LUAT
VAI TRO CUA VIEC BAO DAM
QUYEN TIEP CAN THONG TIN VE DAT DAI
> BUI THI THUAN ANH
Bai viat tap trung phan tich kh^i niem va cac y6u t6 bao dam quyan tiap cSn thong tin trong ITnh vuc dat dai - mot ITnh vuc kha phuc tap va thucmg nay sinh cac tranh chap. Thong qua do, tac gia cung lam ro vai tro cua viec bao dam quyln tiSp can thong tin vg dkt dai trong giai doan hien nay.
Tu- kh6a: Vai tro, quyln, bao dam, tigp can thong tin, dit dai.
1. f>at van de
Ciang nhu cac quyen con nguoi khac, quyen tiep can thong tin la mot trong cac quyen quan trpng trong xa hpi hien nay. Quyln tilp can thong tin da duac ghi nhan trong cac van kien phap ly ve quyen con nguai cua Lien hap qu6c va tiep luc duac khang dinh trong ban Tuyen ngon the gidi ve quyen con ngucyi (nam 1948), Cong uac quoc t l ve cac quyln dan SLT va chinh tri (nam 1966) va cac Cong uac qu6c te khac.
O Viet Nam, quyen tiep can thong tin ciia cong dan da duac thiia nhan trong Dilu 69 ciia Hiln phap nam 1992 va tiep tue duac ghi nhan trong dieu 25 ciia Hien phap 2013. Luat Tiep can thong tin ciang da duac Quoc hoi khoa XIII thong qua ngay 06 thang 04 nam 2016, khang dinh y nghTa to Ion ciia quyen nay doi vai mpi cong dan, to chiic.
Tuy nhien, tren thirc te, viec thuc hien quyen tiep can thong tin cua cong d§n chua duac bao dam a mot so ITnh vuc, trong do co ITnh vuc dat dai. Vi vay, viec tim hieu vai tro ciia quyen tiep can thong tin ve dat dai CO y nghTa hel sue quan trgng de co the no luc tim kiem cac giai phap tren thirc te.
2. Cac yeu to bao dam quyen tiep can thdng tin \k dat dai
Dat dai dupe quy dinh la tai san thupc sa huu loan dan do Nha nuoc dai dien quan ly. Nha nude la chu the duy nhat cd quyen quyet djnh cac van de nhu: quy hoach, ke hoach sir dyng dat, boi thudng.
ho tra tai dinh cu... Vi vay, cac thong tin vl dat dai cd dac diem la gan lien vdi sir dam bao lir phia ca quan nha nude.
Co the hieu, quyen tilp can thong tin ve dat dai la quyen ma nguai su dung dat can duoc tiep can cac thdng tin ve dat dai do Nha nude nam giiJ, nham Ihda man cac nhu cau hop phap ve dat dai ciia minh cung nhu de thuc hien cac quyen ca ban khac ma phap luat ghi nhan. Vi vay, viec bao dam quyen tiep can thong tin ve dat dai ia trach nhiem ciia cac ca quan nha nude lien quan nham bao dam cho cong dan duac tiep can cac thong tin ve dk dai thuoc quyen sd huu ciia minh va cac thdng tin dat dai dupe cong khai rpng rai tren cac phuang tien thdng tin dai chiing theo quy dinh eiia phap luat, dam bao thong tin se dupe tiep can dung, dii va kip thdi. De quyen nay dupe thuc hien cd hieu qua can dam bao cac yeu td sau:
- Bdo dam ve kinh te
Thi'r nhdt. viec bao dam kmh te se dam bao dugc viec cdng bd cac thong tin ve dat dai tren cac phuang tien thdng tin dai chiing, cd the thuan tien cdng bd cho ngudi dan dupe biet ve cac van de hen quan den dat dai trong nude. Tuy nhien, thuc te cho thay, mac dii nen kinh te dang phat trien nhung viec dam bao quyen tiep can thdng tin ndi chung va quyen tiep can thdng tin ve dat dai cua ngudi dan cdn nhieu bat cap. Hien nay, tinh trang ngudi dan chua thuc su nam dupe nhirng thdng tin ca ban ve dat dai cua dia phuang minh cdn rat phd bien, mac dii Nha nude da
TAP CHl CONG THinfme
dan minh bach cac thdng tin ve dat dai ngay tai cac dia phuang.
Thir hai. viec dam bao on dinh kinh te cung gdp phan giiip thi irudng trao ddi quyen sir dung dat trd nen soi dgng ban. Tuy nhien. su phat trien cua kinh te cung tac dgng khong nho den su chenh lech giua gia cua cac loai dat d cac vi tri khac nhau va chenh lech ca vdi khung gia cac loai dat do Chinh phu ban hanh.
Vi vay, viec phat trien kinh le cd tac dong khong nhd tdi viec tiep can thdng tin ve gia ca khi ngudi dan quan tam den viec mua, ban, thuc hien giao djch ve dai dai. Mat khac, viec phat trien kinh le keo theo su map md thdng tin ciia nhieu khu vuc dit duoc giao dich qua lai, tinh trang "cd dat" rat phd bien dan den sir tranh chap dat dai dien ra cang liic cang phuc tap vdi sd lugng vu viec gia tang nhanh chdng.
- Bdo dam ve chinh tri
Dk dai la lai nguyen thien nhien v6 ciing quy gia ciia qudc gia, la tu lieu san xuat quan trgng cua eon ngudi. Dang va Nha nude ta da ludn cd gang cai thien cdng tac quan ly dai. dac biet la d viec dieu chinh cac chi dp sd hihi dk. Thuc tiln cho thay, chinh sach vl dk dai da co nhilu doi mdi va ddng gdp lich cue cho viec nang cao hieu qua quan ly va su dung ngudn luc dac biet quan trgng nay. Tuy nhien, mgt sd thdng tin vl dii dai con cham tri hoac thilu din din nhilu tranh chap ve dat dai, hoac linh trang khilu nai, khilu kien dien ra pho bien, gay nen sir mat nilm tin ciia ngudi dan ddi vdi Dang va Nha nude. Vl vay, can tang cudng hem trong \'iec chi dao thuc hien dudng Idi, chinh sach ciia Dang, phap luat eiia Nha nude de lao dupe niem tm cho ngudi sir dung dat.
- Bdo dam ve vdn hoa
Tren lanh thd Viet Nam, mdi vimg mien, mdi ca nhan cd su nhan thirc va tu duy khac nhau nen ton tai nhirng quan diem, nhu cau khac nhau ve quyen tilp can thdng tin Han niia, nhiing anh hudng cua van hda lang mac, xdm gieng vdi tinh hinh thdng tin duoc truyen dat lir ddi nay sang ddi khac ciing khien cho viec kiem soat thong tin trd nen khd khan han.
Mire do tiep can thdng tin trong ITnh virc dat dai ciing phy thudc vao su phat triln kinh te, dieu kien lich sir, dia ly, dac diem van hda, kha nang. y ehi eiia ngudi sir dyng dai'.
- Bao dam ve mat phap ly
Bao dam ve mat phap ly quyen tiep can thdng tin
\ e dat dai la tong the cac quy dmh cua phap lual vl cdng cu. phuang lien plup l\ nham bao dam thuc
„ . » i n h ^ l « hien quySn tiep can thong tin tro.ig <l ,^ ^ j Jat
V dii not"
nuoc thuc hien hoat dong quan I
dai. Viec nay bao gom viec ghi nli.m a ^^^ _ _ quyta, each thirc thirc hien quyci > J " j„
phap ly bao ve truoc hanh \ i ' '' P""" ^,,1, nhiem Luat DJt dai hien hanh di i") °i" •
quyen trong viec cua cac co quan nha nuoc ec .ham j ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ j „ j ^ cung cjp thong tin dit dai ciio to c ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^
Quy djnh nay la mot bircrc "''"''"'' .j^g tin djt dai tSm quan trong ciia viec mmh m^" (in cung va khac phuc tinh trang doc -ifven^^ ^ ^^^^ ^.
nhu CO che "xin - cho nong .; ^ ^ dat dai. Phap luat da f'J^^V^^ ,;„ ,g ,ang dan
thii tue thirc hien quyen duoc I long I e trong quan ly nha iiiroc ve dat dai, da eo cac quy dinlfphap luJt bao dam quyjn "SP^^,^" * ™ e J " ™ nhan dan, bao gdm: eae quy dinh phap luat nham bao dam quyta tijp can thong tin tit phia nguoi dan - eac quy dinh ghi iilian quyjn ti«p can thong tin ve dat dai, quy dinh \ i trinh tu. thu luc thuc hien quyen;
va cac quy dinh vj bao dam bao ve - nic la cac quy dinh dam bao cho quyin cua nguoi dan duoc thuc hien tren thuc tj {g6m quy dinh ve kiem tra cua he thfing hanh chinh d6i vol hoat dong cua cac CO quan CO trach nhiem cung c§p thong tin cho cong dan, quy dinh v6 hoat dong giam sat ctia cac to chiic xa hoi va cong dan; quy dinh ve xac djnh che tai doi voi eac hanh vi vi pham phap luat cua cac can t)0, cong chiic va quy dinh phap luat vJ khieu nai, t6 cao va khoi kien hanh chinh). Trong do, dac biet quan trong la quy dinh ghi nhan quygn. Quy djnh ghi nhan quyen la cac quy dinh can thiet dau tien, co tam quan trpng dac biet, xac dinh dugc cho cong dan rang ho co quyen tiep can thong tin ve dat dai.
3. Vai tro ctia viec bao dam quyen tiep cSn thong tin ve dat dai
Thir nhat, bao dam quyen tiep can thong tin ve dat dai ciia cong dan la hoat dong gop phan bao dam quyen con nguoi.
Nhu da de cap a tren, diit dai la tai nguyen thien v6 Cling quy gia cua con nguoi, vi vay viec nSm bat cac thong tin lien quan den linh virc dat dai het site can thiet de dam bao cugc song. Viec bao dam thirc hien tiep can thong tin doi voi dat dai cQng chinh la bao dam thuc hien mgt trong cac quyen hien dinh quan trgng ciia cong dan - quyln dugc thong tin. T; flng qua cong cu phap luat, mgi cong dan dugc Uej, can nhiing thong tin vS dat dai mgt cdch binh dang, ^ ,,;
b5ng=. Chinh diSu nay g6p phan tao ra binh <i5„ | hoi, binh dSng giora eon nguoi vol con ng„f,j
22 So 6 - Thang 4/2020
LUAT
nua, viec bao dam quyen tiep can thong tin ve dat dai ciia cdng dan se la ca sd quan trpng de bao ve cac quyen con ngudi khac, nhu: tham gia quan ly xa hpi, quyen dugc chat vSn chinh quyen trong quan ly nha nude ve dat dai, quyln giam sat cac boat ddng ciia nha nude, quyln tu do kinh doanh, quyen dupe tham gia thi trudng bat ddng san mgt each cdng bSng, quyln dupe song trong mgt mdi trudng trong lanh, quyen dupe gdp y trong cac quy hoach lien quan den van hda, canh quan ciia cdng ddng,...
Thu hai, bao dam cho quyen tiep can thdng tin vl dat dai cua cdng dan la dam bao cong b^ng xa hpi, gdp phan tang cudng tinh minh bach ciia phap luat.
Luat Dal dai 2013 cung da cd nhirng quy dinh giup md rpng han ve quyln tilp can dit dai ddi vdi hp gia dinh, ca nhan va td chiic, tir dd tao dilu kien thuan Ipi cho viec td chirc san xuat, kinh doanh. Luat Dat dai nam 2013 ciing da bd sung them nhirng dilu khoan mdi ve vai trd giam sat cua ngudi dan trong khau quy hoach. Ke hoach su dung dat cac cip phai lay y kien cua ngudi dan va sau khi thu nhan dugc y kien thi co quan nha nude cd tham quyen cd trach nhiem bao cao tiep thu va giai trinh. Bao dam quyen tiep can thong tin eiia cdng dan ve dat dai md ra kha nang tiep can sau rpng cac thdng tin ve dit dai cho ngudi dan. Khi ngudi dan dupe biet nhtmg thay ddi trong chinh sach quan ly ciia nha nude, hp trd nen chu dong han trong cac quyet dinh khai thac, sir dyng dat phii hop vdi quy djnh ciia phap luat.
Trong bat ky giai doan nao, su cdng khai, minh bach ciia he thdng phap luat ludn la mot ddi hdi tat yeu va birc thiet. Tinh minh bach khdng chi nam d viec cdng bd, cdng khai cac quy dinh cua phap luat, ma cdn the hien d tinh chinh xac, cd he thdng cua cac quy djnh ay. Sir minh bach eua phap luat phai dugc xac lap tren cac lieu chi: (1) He thdng phap luat phai nhat quan, ddng bg; (2) Phap luat phai minh bach, phai dupe cdng khai vdi nhan dan, nhan dan de dang tiep can; (3) Phap luat phai phu hgp vdi Ihirc te va cd kha nang du doan nhirng thay ddi cac quan he xa hpi trong tuang lai. Viec bao dam dugc quyen tiep can thdng tin ve dat dai ciia ngudi dan rat can thiet, phai dupe gan lien vdi nhirng tieu chi tren ciia tinh minh bach, bdi ehl cd nhu vay mdi dam bao dupe tinh hieu qua trong viec quan ly dat dai ma Nha nude hudng den. De dam bao cho quyen tiep can thong tin ve dat dai cua nhan dan dugc thuc hien, tren thyc te, Nha nude can chii trpng den cac thu tyc tiep can thong tin. Cac thii Uic dd cang rd rang, chi tiet se cang dam bao dupe tinh de tiep can thdng tin vdi ngudi dan.
day la mgl trong nhiing ylu Id dua din su minh bach cua phap luat.
Thif ba, bao dam quyen tiep can thdng tin ve dat dai gdp phan han che tinh trang tham nhung.
Tham nhung dat dai chinh la phuang thuc nhim dat dugc nhirng muc lieu vl Ipi ich kinh tl, chinh tri, xa hpi. Kinh te cang phat trien, nhu cau sir dung dat ngay cang lang thi viec Igi dung nhiing thdng tin ve dat dai de tham nhung ciing theo dd ngay cang phat trien.
Qua thuc te, trong mgt sd bao bao nghien ciiu ve thdng tin dat dai trong do cd bao cao cua Ngan hang The gidi (WB) da cdng bl cho thiy, thai dp, nang luc va cdng lac chi dao viec bao dam cung cap thdng tin cdn han che. Mpt sd can bd tir chdi yeu cau cung cap thdng tin hoac yeu cau cd giay gidi thieu.
0 cap xa, nhieu can bd khdng cd mat trong gid lam viec hoac tra Idi la hg khdng co cac thdng tm dugc yeu cau. Mpt sd can bp cho rang eae thdng tin ve thu hdi dat, bli thudng, tai djnh cu la tai lieu mat hay can su phe duyet cua lanh dao dja phuang mdi dugc tiep can, nhieu trudng hgp cap dudi chi len cap tren va ngupc lai. Cac irudng hgp can bd, cdng chiic cd thai dp quan lieu, bung bit thdng tin, gay khd dl cho ngudi dan ciing anh hudng kliong nhd den viec thuc hien quyen ciia ngudi dan khi tim hieu thdng tin ve thu hdi dat, bdi thudng, ho trg, tai djnh cu. Nhieu ca quan id chiic lay ly do "bi mat" da khdng cdng khai hoac khdng cho phep tiep can cac thdng tin ma ngudi dan can, tir do, dan den tinh trang bung bit hoac thdng tin sai lech dan den nhan thiic sai lech ve thdng tin hp cd dugc.
Viec bao dam dupe quyen tiep can thdng tin ve dat dai cho nhan dan se la dieu kien quan trpng de han che viec Igi dung thong tin nham true lai bat chinh cua mpt bd phan can bd nha nude'. Van de nay dupe quy dinh lai Dieu 9 cua Luat Phdng, chdng tham nhiing hien hanh nhu sau: "I. Ca quan, td chuc, don vi phai cdng khai, minh bach thong tin ve td chirc, hoat ddng ciia ca quan. Id chuc, don vi minh, trir ndi dung thupc bi mat nha nude, bi mat kinh doanh va ndi dung khac theo quy dinh ciia phap luat; 2. Viec cdng khai, minh bach phai bao dam chinh xac, ro rang, day dti, kip thai theo trinh tu, thii tyc do CO quan, td chuc, don vi cd tham quyen quy djnh va phii hpp vdi quy dinh ciia phap luat".
Quy dinh tren cho thay viec cdng khai, minh bach thdng tin hoat ddng cua dcm vi ndi ehung va viec cdng khai, minh bach thdng tin dat dai thudc pham
\ 1 quan ly cua timg ca quan ndi rieng la rat can thiet
TAP CHi CONG THiAfNG
de xac djnh miic dp tin cay cua ca quan nha nude, la mpt each thiic quan trpng de han ehl su tham nhiing cua mpt bp phan can bd, cdng chiic.
Thu tu, bao dam quyen tiep can thdng tin vl dit dai la su the hien ciia viec nhan dan giam sat hoat ddng quan ly cua Nha nuac, thiic diy mdi quan he giiia Nha nude va cdng dan, ddng thdi tao nilm tin ciia cdng dan ddi vdi Nha nude.
Khi quyen tiep can thdng tin ve dat dai dugc bao dam se hinh thanh eo chi giam sat hieu qua Hi ngudi dan den boat ddng ciia ca quan eong quyen, gitip cho viec quan ly nha nude cd hieu qua hem, trach nhiem cao ban, thiic day cai each hanh chinh nhat la trong thdi diem hien tai - khi ma kinh te ngay cang phat trien, dan sd ngay cang gia lang thi dat dai cang trd nen co gia tri, quy dat mdi liic mgl them han hep thi viec su dung dat dai hpp ly ciing trd thanh mdi quan tam ciia loan xa hgi. De dam bao dugc su minh bach trong viec quan ly dat dai ciia Nha nude, han che dugc tinh trang Igi dung chiie vu, quyen han de true Ipi tir dit dai thi ein thill phai cd dugc su tham gia giam sat ciia ngudi dan ddi vdi hoat dgng ciia cac
^Liyln ^P CO quan quan ly nha nude. Viec LL-O ^f^^^^^^o. vdi can thdng tin cho ngudi dan caiiJ '-••'. """^.^^g dupe
\ lec hieu qua ciia boat ddng g).iiTi sat s ^^ ^^^ ^^^
nang cao. Bdi le, didng ttn ''inf^^''^'- ^°^^^^ nSng cua nen dan chii - \e ban ch.v jan •. 'HI . ^ ^ trinh ra ca nhan tham gia mpt cacii ineu qi'^ ^ ^^ j^^j ^jgp quylt dinh cd anh huong den ca nhan a • ^^^ ^ ,^
can thdnglin cua nhan dancang cao t h . ^ ^ ^ ^ , ^ ^ , tinh hgp ly trong cac qu>a diah ^^^^^ ^^
nha nuoc cang cao, s^r hgp '> ^^^^^ ^ . ^.^ ^^.
quyet dinh cua co quan quan ly ui cang diing dan va hieu qua.
4. Ket luan
Tranli chip dit dai cd tinh chat phiic tap, viSc khilu kien keo dai bit ngudn tir nhirng xung dgt gay gat vl Ipi ich kinh tl va nhiimg nguyen nhan khac, trong do CO nguyen nhan khdng nhd ciia viec thieu minh bach thdng tin vl dat dai. y i vay, viec bao dam quyln tilp can thdng tin ve dat dai gdp phan dam bao quyln con ngudi, giiip ban ehl tham nhiing, tang cudng tinh minh bach cua phap luat va dam bao cdng bing ban trong xa bpiB
TAI LIEU TRICH DAN;
'Nguyen Minh Thuyit (2015), Nhirng vdn di ly liign vd thuc tien vi quyin tiip can thong tin a Viet Nam hien nay.
Ir 71. Bdo cao nghien ciru di tdi cdp Bo Khoa hoc vd Cdng nghe, tr. 71, Hd Noi
'Le Thi Hdng Nhung (2010), Bdo ddm phap ly quyin duac thong tin cua cong ddn trong qudn ly nhd nuoc ve dat dai. Ludn van Thac siLiigt hoc, trlS.
^Nguyen Thi Phirang (2009). "Tham nhiing ddi dai vd nhung bienphdp nham hgn chi tham nhiing". Tap chi Qudn ly nhd nude (04). tr 35
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. Qu6c hoi nude Cong hoa xa hoi chii nghTa Viet Nam (2013), Lwd^Dd^^ai, NXB Chinh tri Quoc gia. Ha Noi.
2. Quoc hgi nuoc Cong hoa x5 hpi chu nghTa Viet Nam (2016), Ludt Tiep cdn thdng tin. NXB Chinh tri Quoc gia.
Ha Npi
3. Tmng tam nghien ciiu Chinh sach va Phat trien (DEPOCEN) (2013), Bdo Cfloi/jao sdf r/«ft/j/nft cong fc/iai/Aong tin trong qudn ly dat dai theo yeu cau ciia Ngan hang Tlii gidi (2010 - 2013), Ha Ngi.
24 So6-Thang4/2020
IVAT
Ngay nhjn bai: 1/3/2020
Ngay phiin bifn danh gid va sira chira: 11/3/2020 Ngay chap nhan dang bii: 21/3/2020
Thong tin tac gid:
ThS. BUI THI THU^N ANH Tru-img Dai hoc Luat - Dai hgc Hue
THE ROLE OF ENSURING THE RIGHT TO ACCESS INFORMATION IN THE FIELD OF LAND
• MASTER. BUI THI THUAN ANH University of Law, Hue University
ABSTRACT:
This paper focuses on analyzing concept and factors that ensure the right to access information in the field of land which is a complex field with frequent disputes. This paper is to clarify the role of ensuring the right to access information in the field of land in the current period.
Keywords: Role, rights, assurance, access to information, land.
