireri ddng tinh mi cd nam tinh. eu chi didu bg gidng ddn dng: Sofi hiiieh: Id tir dd ehi nii)l diing khdc cua ngudi ddng tinh nu. ed be ngodi xa cd tinh manh me nhung cr niirc do chirng muc.
khdng ed giing hdt sire nhdm loiii bd nhung dac didm nir tinh cua minh (nhu cd linh cp nguc. cat tde ngan....)|.
- C 'ome mil: la hdnh dc)ng cdng khai eho mgi nguiri biet minh la nguiri ddng linh.
Vien Khoa hoc Phiip Iv Bo lu phap
' C ac lhu.il ngir n.\\ se gop phiin phiin biel giii.i dong linh voi c.ic doi lucrng gioi tinh khac cimg nhu liim i6 duoc djc diem cua nguoi dong linh.
Truong Hong Quang
Thi gidi Ihir ha: mac dii khdng mang tinh xiic pbi^im xd dircre dimg phd bien bai nguai dan xa bao ehi nhung nd khdng ed djnh nghTa rd rdng xd thucmg de ehi edng ddng nguiri ddng tinh xd ngiriri hodn linhehuxdn ddi gidi tinh nic)t ciieh khdng phdn biet.
Hidn nax. phdn Ic'rn ngucri ddn chua hidu biet nhidu xa diing xe ddng linh luxen di Nhieu ngiriri khdng phdn biet ducre nhiing khdi nidm ngucri ddng tinh luxen di. ngucri hodn tinh chuxen ddi gieVi tinh. nguiri luirng tinh mac dii dax Id nhirng khdi niem khde nhau. Hern nira. da sd eho rang ddn dng nir tinh hoac phi,i nir nam tinh la nhirng ngudi ddng tinh. Thuc chdt. ngudi chuxen gidi la ngiriri khi sinh ra xe mat x hgc Id gicii linh nam'nu' nhung ban thdn hg liii lu nhdn thax.
eho rang minh phai mang gicri tinh ngucre lai ndn da lien hdnh phdii thudt chuxen ddi gicii tmh; nguiri lucifng linh la ngucri hi hdp dan.
quan he tinh due xiri ea 2 gicii (nam vd mi).
Cd bdi bdo ehi ra vide hidu sai cua nhidu ngucri vd giai thich rd rdng sir khdc biet cua ba khdi nidm ndv. Mdt bdi bao ndu ra ranu.
7'i/i,e ••iiicin donn linh lui I'ici \aiii.
http: vvvvvv.pllag.vn I'oriim shovvthiead.php'.'l 62'*.
Hen ciinh do. co the nhac den thuiit ngir "Pe-de" (chi ngucri dong tinh nam) vii ii moi (co the chi nguoi dong tinh nir). Trong do thirc chat lir "Pede" lii mot danh tir dircre Viet hoa lir khi tieng Phap Iro nen pho bien till niroc ta tir dau the ky XX va ihuirng dugc uoc thanh "Pe de" dc diing ggi mcit nhom ngircri trong xii hgi voi nhieu each dimg vii an \ khiic xa vai nguvc-n nghia han diiu. iheo chiing icii. vice su dung tu tren la quii iui tri va thirc su neu ai hieu dung nghia cua tu nax thi v6 hinh trung dii hieu Mii vc nguoi dong tinh.
Cii ihe nhan ihiiv. cac lu dong tinh liiven in. gav.
lc-.hi,in 1.1 tu khoa hgc vii mang tinh trung lap sonv
^..i til pi'-de. Xiing pha nhin. bong Ui. bong kin. hai till, hili mang tinh xue phiim It hoac nhieu.
\ / / t \l(>( \ 1 / ' / / \ P l t \ l S0.1 2012
nhirng ngucri ddng iinh nam hien nax thudc ba nhdm chu xeu: ^(Tu ki ngudi eo bd ngodi gidng nhu nhirng nguiri dan dng binh thucrng. khoang 10".. ngucri iin niiie. trang sire, tdc phong nhu phu nu va khoang 20" c.
thuiic nhdm mim giira hai nhdm nax. Ben canh do. quan niem eho rilng ngdx nax edng ed nhidu nguiri ddng tinh Id do dua ddi eung khd phd bidn. lux xax. mdt bde sT eho bidt ngdx nax lucmg nguiri ddng tinh ddm the hien minh nhidu hem khdng phai xi hg tang Idn md chl xi edi nhin eua \a hdi da dan thdng thodng.
\'e xan dd nguxdn nhan cua hien tucmg ddng tinh cho ddn nax xdn chua cd edu tra loi ehinh thire. Dau tidn eo thd nhdn thax.
nii)t nguxdn nhan sdu xa Id do xtuit phdt tir tdc ddng cua xa hdi. gia dinh. nidi truimg sdng. Hodn canh sdng bj khiem khuxdt.
thieu sir cham soe cua nguiri cha me trong mdt thdi gian ddi (nhdt la giai doan tudi thcr).
gia dinh khdng quan tdm. cd nhieu bidn ed xax ra trong gia dinh khien nguiii dd sdng khep kin. bj ddn nen tdm ly tir nho. Id con mdt trcmg gia dinh... ndn dan ddn tinh cdch khiic nhirng nguiri binh thuimg khdc. ddn hinh thdnh nen sir lech liie xd gidi tinh khiic xcri ngudi xung quanh. Ben canh do. ngax ea trong iihiing gia dinh gidu ed eiing ed ngucri ddng linh. Didu dd eho thax. khdng quan trgng gidu ngheo. dii cd ddx du \ at chdt ddn ddu nhung ndu thidu sir quan tdm cham sdc eua ddx du bd me xd mdi truimg sdng edn thidt thi Cling hodn todn ed the diin den su lech lac xe gic'ri linh. Tux xax. khdng phai eir ai rai xiio nhung hodn canh nhu trdn ciing ddu se eo xu lurc'mg lech lac xe gicii tinh.
Duirng nhu didu nax edn xuiit phiit tir nguxen nhdn xd gen xd he thiin kinh. Khia e;inh ndx da ducre khoa hgc the gidi nghidn eiru xd cd su ddng thiiiin nhat djnh. Xet tiii ea eae khia Ciinh. eo thd hdu hel vdi mdt nguiri ddng tinh thi nguxdn nhdn eua tinh ir.ing do deu dircre tdng hgp lir hodn canh sdng (nhu da ndu cr irdn) xd xd thiin kinh.
tdm lx. Bdn canh eld. eiing eo ngudi ed hodn
canh sdng rdi he.an hao nhung. xdn la nguiri ddng tinh. Khi do. nhirng ngui>i nax ehi dem thudn do xan de gen gdx la. \ oi nhung nguxdn nhdn ndx, khdng thd ndi ddng tinh la benh. lit trircVc den nax chua cci ai chirng minh ducre didu nax. Didu md cdc nhd khoa hgc X dn ban khoiin nhdt ddi x cii x an dd ddng tinh. dd Id sir kdt hgp ede nguxdn nhiin bcri chimg khd phirc Uip xa chua eo su rd rdng.
thdng nhdl"
Cae nc)i dung tiep theo diicVi ddx ehi xin de cap ddn sir nhdn thire vd ngucii ddng tinh Cling nhu nhan thirc xe quydn eua ngiriri ddng tinh trdn thd gicii vd Viet Nam. chua tham vgng di sau ddnh gid thuc triiiig cue quxdn cua ngucri ddng tinh hidn nax.
2. Nhan thii'c \ c ngu'cVi dc'ing tinh va quyen ciia ngudi ddng tinh tren the gicii
Cae nghidn eiru tir Irueie ddn nax da cho thax thue chat cua xdn dd ddng tinh la ir thien hirc'mg tinh diie' Nhan thirc vd thien bucrng linh due ed ca inc)t qud trinh Idu diii trdn thd gicVi. Mdt ngucri bj hap dan bdi nhfrng ngircri khde gidi dugc ggi lii
' De minh hga cho nhirng dieu lien xin inch liii mot dieu tra nho tren mot website diinh cho lesbian tin X'icl Nam nhir sau: Khi dircre hoi rfliig "Tcii sun han In njiin'fi ilinh hinhr.; cha f;iiii linh hem iluiifi a'l. hull \c iru ldi nhir llic nuu'". ket qiiii lit: "Ihrn 60".. lin rOnf:
ho clil Jiriii. sinh ra lii naiidi cliiitfi linh nir hin Im'mji linh vii chl 6"o cho rCin^ \ii dinh hiidni^ linti Jiic riid ho CII ilirirc Jo sic ninii chrirnsi huv unh hinni^ lir i<h sir kicn Ironsi cinjc sinii;. 7",, niii linh diic ciiii Im lii iiiiii sir hru chon co v ihin 1 -^ ni;ii(ii din/c hui ilii chon iiiiii dill tru liri iniiif; hiiu liin^: Sir dinh lim'm^
cua ho vi' mill linh due lii moi sir ki'l hop cuu ihii'ii nhii'n. dieu kicn vi? hin vii sir hru chon cii nhim" {Dieu tra niix do l?an quan Iri D\a-\ dim danh cho gioi 1 csbian thirc hien irong 1 ihiing doi vdi chlnh ciic thiinh vien eua dien dim. dia chi dien diin.
http: vvwu asianlabrxs.com forum). Diiv ki dien dim mang diinh cho gieiri dong tinh nir dux nhiil liii V li-i Nam trong kill dien dim danh cho giai dong linh nam CO den I I dien diin.
' Diiv lil lir dung de chl sir hiip d;in ve linh cam. su liing man. iriu men va hap dan ve tmh due cua iniil ngiriri doi v(»i nhfrng nguoi ^iing ...|,,i khac eioi hav doi viri CI hai
\HAi\THU( \i:.\(,l'OI...
heterosexual (nguiri ed thien bucrng linh due xcri nguiri khiic gic'ri) - bat ngudn lir tidng Hi Lap hcteros cd nghTa la "khtic" Nhidu ngucri sir dung tir straight (thang) dd ehi nhirng nam gicri hax phu nu cd thien hircrng tinh due xcri ngucri khiic gicVi. Mot ngircri bj hdp dan bcri nhirng nguiri cimg gicVi ducre ggi Id homosexual (ddng tinh liixdn di) (bat ngudn lir tieng Hi Liip homos cd nghTa Id "cimg").
Nhirng eudc thao luan ngax nax tap trung xung quanh khdi nidm .sir thich tinh due (sexual prerercnce) hax ddi lucrng ham mudn linh due cua mdt nguiri. Tux nhidn. ngdx edng cd nhidu nhd tinh due here xd ciic chuxen gia khdc chgn cum tir thidn hircrng tinh due (sexual orientation) thay xi sci thich tinh due vi sir thich tinh due cho thax rang su hap dan tinh due ludn la xan dd eiui sir lira chgn. Nhd tinh due hgc .lolin Monex (Mx.
l')87)da vidt;
".Sir ihieh linh due Id mdi ihudi ngir mang linh dao dire vd ehinh iri. Ve mqi khdi nieiii.
nd dimg de ehi sir lira chon iir nguyen. cd nghia Id nidi ngirdi chon hode ihich Inr ihdiih ngirdi ddng linh luyen di llniy vi Id ngudi cd ihien hudng linh due vdi ngirdi khdc gidi'hay Id ngirdi di nam di nir vd ngirov Iqi. I'e mql chinh Iri. sir ihich linh due Id nidi iliiidl ngir nguy hiem vi nd dm ehi rdng neu ngirdi ddng linh luyen di ehqn diivv sir ihieh cua minh llii liq ed ihe hi phdp lual i'p hude. dirdI .sir de (loa cita vice .vi' hi Irirng phqi. de phai clwn inr ihiinh nguiri ed ihien hudng iinh due viri ngudi khde gidi. (1 ddy ed the llidy. khdi niem vc su lira chon linh nguyen Id sai. vd cimg Id sai khi dp dung nd de ndi ve sir lint chon eua ngudi cd khuynh hudng chi dimg mdi lay hay sir lira chtin lieng me dc. Han khdng ihe chon iiciig me de cua minh. eho dit han sinh ra chua cd ltd "''
John Monev. C/.n. Siriiif:ht. und ln-llci\vcen: The ,S'cv<./.'i;i ()/ l.roiic Oricnhilion. New V'ork. Oxford I niversilx Piess. I'ISS ISRN 0-10-s0vl()7.s,
\'ao nhiing nam 1940 xd 1950. .AHred Kinsex xd ciie ddng nghidp eua dng da dua ra >• kidn rdng. thien hucing linh due tdn tai dgc mc)t the lidn luc. rruc'ic nghidn ciru eua Kinsex xe thdi quen tinh dite cua ngudi Mx.
cdc chuxdn gia (ciing nhu cdng ehiing) tin rang, ban hdt mgi ngudi hoac Id ngudi ddng tinh luxen di hoac Id ngudi ed xu hucmg tinh due xdi ngudi khdc gidi. Kinsex dodn rdng Ciie loai thidn bucrng tinh diie khdng he rd rdng nhu mgi ngucri xdn lucrng. Irong thang 7 didm cua Kinsex dimg dd do thidn hireVng tinh due (0 didm cd ngliTa Id ini)t ngudi hoan loan cd thidn hucmg tinh due vdi ngudi khiic gic'ri. 6 didm cd ngliTa la mdt ngudi hodn todn ddng tinh luydn di). nhirng ngirdi trong thu nghiem mdu cua dng ddu tirng it nhat da bj hap dan mc)t chiit veVi nhfrng ngucri eiing gicii. tux nhidn hau hdt nhfmg ngudi dd ddu khdng the hien khao khdi dd eua minh.
Cjidng xdi Uirong hcrp cuu nhieu nghien eiru khoa hgc \a hdi. ede kdt liuin eua Kin.sex xe tinh triing di nam di nfr bj nghi ngd. Vi du.
hai nha lam lx hgc Robert Carson vd .lames Butcher (1992) da viet: "Tren quan diem eua chitiig Idi. nhieu eon so md Kinsey vd ede di'ing nghiep dua ra khdng khdng dinh dirpc linh phd qiidl cua linh Irqng di nam di nir nhu mill sd loqi Inmg tap due linh cir han.
Dieu md ho neu Id nhieu ddn dng lir ehdi khdng quan he linh due viri phu nir ed the vd cd 'sir ihoa man Idi da" hdng cdch quan he linh due viri ngirdi ddn dng khdc. Id do nghien ciru eua ho. gid ih'i ai cimg hiei. dirirc thirc hien Ircn nhirng ngudi lii. hoac lirirng lu' Didu quan trgng Id edn phai nhci rang tinh due hiriVng gidi tinh khde cimg Id xdn dd thudc thidn hucVng tinh due. gidng nhu ddng tinh luxen di hax di nam di nfr. Mae dii nhidu nguiri cho rang eo thd chuxen ddi thidn hircrng tinh due cua mdt ngucri. thucmg Id nhfrng ngucri ed thidn hirc'mg tinh due vcVi ngiriri khiie gicii ndi xd nhfrng ngiriri ddng tinh luyen di. thi cau ndi dd (dii dimg hax sai) Cling edn phai dugc dp dimg mc)t edch
V//,l .\f //( I \ PHAP 1.1 At so .t 2012
cdng bang cho tiii ca mgi ngirdi thuc)c tat ca cdc thidn hirc'mg tinh due"
Ndm 1990. td ehirc ^' te the gidi (Wl IO) da loai ddng tinh ra khdi danh sach cdc loiii benh. Didu nay cd x' nghTa hdt sire quan trgng ddi xdi cijng d d n g gieVi tinh miy. Irud'C nam 1990. duirng n h u cac kien thirc ve ddiig linh trdn the gidi cung c h u a ducre biet ddn nhieu. chua ducre djnh hinh me)t cdch cu the.
xd do dd Clie quan niem cii. cdc tdc ddng anh hucmg tir nhieu nguxdn nhan khdc nhau da khien eho ciic id ehue ed cdi nhin chiiii dimg dan vc hien t u g n g ddng tinh. Ngudn gdc cua hien tirerng ndx ddu duc.rc ciic tdi lieu nghidn ciru cho rang da xuat hien tii rat xa xua trdn trdi ddt l a p qudn tinh diic thay ddi theo thcri gian. Khdi niem "ddng tinh luydn ai"
hidn dang d u g c hidu cr cdc nucrc phucmg Ta>
Id mc)t khdi nic-m m d i . k h d n g tirong iing vdi khdi niem truerc ddx. l i o n g eudc diri ciia nhieu ngiriri quan trgng trong Ijch s u n h u .Alexandre Di,ii Dc. Leonardo da Vinci.
Miehelangelo. Plato.... cd the ducre xem la eo quan he linh due xcii ngucri cimg phdi.
nhung khdi niem "ddng tinh luyen di" hidn diii Id miil khdi niem hg c h u a ducre bidt ddn'
Thicn hirinii; linh due lit e'". bac si lieorge 1).
/gourides. I hiic sv. Christie S. /gourides.
Phiin nguon giic hinh ihiinh dong linh trong ljch su ducre uic giii lap hcrp tir nhieu trang ihiing tin dien tu khiie nhau ve diing tinh
" I'ai ehiiu \. vice ai tinh diing tinh la nuit vice hing ngiiv lir \ira. Nhirng ngiriri phirang liiv den ciic khu luiv thucrng sirng sot ve viec no dirge chiip nhan va tiirng biix cong khai. "Iai Irung Quire, quan he dong tinh dirge ghi nhan lir niim 600 Iririic ciing nguyen.
Nhieu tir noi trai dircre dimg de niicu ta viec mix. Cac meri quan he thirirng gifra nhiing ngucri co tuoi tdc vii dja Vl \a hgi khiic biet nhau. Irong quyen Hong Lau Mong. nhimg vice au yem v.i quan he tinh due gifra nhirng ngiriri diing gicri khong gi \a la diii vcri dgc gia.
liii Nh.ii Ran. thoi quen nav dugc ggi la shudo (chirng diio) hav nunshnkii (nam MU). dii dugc ghi liii trong nhieu tiii lieu lien miil nghin nam va ki mot ph.in quan trgng Irong i.ic lu vien diio Phiil eiing nhu truxeii thimg samurai Nen vfm hira ai tinh dimg tinh nav d,"i diin dii-n mirl iruxen ihiing hinh ve vii van cluiong ghi nhan va ca tung ciic quan he niiy. I'lrang ur. l?i Thai Lan khiing co khiii niem "dong tinh luvcn
lai phucmg l a y . nhfrng tdi lieu phucrng I'ay lau ddi nhdl (trong hinh thirc mx thuat. van hgc. xa truydn thuxdt) \ e mdi quan lid ddng tinh d u g c tim thiix tir thdi I lx Lap thui^mg eo.
ncri cae tncM quan he d d n g tinh ducre xa Iicii tao nen. d u g c thanh lap qua thdi gian tir thiiiih pher ndy ddn thdnh phd khdc. Ld nax. nwt he thdng cua nhfmg mdi quan he gifra mdt ngircri dan dng IcVn ludi xa mdt thanh nidn dang trucmg thanh. d u g c xem la cd gid trj day dii.
ddng thdi dd kidm chd mire dc) gia tang diin sci. ddi khi bj xem Id Idm mdt trtit tir. Plato dit ca ngeri n h u n g Icri ich cua x iec ndx trong cic tdc pham lue dau. n h u n g Irong eac tde pham sau ndx dug da dd nghj ngan edm nd. Trong thdi Phue Himg. nhfrng thdnh phd a mien Bac niriVc \ . diic biel Id l-'iretize xd Venezia.
rat ndi tieng xe xiec ai tinh ddng tinh. diicrc phan ddng dan sd nam theo x a ducTC tao ihco kidu mau d I lx Lap vd La Ma
I'rong nhfrng niim thdng dd. nhieu qiieic gia da dua d d n g tinh vao danh sach ciic benh xd lain thdn. C^uan niem d d n g tinh luxen di lii rdi lotin tdm lx' la mi)t quan niem phd bien a phucrng Idx tir thd ky XIX xd sang den nicil phdn thd kx .XX. xd ed Ic nd lan truxdn cung vdi su phd bidn eua x hgc phucmg lay. Den nhfrng thap nien cudi thd kx XX. khoa hcic da khang djnh d d n g linh luxen di khdng phai Id benh. Nhidu nucic lan lircTl loai bo ddng tinh luxen ai khoi danh sach bdnh lain than.
ai" miii dcMi cuoi the kx XX. Tuy nhien. kuihocv hav
"trai nfr" (co chiing) lii mcit phiin Irong xii hgi lluii Lan trong nhieu ihc kv. Hg la nhfrng ngiriri nam giai an mac quan ao phu nir. co the dii ciii bo phan ngoai ciia bg phan sinh due nam. Hg thirirng dircre xii hoi chiip nhan. khong bj phien loai. luy nhien. mgt giii dinh CO con trai tra thimh kulhocy thucrng thai vgng.
Quan niem cua daa Phat trong xa hgi fhai Lan chap nhan mot gicri tinh thir ba.
" Ruggiero. 198.^: Rocke. 1996. Tux nhien. trong khi phan dong diin so nguiri nam theo tuc le nav. nhung nhii chirc iraeh xiin khiri to. phai va bill ho nhieu ngucri. Chinh nhiic disco co nguirn goe tu sir lic-n kel ban diiu voi loi siing cua men bg phan giiii diing linh luxcMi iii nam o ihanh phi) New i ork va sau di) diriic phiit trien tren nin tang nhiic dai chiing da den irong nhiing niim cii.i thap nien 1970.
;V//.V\ THICVHSCIOI . bai dau Id Hidp hdi tam lx Hoa Kx da loai
ddng linh ra khoi danh sdch bdnh tan> than xao nam 1973. lai Irung Qudc nam 2001 cung da loai ddng linh luxen ai khoi danh sach bdnh lam than. f3dng tinh luxdn ai duc.rc eoi la mc)t phan cua da dang tinh due con ngucri. ehir khdng phai la benh. Ddn nam 1990. nhu da neu ci trdn. Id chirc Y td the gidi. Id ccr quan ciia Lien Hcrp Qudc cd vdn chuxen mdn cho cac qudc gia ve y id. da loai bo ddng linh luxdn di khdi danh siich benh tdm than. Ddng thdi na> da mc)t lan nfra khang dinh ddng linh chi Id mdt xu hircrng tinh due nhu bao xu bucrng khiic (lucViig gicri.
xd tinh...) gdp phan xua dudi quan niem nang ne liii ctic nirc'yc trdn thd gidi xd gicri ddng tinh. Ddn thcri diem hidn tai da hinh thdnh hai quan diem quan trgng ve nguxdn nhdn cua xu hucing tinh due ndx. dd Id do ciic mat tdc ddng xd xa he)i xd do niiit sinh li.
thdn kinh cua con ngu'c'ri'"
Sau sir xuat hien cua nhidu td chirc ddng tinh trong be) phiin khdc nhau cua the gicii thi bdt dau ed nhfrng thao liuin xan dd nhan quydn lien quan ddn ddng tinh. Nam 1993.
cac xdn de xd djnh hudng gicri tinh ducre dua viio chucmg trinh nghj sir ciia Hdi nghj Lien hcrp qudc ve Nhdn quxdn tiii Vienna (Ao) nhirng bj phan ddi bcri ede nucre bao thii. bao gdm ca Singapore, lux nhidn. trong nam
1990 tiii My. bang San krancisco da thdnh lap mdt td chirc qudc te cho gicri gax (ddng tinh nam) xd lesbian (ddng tinh nfr) xdi tdn
'" lux nhien. cci the nhiin thiiy. viec to chirc WHO lo^i bo diing linh khoi danh sach benh dirirng nhir dura dircre lac dung nhu mong dcri till eac qucic gia cu Ihe tren the gicri uong nhirng giai doiin liep theo.
Trong giai doyn dci. ciic lei chirc qucic te khiic viin ehira ban hiinh tiiven bd niio Ixio ve nhfrng ngiriri co
\ u hucrng lech liic linh due. ciic quoc gia phiin Icin la killing dimg linh voi xu hircrng dirng tinh. tham chi co mill sii quiic giii ciin cho do lii lgi. phai bj xir phat.
Ihpm chi la di til. lir hinh.... (chiing han nhu Ba Lan nilm 1932. Dan M.ich nilm Wij. Thiiv Dien mini 19 U va \nh lulm 1967. cong dimg dcing linh van chua CO quvcn hirii phiip diiu chl la han che cho den iiiila nhiing n.im "o cua the kv XX i
ggi I'y ban Nhan quydn (ICil.HRC). Nam 1994. vdn dd djnh hireVng tinh due l^i biing nd tir eudc tranh ludn tiii I Igi nghj qudc td x e dan so xa phat trien (ICPD. Cairo. .\i Cap), xd eac dang ddi lap bdo thu. Indonesia Id qudc gia da cd nhfrng bac bd inc)t ciich rd rdng xd xdn dd ndx. Trong cimg niim dd.
Nam Phi trd thanh qudc gia dau tidn ghi nhdn van dd dam bdo khdng phan biet ddi xu dua trdn khuynh hudng tinh due trong Hien phap. Vdo thdng 4/2001. Ha Lan tro thanh qudc gia dau lien hcrp phdp hda hdn nhan cho gicii ddng tinh nam xd ddng tinh nfr.
Theo luat cua nucre ndx. mc)t trong hai ngireri ddng tinh mudn kdt hdn xcii nhau phai Id edng ddn hoac da cir tru lau ddi tai Hd lan.
Cdng uc'rc Qudc td ciic quxdn ddn sir chinh tri (ICCPR) md I loa Kx la mdt thdnh x ien kx kdt. cam phan biet ddi xu tren ccr so gidi tinh" Nam 1994. trong x u .V/c/zo/av Toonen kien Australia. LK ban Nhdn quydn Lien hcrp qudc (ccr quan theo doi sir tudn thu xd phan xu bao hanh theo ICCPR) nhdn dinh. cdc luat irirng phiit hdnh vi ddng gicii cr ngucri trucmg thdnh lien irng Id xdm phi,im cdc nguxen tac bao vd chdng ky thj trong ICCPR'- Dac biet. Uy ban Nhan quyen cho rang, "khuynh hirc'mg tinh cam gicii linh" Id
Hiep irac quoc te cac quyen dim su va ehmh tri.
(ICCPR). (i.A. res. 2200A (XXI). 21 1.1 IQ. C1\C)R l?ci sung. (So. 16) tiii 52. Van ban Lien hirji quoc
•A 6."! 16 (1966). 999 l l . N T.S 171. da co hieu lire viio ngav 2."! 03 1976. Dic-u 26 cua ICCPR tuyiMi b6: -\lpi iiliin'/i di'ii hinh diin^ inidc luiil phiip vii khong LO hiu ky sir phdn hicl doi xir niio Irudc sir huo vc hinh diiny cuu luiil phiip. Theo do. luiil phiip phui ni^iin ciiin moi sir ky Ihi vii huo diim cho moi ngiriri sir huo vc hinh diiii}; vii cil hieu i/iiu chdni; Uu sir phdn hicl din' \ir iri-n cir sa eiiu hiu ky dieu i;;'. nhie chunsf loc. mini du.
iiiiii linh. ngdn nau: Idn giiio, chinh Iri hay lir lirirny,.
xudt thiin xii hdi hay ddn ldc, Idi san, hum sinh. hav mot linh truiii; ndo khdc'
' No cung cho riing hg .xam pham nhfrng bao ve cho sir rieng tir irong Dieu 17 ciia ICCPR. Dieu nay viet:
"Khdni; ai phai chiu sir eun ihicp dde doun vd phi phap vao sir ricnsi lir. vdo gia dinh, ehd a vu thir tin, . H/)C khdnfi ui phai chiu nhwif; cdnf; kieh phi jihup viio nhdn phdm vd danh dir".
MIA .\ I 0( I t /'// \P II t / SO .12012
mi)t linh triing ducre bao xe Irueie sir phdn biet ddi xu. Theo ICCPR. nhiin djnh rang tham chieu ddn "linh due" trong ede dieu khoan 2 xd 2d Id da bao gdm khuxnh bucrng tinh due'' Cho nen eiing mdt irng dung dimg lx ddi xcii hdn nhdn. xiec ngan chdn nhfrng ngiriri ddng gic'ri nam x d nfr di ddn hdn nhdn ddn sir la mdt hinh thire kx thj xd thidn huang tinh cam gicri tinh
Den giai doiin 21)01-2003. ciic eudc tranh ludn xe sir phdn biet gicii tinh anh hucmg ddn nhdn quxdn edng miiiih mc.
Brazil dii de nghj Lx ban Nhdn quxdn cua Lidn hcrp qudc ndn eo nhfrng dgng thdi ghi nhdn nhan quxdn. trong dd cd khuynh hucing tinh due nhu nie)t khia ciinh ciia quyen con nguiri. lit dd den nax. cdc tuyen ngdn nhdn quxcn cua td chirc lidn hcrp qudc (I NISCO). diie bidt Id Nghi quxdi cua Hdi ddng Nhdn quxen I idn hcrp qudc (thdng (i 2(11 1 ) da khang djnh: "moi ngirdi deu eo quyen hinh dang, hdi ke ihien hudng linh due nhir ihe ndii' Lidn hcrp qudc efmg ed mdt phiim xi rgng rai tiong xiec xiic thuc nhfrng tidn tridn - thax xi ed dinh - eua djnh ngliTa xe gia dinh. Lx ban Nhdn quyen Lidn hgp qudc da luu x rang, "khdi niem gia dinh eo thd khde biel trong xdi khia ei,inh. gifra ede qudc gia. xd ngax ea gifra ede ldn giiio.
xd vi ihe khdng thd dua ra incit djnh ngliTa ehudn mue ehung"'^ Lx ban Quxen tre em Lien hgp qudc da tuxen bd didu ndx trong
"Nhiin dinh xe mdi truimg gia dinh" rdng edn phan dnh nhung edu iriic gia dinh khdc nhau. phdt sinh tir e.ie man hinh xdn hda xd
ede quan he tinh cam gia dinh da dimg dani;
ndi ldn"'"
Hidn nax. eo thd nhdn iluix ddng linh lii mdt hidn tucmg khdng xa lii dircii nhidu giic dc). Sir ki thj. sir phdn biel eua nguiri dan eac nuc'rc phucrng lax ddi xcii edng ddng gidi tinh ndx dd ed sir bidn ehuydn tich cue unit cdch rd ret hern. Cho dii tiguivi ddng linh chac chdn viin phai trai qua ede giai doan dau tranh lau dai ban nfra. nhung llure ic.
nhiin thire xe hg dd rd rdng xd phd bien hirn nhidu so xcii ede nucie phucmg Ddng. Dieu ndx da dircre chung minh qua ihire Id ngiiy cang cd them cae qudc gia eho phdp kel hdn ddng gicii xd hodn thien he thdng quvcn ciui ngucri ddng tinh (nhdt Id quydn dan sir ciia cdc cap ddi kdt hdn ddng tinh). Cham dirt k\
thj trong tiep can hdn nhan ddn sir da tru thanh vdn dd birc bdch cr nhidu qudc gia. Den thiri didm hidn tiii. eae qudc gia sau dax dii edng nhdn kdl hdn ddng gicri: Hd I an (l.iull Hdn nhdn ddng gicii ban hanh mim 2001). Bi nam 2003. Tax Ban Nha 2005. Canada 2005.
Nam Phi 2006. Na Uy 2008. Thux Oicn 2009. Bci Ddo Nha 2010. Iceland 2010.
Argentina 15'7. 2010 la qudc gia dau lien cr khu xue Mx la tinh cdng nhdn. Bra/in 2011.
Hoa Ky- (eae bang Massaehusclls.
Connecticut, loxxa. Vermont.... xd gdn diiy nhdl la IP Nexx York cdng nhdn xdo thimg 6'2011. Ben canh dd. theo bdo ciio cua ll.CiA (International Lesbian. Ciax. Bisexual.
Trans and Intersex Association) cho den thdng 5'2010. cd 32 qudc gia tren thd gic'ri chdp nhdn ddng tinh nfr nhung khdng ehiip nhdn ddng tinh nam Cling theo bdo ciin
Nicholas loonen kien Xusiralia. liv ban Nhiin quyen. Xu kien si- ISX 1992. Viin ban 1 HQC e PR c .so D 18S 1992. tlii S 7.
" Cam can hcin nhan dimg gioi co the xem nhu sir phiin biel din xu tren co so gioi tmh vi hern nhiin dirirc mo ra cho mgi ngiriri mil khiing vi giin tinh cua dcii ng.iu hg chgn lu.i
"Nhim dinh chung ihir 19; Hao ve gia dinh. qujen luin nhiin vii binh dang eua eac phcii ngiui" Ux ban Nhim quxen. V .in kien LicMi hop quiic IIRI (II N I Rev 2 ( 1990). lai 2.
Biio cao ve Kx hgp thu niim". 1 A ban (.luvcn irc em. Villi kien Lien hirp quoc I RliC C 2 1. Phu luc V
' Danh siich cac quiic gia miy bao gimi co: Banjiladcsh. liclizc. Ilrunci. CJhana. (iienuJa, (iiiyana. .Uumiiea. Kcnyu. Kirihuli. Kiiwuil, l.csoilui.
Malawi. Muwiliiis. Mvanmar. \aiiiihiu. \uiirii, X/ye/ii/, Pt.i^isiun. I'lilaii. I'upiiu \c\v (iuinca. Si Kills and \evis Sammi. Seychelles, Sierra l.coih'.
Sinniiporc. .Sna^ihind. lonnu. Iuikmcnistuii. Iiivaltt.
Uzhckistan. '/.umhiu vii /iiuhuhw c
.\ii.\\rHvc\i:.\(ii OI nax. quan he ddng linh bj cam tiii 44 qudc
gia tren thd gidi. trong dd ed mc)t sd qudc gia nhu Iran. Mauritania. Saudi Arabia. Sudan,
•i'emen xa mdt phan cua Nigeria xd Somalia ed the xu phat ddn chet ndu phdt hien quan he ddng tinh. Cd the Ilidx. dii da ed nhfrng lien bd trong xiec giam kx thj xd timg bircVc tdn trgng quxdn cua ngircri ddng tinh nhung nhfrng nd lire dd cdn qud it oi. Nhin ehung.
trdn phiim x i todn the gidi hidn nax. ngudi ddng tinh vdn chua thuc su ducre bao x e bcri he thdng chinh siich phdp lual xd thdm vao nfra mdt sd quvcn tu do co ban cua ho vini bi
• , I S " • ' '
XI phiiin
Hidn nax. lux ddng tinh luxen di da cd ducre cdi nhin tieh cue tir phia cdng ddng.
nhung Ihirc td d nhidu ncri trdn thd gicri ngirdi ddng tinh xan edn bj coi thucmg xd nhidu
'* DicMi hinh nhu mcit sii quyen dii dugc neu trong luxen ngiin the gioi ve nhiin quxen niim 1948 mii hien nav nguai diing linh chua dugc tliii hirong diix du:
- Dii;u I: Mgi ngiriri sinh ra deu lu do v;i binh diing ve phiim gia vii Ciic quyen hpiwii diroc liin iroUK vc /'hum .g/ii cuu mdi cd nhiiiu
- Dieu ""i: Mm nguiii deu co quyen simg. quyijn lu do v.l an ninh ea nhiin npiycii .vii;;,i; huy quyin ldn luil - Dieu .s. Killing ai cii the bi tra tiin hoilc nhue hmh. bj dill .XU hoac chju hinh pliiil liin nhiin v6 nhiin dao Iqiiycn khdiifi hi xdm pham than the)
Dieu 16: Nam vii mi khi du tucii deu co quyc-n kCM hcin vii xiiv dirng gia dinh. khiing cci bill kv sir han che niui ve cluing tcic. quiic lich vii uin giiio. \io dirge hirirng mgi quxen binh dilng nhir nhau khi kel hon.
Irong ihiri gian chung siing vii sau khi lx hcin Iqiiycn ket hdn vd siiy dung gia diiihl
- Dieu 21: Mgi ngiriri deu co quxen ducre tham gia binh diing vao cac dich vii ccing ciing a nuoc minh Iqiivcn hinh dang iron\: vice hiiong cac dich vii xd hoii - Dieu 2i: Quxen dtrcic kim xiee. tir do chgn nghe.
dirge cii nhfrng dieu kien limi vice thuan Icii. chinh diing Vii dirge bao ve cluing lai iiiin thiit nghiep Upiycn Hull \ici lao thu nhupl
Neiiiin: liiii Ihj Ciim 1 ii (Xien Nghien eiru \16i mnnig va Pluil nien ben vimg Xien Khoii hgc xii hcii
\ Id N.im). Ihui vc ipncn cua n^irdi diun; linh Mdi van di Jdn,ii duire hru lain, lliii thao "Quxen con nguoi: tiep cim lien nganh khoa hgc xii hcii" do Doiin
Ihanh nicn Xien Khoa hgc xii hgi Viet Nam to chirc m;av 01 OX 201 I.
quydn Icri cua hg bj xi phiim nghiem trgng Ciax gijt xd ha khiic nhat cd thd ndi ddn xiee hg bj tirdc doiit quxcn dugc sdng. Khdng nhfmg thd. hg cdn bj xam hiii \ e thdn thd x a biio hdnh bdi nhfrng ngudi cd quan nidm cue doan xd X'an dd ddng tinh xd thiim ehi la bai ca nhfrng ngudi than thidt trong gia dinh. o truimg hcic. trong edng ddng Idng xdm xd ncri lam xiec. C) mire do nhe hern, ngudi ddng tinh edn hi phdn bidt ddi xu trong x iec tidp can xcri cdc dich vu xa hdi ccr ban: _x td. giiio due. xan hda... I Ig efmg bj phan biet ddi xir trong ITnh xirc lao ddng xiee Idm. Nhidu nguiri lanh diio xd chu nai 1dm xiec eho rang ngiriri ddng linh ed dnh huang xdu ddn mdi trucmg X an hda chung cua ncri 1dm x ice x d hg cd thd se ldi keo nhfrng ngucii lao ddng khiie.
Phdp luat nhidu nircrc efmg khdng cho phdp ngirdi ddng tinh kdt hdn.
O nhfmg nuc'rc tir ehdi di ddn hdn nhdn cho cdc cap ddng gicii. cdc bat binh dang cd he thdng nhu xiix' theo Id thudng. van direrc khoan thir. li'ong luirng trinh ndx. td chirc Human Rights Watch xem xei sir bdi binh dang dd qua lang kinh eua luiit phdp xd thiic lien nhan quxdn qudc le. Quxdn hdn nhdn Id mdt quxdn eon ngirc'yi ccr ban. Vide dp di,ing khdng thodi thiic sir biio xd qudc le chdng ddi xu bill binh ddng phdt ra mdt ddi hdi rang, cdc cap ddng gicri nam vd nfr. trong pham xi lual phdp qudc td chdng phan bidt ddi xu. khdng kem gi ciic cap dj gicii. Ciin thu hucmg quxdn khdng cd biit ky "Icuii trir" hdn nhdn dan sir nao. Hern nfra. ede ddn chimg tdm Uit trong xdn ban ndx cho thay xu hirc'mg cr nhieu qucic gia di tcii cdng nhiin quydn ndx. Nhidu phdn Idnh da ddp liii liri keu ggi binh diing trong cdng nhan cac quan he linh cam. bang xiec liio nen mc)t chd dinh tuang ducmg nham didu tiet cdc quan he ddng gicVi. Cdc ludt xd didu dirge ggi Id "kdt hcrp dan sir" hax "ddi ngdu
" I5iii Ihi Ciim hi (X'ien Nghien ciru Miii tnrong va Phat trie'n ben vfrng. Vien Khoa hoc xii hgi \iei Nam), liao vc ipiycn cuu niiiriri ddiii; tinh .Mot vun dc <A//i,e dirifc hru lain. tldd.
MIA \t OC 1 \ PH \P It AT SO .12012
gia dinh" dugc chap nhan a nhieu nucic vd xd sd cdc ximg. Cac bireVe nhu xiiy the hidn sir tidn bd. nhung la tidn be) khdng dax du.
Nhfmg nd lire nax gan nhu lao nen dja x j tucmg ddng xcri hdn nhan tux xan gift nhfmg khiie biet quan trgng. Chirng ed Ic phan dnh djnh kidn roi rrrt lai ddi xdi cdc ddi cimg gicVi.
hay quan nidm bat binh dang vdn cd xd cdi tao nen mi)t "quan he tiiili edm .sai pham"
Chinh quxdn ndo cam kdt vdi binh dang thi khdng thd dao ngucre hcrp phdp phiim x i ndo dd cua deri .sdng ddn su khi eho phep midn trir trucre nhirng xiing bat binh dang. Cdc nguydn tiic nhdn quydn ddi hoi chinh quyen cham dirt phdn bidt ddi xu trong hdn nhan diin sir trdn ccr so thidn hucrng tinh cam gic'ri linh. xd dd nicr dja x j hdn nhdn ddn tdt ea.
.^. Nhan thii'c vc ngu'cri di'ing tinh va quvcn cua ngu'di di'ing tinh tai Vict Nam
.Miic dii hidm ed ghi nhan. ddng linh luydn di trong cdc thiri kx eua Ijch sir Vidt Nam tirng ducre nhac tdi trong iiic)t sd tai lidir . Hidn nay. lux khdng cd ludt cam quan he Iinh due ddng tinh. nhirng Ludt Hon nhdn xd Ciia dinh cam hdn nhan gifra nhfrng nguiri cimg gidi tinh vd chua cd nhidu nghidn ciru xd ede khia ei.inh khde nhau eiui ddng tinh luxdn di. Dili bd phdn ngucri ddn cdn kx thj Cling nhu eo nhfmg sux nghT sai lech xe nguiri ddng tinh. Dieu ndx cd ihd Uic ddng xdu den khdng ehi nhfrng ngirdi dc'ing tinh md edn ddn xd hdi ndi ehung. C'de ehinh quxdn trong lieh sir \'idt Nam chua biio gid dua ra ludt xe quan he ddng tinh. Be) kuit Hdng Dire eo de cap ddn ham hidp. ngoai tinh. xd loan luan nhirng khdng nhdc gi dc}n ddng tinh. Chinh quxen thuc ddn Phdp cung khdng cam dodn ede hdnh x i ddng tinh trong cdc thuc)c dja. Mae dii mai ddm nfr la pham phap. kuit phap khdng de cap gi ddn mai dam nam. Tuy nhidn. nhfmg hdnh xi dong tinh cd thd hi khai id dueri cdc li)i danh nhu
"X i pham luan ly" Prong nhfmg trucmg hgp
•/.i//,e auun diiiii; tinh lai liel \ain.
hup: www.ptlag.vn lorum showihicad.php'.'t 629
hidm hoi ma hanh x i ddng tinh bj triing phai xdi tdi danh la "ngoiii tinh" hay "ham hiep"
lux xax. ddm cucVi ddng tinh tirng dugc 16 chirc d \'idl Nam. Ngdx 7 4 1997. hang thdng tan Reuters dua tin x d ddm cudi dong linh dau lien a TP Hd Chi Minh gifra 02 ngucii nanr' Tide cucVi dien ra tiii me)i khach si^in vcii 100 khdeli mcifi. xd bj nhieu ngircri dan phan ddi. Ngdx 7.'3'1998. hai nguoi ddng tinh nfr Iam dam circVi tai VTnh Long, nhung giay xin phep ket hdn khdng dircre chap nhiin. Sau ede ddm circii nay. Qudc hgi thdng qua dao kuit cam hdn nhan ddng linh xdo nam 2000. Nam 2002. Bd Lao dc)ng
rhucrng binh xa Xa hc)i kdu ggi lidt ke ddng tinh luxdn di trong cdc "td min xa hcii" ciin phai bdi trir nhu nii.ii dam xd ma tiix. nhirng ddn na). Chinh phu Viet Nam van khdng cci chinh sach ndo x d quan he ddng tinh. Ngiiv 05 08/2008. Chinh phu Viet Nam ban hiinii Nghj djnh sci 88 20()8/ND-CP qux dinh vice xdc djnh liii gicii tinh ddi xcii ngirdi ci) khuyet tat bam sinh xe gicVi tinh hoac gicri tinh chua ducre djnh hinh ehinh xiic. Nhfrng ngudi nay la khdc vdi ngircri ddng tinh. I lien nay. phdp ludt Viet Nam chua cd he thdng chinh .Siich nao xd nhdm ddi lucrng dc bj Icin thucmg ndx mac dii dii cd nhfmg quan tiim dac bidt ddn eac nhdm xa hdi ydu ihe khac (tre em. phu nfr. ngudi khuyet tiii. ddn liic thieu sd...)" Chinh xi the. cluing la cdn xiiv dung mc)t hdnh lang phdp lx ddx du nham bao xe nhfmg quyen lgi chinh dang eua ngirdi ddng tinh. Nhfrng phan bidt ddi xir trong X ice tiep can vdi ciic djeh vu thidt yeu can dirge phat hidn xd xir phat.
Vdi tdng sd 813 ngircri la ddng tinh nam lai Viet Nam dugc phong xdn trong nghien cuu eua STD HIV/AIDS Prevention Center (SI lAPC. Trung lain phdng chcrng cac benh
Tdn,i; i/uan ddiif; linh lui liii \uiii http:' www.pllag.xn roriim shoxvthread.php'.'t 629
" Biii Thj Cam Tu (Vien Nghii-n ciru Miii trircrng va Phiit trien ben vfrng. Vien Khoa hgc xii hgi Vicl Nam). Hill) ve quyen ciui iiiiiioi ddiif; linh Mdt van dc ddm: dinfc lim uun. ildd
A7/.tA' W/f'C Vf.SC.VOl ...
lay Iruxen qua duirng tinh diic x irus gay ra sux giam mien djeh cr ngucri) da chi ra rang, kidn thirc xd nhan thirc xe tinh due ddng gic'ri rat hiin chd I ddx la mdt xu hucing tinh due.
ed the do bam sinh. ed thd do xeu td xa hdi.
hoac do ca bam sinh lan xa hc)i). Co icri 36"..
ngucri ddn ducre hoi eho bidt hg eoi tinh due ddng gicii Id Id nan xa hc)i: 68"., cho tang do Id mdt can bdnh; 48"i) eho rang dax Id mdt thir quan he bdnh hciiin; 27% cho rang tinh due ddng gicii la dua ddi. hu hong; 56" o eho rang tinh due ddng gicii Id didu trdi vcVi tu nhidn ' Cd thd nhdn thdx. khd khan xa bi kjch Ic'm nhat Id ngucri ddng tinh khdng ducre thira nhiin. khdng ducre sdng vcii eon ngucri that cua minh. Nhin chung. cr Viet Nam thai do eua xd hc)i ddi xcii ddng tinh luxen di Id kx thj cr cdc mire do khde nhau hoac khdng the hien thai dc) rd rdng nhir phc'ri lir. khdng quan idm. Mgi ii Id rat nho nguiri ddn eo thai do eoi ma vol nguiri ddng linh. Hidn nax. eo nhieu nguiri bdt ddu kdu ggi ndn ed ilidi do ccri mcr hern ddi xcii ngiriri ddng tinh. Nghien eiru cua Vidn ISl-k. (Vien Nghidn eiru xa hdi kinh td xd mdi iruirng) xe sir kx thj cua nmrc'ri ddng tmh nam tai Vidt Nam eho t i l l " ' :
/ . 5 % cho hiC'l dd hi dudi hqc khi hi phdi hien Id ngirdi ddng linh.
- 4.1"" hi ky ihi vc vdn de nhd ir.
4.y''ii cho hii'l liing hi Idn cdng vd hi ddnh ddp vi td ngirdi ddng linh.
/.'>. /";. cho hii'l hi gia dinh elitri mdng vi Id ngirdi ddng linh
Nhidu nguiTi eoi ddng linh luxdn di Id khdng binh ilurdng. thdm chl Id benh hoiin dde bidt la cr ndng thdn. Do dd. hanh xi du xem eua hai ngucri cimg gicii eo ihd lam cho nhidu ni-udi cam thax uhc term. Nhidu biic
lii kich khd ndi cua o/i/r/ri; 'hdng kin'.
hup: xietnamnet.vn vn xa-hoi .i2l.s.s bi-kich-kho-noi -eiia-nhiing--bi)ng-kin- html. Ciip nhiit ng.iy IP O.S 201 1
/.'/i.e . / » . " ' i/'i'i.e linh lai \'icl \aiii.
Imp- WHVv pilag vni'oiuiii showthread.php'.'t 629.
cha me cam thiix bj tdn thucrng. kinh ngac;.
gian dir. mac cd hoac hoang mang khi bidt eon minh ddng tinh. Mc)t sd ngudi tim cdch thay ddi eon minh. trong khi mdt sd ngudi khiic thi khdng quan tdm ddn con nfra. lux nhidn. mc)t sd it ngirdi bat dau nhin nhiin ngucri ddng tinh cung nhu khang djnh ddng tinh luxdn di khdng phai Id benh. Mdt sd nhd lu xdn tam ly eung khuxdn mgi ngudi nen ed thai do binh iTnh. lim cdch than hidu xa hd trg khi bidl nguiri than hoac biin be Id ngudi ddng tinh. dac bidt Id cha me khi bidt sir that xd eon minh. xi cha me efmg cdn thiri gian dd dan ddn chap nhiin vice niix ^ Cd the thdx trong xa hdi. thucmg nhfrng ddi tucmg ndo bj ddx xdo nhdm xdu thd incii Ihdy ducre su bdt binh ddng du it dti nhidu trdn nhidu phucrng didn.
Ddi xcii xdn dd ddng linh iidi rieng \d nhdm ddi lucmg veil the ndi ehung thirirng eo didm ehung Id binh ihuirng ihi khdng mav ai iihde ddn. nhung ndu eo mdt sir kien ndo do ndi biit lidn quan den sir binh ddng eua hg Irong xa hdi Ihi lu nhidn se thdnh ""tdm didm" nhiin duire sir quan lain cua hdu bet tdng Ic'rp trong xa hdi. Tux' nhidn. dd "•tdm diem" hax sir quan tdm nax Idn tiii lau ddi. phdt tridn thdnh ldn sdng ung he) hax khdng thi edn phu thude nhidu ydu td. liii Viet Nam. hidn tucmg ddng tinh da khdng cdn la didu xa lii. thdm ehi nhidu nguiri dat ra edu hoi: Uii siU) ngdx edng
i r o n g euiic tham dii nilm 2007 cua Dai hgc Su phiini TP. 1 lil Chi Minh. vcri ciiu hoi " \i;iriri ddn^i linh luyen ui cd \un huy khdng'" hern 8(l"ii hcie sinh Ira lai la "khc'iiig". Cac hgc sinh nav giai thich rimg v i dd lii quxen tir do cua miii ngircri hoi'ic vice lii ngiroi diing tinh khiing phai lin do ban ihiin nginii di). Khi phai hien Irong Icrp co ban dcing tmh. "/""'i. hiic sinh khiing dinh van gift moi quan hii' binh thuimg voi ban. kem theo dimg vicMi (."I'l"..) vii gifr kin bi mi'il cho ban l.-'-s^o). 2"o hgc cam thiix khinh bi va 1.3".. thiiv sg Vai chuxc-n gia tiim ly cho rang, giiio vien ciin ton trgng sir rieng ur cua hcic sinh dcing tinh va nen dgng vien hg de hg kluing tir diinh giii thiip ban thiin. cim cha me cua nhfmg hgc sinh niiy cung ciin dugc cung Clip kii-n ihirc ve viin de nav de tiio miii quan he giin gili. thimg cam de hg khiing cam thav bi c6 lap.
Ngudn Tdng i/iiun diin^ linh lui \'ii'i \uiii hup: XVvvu.pllag.vnroi'um shovvthiead.php'.'l 629.
.V//.t \ I ()( l.i PH \P 1.1 \1 SO .1/2012
CO nhieu ngucri ddng tinh nhu xdx. Nhin ehung. trong quan niem cua dai be) phan dan cluing \ i e t Nam. ddng tinh xtin la mdt loiji benh. la nbOrng ddi tucmg '•dang bo di"" cua xa hdi. Hem nfra. ngucri ddng tinh tiii nucVe la chua ducre edng nhdn. chua ed quxen kdl hdn^'' De tim hidu nhdn Ihire xd ddng tinh efmg nhu quxdn eua ngucri ddng tinh li^ii Viet Nam. xin ducre phdn lieh thdng qua nhfmg sir kidn lidn quan ddn eac ""ddm eircii ddng tinh" trong thiri gian qua.
3.1. .\hitiig hieu irng
Phai ndi rang trong ihiii diem nhu hidn mix. khi xdn dd nhdn quxdn dang thue sir rdt ndng lir qudc gia ndx ddn qudc gia kluic thi ngdx cdng ed nhidu nhdm ddi lucmg mudn ldn lieng dd mong nhdn ducre sir binh dang trong xa hdi. ehi it Id nhfmg quxdn lien quan den hiinh phue cd nhdn. Khi dd. hai "ddm eucii""
eua hai cap ddng linh (mi. ttii I Id Nc)i. thdng 12'2010) xd (nam. tiii PP. I lei Chi Minh.
Ihdng 6 2(111) thue su tra ihdnh hien tucmg.
xi ihii'c id phdp kuit hidn hdnh eua Viet Nam ehira eho phep kdl hdn ddng gicri. lux nhidn.
ed the nhdn thdx. dii nhfrng hidn tirerng ndx chuii ducre phap luat edng nhdn nhung da tao ra tihfmg hidu irng nhat dinh:
Thir nhdl. thuc'mg thi ede cap ddi ddng Iinh rdt ngiii edng khai (come out) vdi gia dinh. xd hdi xd gicii tinh xa linh xeu ciia minh. \ i xdx. mdi khi ed ai dd ddm edng khai sir thiit xe gicii tinh thi ludn nhdn ducre sir img he), sir ngucing md (ddi khi ehi Id ung he) hay ngudng md ngdm) xd thdm ehi Id "uc'rc gi minh ducre nhu hg" cua edng ddng ngudi trong gicii. Cd the xcri hai cap ddi ndi trdn da edng khai xcii gia dinh. xcii bim be tir truc'rc dd nhimg X iec hg td ehirc mdi budi tide (md gidi ti'iixen thdng xa mgi nguc'ri van ggi nd la
""ddm eiriii") thi xiee edng khai da rdng rai hem. Ciid dax. hai edp ddi dx khdng chi ldn tieng cho ban thdn minh md da diii didn cho edng ddng trong giirj cdng khai xd khang
•' Quv dinh till khoan .s. Dieu 10. Luiit Hdn nhiin Oia dinh niim 2000
djnh. hoan loan eo ihd ed tinh xdu trong gicri ciia minh. \'i xdx. su dung cam xd lien phong Id nhfrng dieu ma mgi ngucri ca ngcri.
Thir hai. tiii \ i e t Nam hidn nay. kien thirc efmg nhu nhan thue eua xa hcii. eiic tang Ic'rp edn khd ban die xd ddng tinh. x i dii:
bail nhu ai eiing eho ddx Id bdnh. Id sir cti ngugc Itii cdc gia tri eue)e sdng efmg nlitr nhdn xan xi nd ""khdng binh ihuc'mg" Vi xdy. trong bdi canh dd. xiec khdng il nguiri phan ddi ede sir kien ""ddm eucVi"" ndx Id dieu cung dd hidu. Bdn etuih dd. nic)l be) phiin khdng nho nguiri ddng tinh cd ldi sdng khdng Idnh miinh. gdx ra nhieu hire xue eho ede tdng Ic'rp khde trong xd hdi. 1dm eho eai nhin khdng thidn cam ngdx edng tdng len.
Chinh xi xax. ngiriri ta edn e de xcii xdn di' nhiiy cam ndx. khdng mudn nhac ddn. khdng mudn luiin bdn qud sdu. ddi khi edn hieu sai tram trgng xe gicri ndx. Tir dd. ngucri ddng tinh khd ducre sir cam thdng eiui xd hdi. khci tidn tcii edng khai xd tim quydn Icri eho ban than. .Xudt phdt lir nhfrng didu tren. Viei Nam ehtui eo ducre nhfrng ihdng tin. nhfrng djnh hucrng dung dan eho xan dd ec)ng ddng ngucri ddng linh. Cae hotit dc)ng lidn quan ddn edng ddng nhdm tim kidm binh diiiig khd manh mim. nho le thdng qua ciic nhdm.
edu lac bd. didn dan vd gdn ddy nhat lit nhfmg boat ddng eiia Vidn ISHli. Vi xdy. tir nhfrng ""ddm eudi" ddng tinh miy del gdp phdn ttio ndn mdt ldn sdng. hay chinh xiic hon la mdt ccr hdi dd cdc chii thd ed lien quan dugc ldn tieng xd quan diem cua minh cho ei)ng ddng. Cd le. phdi bat ngudn tir bao chi. tir nhfrng Idn sdng nhd dd cd thd tien den nhfrng dau tranh lidn quan ddn xay dung he thdng thd chd.
3.2. .XhiTiig tdn tiji
Ihuc sir hai "ddm circVi"" ddng tinh ndi tren da mang liii nhfrng hidu img kha quan nhu xdx xd qua dd da eho cluing la thax nhung xan dd ed le ndn nhin nhiin lai;
Thir nhdt. hau nhu ai efmg xem ddx lii
""ket hdn ddng gicVi"" la "kdt bdn"" ndi phiip.
I lau hdt cac phan hdi trdn ciic dien ddn. cac
\//i.\ riiicvi saioi...
trang tin deu nhiin dinh chung nhu xiix. Tux nhidn. thuc te nhiing sir kien nhu thd chua ihe ducre xem Id ""kdt hdn" xi dcrn gian phdp kuit hien mix chua cho phep. Vi xax. neu nhfrng ciip ddi nax mudn ""ket hdn"" thuc sir Cling khdng the kdl hdn duerc (trir khi L'y ban nhdn dan xil pliuirng ddng x eho cap ddi ndx dang kx kdl hdn tbi meri xem la dang kx ket hcin trdi phep). Hax nhin nhtin edi md mgi nguiri gc.ii la ""ddm euc'ri" ax ehi Id mi)t budi tide, mdt ccr hc)i dd hg edng khai xcri nhidu ngucri hem. Chung tdi cho rang, thdng thuimg. hdn nhdn khdng dcrn gian chi Id de rdng huge nhau md Id dd hai ngucri ed trdeh nhidm hirii xcii nhau. Neu khdng ed triich nhiem. thi dii cd hdn nhdn. ed kdl hdn hax khdng thi efmg nhu nhau. Ddi xcri cdc cap ddng tinh cr Vidt Nam thi ban thdn v iec xdu nlitiu da Id sir dung ctiiii. edng khai edng ddng qux (lux khdng ed su cdng nhiin eua phdp luiil nhirng se idl htinh pluie ndu hg xdn ludn o ben nhau lau dai). Didu dd neu ed xax la se hanh pluie hern nhidu lan niuing cap ddi nam nfr dircre Nhd luic'rc edng nhdn nhung sdng khdng ed triich nhidm vcri ban thdn. gia dinh xd xa hc)i. Vl xiix. ct'ic liip kuin eho quan nidm hdn nhdn Id thd chd gifra mc)t nguiri nam xd mdi nguiri nu duirng nhu da hi lung lax.
/'/;;/• /)(/;'. cd nhidu ngiriri ddt ra eau hoi:
'tirong lai ddi nirde se nhir the ndo. se hy
^'qng gi vdo nhirng cap ddi nhir I tie niiy''"
Irong hang loiit phan hdi xe hai ""ddm eircVi""
ndi ti'dii Cling xudt hidn nhfrng nc)i dung nhu cau hoi nay. nhimg nd nhanh chdng bj lu inir bcri nhfrng phan hdi ung he), ddng tinh. chiic mimg khdc. Ddx ciing Id mc)t edu hoi ddng le sux nghT. Dimg Id ede cap ddi ddng linh chl ed the xin con nudi hotic nlic'r nguiri mang thai he) (nhu xdx Id khdng the ed con eua minh hoac ehi ed thd cd eon cua I trong 2 ngucri). Nhung ndu ndi tucmg lai dat nuc'rc khdng chc'r deri duerc gi cr hg thi c Id edn qud phien didn. Ban than hg efmg Id nhfrng con ngucri mi)l be) phtin cua xa hc)i hidn dtii.
Hang ngax hg xdn gdp sire minh cho xa hdi qua edng x ice. eho dii Id a x j tri ndo di chang
nira. Su cong hidn cho ddt nucic ed thd bdng nhidu each, khdng thd chi nhiin djnh xiee khdng sinh san binh thucrng Id khdng mang lai dieu gi eho tirerng lai ddt nucie. Ihuc le. ed khd nhidu ngueri ddng linh khd thdnh ekit.
nhidu ngiriri cd tdi nang. ddng gdp trong nhidu ITnh x'lrc cho xd hdi.
Thu Int. hien mix tai Vidt Nam. nhieu quan nidm xdn thuc sir chua hidu xe nguc'ri ddng tinh. xdn xem ddy Id mdt edn benh.
khdng ed sir edng bdng xa hc)i nhu eae ehu thd binh ihuirng khde. Tux nhidn. xcii xu hucrng ede nirdc tren ihd gicii da dan edng nhdn edng ddng ndx xd trao eho hg quxdn kdt hdn. Viet Nam khdng tiie khdng thd hien quan didm eua minh. Thuc Id. trong Chuang trinh xdx dung Ludt. Phdp lenh cua Qudc hdi Khda .Xlll eiui \'idl Nam da dua tdn Ludt Bao xe nguc'ri ddng linh. nguiri ehuydn giiii xiio chucmg trinh. Ddx ed ihd xem la mdi bucrc lien khd quan trgng trong xiee xdx dung xd ban hdnh phdp kuil tiii Viet Nam xe khia ctinh bao xe nhfmg ddi lucrng xdu thd trong xa hgi. Cho dii dd xudt dd ed ihd khdng thdnh hidn tbtre gidng nhir xdn dd quxen dircre chdt (ducre dua xdo dir thao sua ddi Bd kuit Ddn sir nam 2005 nhung (,)ude hi)i khdng ddng x ihdng qua) nhung il nhdl.
eae nhd lam ludt se ed sir ghi nhan. eo sir tim hidu xd nghien eiru. Dieu quan trgng nhdt la.
nd cd thd tiio ndn tang cho xiee thaj ddi ducre lain nhin xd nhtin thirc. Trong thcri gian Icri. Bd kuil Dan su'. Liuit Hdn nhdn xd Ciia dinh efmg se ducre tien hdnh sua ddi. Ddy cd the duerc xem la nhfrng sir kidn se thu bin sir quan lam cua nhieu tdng kip xd hdi.
Thir lit: cdn cd mdt sd quan nidm xe hdn nhan ddng gicri cdn ducre xem xei Itii nhu;
ede cap ddng tinh khdng phdi Id mdi truimg tdt dd nudi ducriig con cdi. quan he ddng tinh la trdi xcri dtio dire vd xdm pham su thieng lieng cua the che hdn nhan. hdn nhdn ddng tinh se de dga thd che hdn nhdn. khdng nen thax ddi hdn nhdn dj linh xi dd Id me)l the che truxdn thdng lau diri... Cdc quan nidm (Xetn tiep trang 44)
\ HA M ix \ A PH M'l.TA T St) .1/2012
ra diri Id chuc hd trg m^in nhan thi tai eac qudc gia. vide thanh lap cdc ccr chd bao ve quxdn cua ngucri bj hai rat phong phu: tir xiee thanh lap eac Hidp hdi min nhan hgc (Han Qudc). cdc \ i d n nghidn ciru nan nhdn ht.ic (Nhdt Ban) hax cdc \'tin phdng thanh tra (Ombudsman) quydn cua nguc'ri bj hai (Mx).
Mdi ecr die cr khu xue hax qude gia ddu mang nhfrng dde trung ridng nil dac thii do anh hircrng cua Ijch su va dac trung ndn phdp lx Cling nhu phu tbucjc rdt kin vdo chd do chinh tri. trinh dd van hda. kinh td. xa hdi
ciia khu vue. eua meri qudc gia. Khdng the khang djnh hinh thirc. ccr chd niio Id uu x iet.
Tuy nhidn. cd thd thdx rat rd Id ei khu virc ndo. ci qucic gia ntio ma ct'ic quxdn cua ngucri bj hili dirge quan tam nghidn eiru x d du'cvc ccr quan lap phdp de trinh len thanh I iitit hotic cdc Cdng uiVc. Nghj quxdt... mang tinh phdp lx ed hic:u lire thi hanh tbi cr ncri dd ede thiet chd. ecr quan. id ehirc bao xe quxen eua ngueri bj hiii cd ecr scr dd hinh thdnh xd phiit bux' duerc vai trd ehu dc)ng ciia nd trong x ice btio xe xd thiic dax quxdn eua ngudi bj hiii.
(Tiep Iheo trang 35 - Nhdn thirc ve nguiri..
ndy hdu nhu chi xuat phdt tir gdc do cua nguiri dj tinh (xeu ngucri khdc gicii). chi tdn trgng ngucri dj tinh ndn cdn khd phien didn xd gax gat.
Cudi ciing. thuc Id. nhidu nguiri Id ddng Iinh nhung xdn chua thirc sir hidu xd ehinh ban ihan eua minh. Mgi sd quan nidm eho rang, hay ed gang hidu ban than minh trucre.
sau dd nicii mong mgi nguiri. xa hc)i hidu ducre minh. hidu ducre ec)ng ddng ciia minh.
Ddi tucmg xdu thd can ldn tidng. nhung nd phai xuat phdt tir nen tang x frng chac x d kien thirc Cling nhu nhan thirc. Vi xdx. sir nho Id.
manh nnin se phai nlurimg bircic cho nhfrng bucrc di cci qux md hern.
4. Ket luan
Cu()e chien dau tranh ddi binh dang gidi tinh trdn thd L'icii thuc su rat lau ddi vd ddi khi
phai tra gia khd dtit. I'lr thdn nhfrng van dc lidn quan ddn gicri. nhan quydn. dac hicl hi nhfrng vdn dd nhiix cam ludn khd dtil dugc sir thdng nhat quan nidm eua todn xd hdi.
Bai X idt ndx mudn khdng dinh. xcii xdn dc biio xd ede ddi tucmg ydu thd ndi ehung va ddi tucmg nguc'ri ddng Iinh (i'i)iig hern Id ngirdi lucmg gidi. ehuydn gidi) phai tidn hanh lir nhfrng van dd lien quan ddn nhtin thire. kidn thirc x d quan trgng la tao duerc kin sdng mtinh mc; cd quy md hem nfra. 'lir dd. sc cd nhiing can cir cimg nhung ccr scr tdc dc)ng nhdt djnh cho xiec phdp kuit cdng nhan kdt hdn ddng gicri. tao sir binh dang vcri cdc gic'ri tinh khtic trong xa hc)i. Ban than nhfmg ddi lucmg ydu thd nax cung can tao thdm sir thidn cam tir nhirng nguiri xung quanh bang nhirng hanh x i. Idi sdng Idnh manh. cd y thire hem nfra.
