ilEN Ctru - TRAO DOI
Nhin lai tien trinh
"pha" the doc quyen cua EVN
TS. NGOYEM HOANG HIEN
•-• • . • - I V f. " i - ^ h Q u ' > g i d
Duy tri tinh trang ddc quy^n cua TSp doan Dien li^c Met Nam (EVN) qua Mu da kim ham sU phat trien cua nin kinh te', cung nhif tid'n trinh hinh thanh mpt thi tri/dng didn canh tranh tai Vidt Nam. M the, thuc d^y tid'n trinh d^
"pha " the doc quyen nay dang 6vt^c dat ra m0t each cS'p thie't.
HE LUY CUA DQC QUYEN
Trong kinh te hpc. ddc quyen Id trang thai chi cd mpl ngffdi ban hoac mdt ngffdi mua. Neu nhff tren thi trUdng. ed nhieu doanh nghiep ban cung mdt mat hang, thi mdi doanh nghiep rieng le se khdng the gay anh hffdng dffdc ldi gia ban san pham, ma phai chap nhan gia theo quy luat canh tranh ciia thi trUdng. Tren thi trffdng ddc quyen thi ngffdc Iai, doanh nghiep ddc quyen kiem sodt loan bp lUdng cung hdng hda nen cd the quyet dinh gid sdn pham ciia minh de hUdng Idi nhuan sieu ngach.
Cd nhieu nguyen nhan dan de'n cac hinh thffc ddc quyen. nhU: ddc quyen thffdng. ddc quyen tU nhien.
ddc quyen bdn \ a ddc quyen mua. Ddc quyen tU nhien, xua't hien Id do. neu mdt mat hdng dUdc cung cap bdi hai hay nhieu doanh nghiep, thi se Idm eho ehi phi cua mdi doanh nghiep tdng cao vd Idm tang long chi phi binh quan lATCl cua mdi ddn \i san pham. Vl vay, ngffdi ta cho rdng, viec chi mdt doanh nghiep cung cap se hieu qua vd tiet kiem hdn.
HiMH 1: TINH KHOrHG HIEU QUA CGA DOC QGYEM SO Vdl CAMH TRAMH
MC (trong canh tranh)
ATCmln=MC
AR=D
Chiing ta cd the ddnh gid anh hudng cua dpc quyen tdi phiie ldi xa hdi didng qua mffc san Iffdng ma doanh nghiep dOc quyen san xua't vdi mffc san Iffdng trong thi trudng canh tranh. Khi ddc quyen, doanh nghiep se cung cap mffc san Iffdng ma tai do dudng thu nhap bien tiep gidp vdi dffdng chi phi bien. Cdn doanh nghiep canh tranh se cung cap mffc san lUdngrad tai dd gid bang chi phi bien (Hinh I).
Nhu vay, ddc quyen trong mpi trUdng hdp deu tam anh hudng de'n ngudi tieu dung khi phai mua san pham gid cao, md khdng ed sff Iffa chpn ndo khdc. Ben canh dd. ddc quyen cung cd the khie'n doanh nghiep khdng chiu dau tu. nang cao chat Iffdng san pham do khdng cd ai canh tranh nen thie'u dpng Iffc. Dac biet, dpc quyen 6 nhifng ITnh vffc, nganh thie't yeu se gay anh hffdng de'n ca nen kinh te.
BIEN PHAP CHONG DQC QUYEN He thd'ng phdp luat cua ti^g quoc gia cd khdc nhau, song nhin chung chiing deu de cap de'n ba van de cd ban trong chdng ddc quyen:
(1) Cam caeten, cacten la nhifng khe ffdc ciia cdc doanh nghiep hay nghi quy^t cua mdt hiep hdi doanh nghiep nhdm thoa thuan nhffng dieu kien thd'ng nh^t
\ e san xua't, kinh doanh. Vi vay. nd tri?l tieu canh tranh giffa cdc thdnh vien trong cacten. Thdng thffdng. c6 nhffng cacten
\ e gia ed, ve ITnh vffc hoac mffc do sdn xua't kinh doanh hay ve phan chia thj trffdng tieu thu.
(2) Kiem tra. giam sat viec sdp nhdp doanh nghiep. Viee sdp nhap doanh
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i^'c vaDirtrf^nghiep dan den hai hau qua Id giam bdt sd Iffdng thdnh vien tham gia canh tranh vd hinh thdnh nhffng doanh nghiep Idn Idi mffc cdc doanh nghiep khac khdng dii sffc canh tranh vdi hp.
(3) Gidm .sdt ve sff lam dung eiia cdc doanh^nghiep cd dia vi thd'ng tri thi irffiJng. Neu cac doanh nghiep nay lam dung vi the cua minh de thifc hien nhffng hdnh vi han che canh tranh nhff: ddt dieu kien dd'i xii" giffa nhffng ngUdi ban hdng ciia minh, tay chay hoac bao vay kmh te dd'i vdi ede doanh nghiep khdc... Ihl nhffng hdnh vi dd deu bj cam.
Neu doanh nghiep ddc quyen iff nhien, cd nghia sff tdn tai ciia nd Id hdp ly neu nhin tff khia canh kinh te, thi chinh phii thffdng phai dp dung bien phdp can thipp vao gid. Mffc gid phdi dam bao tinh xa hpi vd hieu qua ciia viec sff dung ede nguon Iffc dau vao sao cho gia (P) phai bdng vdi chi phi bien (MC). Trong trffdng hdp gia tdi ffu bdng vdi chi phi bien ed the tffdng dffdng vdi mffc gia qud tha'p, khong bu dap dUde ehi phi binh qudn ciia san pha'm, ldm cho doanh nghiep dpc quyen lo vdn thi chinh phu cd the' sff dung trd ca'p d mffc dii de bii ddp nhffng khoan thiet hai ciia doanh nghiep do viec dinh gid bdng chi phi bien gay ra.
PhUdng dn khdc cd the dp dung la cho phdp doanh nghiep ddc quyen ban san pha'm vdi nhieu mffc gid khdc nhau eho cdc dd'i tffdng khdch hang khdc nhau.
Khoan chenh lech gid cd the bii dilp dffdc chi phi ciia doanh nghiep. Trong thffc te, cdc chinh phii thffdng van dung phffdng dn dp dung mffc gia dam bao Idi nhudn cdng bdng cho doanh nghi0p. TUc Id mffc gid phai ndm tren dffdng long chi phi binh quan {P = ATC).
Chinh phu cung cd the thi hdnh cdc chinh sdch khuyen khich doanh nghiep phdt trien, phd bd nhffng rdo can de cac doanh nghiep mdi dedau iff cho qud tnnh phdt trien. Mdi gpi ddu tff tff nffdc ngodi cung thffdng dffdc dp dung, Idm eho nen kinh te thi trffdng trd nen da dang hdn, nang cao linh canh tranh cho nhffng doanh nghiep trong nUde. Day Id dieu ma Vipt Nam dang dp dung.
TRl/dNG HQTP CUA EVN SU dpc quyen eua ngdnh dien, md cu the d Viet Nam la sif ddc quyen ciia EVN Id mpl dang ddc quyen iff nhien. Tff trffdc tdi nay. \iee .san xua't, truyen tai.
Gia di$n co tdng, nhiAig lai khong hao giiJ giam. Ngay ca khi h^i tu day du cac yeu td' CO the giam gia didn, nhif: thM ky tdng cdng sua't cua cac nha may thuy di$n trong miia miTa; giam ton thd't; giam gia thanh khi van hanh thi trifcFng phat didn canh tranh, thi khong bao gi& 6ii(fc tinh den.
phan phd'i vd kmh doanh mua ban dien nang; xua'l nhap khau dien nang; dau iff vd quan ly vd'n dau tff cac dff dn dien; quan ly, van hanh, sffa chffa, bao dffdng, dai lu, cai lao, nang cap thie't bi dien, cdng trinh dien; thi nghiem dien... deu do EVN thifc hien. Hoat ddng eua ngdnh dien van hanh theo md hinh lien ket dpc da qud ldi thdi. EVN sd hifu phan Idn cae nguon dien (Hinh 2), nam giiJ loan bp he thdng dieu dp dien qud'c gia. he thd'ng truyen tai dien, phan phd'i va kinh doanh. ke ca dien bdn buon, ban le, dien cho khdch hang trong ca nffdc. EVN Id id chffc duy nha't kinh doanh dien tren loan qud'c, chua ed sU canh tranh mang linh chd't thi trUdng d bat eff boat dong nao trong nganh dien.
Ne'u nhud nhffng ITnh vffc kmh doanh khac, ed nhieu doanh nghiep tren cung mdt "san chdi", doanh nghiep nao cd cha'l lUdng san pham td'i. phuc vu chu dao, gia ca hdp ly se dUde khach hang lUa chpn, khach hdng thffc sU la cae "thUpng de". NhUng, dieu nay da khdng xay ra d nganh dien khi ngUdi dan vd cae doanh nghiep bupc phai mua dien vdi mffc gia do EVN "dinh san", trong khi cha't lupng djch vu, cung ffng cdn ra'l iha'p va qud bd'tcap. Suddc quyen da khie'n phan thiel thdi ludn thupc ve phia ngUdi tieu diing.
Dien Id loai hang hda dac biet, cd tac ddng rdng Idn ldi ddi sd'ng \ ii nen kinh te, nhUng ngdnh dien ludn cham khdc phuc nhffng ba'l cap. Dieu ddng ndi la do tinh trang quan ly kem, gay ra nhieu tha't thoat trong
\ lee cung ffng dien, nhffng nhffng khoan tha't thodt nay EVN Iai tinh vdo chi phi vd dffdng nhien la se tdng gia bdn de bii ddp Iai cdc ehi phi dd.
HINH 2: TY TROMO Cd CAC MGUON DigM Td CAC DON V]
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HIEM ccra - TRAO D 6 I
HiNH 3: G!A DIEN BINH QGAM TtT NAM 2007 DEN NAY (chUa bao gom VAT)
N};ii("m:
,s ^* ^s^ ^ Bd Cdng ThUdng
Dau tu ngodi ngdnh trUdc day ciia EVN cung cho tha'y, ngdnh ndy chUa thUe hien dung chffc ndng eiia minh. trong khi vd'n dau tff cho dien con thie'u. He luy cua thie'u vd'n dau tff trong ngdnh dien !d Iffdng dien cung ffng khdng du phuc vu nhu cau, gay thie'u dien, phai cdt dien luan phien, anh hffdng rat Idn de'n ddi sd'ng vd hoat ddng kinh tecua qud'c gia.
Viec tang gia bdn dien ehii ye'u do EVN xay dffng, tnnh Chinh phii (cu the' Id Bd Cdng Thffdng) phe duyet.
NhUng. hau nhff phffdng an gia nao difa trinh ciing dffdc chap thuan. Viec Bd Cdng Thffdng trao quyen cho EVN tu tinh loan ye'u to' dau vao de lam cdn cd dieu chinh gid bdn dien cdng khie'n cho Tap doan nay tdng cap dp ddc quyen. Mdi day nhd't, ngdy 31/7, vdi sU cha'p thuan eiia Bd Cdng Thffdng, EVN da cdng bd' tdng 5% gia dien va dp dung n^ay ngdy 1/8 khien dff luan rat bat ngd khdng kip chuan bi tam ly. Chi phi, gia ca do EVN dffa ra. cdng bd' deu mang tinh dp ddt mdt chieu. Gia dien qua ede ky dieu chinh cdn mang ndng cd che hdnh chinh. thie'u cd sd khoa hpc, thie'u minh bach, nen khd thuye'i phuc dffdc sff dong thuan ciia cae khdch hang sff dung dien
Gia dien ed tang, nhffng lai khdng bao gid giam.
Nga\ ca khi hdi tu day du cdc ye'u td'cd the giam gia dien, nhff: thdi k\ tang cdng sua't cua cdc nha may thiiy dien trong mua mffa: giam tdn thd't; giam gid Uidnh khi van hanh thi trUdng phdt dien canh
tranh. thi khdii^ bao gid dffdc tinh den (Hinh 3) Da> Id dieu khdng the chap nhdn \i neu dp dung ed che thj irffdng. thi gid phai cd lijc tdng. luc giam. Hdn nffa. viec dimg cang nhieu dicn khdng dupe giam gid. md Iai bi tdng gij cho thay, kha nang ye'u kem trong cap dien ciia EVN dang do gdnh ndng vao ngffdi lieu dimg.
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Cd the tha'y. sU ddc quyen khien ngdnh dien phdt trien cham^ ehap. dnh hudng Idn de'n sU phdt trien kinh te.
Va'n de phd vd the ddc quyen eiia ngdnh dien trd nen ca'p thiet. Bdi, cd nhff vdy.
chiing ta mdi ed the hy vpng dffdc cung cap dich vu dien tdt hdn cho nhu cau ciia ngudi dan vd phdt trien da't nUdc.
Ddng thdi, ngUdi dan se khdng cdn phai chiu canh gid dien chi cd tdng ma khdng tha'y giam!
Viec xay dUng mpt thi trUdng canh tranh trong nganh dien, ciing vdi viec tdi cd ca'u lai EVN thu hiil sU quan tam Idn cua xd hpi. Muc dich khdng chi Iii de ngUdi dan dUdc cung cap dien vdi gia phu hdp. cha't lUdng ngay cdng cao, mi cdn de dam bao dii dien phuc vu cho tdng trudng kinh teben vffng eua Viet Nam.
THI/C HIEN CON HJNH THCC Ld trinh hinh thdnh thi trffdng di6n canh tranh da dffdc phe duyet tai (Juy^t djnh 26/2006/QD-TTg, ngay 26/01/2006 ciia Thii tffdng Chinh phu. Theo quyfi'l dinh tren, thi trffdng dien Viet Nam se hinh thdnh vd phat trie'n theo 3 cap dO:
(1) Thi trffdng phal di&n canh tranh (giai doan 2005-2014), (2) Thi difdng bdn budn canh tranh (giai doan 2014-2022); (3) Thi IrUdng bdn le canh tranh (giai doan sau ndm 2022). Mdi ca'p dp dUdc thUc hien theo hai bffdc: thi diem vd hodn chinh.
Den nay, chung ta dang d giai doan hinh thdnh thi trffdng phdt dien canb tranh cap dp hodn chinh dffdc mdt ndm, Tuy nhien, nhieu chuyen gia dd ddnh gi^
rdng thi trudng phat dien canh tranh tuy dd van hdnh, nhUng van cdn hinh thffc vl thffe te EVN van dpc quyen.
Hien nay, da sd' cdc cdng ty tham gia bdn dien deu trffc thudc EVN. Ve lau ddi, cdc cdng ty nay ed xu hffdng hinh thdnh cdc td'ng cdng ty phdt di?n (Genco) vd hien cung da cd 3 Genco dUde thdnh Idp. Theo Id trinh de'n ndtn 2015, cdc Genco se tdch ra kh6i EVN. Khi dd, ty Ie phdt dien ciia EVN dif kien ehi cdn khoang 17-
18%, phan cdn Iai li do ede cdng ty ngodi EVN. Tuy nhi^n.
de Genco tdch ra khdi EVN dffdc, tW cdc doanh nghiep trffc thudc Genco phai dff^
CO phan hda. Nhffng, qud trinh nay hien nay khd tie'n hdnh, vl ty Ie nd trdn vd'n ehii sd hffu eua cac doanh nghiep ndy qud ca^. tham chi ed tdng cdng ty nd tren von chii sd hffu den 5-6 Ian, nen khdng dii dieu kien vay vdn them, d§n tdi mdt loat du dn dch tac.
Dieu kien de tham gia thi trudng phdt dien canh tranh Id cdc nhd mdy Ihiiy dien phai ed cdng sua't tff 30 MW trd len. Nhffng, nhffng nhd mdy cdng sud't tff 30 MW trd len chii yeu do EVN ldm chu dau tff. Nhff vay, chi ed cdc nha mdy ciia EVN mdi du dieu kien tham gia thi trudng. Cdc nhd mdy nhd vd hinh trung bi dp ra khdi Ihi trudng, ehi cdn cdch bdn dien cho cdng ty dien lUc dia phUdng. Trong IrUdng hdp dien lffc dia phffdng dffdc dien lUc qud'c gia cap dii didn thi Ihiiy dien nhd se khdng bie'l bdn dien cho ai? Ngay ca khi bdn dUdc, thi cung van trong tinh canh "ehie'u dUdi"
vi Chinh phii chua ed hUdng ddn trong trudng hpp ndy, gid bdn dien Id ban budn hay bdn l l .
Cdng ty mua ban dien trong thi trUdng phdt dien canh tranh dung nghTa phai id cdng ty phi ldi nhuan vdi hoat ddng trung gian mua, ban dien cho hai b^n vd neu cd thi chi thu mpl khoan phi nhd de duy tri hoat dpng cua cdng ty vd tr;i lUdng nhdn vien. Tuy nhien, hien nay, ddn vi duy nha't mua dien tff cdc nhd mdy la Cdng ty Mua-bdn dien Viet Nam Iai van trffc thudc EVN, ndn mua, bdn dien canh tranh thffe chat vdn chi la hinh thffc.
MOT S 6 GOI Y
Thdnhdt, mdc du viec tdch cdc Genco khdi EVN da cd Id trinh, nhffng Chinh phu can cd giai phdp de lam viee nay cdng sdm cdng to't, nha't la khi ty le nd cQa cae Genco cdn cao khie'n viec ed phan hda khd khdn. Bdi. khi cdc Geneo cdn true thudc EVN, thi khdng the cd thi trffdng dien canh tranh. Chi khi nao cae nhd mdy bdn dien. khdi phdt dien, kho'i
truyen tai dien nhanh chdng tdch khdi EVN. thi tlii trffdng mdi hinh thdnh. Liic do, linh canh tranh dd'i vdi cac nhd may dien khdc khi ihue hien mua ban dien se dupe minh bach hdn.
Thd hai, nhanh chdng tdch Cdng ty Mua-bdn dien Viet Nam ddc lap vdi EVN de tao mdi trUdng canh tranh cdng bang. Cho du cac Genco cd' phan hda thanh cdng, thi van khdng cd thi trUdng phal dien canh tranh neu doanh nghiep mua dien vdn duy nha't la Cdng ty Mua-bdn dien Viet Nam trUc thupc EVN. Cac nha may dien ciia EVN va ddn vi khac phai ban cho cdng ty nay.
Vjee dd se han che' ddc quyen ciia EVN. lao sU binh dang vdi cdc cdng ly khdc. Nd phai hoat ddng theo quy dinh chat che ve chdng ddc quyen.
Thd ba, tdch phan truyen tai sang Trung tam Dieu dp He thdng dien qud'c gia, de ehd'ng ddc quyen trong truyen tai. Doanh nghiep nay khdng dat muc lieu kinh doanh lay ldi nhuan, ma hoat ddng nhU mdt doanh nghiep cdng ich, ai cung cd the thue iruyen tai. NhU vdy, mdi xda dUdc ddc quyen.
ThdtU, Chinh phu kiem soat gid dien chat che, chdng ddc quyen gia dien Irong thdi ky qud dp. Thdi gian iff nay de'n khi cd thi trudng dien canh tranh hoan hao, can quan ly gid dien can eff vdo ca'p dp phal trien thi trffdng dien canh tranh. Thii iffdng Chinh phu se phai phe duyet gia ban le binh quan va bieu gid dien khi lap vd dieu chinh gia dien cho loan qudc theo de xua't eiia Bd Cdng ThUdng. Thu tUdng Chinh phii khdng quy dinh gid phat dien, gia ban budn, cac loai gid truyen tai, phan phd'i vd gid dich vu ho trp he Ihd'ng dien. Cac loai gia nay se &\i(}c thUdng thao bdi cae ddn vi ed lien quan dang tham gia thi trffdng dien dffdi sff quan ly, giam sat ciia Bd Cdng ThUdng.
De tranh doe quyen ap gid dien ba't hpp ly va trdnh liing doan, Chinh phu Viet Nam can can nhac dieu chinh theo tffng ca'u phan (gid phat dien, gia truyen tai, gid phan phd'i vd gia ban Ie). Ddng thdi. can hoan thien bp tieu chi v^ cae chi phi cd ban trong sdn xua't, truyen tai va phan phd'i dien; chinh sdch gia dien can theo hffdng dam bao hieu qua san xud't, kinh doanh ciia doanh nghiep, khdng ndn dat ra qud nhieu muc lieu chinh sdch trong gia dien va phai tiep tue tang eudng cd che'gidm sdl ve dien va gid dien
Chting la nen hpc tap kmh nghiem nhieu qud'c gia dd thUe hien viec cdng khai cd ca'u gia dien ngay trong hda ddn tra lien dien, tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho khdch hang kiem soat dUdc chi phi khi sff dung dien. Day cung la each thUe gidm sat gia dien sdl vd gan ngUdi tieu dilne nha't.Q
TAI Ut\} THAM KHAO
1. N.G. Mankiw (2003). Nguyen ly kinh le'hpc. Nxb Thd'ng ke, Hd Nni
2. Thdnh Cdng (2012). Pha the ddc quyen nganh dien nen the nao'l, Bdo dien td Petrotimes. truy cap Iff http://wvyw.petrotimes.vn/news/vnAinh-ie/pha-the-doc-quyen-nganh-dien-nen-the-nao.html
3. PhUdng Nhung (2013). Khd cd thi trUdng dien canh trai^h. Bdo dien tdNgudi lao dong. truy cap tff http://nld.com.vn/20130303114134865p0el014/kho-co-ihi-truong-dien-eanh-tranh.htm
