TAPCHIYCH/OCLAMSANGIOS Tap9-562/2014
Khao sat \h nhan thirc, thai do va hanh vi cua sinh vien trong hien man tinh nguyen
studying the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Students on Voluntary Blood Donation
Nguyen Minh Hieu*, Khoa hgc Qudn hudn - Cue Qudn Y Nguyen VSn Luan va cs* Hoc vien bdc si khoa 42 • Hoc vien Quany
Nghien cUu khao sat tren 1505 sinh vien cac trUdng dai hpc trong va ngoai quan dpi tai khu vUc Ha Npi nam 2012-2013, ket qua cho thay: Ty le cae ddi tuang nghien eUu cd nhan thUc day du ve hien mau tinh nguyen edn chua cao (43,2%); ty le nay d nhdm da hien mau la 46,6%, cao hon rd ret so vdi d nhom chua tCmg hien mau (40,9%). Ty le ddi tupng cd nhan thdc han che va kem cdn cao (56,8%). 73,4% sinh vien cd thai do dung dan ve hien mau tinh nguyen, Ty le nay d nhdm da hien mau la 77,0%, eao hon nhdm chUa tdng hien mau (70,7%). Con ty le khdng nhd (26,6%) sinh vien ed thai do chua dung ve hien mau tinh nguyen. 67,0% ddi tupng nghien cdu cd hanh vi phii hpp ve hien mau tinh nguyen va 33,0%
chUa cd hanh vi phu hap. Nhdm sinh vien da hien mau cd ty le hanh vi phu hpp la 75,8%, cao han rd ret nhdm chUa tdng hien mau (60,7%). Ket qu^ tren minh chdng viec tang cudng va doi mdi cae hinh thdc thdng tin, tuyen truyen, giao due eho cpng ddng, cho smh vien ve hoat ddng nhan dao hien mau tinh nguyen eUu ngudi la rat can thiet.
TUkhod: hien mau tinh nguyen, sinh vien, nhan thUc, thai do, hanh vi.
Summary:
Surveying 1,505 students at military and civil universities in Hanoi in 2012 and 2013 on voluntary blood donation, the results showed that: The fully aware percentage of students was still low (43,2%), In the group of students that donated blood, this was 46.6 %, higher than that in the group of students that never donated blood (40.9%). The percentage of limitedly and badly aware students was even high (56.8%). 73.4% of the students had the right attitude. This in the group of students that donated blood was 77.0% and higher than that in the group of students that never donated blood (70.7%) Nevertheless, 26.6% of the students had not the right attitude on voluntary blood donation, 67.0% of the students had the appropriate practice on voluntary blood donation and 33,0% had the inappropriate practice. The rate of consistent practice was 75.8% in the group of students that donated blood and higher than that in the group of students that never donated blood (60,7%). The above results showed that it is necessary to strengthen and innovate the forms of communication, propaganda and education for the social community and students about voluntary blood donation.
/feywords; voluntary blood donation, student, knowledge, attitude, practice.
Phan bi?n khoa hgc:. TS, DO HOA BINH
JOURNAL OF 108 - CUNICAL MEDICINE A N D PHARMACY Vol 9 - N ° 2 72014
1 . D a t van de
Trong nhieu nam qua, cupc van d p n g ve hien mau t i n h nguyen da g i u p thay ddi nhan thUe, thai dp va hanh vi cua cpng d d n g ve nghia ed nhan dao eao ea nay [2]. Hien nay, ddi t u p n g t h a m gia hien mau t i n h nguyen da m d rdng, nhUng ehu yeu v i n la dpi ngu sinh vien [3]. Thdng qua van d d n g hien mau, nhieu ngddi da ed nhan thUe day d u , thai dp nhiet t i n h va tich cUe t h a m gia, n h u n g cung van edn nhieu ngudl ehua cd nhan thUe day dCi, ehUa nhiet t i n h , tich cue t r o n g hien mau t i n h nguyen cUu ngUdi [2], [3], [5]. De tai "Khdo sdt nhdn thdc, thai do vd hdnh vi ve hien mdu tinh nguyen eua hgc vien, sinh vien ndm 2012-2013" 6dgc thdc hien nh5m danh gia thUe trang nhan thdc, thai d p va hanh vi cua eac sinh vien t r o n g cdng tac hien mau t i n h nguyen; rut ra n h d n g van de can thiet ve viec t h d n g t i n , tuyen truyen va van d o n g hien mau t i n h nguyen.
2. Ooi tUgfng va phUo^ng phap nghien ciJu
2.1. Ddi tuang nghien cdu: Sinh vien cac nha trudng dai hoe, hoe vien trong va ngoai quan ddi tai khu vuc Ha Ndi; tudi ddi t d 18 den 25, khdng phan biet gidi; hpp tac tham gia nghien edu.
2.2. Pham vi nghien cdu: Khao sat nhan thUc, thai dp va hanh vi cua cac sinh vien ve viee t h a m gia hidn mau tinh nguyen, Thdi gian nghien eUu tU t h a n g 9/2012 den thang 4/2013.
2.3. Thiet Ite nghien cdu: Nghien cUu m d ta cat ngang.
2.4. Phuang phap chpn mau: Chpn ddi t u p n g nghien cdu tai m d t sd nha t r u d n g , hpc vien t r o n g va ngoai quan ddi tai khu vUc Ha Ndi cd to chUc hien mau t u nguyen t r o n g t h d i gian nghien eUu.
2.5. Ky thuat sUdung trong nghien cUu:
2.5.1. Thu thdp thong tin bdng phieu cdu hoi:
Phieu cau hdi duae lap trudc cd ndi d u n g ca ban Hen quan den danh gia nhan thUe, thai d d va hanh vi ve hien mau t i n h nguyen. Ooi t u o n g nghien eUu nhan phieu, khdng ghi ten, 6dgc hudng d i n nghien
cdu ve cau hdi va thUe hien tra ldi eau hdi. Cac phieu sau d o d u p c t h u thap, t o n g h p p , loai b d eac phieu chua tra Idi d u hoac k h d n g tra Idi eac cau hoi. Xi>ly sd lieu, cham d i e m t d n g n h d m eau hoi de danh gia mdc d p nhan t h d c , thai d p va hanh vi tat ca cae doi t u p n g nghien edu.
2.5.2. Thu thdp so lieu thd cap: Nghien cdu, phan tich eac tai lieu lien q u a n den de tai t d cac bao cao, edng t r i n h nghien eUu da cd tren cae tap ehi khoa hpc, internet...
2.6. Xd ly so lieu: X d ly so lieu theo phUong phap t h o n g k e y hoe.
3. Ket qua va ban luan
3.1. Mpt so dac diem cua doi tUdng nghien cdu
Bang 3 . 1 : Dac d i e m gidi tfnh
Do'i tuang /Gidi tinh
Sinh vien quan dpi (SVQO) Sinh vien ngoai quan ctoi (SVNQD)
Nam NO Nam
NO
Soluong (n=1505) 755
0 434 316
Tyle
(%)
100 0 57,9 42,1
Theo bang 3.1, co 755 ddi t u g n g nghien cijfu la SVQD, chiem 50,2%; 750 la SVNQD, chiem 49,8%; ty le hai n h o m la t u o n g d u o n g nhau. Nhom SVQD cd 100% la n a m ; n h o m SVNQD co 57,9% la nam va 4 2 , 1 % la nU, khac nhau vdi p<0,05. SU khac nhau la do cac t r u d n g quan d o i it t u y e n sinh vien nCf vi tinh dac t h u quan su. Ty le nam/nuf d n h d m SVNQO phii h g p vdi dac d i e m gidi t r o n g xa hgl. Cac ddi tugng deu la sinh vien, dugc hgc va tiep can chung vetri thUc, van hoa va binh dang gidi, co hieu biet nen viec nghien cClu d a n h gia kha nang nhan thiJc, thai d d va hanh vi ft bi anh h u d n g nhieu bdi gidi tinh.
TAPCHIYDUOC LAM SANG 108
Bang 3,2: So lan hien mau or doi tuong nghien cutj So lan hien mau/dol tugng
Chua hien mau
Oa hien mau > 01 lan
n = 8 7 8 (58,3%)
n=627 (41,7%)
svoe
SVNQO SVQD SVNQB
So ngudi 352 526 403 224
%
46,6 70,1 53,4 29,9
Tap 9-So 2/2014
P
<0,001
<0,001
Theo sd lieu bang 3.2, t r o n g cac doi t u g n g kien cong tac, hgc tap cua 2 nhdm doi t u o n g la nghien cUu cd 41,7% sinh vien da hien mau tU 1 lan khong giong nhau, mat khac cung cho thay hieu trd len; trong d o , ty le d SVQD la 53,4%, nhieu hdn qua cua van d d n g hien mau tinh nguyen tai cac rat cd y nghia t h d n g ke (p<0,001) so vdi d nhdm trudng quan dpi da va dang co nhQng budc tien SVNQD (29,9%). SU khac nhau nay cd the do dieu trong nhUng nam gan day.
3.2. Ket qua khao sat ve nhan thiic, thai dp va hanh vi tham gia hien mau tinh nguyen Bang 3.3: Ket qua tra I6i cac cau h o i ve nhan thuTc
Noi dung nhan thUc Sdluong
ngudl tra ldi
%
Tra ldi cau hoi; "Ai la ngudi cd the hien mau dugc?"
Ngudi khde manh tuoi tU 18-60 ddi vdi nam, 18-55 vdi nO;
Ngudi cd can nang tU 45 kg t r d len.
Ngudl da tUng hien mau Ngudi mang virus viem gan (A,B...) Ngudi bj benh tim mach
1181 967 995 19 13
78,5 64,2 66,1 1,3 0,9 Tra Idi cau hdi, "Hien mau co hai tdi sUc khoe khong?"
Khong biet cd hai hay khong...
Khdng cd hai neu lam theo chi dan cua bac si Hien mau chac chan cd hai tdi sUc khde
571 909 25
37,9 6 0 4 1,6 Tra ldi cau h d i : " Hien mau tinh nguyen cd y nghia gi?"
De cd nguon mau d u t r U mau an toan trong dieu tri Benh vien khdng phai mua mau, tang thu nhap cho benh vien
1437 68
.95,5 4,5
Theo ket qu5 bang 3.3: 95,5% doi tUpng da the t h a m gia hien mau, 1,3% cho r^ng ngudi mang nh^n thdc d u n g y nghia cua hien mau t i n h nguyen virus viem gan (A, B,..) van cd the hien mau va 37,9 1^ de CO nguon mau phuc vu dieu tri. Cd t d 20-30% % phan van khdng biet hien mau cd hai hay khdng.
fJoi tupng tfci Idi chUa d u n g ve tieu chuan ngUdi ed Ket qua tren cho thay viec t h d n g tin, tuyen truyen.
JOURNAL OF 108 - CLINICAL IMEDICINE AND PHARMACY
van d d n g ve hien mau da cd hieu qua, n h u n g cdn d m d i nhieu h d n ve t h d n g t i n , t u y e n t r u y e n , van dpng mCfc do nhat d m h , nen so ngUdi t h a m gia hien m a u cho c p n g d o n g , n h a m nang cao nhan thiJc, hieu biet t i n h nguyen mac d u cd t a n g len n h u n g chua dap ve y hpc ndi c h u n g , ve viec hien m a u cOlu ngudi noi Ung nhu cau. Do vay, can phai t a n g cUdng va doi rieng.
Bang 3,4: So sanh mule dp nhan thijrc giOa sinh vien da va chi/a hien m a u
^ \ ^ Ddi tugng
MUc do ^ ^ \ ^ nhan thUc ^ \ ^ D a y d u
Han che Kem
Tong cdng (n=1505) SL 651 767 87
%
43,2 51,0 5,8
Da hien mau (n=627) SL 292 310 25
%
46,6 49,4 4,0
Chua t d n g hien mau (n= 878) SL 359 457 62
%
40,9 52,1 7,1
P
<0,05
>0,05
<0,05
Tai b^ng 3.4, ty le smh vien ed nhan thdc day du ve hien mau t i n h nguyen edn ehUa cao (43,2%). Ty le ngUdi nhan thUc day du va nhan thdc kem gida 2 n h d m da va ehUa hien mau ed su khac nhau rd ret (p<0,05). 6 n h d m ehUa tUng hien mau, ty le nhan thUe day du thap han va ty le nhan thUe kem eao han so vdi n h d m da hien mau. Dieu nay gpi y can
tang.eUdng cac b u d i giao luu gida nhdng ngUdi da t d n g hien mau nhieu lan vdi cpng ddng, vdi sinli vien; can t o chde cac cupc t h i t i m hieu ve hien mau t i n h nguyen tren cac p h u o n g tien t h d n g tin dai ehung, t r o n g eac t a p t h e de tao niem tin va nang cao han nda nhan t h d c ve hien m a u t i n h nguyen..
B a n g 3.5: Ket q u a l(hao sat t r a l d i cac c a u h o i v e t h a i d o
Thai do cua ddi tugng ddi vdi hien mau tU nguyen | SL | % Chung cho cdc doi tuong (n -1505)
Sin sang tU nguyen hien mau Khdng s i n sang tU nguyen hien mau
Can thiet phai khai bao trung thuc ve tinh trang sUc khde trUdc khi hien mau Chi can xet nghiem mau la du, khong can thdng tin khac
1176 329 1329 176
78,1 21,9 88,3 11,7 d doi tugng ddtham gia hien mdu (n = 627)
Cd y dmh se tiep tuc hien mau Khdng cd y dinh tiep tyc hien mau Chap hanh theo
hudng dan cua y te sau hien mau
Lam viec nhe nhang 2-3 ngay dau Van van ddng manh ve the luc Gid sach vj tri lay mau {ndichgc kim)
590 37 556
27 185
94,1 5,9 88,6 4,3 29,5
TAPCHlYDUOC LAM SANG 108 Tap 9-So 2/2014
Theo bSng 3.5: Ty le sSn sang hien mau tU nguyen la 78,1%; khong s i n sang la 21,9% va phu hpp vdi ty le ed nhan thUe ehua day d u ve hien mau (bing 3.4). Ty le sinh vien ed thai d p khai bao t r u n g thuc ve sdc khde trudc khi t h a m gia hien mau la 88,3%; 11,7% cho rang khdng khai bao day d u . 6 nhom sinh vien da t d n g hien mau, t y le cd y djnh
tiep tuc hien mau la 94,1%; khdng cd y d i n h tiep tuc hien mau la 5,9%.
Oa so cac sinh vien da tham gia hien mau hieu va thuc hien t d t chi dan y te sau hien mau: 88,6%
lam viee nhe nhang 2-3 ngay dau; 29,5% cd y thdc giU sach vi t r i lay mau. Tuy nhien, van edn 4,3% 6a khdng thuc hien t d t dieu nay, ed the do su nhan thUe chua d a y d u .
Bang 3.6: Ket qua danh gia thai do d doi tugng nghien cufu
^ " ^ . ^ ^ Doi tugng
Thai dp ^ ^ " ^ ^ . ^ Dung
Chua dung
Da hien mau (n = 627) SL 483 144
%
77,0 23,0
ChUa tCrng hien mau (n = 878) SL 621 257
%
70,7 29,3
Tong (n = 1505) SL 1104 401
%
73,4 26,6
P
<0,01
Tai b i n g 3.6, ty le cac ddi tUpng nghien cUu ed bdi nhan thdc d d n g vai trd quyet dinh den thai dp thai do dung ve hien mau t i n h nguyen la 73,4% va va hanh vi cua ngudi hien mau, vi vay can nang eao con chUa dung la 26,6%. Trong sd sinh vien da hien nhan thdc, can cd cac bien phap phu hpp han trong mau: 77,0 % ed thai do d u n g , cao hon d n h d m chua van d d n g hien mau t i n h nguyen n h i m thay ddi thai tdng hien mau (70,7%) vdi p <0,01. Cieu nay phu do va hanh vi smh vien ndi rieng va edng d d n g xa hop vdi nhdng ket quci danh gia mdc d d nhan thUc, hdi ndi chung..
Bang 3.7: Ket qua trii ldi cac cau hoi ve hanh vi tham gia hien mau
Npi dung cau hdi/Tra ldi 5L
%
Chung cho cdc dot tuong (n= 1505) Chi hien mau khi du tieu chuan sUc khde
Van tham gia hien mau khi biet khdng du tieu chuan sUc khde Sin sang van dpng ngudi than, ban be di hien mau Khdng s i n sang van ddng ngudi than, ban be di hien mau
1330 175 1154 351
88,4 11,6 76,7 23,3 Nhom doi tuang dd tUng hien mdu (n=627)
Ren luyen sUc khde de hien mau IS can thiet Ren luyen sUc khde de hien mau la khdng can thiet Sin sang van dpng ngudi than, ban be di hien mau Khdng s i n sang van ddng ban be, ngudi than di hien mau
564 63 596 31
89,9 101 95,1 4 9
JOURNAL OF 108 - CLINICAL MEDICINE AND PHARMACY Vol9-N°2/2014
Theo bang 3.7, da sd (88,4%) ddi tUpng nghien eUu cho rang ehi hien mau khi d u tieu chuan sUc khde va 11,6% van t h a m gia hien mau khi biet ban t h a n khong du tieu chuan sUe khde. 6 n h d m da hien mau, 89,9% sinh vien hieu va thUe hien ren luyen sdc khoe de ed the hien mau t i n h nguyen cdu ngUdi, d d n g t h d i s i n sang van d d n g ngudi t h a n va ban be t h a m gia hien mau (95,1%). Tuy nhien, van cdn cd
m d t sd sinh vien (11,6%) chUa nhan thUe day du, van di hien m a u mac d u k h d n g d d sdc khde; 10,1% sinh vien da hien m a u cho rang k h d n g can phai ren luyen sdc khde de hien m a u . Vi vay, c o n g tac thdng tin t u y e n truyen ve hien mau van can phai tiep tuc de t r a n h t i n h trang nha t h d c sai, ehu quan ve sUe khoe khi t h a m gia hien mau t i n h nguyen, gay phien ha, t o n kem c d n g sUc chuan bi thUe hien hien mau.
BSng 3.8: Ket qua danh gia ve hanh vi
Hanh vi
Ddi tupng
Phu hdp Chua phu hgp
Da hien mau (n
= 627) SL*
475 152
%
75,8 24,2
Chua hien mau ( n = 878) SL 533 345
%
60,7 39,3
Tdng cdng (n=1505) SL 1008
497
%
67 33
P
<aooi
So lieu bang 3.8 cho thay: t r o n g t h a m gia hien mau t i n h nguyen, ty le sinh vien ed hanh vi phu h p p la 67% va 33% ehUa ed hanh vi phu hpp. Ket qua nay ia phu h p p vdi ty le sinh vien ed nhan thUe chUa day d u . thai dp chUa tich eUc (cac bang tren). D d n g t h d i m i n h chUng t i n h logic: "nhan thUe ehua day diJ, thai dp khong d u n g , thi se dUa den cd hanh vi ehUa phu hpp".
CJ n h d m da hien mau ty le ddi t u p n g ed hanh vi phu hap la 75,8%i, eao han d n h d m chua hien mau (60,7%); su khac biet rat ed y nghia t h d n g ke vdi p
<0,001. Dieu do khang d m h t h e m y nghia eua viee tuyen truyen, van d d n g n h I m nang cao nhan thUc cua cong d d n g ve hien mau, m d t ngudi cd m d t thai d p d u n g dan va hanh vi phu h p p khi hien mau.
4 . Ket luan
Khao sat ve nhan thdc, thai do va hanh vi cua 1505 sinh vien cac trUdng dai hoe t r o n g va ngoai quan doi tai khu vUc Ha Ndi nam 2012-2013 ve hien mau tinh nguyen eho thay:
- Ty le cac ddi t u p n g nghien eUu cd nhan thUc day du ve hien mau t i n h nguyen edn chua cao (43,2%); ty le nay d n h d m da hien mau la 46,6%, cao
hon rd ret so vdi d n h d m chUa tUng hien mau (40,9%). Ty le ddi t u p n g ed nhan thUc han che va kem edn eao (56,8%).
- 73,4% d o i t u o n g ed t h a i dp d u n g dan ve hien m a u t i n h n g u y e n . Ty le nay d n h d m da hien m a u la 77,0%, cao h o n n h d m ehua tUng hien mau (70,7%). Con t y le k h d n g n h d (26,6%) ddi t u a n g co t h a i d p chua d u n g ve hien m a u t i n h nguyen.
- 67,0% ddi t u p n g nghien cUu ed hanh vi phii h a p ve hien m a u t i n h nguyen, 33,0% ehua ed hanh vi phu hop. N h d m sinh vien da hien mau cd ty le hanh vi phu h a p la 75,8%, eao han rd ret nhdm chda t d n g hien mau (60,7%).
Ket qua tren m m h chUng viec t a n g eUdng vadoi m d i eac hinh thUc t h d n g t i n , tuyen truyen, giao due eho cdng d o n g , cho sinh vien ve hoat ddng nhan dao hien mau t i n h nguyen cUu ngudi la rat can thiet.
Tai lieu t h a m khao
1 Nguyen Thi Binh (2001), "Hien mau edu ngUcfl - Mpt viee lam vd eung nhan dao va cao ca". Tap chi Y hoc Viet Nam, Sd 2/2001, Ha Ndi, tr 4,
2. Truong Thj Kim Dung, Nguyen Phude Hanh, Vo Thi Thu Ba, Tran Thi Han, Hoang Thj Kim Cue (2012),"
Nhan thdc, thai dp, hanh vi ve hien mau tinh
TAP CHl Y DLfOC LAM SANG 108 Tap 9-So 2/2014
nguyen cua nhan vien y te tai TP Ho ehi Minh nam 2012", Tap chi Y hpc Viet Nam. Sd dac biet/2012.
Tap 396, tr. 432.
Ngd Manh Quan, Nguyen Ddc Thuan, Cu Thi Lan Anh, Nguyen Anh Tri (2007), "Khao sat thuc trang nhan thdc, thai dp va hanh vi ve hien mau tinh nguyen cua can bp chien sy tai mpt sd dan vi quan ddi nam 2007", Tap chi Y hoc Viet Nam, Sd 2/2008, Tap344),tr.671-678.
Nguyen Anh Tri (2011), Phat trien cong tac van dpng hien mau tinh nguyen theo hUdng da dang hda, Tai lieu "Hdi ngh| trien khai cdng tac van
ddng hien mau tinh nguyen nam 2011", Ha Npi, tr.
39-43.
Benh vien 103-Hpc vien Quan y (2013), Bao cao so ket 2 nam van ddng hien mau tinh nguyen 2011- 2012, Hpi nghi ve hien mau tinh nguyen, thang 1/2013,
World Health Organization (2010), Tow/ards 100%
voluntary blood donation, a global framework for aetion,WHQ'sJ.2010,p96
