NGHIEN Cl/U - TRAO 0 0 1
^ QUYEN TIEP CAN THONG TIN cClA NGUtJl LAO DONG TRONG PHAP LUAT LAO DONG VIET NAM
Q
uyen tiep can thong tin cua ngudi lao dgng (NLD) trong phdp luat lao dpng da budc dau dap ling dugc yeu cau thyc te, la can cu, CO sd bao ve quyen lgi cua NLD, nang cao trach nhiem ciia cac ben trong quan he lao ddng. Tuy nhien, thuc te dp dung cdn tdn tai nhihig bat cap, ban che nhat dinh. Bdi viet nay nham trao ddi mpt sd ndi dung lien quan den viec ap dung phdp luat lao ddng ve quyen tiep can thdng tin ciia NLD, qua dd de xuat cde giai phdp gdp phan hodn thien khung phap li ve quyen tiep can thdng tin ciia NLD trong giai doan hien nay.1. Banh gia tong quan quyen tiep can thong tin cua NLD trong phap luat lao dong va thirc trang ap dung
Quyen tiep can thdng tin eua NLD giii vi tri, vai trd quan trgng trong quan he lao dpng, la CO sd de NLD hilu ro quyln va nghTa vu cua minh, la edu ndi dl NLD, ngudi sir dyng lao ddng (NSDLD) xdy dyng mdi quan he hai hda, on dinh va bin viing.
NLD tilp can thdng tin cd thi bdng hinh thirc true tiep hoac gian tilp, trong dd hinh thuc gidn tiep thdng qua td chiie dai dien lao ddng duge xem la hinh thirc co ban, htm hieu. Quy dinh ve quyen tilp can thdng tin eiia NLD dugc the hien thdng qua cdc ehl dinh eiia Bd luat lao ddng nhu hgp ddng lao
DAO MONG DliP *
ddng, ddi thoai xa bdi, thuong Iugng, thod ude lao dgng tap the, tien luang... Trong qua trinh ap dung, khung phdp li vl quyln tiep can thdng tin ciia NLD da tao hanh lang phap li bao ve quyen lgi cua NLD, nang cao trach nhiem ciia NSDLD, td chiic dai di?n NLD cung nhu cac co quan biiu quan trong quan li lao ddng ddng thdi gdp phdn xay dyng quan he lao ddng mdt each lanh manh, la can cii biiu hieu dilu chinh chinh sach phap luat nham tien tdi cdng bang xa hpi.
Tuy nhien, thyc te dp dung khung phap H vl quyen tiep can thdng tin cua NLD vdn con tdn tai mdt so vdn dl sau:
Thie nhdt, hieu qud dp dung khung phap Ii ve quyln tilp can thdng tin ciia NLD con nhieu ban che. Dieu nay anh hudng mgt cdeh tryc tiep vd gidn tilp din quyln Igi ciia NLD cung nhu NSDLD trong quan he lao dgng, the hien d nhiing ITnh vyc sau:
Mpt Id ITnb vyc doi thoai xa hdi tai doanh nghiep
Trong doanh nghiep, ddi thoai xa hpi tai doanh nghiep cd vai trd quan trgng nhdm chia se thdng tin, tang cudng hilu bilt gi&a NLD vd NSDLD de xay dyng quan h? lao ddng tai noi lam viec. Ddng thdi ddi thoai xa
* Thac sT !uat hpc, giang vign K-hoa luat, Dai hgc H u l
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hgi cung hudng den viec tdn trgng, khdng djnh dia vi phdp li cua cac ben, thiic ddy tinh dan chii, binh dang, cdng khai cua moi ben trong doanh nghiep. Day ciing la kSnh cung cap thdng tin cho NLD mdt each huu bieu.
Phdp luat da quy dinh muc dich, hinh thiic, ndi dung va tien hanh doi thoai xa hdi tai doanh nghiep (Dieu 63, Dilu 64 vd Dieu 65 Bg luat lao dgng). Tuy nhiSn, phdp luat lai chua quy dinh cu the cdc hinh thuc ddi thoai xd hdi, chua t^o ra ca che ddm bdo thyc thi nhiSm vu ciia NSDLD trong viec cung cap thdng tin eho NLD thdng qua binh thuc ddi thoai xa hdi. Chinh vi vay, thyc te viee td chirc ddi thoai xa hdi chua dat hieu qua nhu mong mudn. Quyen tiep can thdng tin ciia NLD bi ban ehl. Theo dd, NLD chii yeu thyc hien quyen nay thdng qua viec phd bien vdn ban phdp luat ciia doanh nghiep, qua hpi nghi NLD hoac thyc hien quy ehe dan chii ca sd tai noi Idm viec. Qua tdng hgp bao cao cua cac ngdnh, dia phuong nam 2013 cho thdy, chi cd 47.84% cdng ti cd phan, cong ti trdeb nhiem hu'u ban cd td chiie edng doan td chtic hpi nghi NLD, gidm 8,66% so vdi ciing ki nam 2012; viec td chiie hgi nghj NLD cd nai chua thyc hien cdng khai tai chinh theo quy dinh cua phdp ludt, nhat la cdc ngi dung lien quan din quyln vd lgi ich ciia NLD nhu: thyc hien phan phdi tiln luong, ddng bdo biln* xa hgi, bdo hilm thdt nghiep, bao hilm y tl.'" Do dd, cd thi khdng dinh mdt bg phdn NLD chua dugc tilp can thdng tin mpt cdeh cd hieu qua, boat dgng ddi thoai x3 hgi chua dap ung dugc yeu eau dat ra trong giai doan bi?n nay.
Hai la ITnh vye thuong lugng vd thoa ude lao ddng tap the
Quyen tiep c^n thdng tin ciia NLD dugc phan anh thdng qua viec phap luat quy dinh quyen, nghTa vu ciia td chiie dai dien lao ddng vd NSDLD trong thuong lugng, thod ude lao ddng tap the . Viee tiep can thdng tin eua NLD dugc thyc hien mdt each gidn tiep thdng qua td chiic dai dien lao dgng hoae tryc tiep tham gia vdo qud trinh thuong lugng, ki ket thod ude. Qua ket qud khdo sdt, hien nay, ti le doanh nghiep cd td chirc dai dien lao ddng ki ket thod ude lao ddng tap the hang nam dat binh quan 64,6%.'^' Tuy nhien, phdn Idn thod ude lao dpng tap the dugc ki ket chi mang tinh hinh thiic, cdc doanh nghiep chi dang ki cho cd le, cdn viec thyc hien chua dugc coi trgng. Da sd doanh nghiep khong cd thuong lugng thue sy, khdng c6 tham van, trao ddi vdi td chire dai dien lao ddng. NSDLD trong qua trinh thuong lugng khdng cung cap thdng tin ve tinh hinh boat ddng sdn xuat kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep cbo NLD, khdng thyc hien viee td chiie lay y kien ciia NLD, khong edng bd npi dung eiia ban thod ude lao dpng tap the . Thod ude chii yeu sao chep lai cdc quy dinh eiia luat nen chua phdt huy dugc hieu qua trong doanh nghiep. Cdc thoa ude lao ddng tap the trong qud trinh xay dyng thyc hien vi pham 4 "that" (ddi tdc that, npi dung that, thuang lugng that va thue hien thdt).'^' Theo khao sdt ciia Phdng thucmg mai vd cdng nghiep Viet Nam (VCCI) d 20 tinh, thdnh phd, co khoang 90% NLD khdng dugc
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tham gia vdo qua trinh xay dyng thod ude.
Cu the: nganh det may cd khoang 120.000 lao ddng nhung chi ed 40% bilt din thod ude lao ddng tap the .*'*' Vai trd ciia td cbiic dai dien lao ddng trong viec thuong lugng, thoa ude Tao ddng tap the chua phdt huy dugc bieu qua. Nhieu NSDLD da vd hieu bod quyen cua td chiic dai dien lao dgng trong ITnh vyc nay.
Nhieu doanh nghiep vdn chua thdnh lap td chiic dai dien lao dpng, mdt sd chii doarJi nghiep tim each gay kho khan, khdng hgp tdc, tri hoan vdi cdng doan co sd, cdng doan cap tren true tiep co sd trong qua trinh thdnli lap t6 chiic dai dien lao ddng.*^'
Dieu do cho thay, quyln tilp can thdng tin cLia NLD thdng qua td chire dai dien lao dpng cdn ban che, cd nhilu NLD khdng thyc hien duge quyen tiep can thdng tin eiia minh tren thyc tl. Mgt trong nhihig ylu td ddn din tinh trang nay dd Id sy thieu vdng mdt sd quy pham phap luat dieu chinh hd trg trong viec thue hien loai quyln nay. Phap luat hien hanh van "de ben le" nhiing ndi dung nhu: 1) Thdm quyen ciia td chiic cdng dodn edp tren trye tiep co sd trong thucmg lugng vd ki kit thod ude ddi vdi nhimg noi boat ddng ciia td chiic dai dien ylu kem; 2) Mdi quan he phdi hgp giira edng dodn cap tren tryc tilp ca sd vd cdng doan eo sd trong hd trg thuong lugng va ki kit thod ude; 3) Co ehl thuong lugng d cdp co sd va cdp nganh; 4) Trach nhiem eiia eac ben khi vi pham thoa ude; 5) Mdi quan he cua td chirc dai dien lao dpng vdi CO quan qudn li lao ddng trong thyc hien vd giam sat thyc hien thoa ude.
Ba la linh vyc tiln luong
De dam bao quyln tilp can thdng tin ciia NLD, phdp luat quy dinh khi xay dyng thang luong, bang luong, NSDLD phai tham khao y kien td chiic dai dien lao dgng va cdng bl edng khai thang luong, bang luong, dinh mire lao dgng tai noi lam vigc (Dilu 93 Bp luEit lao dgng). Trong qua trinh xay dyng thang, bdng luong, da sd hiep hgi doanh nghiep nude ngoai diu cbo rang viec xay dyng thang luong, bdng luong la cdng viec ndi bg cua doanh nghiep, nd dugc xem nhu Id thdng tin canh tranh thuong mai cho nen khdng cdn phai edng bd.*^* Cd doanh nghiep lai cho do la bi mat. Eurocham "tin rdng thong tin vi che dp luang va lgi ich phdi dirge ddm bdo tinh rieng tu vd bdo mat. Cong dodn chiu trach nhiem bdo ve edc thdnh vien ciia minh nhung khong nen dugc phep tu vdn vi thang lirang vd ca cdu eua cong ti vi thupc vi kinh doanh thucmg mgi". '^*
Do dd, tren thyc te nhilu doanh nghi?p da vi pham cac quy dinh vl quyln tilp can thdng tin cua NLD trong ITnh vyc tiln luong.
Trong mdt cuge khdo sat mdi day. Ban qudn li cdc khu cdng nghiep - khu cbl xudt Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh da phdt hien 160/1.000 doanh nghiep (1/5 doanh nghiep dugc dilu tra) cd nhung sai pham trong thyc hien quy dinh vl xay dung thang, bang luang. Kit qua dieu tra cung cho thdy nhilu doanh nghiep bao cdo thang, bdng luong chi dl ddi phd v6i cde CO quan chiic nang, ed nhihig doanh nghiep tham chi cdn khdng xay dimg thang, bdng luong.'^' Nhilu doanh nghiep kh6Dg cdng bd thang luong, bang luong cho NLD.'"
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Bon Id ITnh vyc tuyen truyin, gjao due, nang cao hilu bilt vl phap luat lao ddng, phap luat cdng dodn cho NLD
Day la mgt lo^i quyen va ciing la trach nhiem cua td chiic dai dien lao ddng nhdm truyin tdi thdng tin din NLD mdt each hftu hieu. Phdp luat quy dinh td chiic d^i dien lao dpng cd vai trd la cau ndi trung gian trong viec cung cap thdng tin vl dudng Idi, ehu truang, chinh sdch cua Ddng, phap luat ciia nhd nude lien quan den cdng doan, NLD din tap the lao ddng; tuyen truyin gido due, van ddng NLD hgc tap, nang cao trinh do ehinh trj, van boa, chuyen mdn, kT nang nghe nghiep, y thiic chap banh phap luat, ndi quy, quy che ciia doanh nghiep. Tuy nhien, phdp luat van chua ban banh cac quy dinh de dam bdo cho hoat ddng nay dugc thuc hien nhu:
Quy che phdi hgp giiia cdng dodn co sd vdi cdng doan cap tren eo sd, giiia cdng dodn co sd vdi edc co quan cd lien quan trong ITnh vyc tuyen truyen phap luat den NLD. Phdp ludt vl cbinh sdch bdo dam cho edn bd edng dodn vdn edn nhilu ban che, chua tao hdnh lang phap li, ehua quy dinh che do uu ddi hgp li dl dam bdo cho can bd cdng doan trong thdi gian boat ddng. Ben canh do, phap lu^t chua tao co ehl dl thu hiit duge NLD gia nhlip td chiic dai di|n lao ddng. Thyc te cdng tac tuyen truyen, cung cap thdng tin cho NLD thyc hien chua diu khap, dae biet sl ddng NLD thudc cdc khu vyc kinh te ngodi qudc doanh chua nam dugc cdc quyen va nghTa vy cua minh. Hoat ddng tu van phdp ludt tai doanh nghiep dudng nhu bi bd 1^0. KT ndng tuyen truyen ciia can bp cdng
dodn cdn yeu, nang ve li luan, chua den dugc vdi sd ddng NLD. Do dd cd the khang dinh viec thyc hidn quySn tiep can thdng tin cua NLD chua hieu qua.
Thu hai, ehl tai de dam bao viec thuc bien quyen tiep can thdng tin cua NLD vdn chua mang tinb kha thi. Phap luat da quy dinh cu thi ch8 tai ddi vdi cde hdnh vi vi pham nhu: Khdng thyc hien nghiem chiiih quy cbl dan chu d co sd; khdng tien hanh ddi thoai xa hgi; khdng thyc hien ddi thoai xa hgi khi dai dien t§p the lao dpng yeu eau;
khdng edng bd ndi dung thod ude lao ddng tap the ; khdng cung cap thdng tin ve tinh hinh hoat ddng sdn xuat kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep; khdng edng bd cdng khai thang, bdng luong cua NLD... Tuy nhien, phap ludt vdn "bd ngd" che tdi doi vdi mgt sd hdnh vi lien quan den quyen tiep can thdng tin ciia NLD nhu: Trach nhiem cua td chiic cdng dodn, td chiic edng dodn cap tren true tiep co sd trong viec tuyen truyen chinh sdch phdp ludt den NLD; trdch nhiem cua td chirc cdng dodn trong viee den noi lam viec gap go NLD; td ehuc idy y kiln ciia tap thi lao dpng trong ki kit thoa ude lao d^ng tap the ... Ben canh dd, che tdi ddi vdi cac hdnh vi lien quan den quyen tilp can thdng tin cua NLD chua du manh de ran de va han cbl cde hdnh vi vi pham phdp luat lien quan din ITnh vye nay. Che tdi xii phat vi pham -hdnh ehinh trong lihh vuc lao ddng, bao hilm xa hdi va dua NLD Viet Nam di lam viec d nuoc ngodi theo hgp ddng c6 mire phat thdp nhdt Id 500.000 ddng va cao nhdt la 200.000.000 ddng (theo quy dinh tai Nghi 4inh eiia Chinh
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phii sd 95/2013/ND-CP ngay 22/8/2013 quy dinh xii phat vi pham harib chinh trong ITrih vyc lao ddng, bdo hilm xa hpi vd dua NLD Viet Nam di lam viec d nude ngoai theo hgp ddng). Trong khi dd, cdc hdnh vi vi pham quy dinh lien quan den quyen tiep can thdng tin ciia NLD cd miic phat thdp nhdt la 500.000 ddng va eao nhdt la 5.000.000 ddng.
So vdi cbl tdi cho cae hdnh vi vi pham khac trong ITnh vyc lao dgng thi miic che tdi ddi vdi hanh vi vi pham ndy cdn thap, chua du siic ran de va ngan ngira cac hanh vi vi pham xay ra tren thyc te.
2. Mot so giai phap n^ng cao quyen tiep cdn thong tin cua ngiroi lao dgng
Ndng cao quyen tiep can thdng tin ciia NLD eung ddng nghTa vdi viec nang cao co hpi chia se, trao ddi thdng tin, thiic day quan he hieu biet lln nhau, giai quyet kip thdi cdc tranh chap cd the xay ra, xdy dyng va duy tri mdi quan he lao ddng hai hda, dn dinh. De dat myc tieu dd, mdt sd gidi phdp dat ra khi nang cao quyen tiep can thdng tin ciia NLD, dd la:
Thii nhdt, tiep tyc hoan thien khung phdp li ve quyen tiep can thdng tin ciia NLD trong cae ITnh vyc ddi thoai xa hdi, thuong lugng, thod ude lao dgng tap tbI , tiln luong vd tuyen truyen. Trong thdi gian tdi, dl xay dung khung phap li ve quyen tiep can thdng tin ciia NLD mpt cdeh hoan thien, toan dien, ddng bp, cd tinh khd thi, nha nude cdn cu thi hod mpt sd quy dinh nhu: hinh thiic ddi thoai xa hpi; tham quyen ciia td chiic cdng doan cap tren tryc tiep co sd trong thuang lugng
va ki kit thoa ude ddi vdi nhiing nai hoat dgng cua to chiic dai dien yeu kem; moi quan he phdi hgp giiia cdng dodn cdp tren tryc tiep ca sd vd cdng doan co sd trong ho trg thuong lugng va ki ket thoa ude; co che thuong lugng d cap co sd va cap ngdnh;
trdch nhiem cua cdc b^n khi vi phgm thoa ude; mdi quan he ciia to chue dai dien lao dgng vdi co quan quan Ii lao ddng trong thyc hien vd gidm sat thuc hien thod ude; che d6, cbinh sdch uu dai cho cdn bd cdng dodn mot each hgp li; che tdi khi td chiic cong dodn, cdng dodn cdp tren tryc tiep ca sd khong tuyen truyen phap luat cho NLD, chS tdi khi ki ket thod ude lao ddng tap the khdng to chiic Idy y kiln cua tap the lao dgng... Ben canh dd, phdp luat can cd co che ddm bao viec thyc thi co hieu qua quyen tiep can thdng tin ciia NLD tren co sd tdng miic che tdi ddi vdi cdc hanh vi vi pham lien quan den ITnh vyc nay. Muc che tdi phdi dam bao tinh nghiem minh, tinh kha thi eua edc quy pham phdp luat khi trien khai vao thyc te nham han ehe, ngan iigira cdc banh vi vi pham xdy ra,
Thif hai, nang cao vai trd cua td chiic dai dien lao ddng trong cdc ITnh vyc ddi thogi xa bdi, thuang lugng, thod ude lao ddng tap the , tien luong vd tuyen truyen. Quyen tiep can thdng tin ciia NLD cd dat bieu qud hay khdng phu thudc vao ndng lye dai diln thyc chat cua td chiic dai dien lao dgng. Trong thdi gian tdi, chien luge phdt triln dodn vien, thdnh lap td chiic cdng doan ca sd trong cdc doanh nghiep (dac biet Id doanh nghi^ c6 vdn dau tu nude) ngodi cdn dugc xem li
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nhiem vu then chdt ciia td chirc dai dien lao ddng dk thiic ddy quyln tilp can thdng tin ciia NLD. Xdy dung "thuang hieu" cho td chiic dai di?n lao ddng la dich din di bdo ddm quyen lgi NLD ndi chung vd quyln tilp c$n thdng tin cua NLD noi rieng. Td chirc dai dien lao dgng cdn phdi "vugt qua chinh minh", ndng cao nang lye dai dien thyc chdt, dam bdo quyln tilp cdn thong tin ciia NLD mgt cdeh hieu qud. Ddi mdi ndi dung, phuang thiic boat dpng, thay ddi each thiic, chiln luge trong ddi thoai xd hdi, thuang lugng, thod ude lao ddng tap tbI . Tilp tyc duy tri vd xdy dyng moi quan be hgp tdc, tdn trgng va binh dang givca td chiic dai dien lao dgng vdi NSDLD ciing nhu td chire cdng dodn cap tren trye tiep co sd trong cdc ITnh vyc lien quan den quyen vd nghTa vy ciia NLD. Ngoai vi?c xay dyng co che hai ben, td chirc dai di|n lao dpng can chii trpng phat buy vai trd cua CO chi ba b£n trong quan h? lao dpng.
Quyln tilp can thdng tin eiia NLD chi phdt huy mgt each hieu qua khi ddt trong sy ket hgp hdi hda giua eo cbl hai ben va ba ben.
Thic ba, ndng cao trdch nhiem cua NSDLD trong vi$c dam bdo thyc hien quyen tiep can thong tin cua NLD. NSDLD can nang cao trach nbi?m xa hdi doanh nghiep tren tinh thdn tdn trgng, hgp tdc vdi NLD vd td chiic dgi dien lao dgng, tao dieu kien ve co sd vat chat, thdi gian dl ho trg viec thyc hien cd hi|u qua quyln tilp can thdng tin ciia NLD.
(l).Xem: T.A, Tich c\{c xdy dirng va thirc hifn guy che ddn chu va Id chirc dot ihogi tgi nai iam vi^c.
nguSn: http7/www.congdoanvn.org.vii/details.asp?I2=
l&c=264&c2-264&m=7430, tiuy d p ngay 27/01/2013.
(2).Xein: T6ng lien d o ^ lao ddng Vi6t Nam, Bao cdo cua Ban ck^ hanh Tong lien doan lao dpng Viel Nam khoa X tai Dgi hoi XI cong dodn Viet Nam, 2012.
(3). Xem th€m: Thu Huong, "Thod uac lao dong lap the, chua thdnh cong nfnt mong dgi", ngu6n: http://lao dong.com.vn/cong-doan/thoa-uoc-fao-dong-tap-the- chua-thanh-cong-nhu-mong-doi-l 33683 .bid; Ban quan li cac khu cong nghiep, "Hogt dong thuang luang ihod uac lao dpng tap the trong cdc Ichu cong nghiep Bac Ninh", nguon: http://www.bacninh.gov.vn/trang/Quy%
20ho%E 1 %B A%A I ch.aspx?u=detail&rid-110.
(4).Xem: Thanh Thuy, Tdng quyin dip can thdng lin cho NLD, nguon: http://baodientu.chinhphu.vn/Home/
Tang-quyen-tiep-can-thong-lin-cho-nguo i -lao-dong/
20133/!64406.vgp, truy cap ngay 27/01/2013.
(5). Xem them: Van Tudn, "Thdnh lap 16 chue cdng dodn trong doanh nghiep. Chang duang ngupc doc", ngu^n: http://www.baoyenbai.com.vn/2I5/112696/
Thanh_lap_to_chuc_cong_doan_trl I lng_doanh_ nghiep_
Chang_duong_nguoc_doc.htm; Phu Vinh, "Nhiiu doanh nghi4p "ne " Ihdnh tap cdng doan ", nguon: http://www.
baoi4hanhhoa.com. vn/xa-hoi/201407/nhieu-doanh- nghiep-ne-thanh-lap-cong-doan-2325244/; Thanh Hang,
"Phdt triin cong dodn co sa", ngudn: http://baoquang ninh.com.vn/xa-hoi/201205/Phat-trien-cong-doan- C0-S0-2I67149/.
{6).Xem: 8 6 lao dpng, thuang binh vA xS hpi, Du ihdo la Irinh Chinh phu du dn lual sua doi, bo sung mot so dieu cua Bo ludt lao dpng. Ha N§i, 2011.
(7). Bp lao dong, thuang binh va x5 hpi, tldd.
(8).Xem; Nhieu doanh nghiep sai phgm irong chi ird luung, nguon: http://soldtbxh.haiduong.gov.vn/cac chinhsach/laodongtienluong/Pages/ntiieu-doanh- nghiep-sai-pham-trong-chi-tra-luong.aspx, truy cap ngay 07/02/2014.
(9).Xem: Gdn 1.000 cong nhdn ngirng viec vi cdng li fchong cong bd lirang Ihudng let, nguon: http;//laodong com.vn/hoat-dong/gan-1000-cn-ngung-viec-vi-cty- khong-cong-bo-luong-thuong-tet-I72445.bld, tmy cap ngay 07/01/2014.
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