Nghien c^iu Gia ainii va Gi6i
So 3 2019
Nhan thuc, thai do cua sinh vien ve hanh vi quay roi tinh due
Pham Thi Van*, Nguyin Phu'O'ng Chi"*
Tom tat: Bai vik phan tich quan diem ve quay roi tinh due (QRTD), hilu bigt vl nguyen nhan cua QRTD va nhan thiic ve hanh vi img pho v6i QRTD dua tren ba mo hinh giai thich hanh vi QRTD (1) Mo hmh sinh hpc tir nhien, (2) Mo hinh van hoa xa hgi va (3) Mo hinh kit hgp. Thai dg doi voi hanh vi dugc do luong qua mirc do xiic cam khi la nan nhan va nguoi chiing kien hanh vi QRTD tren xe buyt, Ket qua nghien ciru cho thay kien thirc ve QRTD ciia sinh vien nir c6 xu huong tit hon sinh vien nam. Thai dg ciia sinh vien doi vdi hanh vi QRTD con the hien qua mirc do cam xiic tieu eye kha cao doi voi hanh vi nay, trong do sinh vien nir co diem cam xiic cao hon sinh vien nam. Sinh vien nam nit deu c6 suy nghi, thai do dung ddn dii voi hanh vi QRTD, tuy nhien nam gioi lira chgn thai dp im ISng hoSc phot la truoc hanh vi QRTD nhilu hem. Su chuyin biln sang hanh vi tich circ phu thupc vao rdt nhilu ylu t6 nhu moi trufmg va hoan canh, nhan thire gioi, truyin thong va tucmg tac xa hpi.
Tu- khoa: Gioi; Qudy rdi tinh due; Nhan thiic; Thai dp; Smh vien- ygu td anh hudng.
Ngay nhan bai: 2/5/2019; ngay chinh siia: 17/5/2019; ngay duyet dang: 3/6/2019.
' Sinh viSn Khoa Gidi v^ Phdt triln, Hgc vi?n Phy nii: Vi?t Nam.
•• ThS., Khoa Gidi va Phit triln, Hpc vien Phu n& Viet Nam.
Ph^m Thi Van, Nguyin Phuong Chi 77
LDatvlndl
Chuong trinh nghi sy 2030 vl phat triln bin vimg ciia Lien hgp qudc nhan manh muc tieu so 11 "Hinh thanh cac thanh phd va noi dinh cu ciia con ngudi toan dien, an toan, cd kha nang chdng chju va bin vung". Muc tieu nay dang gap trd ngai rat Idn trudc tinh trang phd biln ciia hanh vi QRTD nai cdng cdng va tren cac phucmg tien giao thdng cdng cgng.
QRTD xay ra d khdp mpi noi, mpi thdi dilm va pho biln nhdt dd chinh la noi cdng cgng. J a i Viet Nam, 87% phu ntr va tre em gai d Viet Nam timg trai qua it nhdt mgt hinh thiic QRTD noi cdn^ cgng. Trong dd, nhom hpc sinh, sinh vien nQ la doi tugng bi quay rdi nhieu nhat (60%). 57% phu nfr/tre em gai cho rdng dudng phd noi cdng cgng, xe buyt va ben xe la cac dja diem phd bien nhdt ciia hanh vi nay (ActionAid Viet Nam, 2016).
^ Vi vay, de tim hieu nhan thirc, thai do ciia sinh vien nii va nam sinh vien vl QRTD, nghien ciru da lya chgn mdu la sinh vien ba trudng Dai hpc d Ha Noi, noi tap trung 14 tuyln xe buyt di qua phuc vu ngudi dan, trong dd da phan la sinh vien va hpc sinh. Muc tieu ciia nghien ciru tap trung md ta va do Iudng nhan thirc, thai dp ciia sinh vien ve hanh vi QRTD va cac khi'a canh gidi. Trong nghien ciiu nay, nhan thirc ve QRTD dugc khai thac d cac khia canh: (i) nhan biet bieu hien cua hanh vi QRTD, (ii) quan dilm vl QRTD ndi chung, (iii) hieu bilt vl nguyen nhan ciia QRTD va (iv) nhan thire ve hanh vi irng phd vdi QRTD. Thai dp ddi vdi hanh vi QRTD dupe phan tich thdng qua do Iudng cam xiic khi la nan nhan va ngudi chirng kien hanh vi, va tim hieu mgt sd yeu to anh hudng tdi nhan thirc, thai dp, trong do tap trung phan tich nhan thirc vl khudn mdu gidi.
2. Mot so each tiep can nghien ctiru
Hanh vi QRTD dugc hieu la bat ky hanh vi nao cd tinh chat tinh due gay anh hudng den tam ly cua nu- gidi, nam gidi. Day la hanh vi khdng dugc chap thuan, khdng mong muon va khdng hgp ly lam xuc pham ddi vdi ngudi nhan, tao mdi trudng bat on, dang sg va Ihii djch (ILO, 2015).
Hanh vi QRTD tren xe buyt dugc hieu la hanh vi dien ra ngay tren xe buyt (khdng tinh cac hanh vi dien ra ngoai xe buyt va cac diem cho xe). Phan tich nguyen nhan va yeu td anh hudng toi QRTD tai noi cong cgng, nghien ciiu ap dung 3 md hinh giai thich vl hanh vi QRTD: (1) Mo hinh .sinh hgc tir nhien giai thich hanh vi QRTD dya tren quan diem QRTD la phan ung ty nhien ciia con ngudi do su thu hiit ca nhan hay QRTD chi la hanh vi the hien ban nang tinh due manh me ciia nam gidi (;Tangri, Burt & Johnson, 1982); hoac la hanh vi ciia nam gidi cd van dl ve tam ly (O'Donohue, Downs & Yeater, 1998); (2) Md hinh vdn hod xd hgi cho rdng QRTD phan anh he thdng xa hpi gia trudng trong dd nam gidi cd quyen dat ra cac chuan myc, iuat le (Tangri, Burt & Johnson, 1982; Stockdale, 1996; O'Donohue, Downs, & Yeater, 1998). Xa hgi cho phep nam gidi cd nhimg hanh vi tinh
78 Nghien ciru Gia dinh vi G\&\. Quy4n 29, s6 3, tr. 76-87
due m^nh bao, the hien sy chiem hiiu cdn nu- gidi cd nhtmg hanh vi tinh due thi hien sy thu ddng va sy bdng Idng chap nhan. Trong xa hdi gia trudng, nir gidi dugc giao due can phai cd ve ngoai thu hiit, quyin ru, can hoa nha, nhudng nhin tranh mau thuan, thieu sy dung cam va diit khoat trong viec ra quyet dinh, ludn cam thdy cd trach nhiem trong cuoc sdng;
khiln phu nu la ddi tugng d l bi qudy rdi; (3) Md hinh kit hap do Pryor, Lavite va Stoller (1993) phat trien cho rdng cac ylu to khach quan lien quan tdi dac diem ca nhan, mdi trudng sdng, hoan canh thiic ddy hanh vi nay. Cac dac diem ca nhari cd lien quan tdi nhtrng nam gidi cd thai do tieu eye ddi vdi phu nir, cd niem tin vao cac khuon mau, dinh kiln gidi va cd thai do chap nhan bao luc gidi. Mdi trudng thyc hien hanh vi QRTD la nhiing yeu to thiic day hoEic chap nhan cae hanh vi nay nhu su vd cam tCr cdng ddng, mdi trudng thieu sy than thien va thai do bao ve nan nhan...
Dya vao ba md hinh giai thich hanh vi QRTD, nghien curu xay dyng bd cdng cu do Iudng nhan thirc cua sinh vien nam nu ve hanh vi QRTD tren xe buyt nhu sau: Thii nhat, nhan thirc ciia sinh vien dugc do luong thong qua kiln thiic, quan diem, suy nghT ve bieu hien, nguyen nhan va hanh vi img pho vdi QRTD. Ben canh do, nghien ciiu dua ra 10 nhan djnh sai lam phd biln nhdm giai thich hanh vi QRTD va 5 nhan dinh ve khudn mdu gidi.
15 nhan djnh duge phat trien dya tren cac gia dinh sau: (i) QRTD la binh thudng, ty nhien ciia nam gidi va hanh vi nay khdng vi pham phap luat; (ii) QRTD la do nhu cau tinh due, ham mudn sinh ly cua nam gidi cao han phu nti:; (iii) QRTD la do each an mac, loi sdng va hanh vi ciia phu ntr; (iv) Phu nQ- sinh ra la de nam gidi chinh phuc, nen hg thudng phdng dai hau qua cua QRTD, thuc chat hp rat thich dieu dd (thich dugc tan tinh, treu c h g c . ) ; va (v) Phu nif se mat hinh anh neu hg ed bat ky hanh vi phan img hoac to cao QRTD; va thir hai, thai dp ciia sinh vien dugc do Iudng thdng qua miic dp cam xiic khi trd thanh nan nhan/ngudi chimg kien hanh vi QRTD.
3. Phu'O'ng phap nghien cu-u
Nghien ciiu sir dung phuang phap chgn mdu cd chii dich - day la phuang phap tap hgp danh sach sinh vien sii dung ve thang xe buyt thudng xuyen it nhat 3 ngay 1 tuan. Ddng thdi sir dung phuang phap dilu tra bdng bang hdi tu diln, vdi tdng cgng la 118 sinh vien tir do tudi 19-24 trong do 42,4% la sinh vien nam, 57,6% la sinh vien ntr. Mdu tham gia chilm ty le kha ddng dIu gitra 3 trudng la Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ndi, Dai hgc Su Pham Ha Ngi va Hpc vien Phu nti Viet Nam. Nghien ciru thyc hien 8 cugc phdng vdn sau trong do cd 3 trucmg hgp (nir) da timg bi QRTD, 5 trudng hop la ngudi chiing kiln (trong dd cd 4 nam gidi).
4. Nhan thifC ve hanh vi q u i y r6i tinh duo 4.1. Nhan biet bieu hien cua hanh vi QRTD
Hinh thirc ciia QRTD dugc phan loai thanh cac bilu hien sau: (i) gj-^
18 16 42 34 42
52,9 35.3 45.6 61,8 45,6
38,1 27,1 39,8 50 44,1 Pham Thj Van, Nguyen Phuang Chi 79 hien mang tinh the chat, (ii) Bilu hien bdng Idi ndi, (iii) Bilu hien phi ngdn ngCt (hay phi Idi ndi), (iv) Bilu hien qua cac hanh vi ep buoc hen tuc, (v) Hanh vi hilp dam, cd y dinh hilp dam hoac ep huge quan he tinh due (ILO, 2015). Cac hanh vi nay dugc cu the hoa 15 bilu hien ve QRTD.
Bang 1. Hieu biet ve cac bidu hi^n cua hanh vi QRTD theo gioi tinh (%) Bilu hl^n ciia hanh vi QRTD Nam NQ- Chung 1. Huyt sao treu gheo
2. Liec mdt dua tinh
3. Binh pham hinh thiic ben ngo^i hoSc co thi 4. Diia giOn, binh luan van de tinh due 5. Tan tinh, quay r6i lien tuc bdng tin nhan,
email, mang xa hgi
6. Dang nhimg binh luan, hinh anh va video ve tinh due tren mang xa hgi
7. Ep nghe cac cau chuy?n/lai noi lien quan tdi tinh due tai noi cong cgng
8. Nhin chdm chdm vao ca the 9. So mo, dung cham mgt each co y 10. Bj nguoi khdc pho bay bg phan sinh due 11. Ep xem tranh anh/video khieu dam 12. Yeu cau giri cac hinh anh khoa than 13. Yeu cau cac cugc gap gO hoac quan he
khong mong muon
14. Yeu cau hoac chii dgng ngoi gan, ngoi canh noi cong cong khi chua co sy dong y 15. Tr\rc tiep de nghj quan hf tinh due
So lieu Bang 1 cho thay, da sd sinh vien cd nhan thiic kha tdt ve mgt so bieu hien cua hanh vi QRTD (ty le nhan bilt hon 50% d 8/15 bieu hien).
Tuy nhien 7/15 bilu hien dugc dua ra cd ty le nhan thirc dudi 50% cho thay, mdt bd phan khdng nhd sinh vien chua nhan biet day dii cac bieu hien ciia QRTD, dac biet cac bieu hien phi ngon ngir nhu huyt sao treu gheo, binh phdm vl hinh thiic, tan tinh qudy rdi lien tuc bang tin nhan, email, yeu cdu hoac chu ddng ngoi gan khi ddi phuang khdng ddng y.
Nam va nir gidi co nhan bilt tuong ddng ve bieu hien ciia hanh vi QRTD thi hien rd rang thdng qua hanh vi thi chat, loi ndi va hinh anh. Tuy nhien nQ- gidi vugt troi ban nam giai vl kha nang nhan biet cac hanh vi QRTD phi ngdn ngir nhu "Huyt sao treu gheo" (52,6% sinh vien nir nhan biet so vdi 18% sinh vien nam); "Liic mdt dua tinh" ty le sinh vien nu nhan bilt cao hem nam sinh vien 2,2 ldn (35,3% so vdj 16%)... Mgt sd hanh vi qudy rdi qua Idi ndi nhu "Diia gidn, binh luan van de tinh due" ty le sinh vien nti' nhan bilt cao hem nam sinh vien la 27,8 diem phan tram.
80 94 68 64 60 36 28 64
64,7 94.1 69,1 64,7 60,3 44,1 32,4 64,7
71,2 94.1 69.6 64,4 60,2 40,7 30,5 64,4
80 Nghifin cifu Gia dinh vS Gib-i. Quy^n 29, s6 3, tr. 76-87
Dilu nay eho thdy, nam sinh vien c6 xu hudng cho rdng mgt so hanh yi QRTD la hanh vi ty nhien cd sy thu hut ca nhan, cho thdy nam gioi thieu sy phan tich cac cam xuc va thai dp tir nii gidi. Day cung la khudn mau gidi phd bien trong xa hgi khi nam gidi dugc coi la ngudi chu ddng chinh phuc va phu ntr thuang ddn nhan nhu la mgt sy khen ngai, tan duang.
4.2. Quan diem cua sinh vien ve hanh vi quay roi tinh due ndi chung Quan dilm v l hanh vi QRTD dugc nghien ciru do Iudng dya tren 10 nhan djnh sai idm phd bien trong xa hpi ve thyc trang, nguyen nhan, giai phap va hau qua ciia QRTD. Cac nhan dinh nay dugc do lucmg dua tren thang diem Likert 1-4 (thang diem 1 the hien quan diem "hoan toan diing", thang dilm 4 thi hien quan diem "hoan toan sai"). Miic dilm 40 the hien nhan thire tot nhdt va 10-20 the hien nhan thirc yeu.
Bang 2. Quan diem ve Quay roi tinh due theo gioi tinh (Diem trung binh)
Cac quan diem Nam Nii- Chung Dp
l|ch chuan
KiSm dinh T- Test (gii
t r i p ) 1. Hanh vi QRTD la hanh vi binh thuong, 3,64 3,56 3,59 0,66 0,528
tir nhien, khdng vi pham phap luat
2.Hanhvi QRTD khong pho biln trong xa hpi 3,23 3,24 3,23 0,79 0,993 Viet Nam
3.Nhirng cau chuyen dCia ve quan he tinh due, 3,34 3,46 3,41 0,72 0,403 ngoai hinh va nhimg bp phan nhay cam cua
phu nit dupe coi la binh thugng v^ ty nhien
4 . T 6 cao hanh vi QRTD la phan img thai qua 3,28 3,43 3,37 0,78 0,318 vi h^nh vi nay chua den mirc nghiem trpng
S.Hanh vi QRTD gia tang la do each an mac, 2,74 3,16 2,99 0,77 0,004**
l6i sing v^ hinh vi ciia phy nCr
6 . N I U phu nCr bi QRTD, chac hdn ban dy 2,74 3,35 3,18 0,81 0,006**
da lam dilu gi do khoi ggi ke qudy r6i
7.Tdt ca cac hanh vi QRTD sS khong tilp 3,04 3,35 3,205 0,72 0,024*
diln nlu phy nu chi don gian yeu cau ke quay rli dimg lai
8.QRTD chi dcm gian la may liri n6i bong 3,30 3,51 3,395 0,72 0,097 diia, khong gay h^u qua gi cho phu nir ca
9.Phy nO nen tranh xa cac dia diem cong 2,98 3,29 3,145 0.89 0,061 cpng nhu bin xe, xe buyt, cac doan duong
vdng... d l phong trdnh QRTD
lO.Phy nir thucmg ph6ng dai hau qua ciia 2,74 3.29 3 0,85 o,00] *•*
QRTD ____J_^
• Tdng diem trung binh 31,02 33,64 32,515 ^^~~~~~~-—
Mirc y nghTa thong ke: *p<=0,05, **p<-0,01, ***p<=0,001
Pham Thi Van, Nguyin Phucmg Chi 81 Kit qua Bang 2 cho thay, inirc do nhan bilt vl hanh vi QRTD ciia sinh vien 6 mirc kha tot (hon 30 diem tren tong dilm 40). Tuy nhien, tdng dilm yung binh vl nhan thiic ciia sinh vien nir cao hon nam 2,62 dilm. Ntr cd diem sd tot han nam d 9/10 quan diem.
Kilm dinh T-Test cho thay khac biet gidi, sinh vien ntr nhan thirc tdt hon nam gidi, su khac biet nay cd y nghTa thong ke d mgt so quan niem lien quan tdi khudn mdu gidi nhu quan dilm cho rdng "Hdnh vi QRTD gia tdng Id do each dn mac, Idi sdng vd hdnh vi ciia phu nii " (dilm trung binh ciia sinh vien ntr la 3,16 so vdi 2,74 ddi voi nam sinh vien)... (Bang 2). Dtr lieu dinh tinh cung cho thay su dong tinh vdi quan niem sai ciia eac nam sinh vien: "Do cdc bgn sinh vien nir dn mac ha hang, ggi cdm, kich thich ke qudy rdi. Do ke qudy rdi cd ham mudn tinh due cao " (PVS sinh vien nam, 21 tudi). Dieu dd cho thay, nam gidi cd xu hudng "dd Idi cho nan nhan"
trong viec giai thich nguyen nhan ciia QRTD, ngoai ra hg ciing cd xu hudng cho rang QRTD la hanh vi binh thudng ty nhien, it nghiem trpng.
Neu giai thich theo md hinh van hoa - xa hgi la sy phan anh xa hgi gia trudng trong dd nam gidi the hien quyen luc va su kiem soat ciia minh (Tangri, Burt & Johnson, 1982; Stockdale, 1996; O'Donohue, Downs &
Yeater, 1998; McDonald, 2012) thi quan niem ve cac hanh vi QRTD nhu phan tich tren cd xu hudng phii hgp khi giai thich theo md hinh nay, phii hgp vdi khudn mau the hien nam tinh, cd quyen ap dat va dd Idi cho nan nhan khi xay ra hanh vi QRTD vi phu ntr khong giir dugc "khudn mau ntt tinh" nhu an mac hd hang, loi sdng hanh vi khdng phii hgp...
4.3. Hieu biet cua sinh vien ve nguyen nhan cua quay roi tinh due Ket qua nghien ciiu cho thdy phan tfch hilu bilt ciia sinh vien ve nguyen nhan ciia quay rdi tinh due theo md hinh sinh hpc ty nhien phd bien ban ddi nam sinh vien; trong khi giai thich theo md hinh van hoa xa hdi - each ghi nhan xu hudng phd bien hon d nir sinh vien. Dya vao ket qua phan tich sy hilu bilt vl cac bilu hien ciia hanh vi QRTD theo gidi tinh cho thay, cd ba xu hudng giai thich cho hanh vi QRTD d ca nam va nir: Thii nhdt, QRTD la do phan img ciia con ngudi xudt phat tir sy thu hiit ca nhan hay do ban nang tinh due manh me ciia nam gidi hoac la ly do ve tam ly hoac hanh vi (giai thich theo md hinh sinh hgc ty nhien). Md hinh nay thucmg dugc hai gidi lua chgn vdi ty le cao, dac biet la nam sinh vien cd lya chgn cao han d ly do "Nam giai cd nhu cdu cao hon nir giai", "Do nam gi&i bi thu hut b&i nir gi&i". Tuy nhien, Stockdale (1996) cho rdng cac hanh vi trong md hinh sinh hgc ty nhien cdn dugc hilu la hanh vi tan tinh, va cac hanh vi nay thudng chdm dirt khi ddi phuong cam thdy khdng thich thu ya khong thoai mai. Tac gia cung nhdn manh cac hanh vi trong md hinh nay khong cd tac ddng tieu cue tdi nan nhan.
Thir hai, QRTD la do nhimg ylu td van hoa xa hdi, do la trong cac xa
82 Nghien ci>u Gia dinh vA Gi6-i. Q u y i n 29. s6 3, tr. 76-87
hdi gia trudng nam gidi cd nhieu quyin luc va thi hien quyin lyc ddi vai phu nir. Sinh vien ntr cd xu hudng giai thich theo each hieu nay cao hon nam gidi. 51,5% ntr gidi (so vol 32% nam gidi) cho rdng nguyen nhan cua QRTD la do phu ntr khdng dugc tdn trpng va 33,8% nii gidi (so vdi 24%
nam gidi) cho rang bat binh dang quyen lyc gitra nam va ntr.
Thii ba, QRTD cung thudng dugc giai thich do hoan canh mdi trudng nhu "Do phu ntr cd ve ngoai bat mdt ggi cam" cung nhan dupe su ddng y ciia nam gidi vdi ty le cao han (48% so vdi nti- 33,8%). Vl md hinh thir 3 dya tren cac nguyen nhan moi trudng va cac dac diem ca nhan (Pryor, LaVite, & Stoller, 1993; Stockdale, 1996, va Pryor, 1993) khdng dinh yeu to ca nhan lien quan den khudn mSu gidi va dinh kiln gidi va mdi truang cua hanh vi (nhu su bang quan ciia cdng dong, sy im lang tir ca nhan) la ylu td chinh thiic ddy hanh vi QRTD. Viec d6 Idi "Do phu ntr cd ve ngoai bdt mdt va ggi cam" khong phai la moi trudng thiic ddy hanh vi ma la each thiic ap dat khudn mdu va quyen luc len phu ntr.
4.4. Nhan thiic cua sinh vien ve hanh vi ung pho vod quay r6i tinh due Nghien ciru tim hilu nhan thiic cua sinh vien d hai kich ban (1) la nan nhan bi QRTD va (2) ngudi chiing kiln. Cd 3 xu hudng phan ling voi hanh vi QRTD: (i) Phan img tryc tilp, (ii) Phan ling gian tilp va (iii) Chap nhan hanh vi QRTD (phdt Id hoac im lang). Khi d hoan canh la nan nhan hay ngudi chung kien QRTD, nQ- sinh vien eo xu hucmg lua chpn viec can phan ling, trong khi nam co xu hudng lya chgn thai dp im lang (Bang 3 va 4).
Bang 3. Nhan thiic ve hanh vi li-ng pho QRTD khi la nan nhan (Vo) H^nh vi ung ph6 khi la nan nhan QRTD Chung Nam NO*
1. Ph6t lo/im lang truoc hanh vi quay roi tinh due 2. Coi day \t lai khen nggi/nhan xet ve ve be ngoai 3. Yeu cdu dimg lai
4. Chdng l^i ke tdn cong 5. Ke hoac nhfif ngufri khac giiip dS 6. Bodi
7. Trinh bao vy vi?c viii tai xl hoac phu xe 8. Trinh bao cong an
9. Trinh b^o vy vi?c thong qua duong day n6ng 10. Canh bdo ban b^ va nguai than 11. Thay ddi phuang ti?n di lai 12. Nghi hoc/nghi lam
Cac hanh vi phan ihig true tilp nhan dugc sy dong tinh ldn ciia sinh vien nhu yeu cdu dimg lai (71,8%), chong lai ke tan cong (46,2%) Xuy nhien chi cd mgt nira sinh vien (52,5%) san sang ngan can hanh vi qudy rdi va 39,8% t h i hien cam xiic tire gian khi la nguoi chimg kiln. ^
25,6 7,7 71,8 46,2 53,8 50,8 55,6 39,3 52,6 72,6 28,2 5,1
40,8 14,3 67,3 44,9 65,3 48,0 51,0 26,5 51,0 71,4 49 6.1
14,7 2,9 75,0 47,1 45,6 52,9 58,8 48,5 53,7 73,5 13,2
28,8 39,8 37,3 33,1 43,2 24,8 31,4 63,6 52,5
52,0 42,0 56,0 40,0 36,0 24,5 34,0 72,0 48,0
11,8 38,2 23,5 27,9 48,5 25,0 29,4 57,4 55,9 P h a m T h i V a n , N g u y e n P h u a n g C h i 83
Cac phan ling gian tiep khi la nan nhan cua QRTD dugc phdn ldn sinh vien lya chgn nhu: ke hoac ngudi khac giiip do (53,8%,), trinh bao vu viec vai tai xl hoac phu xe (55,6%), canh bao ban be va nguai than (72,6%). Chi cd 39,3% sinh vieii cd nhan thiic cdn phai bao cdng an.
Tuy nhien khi la ngucri chimg kiln, ty le lya chpn cung giam di, vi du 43,2% trinh bao voi phu xe hoac tai xe, 24,8% trinh bao cong an...
Bang 4. Nhan thirc ve hanh vi ung phd QRTD khi la ngudi chiing kien (%)
Hanh vi ung ph6 khi tit ngucri chiing kien Chung Nam Nir 1. Ph(^ la/im lang truoc hanh vi quay roi tinh due
2. Thi hien cam xiic tire gian, bdt bmh 3. Ban khoan khong biet nen phan ung nhu thi nao 4. Bodi
5. Trinh bao vy viec vdi cac phy xe ho^c tai x l 6. Trinh bao cong an
7. Trinh bao vy viec thong qua duang day nong 8. Canh bao ban be va nguai than 9. Ng5n can hanh vi quay roi
Cac hanh vi phan ling true tiep nhan dugc sy ddng tinh ldn ciia sinh vien nhu yeu cau dimg lai (71,8%), chong lai ke tan cong (46,2%). Tuy nhien chi cd mgt nira sinh vien (52,5%) san sang ngan can hanh vi quay rdi va 39,8% the hien cam xiic tiic gian khi la ngudi chiing kiea
Cac phan img gian tiep khi la nan nhan cua QRTD dugc phan ldn sinh vien lua chpn nhu: ke hoac nguoi khac giup dd (53,8%.), trinh bao vu viec vdi tai xe hoac phu xe (55,6%), canh bao ban be va ngudi than (72,6%). Chi cd 39,3% sinh vien co nhan thiic can phai bao cdng an.
Tuy nhien khi la ngudi chiing kien, ty le lua chpn ciing giam di, vi du 43,2% trinh bao vdi phu xe hoac tai xe, 24,8% trinh bao cong an...
Cac phan irng im lang, phot Id, ban khoan hay bd di chiem ty le rat Idn d nhdm sinh vien nam a ca hai kich ban. Khi trd thanh nan nhan, 25,6% sinh vien lira chpn hanh vi phot Id im lang (nam la 40,8%o, nii lal4,7%.). Khi la ngudi chiing kiln, 28,8% sinh vien lya chpn phuong an phdt Id, im lang (nam chilm 52% ya nir la 11,8%); 37,3% ban khoan, khong bilt lam the nao (nam gioi chiem 56%, nu gidi 23,5%t)...
5. Thai do doi v a i hanh vi qu^y r6l tinh due
Nhan thiic vl hanh vi QRTD thi hien phan nao thai do truac hanh vi QRTD ciia sinh vien nam nir. D I phan tich sau hon thai dp ddi vai hanh vi nay nghien ciiu tiln hanh do Iudng cac miic dp cain xuc ciia sinh vien nam nii khi trd thanh nan nhan va ngudi chiing kien hanh vi C^RTD.
Miic dp cam xiic dugc do lucmg dua tren thang do Likert 1-5 diem (tir rdt ylu den rat ldn).
84 Nghien cu-u Gia dinh v i Gifrl. Quy4n 29, s6 3, tr. 76-87
KSt qua Bang 5 cho thSy, Idu tro thanh nan nhan hay nguoi chiing kiSn hanh vi QRTD, tong diSm cam xuc tieu cue cua ntt la 27,9 va 20,7 dilm, cao hon nam 1,4 va 1,23 dilm (26,5 va 19,47 t6ng dilm doi nam).
Nhu vay, nu gioi co mirc do cam xuc cao hon so vcri nam gioi.
Bang 5. Cam xiic tru*c hanh vi QRTD khi la nan nhan (Diem trung binh) Chung Nam Nff B? If'h chuan^
1. Cam thay bi xiic pham 2. Cam thay b6i r6i, iiing tiing 3. Cam thdy xau ho 4. Cam thay sg hai 5. Cam thiy tuc gian, phSn no 6. Cam thay bi t6n thuang 7. Cam thdy Ichinh thucmg ke quay roi
4,09 3,91 3,88 3,96 4,41 4,26 2,81
3,82 3,68 3,86 3,9 4,46
4,2 2,58
4,28 4,09 3,89 4,00 4,37 4,3 2,97
0,92 1,00 1,01 1,02 0,76 0,86 1,68 Diem tong
Cam xuc khi trong tinh hu6ng la nguoi chung kien thap hon cam xuc khi tro thanh nan nhan (chenh lech 7,23 diSm). Thai dp pho biSn cua sinh vien cr tinh hu6ng gia dinh la nan nhan nhu cam thay bj xtic pham (diem trung binh la 4,09); cam thdy tiic gijn, phin no (4,41)... Mot sinh vien nil cho biet: "Thdy rdt sa hai vd bdi rdi khdng biet minh nen lam gi de thoat khdi hdn... luc ve nhd tdm rdi vdn thdy bt ban bai tay ciia ho dong vdo ca the minh. Thdy sa hai khdn^ biit cd nen ndi v&i moi ngic&i xung quanh.
Niu khdng ndi sa ddn den tram cdm " (PVS sinh vien nu, 21 tuoi).
Khi la nguoi chiing kien hanh vi QRTD cam xuc co xu huong thip hon, vi du cam thay tuc gian, phan no voi diem trung binh la 3,86. "Khi thdy ke qudy rdi cdm thdy tuc gidn nhung khdng dam lam gi cd vi khdng dit bdn ITnh di len tiing lai ngicai ta " (PVS sinh vien nii, 19 tuoi).
Isihu vay co the thay sinh vien da co nhan thiic ve hanh vi QRTD, tuy nhien ntt gidi co thai do diing dSn hem voi hanh vi QRTD so voi nam gioi.
Nhan thirc dung dSn toi thai do phii hop voi hanh vi nay khi the hien cac dilm s6 tieu cue a mirc do cao. Tuy nhien viec co thai do ding djn khong dong nghTa voi sir chuyin biln hanh vi ma theo mo hinh Icit hop ciia Piyor, Lavite va Stoller (1993) cac ylu t l dac dilm ca nhan, ylu t l moi trucmg' hoan canh thiic dly hanh vi se quyet dinh sir thay doi hanh vi cia sinh vien.' 6. Mot s6 y l u t6 anh hirong tffi nhan thijc, thai do cOa sinh vien a6i v6i hanh vi quIy r6i tinh due
Nhan thilc gioi
Theo mo hinh giai thich hanh vi QRTD, nhan thire gioi la mot yiu tA quan trong tac dong toi nhan thirc, thai do va hanh vi QRTD (Tangri, Burt
Pham Thi Van, Nguyen Phiremg Chi 85
& Johnson, 1982; Pryor, LaVite & Stoller, 1993; Stockdale, 1996;
O'Donohue, Downs & Yeater, 1998). Vi vay nghien ciiu su dung 5 menh dl vl khu6n mau giai nham do luang nhan thiic gioi ciia sinh vien va kham pha tuang quan giua nhan thiic giai va cac quan dilm vl QRTD. Thang do Likert dugc sii dung do luong tu 1- 4 (1 diem - thi hien quan dilm "hoan toan diing", 4 dilm thi hien quan dilm "hoan toan sai"). Miic dilm 20 thi hien miic dp nhan thuc giai cao nhat, miic dilm 10 thi hien miic do thap nhat. Cac thang do ve nhan thiic gioi va quan dilm vl hanh vi QRTD dIu CO dp tin cay cao (he so cronbach alpha >0,65). Kit qua nghien ciiu cho thay nhan thiic giai ciia nir sinh vien cao hon so vai nam (0,80 dilm) voi 4/5 menh de co dp tin cay cao (p<0,05 va p<0,01) va sinh vien co nhan thiic gidi 6 miic kha khi dat tong diem trung binh 15,45/20 dilm (Bang 6).
Bang 6. Quan diem ve khuon mau/dinh kien gioi cua ngubi tra loi ve hanh vi QRTD (diem trung binh)
C&c khudn mSu/djnh kien gl<3i Nam Nit Chung D$ Kilm I^ch djnh T- chuSn Test 1. Phy nO sinh ra de nam gioi chinh phuc 2,19 2^76 2^3 1,10 0,006**
2. Phu nit cho ph^p nam gitii dyng ch^m
ngam hieu rang co dy chdp nhSn quan ha 3,06 3,37 3,24 0,81 0,048*
tinh dye
3. Phu na chi gi^ vi> p h ^ nan ve hanh vi QRTD, thuc ra hp rdt thich dilu d6 4. D ^ 6ng khong co y dinh quay roi phy
nil, nhung d5i khi hp b'i kich dpng 2,89 3,38 3,18 0,94 0,006*^
do ham muon tinh dye cao 5. Phy na sg bj mat hinh anh neu hp
tl cAo cdc hanh vi QRTD
3,13 3,56 3,38 0,72 0,001*
2,98 3,22 3,12 1,14 0,269 Tong diem trung binh 14,25 16,29 15,45
Miic y nghia thong ke: *p<=0,05, **p<=0,01, ***p<=0,001 Cach nhin nhan nhin nhJin hanh vi QRTD ciia ca nam va nii sinh it nhieu dIu chju anh huang bai cac khuon mau, djnh kiln giai nhung co s\i khac bi?t gioi trong nhan thiic - tiic la nhan thiic giai a phy nir cao ban nam gioi, su khac biet nay co y nghia thong ke a cac menh de nhu: Phu nir sinh ra dl nam gioi chinh phuc; Phu nu chi gia va phan nan vl hanh vi QRTD, thyc ra hp rat thich dilu do; Dan ong khong co y djnh qudy r6i phy nir, nhung doi khi ho hi kich dong do ham muon tinh due cao.
Cac phan tich tuong quari giua nhan thiic vl khuon mau/dinh kien gioi trong QRTD va nhan thiic v l hanh vi QRTD cho thay miic dp tuang quan t6t R=0,358 (p=0,0b0) va sinh vien cung thuang giai thich hanh vi QRTD dya tren nhung hanh vi cua nii giai nhu an m§c tao bao, ha hang... Nhu viiy, nghien ciiu cho thay nhan thiic ve QRTD chju anh hucmg bai cac khuon mau danh cho nii gioi, dilu nay tiep tuc khing djnh nhan thiic gi6i
86 Nghien cipu Gia dinh vi Gid-i. Quyin 29. sd 3, tr. 76-87
nhu niem tin ve vai tro gioi truyen thong, thai dp tieu cue vai phu nii" va su chap nhfn bao lyc giai la nhan t6 quan trong thiic day hanh vi QRTD.
Moi trirffng thieu an toan
Ket qua phan tich du- lieu djnh lupng va dinh tinh cho thSy sinh vien co thai do cung kha gay gSt ve hanh vi QRTD (the hien miic dp cam xuc phan ling cao), tuy nhien trong thyc t l khong it sinh vien vKn lya chpn sy im lang, Ichong len tieng. Nhu vay "Neu cac chuan myc xa hpi cho phep hanh vi QRTD xay ra thi hanh vi nay dupe tao dieu kien xuat hien nhieu hon"
(Pryor, LaVite & Stoller, 1993:71). Thong tin dinh tinh thi hien thyc t l nay: "Cgng ddng khdng ai dung vi phia ngn nhdn, do QRTD Id vdn de thu&ng xuyen tren xe buyt, neu ai hay sir dung nhu minh thi coi do la chuygn binh thir&ng" (PVS sinh vien nam, 20 tuoi); "Im lang vi ndi ra cUng khdng ai giup cd tham chi cu nhin minh Idm minh cdm giac nhu minh CO Idi chu khdng phdi anh kia (thu pham)" (PVS sinh vien nii, 19 tu6i).
Nhu vay, moi trucmg khong than thien cung dupe Pryor (1993) nhan manh, bdi moi trucmg thieu an toan se gioi han su tu do va lya chon cua nii sinh vien khi tham gia khong gian cong cong.
Truyen thong va tirong tac xa hgi true tiep
Mang xa hoi, hinh anh truyen thong tren mang va thong tin tu thiy co, ban be gia dinh co anh huang toi nhan thiic ve QRTD. Nguin thong tin kiln thiic cua sinh vien ve QRTD chii yeu qua mang xa hpi (90,7%) va cac phucmg tien truyin thong khac (50%). Cac thong tin dinh tinh cung cho thdy vai tro ciia m^ng xa hoi ya nhom ban anh huong din nhan thiic v l QRTD ciia sinh vien: "Minh biit thdng tin vi QRTD hdu hit qua Facebook, qua bgn be. (y truang phd thdng hdu nhu khong trao ddi vdn di nay. Minh cung chua nhin thdy cdc hdnh vi nay duoc luyen truyen rgng rdi tren cdc pano hay dp phich tren duang phd hay tren xe buyt bao gid cd " (PVS nir sinh vien 22 tuoi).
Trong cac tuang tac true tilp, ban be cung the hien t4m anh hucmg Ion nhat tai nhan thirc ciia sinh vien (65,3%) va 49,2% tir nguoi than; tuy nhien theo cac phan tich 6 tren, nhan thiic vl hanh vi QRTD co khoang each gioi Sy trao d6i thong tin v l QRTD thuong diln ra cung gioi: "Da sd minh trao ddi v&i ngu&i cung gi&i nhu vdy minh cdm thdy an toan vd di dugc ddng cdm han, md di chia se han" {?VS sinh vien nu,2\ tu6i).
Vi?c tiep can voi cac thong tin chinh th6ng vl QRTD cua sinh vi^n kha han che, thong tin tu chuang trinh hpc 6 cac cap hoc hay tir hoi thao, toa d^m chi chilm duoi 40% hay tir to roi ap phich la 15,3%. Tom lai, kiin thiic vl QRTD ciia sinh vien chiu sy anh huong manh me boi mans xg hoi ngoai ra ban be, gia dinh nguoi than co tac dpng nhat djnh, dii nguon thong tin vl QRTD cua sinh vien la kha da dang nhung con thieu sy kilm chime
cung nhu su dinh huang ckn thilt tir nha trucmg. ^
Pham Thj Van, Nguyen Phtrtrag Chi 87 7. Ket luan
Cac ket qua phan tich tir nghien ciiu nay cho thdy sinh vien da co nhan thiic ve hanh vi QRTD, nhung chua day du, dac biet trong nhan bilt ckc hanh vi QRTD phi lai noi. Sinh vien nir co xu liuan^ nhan thirc"tdt han v l hanh vi QRTD. Nam sinh vien co xu hucmg cho rang QRTD la hanh vi binh thuang, ty nhien va co xu hucmg d6 I6i cho nan nhan nham bien ho cho hanh vi QRTD. Sinh vien nam va nir thudng dya vao mo hinh sinh hoc ty nhien nham giai thich cho hanh vi nay.
Cam xuc tieu cue vai hanh vi QRTD cua sinh vien nir co miic do cao hon sinh vien nam. Co ty le dang k l luong sinh vien nam lya chon phan img im lang, phot Id hoac bd di khi chimg kiln hoac gia dinh la nan nhan ciia hanh vi dd. Ylu td moi trudng, truyin thong va tuang tac xa hpi tryc tiep, d|c biet nhan thirc gidi cd mdi lien he vdi nhan thiic v l QRTD, nd cho thdy cdn mdt chiln luprc nang cao nhan thiic vl hanh vi QRTD cd long ghep gioi va cdn thuc ddy ddi thoai tich cue giira nam va nii- trong viec chia se va thau hieu cac quan diem xung quanh van dl nay, thay dii nhan thiic vl nguyen nhan ciia QRTD, nhdt la viec do loi cho nan nhan. Cac chiln lupc phong chong bao lyc tren co sd gidi (trong do c6 QRTD) can hudng tdi viec nang cao nhan thiic gidi dac biet cho dii tuong nam thanh nien. Tir do thiic day thai dp tich cue doi vdi nii- gidi (hay nan nhan) va sy len tiing tir chinh nam gidi va cdng dong (ngudi chung kiln). Ngoai ra, cdn cd cac giai phap can thiep nham tao mdi trudng an toan nai cdng cpng, than thien vdi phu nir va tre em, noi nan nhan hay ngudi chimg kiln cam thdy sin sang "len tieng" va thiic day thai dp "khdng chap nhan" bat ky bilu hien nao ciia hanh vi QRTD. •
Tai li^u trich dan
ActionAid Vi?t Nam. 2016. Thdnh pho an todn cho Phu nu vd Tre em - Nai gidc ma trd thdnh su thgt (Tom tdt chinh sach) Action Aid.
Actionaid Vietnam. 2014, Thdnh pho an todn cho phu nir vd tre em gai - nai gidc mo thanh su that. Actionaid Vietnam.
ILO. 2015. Bg Quy tdc img xit ve Qudy roi tinh due nai lam vi?c. Ha Npi.
McDonald, P. 2012. "Workplace Sexual Harassment 30 Years on: A Review of the LiteiaXuTe". InlernationalJournal of Management Reviews , 14, p. 1-17.
O'Donohue, W., Downs, K., & Yeater, E. A. 1998. "Sexual Harassment: A review of WteraXure". Aggression and Violent Behavior, 3 (2), p.l 11-128.
Pryor, J., LaVite, C, & Stoller, L. 1993. "A social psychological analysis of sexual harrassment: The person/ situation interaction". Journal of Vocational Behavior, 42,p.6Z-S3.
Stockdale, M. 1996. Sexual harassment in the workplace: Perspectives, Frontiers and Response Strategies . New Dehil: Sage.
Tangri, S. S., Burl, M. R., & Johnson, L. B. 1982. "Sexual Harassment at work:
Three explanato^' models". Journal ofSoical Issues . 38 (4), 33-54.
