BAO DAM VA BAO VE QUYEN SO HUU TAI SAN CUA CONG DAN 6 VIET NAM HIEN NAV
1. Ban chat va dac diem quyen so' huu tai san cua cong dan
Cac nhd kinh dien ciia chii nghTa Mdc - Lenin da rdt coi trgng van de so hfru va khang dinh vai trd so hfru trong cdc cudc each mang xa hdi nbu sau: "Tat ea nhfrng cudc each mang ggi la nhung cudc each mang chinh tri, tir cude each nuang ddu lien den cudc each mang cudi ciing. deu dugc lien hdnh de bdo bd ehc do so bu'u thude mcit loai nao dd"'
Ban chat each mang va kboa hgc ciia hgc thuyet Mae - Lenin the bicn a phucmg phap tiep can bien chirng ddi v cii moi sy v at.
hien tugng ndi chung. ddi vdfi che do so hfru cung nhu Nhd nuoc v a phdp ludt ndi rieng.
Mgt mat, eac dng xdc dinb sy xudt hien v a ton tai che do so bun tu nban Id ngudn gdc sau xa ciia bat binh dang xa hdi. nbu Id he qua tat yeu. Id qu) ludt khdch quan cua sy phat trien. Mat khdc. cdc dng ddnh gia cao vai trd ciia che do sdf hfru. coi scr hiru tu nhan. thdng qua co ehe lgi ich la ddng lye thiic dd)' qud trinh phdt trien ciia xa hdi. Tuy nhien. theo cdc dng. che do sa biiu khdng phai la muc tieu cua cdc cudc each mang ndi chung, ctia each mang xa hdi chu nghTa (XHCN) ndi rieng. Muc lieu ciia cdch mang XHCN la gidi phdng con nguoi. Id quyen ty do va binh dang ciia con ngudfi. Thyc te cho thay, todn the vu try ciing nhu mdi con ngudi trong cgng ddng nhdn loai Id mdt chinh the thdng nhdt ciia hai mat: vat chdt vd tinh than. De trdf thdnh chu the ty do vd binh dang trong xa hgi, mdi cd nhdn deu phai cd day dil cdc quyen nhan than vd tdi sdn. Id nhimg hinh thire hien thuc hda, sy the hien
Hd Thi Mai Him
nhfrng nbu edu, lgi ich vdl chat vd tinh than eua mdi ca nhdn.
Trong xa hdi hicn dai. noi md quyen con ngucii dugc tdn trgng vd bdo ve, quyen sci bu'u tdi sdn eua cdng ddn dugc xdc dinh Id mdt dang thuc eiia ndi dung quyen con nguiii, dugc dat trong mdi quan he vdi Nhd nucic va cdc thiet che quyen lyc xa hdi khdc, dugc Nhd nucic bao bd, tdn trgng, bdo ve vd bao dam thye hien.
Theo quan niem eiia Gidn Ldc-co.
qu)cn ed tdi sdn cung nbu quyen sdng.
qu)cn dugc ty do la ede quyen co ban, quyen tir nhien ciia eon ngudi. Trong cac bdn Hien phap ciia My, cac nude phdt trien, trong Tuyen ngdn ve Nhan quyen va ddn quyen 1789 eiia Phap, quyen sdf htru tdi sdn duge xdc dinb la quyen tir nhien vd khdng bi tuac bd ciia con ngudfi. Dieu 2 Tuyen ngdn ve Nhan quyen va dan quyen 1789 ciia Phdp neu rd: "Myc dich eiia ede td chiic chinb tri Id viec gin giir cdc quyen ty nhien vd khdng the bi tuoc bd ciia con ngudfi, cae quyen ndy Id quyen ty do, quyen sa hiin, quyen dugc an todn va chdng dp bire"^ Vd Dieu 17: "Quyen scr hii'u Id mdt quyen bat kha xam pham va thieng lieng, khdng ai ed the bi tuac bd, trir trudng hgp cd sy edn thiet cdng cdng duong nhien ddi hdi, sy can thiet dd duese xdc nban mdt each hgp phap, va voi dieu kien cd sy bdi thudfng edng bang trudc""
Tuyen ngdn todn the gioi ve nhan quyen ngdy 10/12/1948 eiia Lien bgp qudc khang dinh quyen scr bun tai sdn ciia ca nhdn con nguoi tai Dieu 17: "1. Mdi ngudfi, sdng rieng
PGS.TS., Vien Nha nueic va Phap luat.
C.Mac, Ph.Ang ghen: Toan tap, Nxb.Chinh tri quoc
?ia,HaNoi, 1995, fr. 21.
" Tuyen ngon ve Nhan quyen va dan quyen 1789 cua Phap. Ban djch cua co Luat su Phan Anh, C6 Chu tich Hoi Luat gia Viet Nam. Phu luc cuon "Ve dai each mang Phap 1789" Nxb. Su That, Ha Noi, 1989, tr. 156-159.
^ Nhu chu thi'ch 2.
mdl minb lui) trong liip the. cd quyen sd hfru lai sdn. 2, Khdng ai pbai bi lucre doat sci buu eua minh nuit cich Uiy liej'ii"
Thiri Tien Xd Inrc'rc div. Tuven ngdn ve quyen vi Ur do eu;i eon ngiriri vi cua cdng dan (da dut.ie Xd vicl Idi cao Lien bang Ccing hda Xa hdi cbii nghTa Xd viet Nga thdng qua nga) 22 thdng 1 1 nam 1991) "xic nhdn eae quven va ly do eua con nguiri, danh dy v i phdm gii eua iui la gid tri ldi eao ciia xa bcii va Nha nuc're" Dieu 1 xic dinb:
••(iic qu)en vi ly do eiia eon nguiri la vdn ed eiia eon ngudi tir khi ra diri" trong dd ed qu)cn ser hfru lai san: " 1 . Mdi nguiri deu eci qu)cn Id chu ser hfru. lire la ed qii)en ed. sir dung va pban phdi lai sim cua minb va nhirng dang so huu khdc dde lap nuil minb eung nlur cimg vtii nhfrng nguiri kluic.
Quyen thira ke dugc bdo dam hang pbap ludt. 2. Mdi ngucri ddu cd qii)cn boat dtmg doanb nghiep khdng thutic dien bi pbap ludt cdm" Nbu vd). trong bci tbdng quan diem chinh trj phap ly va trong cae van kiein qudc te. qudc gia. quven so hfru ldi san dutic xdc dinh Id quven con nguoi. qii)cn cd hfru eiia con ngucii tir khi sinh ra. Id mtil gid lri thieng lieng va khdng the bi tirtic ho nuit cdch til)' tien. Tu) nhien. mtit dicu ddng luu y Id trong Cdng uac vc cdc qu)en kinh te. xa hdi vd van hda (1966) eung nbu Cdng uac ve cdc quven ddn sy va cbinh lri (1966) deu khdng true tiep ghi nban qu)cn so bfm nhu mot qu) cn ddc lap v di cdc quyen khdc. Dieu dd cd the ly gidi rang. qii)cn so luiu ldi san cua edng dan da trci thdnh mdt qii) cn ed hfni vd Id quyen co ban ciia cdng ddn dutic ghi nhdn trong Ilicn phdp cua eae qude gia tren the gioi. Quyen sdf hfru tai sdn dutic liep eiin duai gdc do ciuyen con nguiri dugc the hiein mot each rdt khdi qudl irong ncii dung
"quyen ty quyet" dugc gbi nhdn tai Didu 1 ciia ca Cdng uoc ve cdc qu)cn kinh le. van hda. xa hdi vd Cdng uac ve eac qu) en chinh tri, clan sy. Khodn 2 Dieu 1 Cdng uac vci cdc quyen kinh te, van hda, xa hgi xiic dinh: "Vi Igi ich ciia minh, tdt cd cdc ddn tdc ddu cd the ty do dinh doat cdc ngudn tdi nguyen
thien nhien va ciia eai ciia minh, mien la khdng lam pbircmg bai den cdc nghTa vu xuit phat lir bc.ip ldc kinh lc qudc te dya tren nguyen lie cdc ben cimg cd lgi v a ldn trgng kiiil phdp qucic Id. Trong mgi trudfng hgp, khdng dirc.re phep tuc'ic di ciia mcit dan tgc nhiing phucmg tiC-n sinh tdn eua hg" Khoan
?> Dieu I (dug uc'ic qu) dinh: ""Cac qudc gia thanb vien ciia Cdng uc'rc nd). kc ea cdc quoc gia cci trdch nbiCan quan ly cdc lanh thd iiy tri va lanh thd quan thae. phai thuc ddy viec thyc hicn quyen ty qii)cl vd pbai ldn trgng quyen dd plui bc.ip v cii cdc qu) dinb ciia Hien ehircmg Lien hgp qudc"
Xae dinh quyen eua cdc ddn tdc tu do dinb doat cdc ngudn lai ngincn thien nhien va cua cdi cua minh ci cdp do qudc te cung cei nghTa la xdc dinb quyen ciia mdi ngudi cu the cua ddn tcic dd qii) cn ly do chiem him, su dung vd dinh doat tdi sdn cua minh. Cac qu) dinh lrong Dieu 1 Cdng uac vc quyen tir qu)et Id bet sire quan trgng. bai viec thira nhdn quyen nd) la dieu kien co ban, tien qu)el dc bdo vc ed hiciu qua \d de tuan thu cdc qii)cn con ngudfi cua ede ea nhan. ma
"mcit lrong nhfrng qu) en v a tu do co ban ay cua eon ngucii Id sa bfm tu nhdn. neu khong tbi tdl ea nhfmg quyen edn lai cua con ngucri V a phdp ludl ndi chung sc hi lucre di khong nhfrng sy trgn ven cua chimg md ea cac co so bicin thye v i hacr dam can thiet nfra" Dieu
1 eua hai C dng litre deu khang djnh quyen tu qii)ct id qu)cn phd bien ciia cdc ddn tdc va keu ggi eae qude gia thiic day v icie tdn trgng V a hicin thire hda quyen ndy. Khoan 1 Dieu 1 neu rd: " Tat ea eae ddn tdc deu cd quyen tu qii)ci. .Xiuil phat tir chuyen do. cac dan tgc tir do qii)ci dinh the ehe chinh tri vd tu do theo dudi dirtmg Idi phdt trien kinh te xa hgi va V an hda ciia minb"
Rd rang qu) en ty quv et cua mdi dan tgc the bien a ndi dung tu do dinh doat ciia dan tgc dd ddi vai cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien vd ciia cai cua minh; su dgc lap, tu do V d binh dang cua moi ca nhan vd quyen sir bun tdi sdn la ca sa quan trgng cho viec dam bdo va thyc hien cdc quydn vd chinh tri, dan
BAO DAM VA BAO VE QUYEN ...
Sir, kinh te, van hda va xa bdi.
Cdc van kien qudc te khde vci quydn con ngudi cung cd nhung quy dinb v ci quycin tir do va binJi dang trong quan he tdi sdn nlur: Cdng udc ve xda bd mgi hinb thirc phdn biel dai xu chdng Iai phu nfr ngdy 18/12/1979 vd Cdng udc ve quyen Ire em ngi) 20/11 1989...
Cac ban Ilicn phap eiia X'icit Nam ddu quy dinb qu)cn sti hfru tdi san eua ca nluin cdng dan. Theo quy dinb lai Dieu .^8 Ilicn phap 1992. cdng ddn co qu)'en str hfru vc thu nhcip htip phiip. eua eai de ddnh. nlui er. tu liliu sinh boat, tu liciu san xudt. von vi uii san khcie trong doanb ngbicip bocie trong eae Id chirc kinh te khae: Bti ludl Dan sy 2005 cua nudc ta khang dinh: tbu nhdp bci'p phap. eua cai de danh. nhd a. tu liciu sinh boat, lu liciu san xuiit. vdn. hoa Icii. h.ii lire va eac lai san hgp phap khde cua ca nhdn Id ldi san thude sd hiru tu nhdn (Dieu 212).
Nhdn xet vc su gbi nhdn eua phap ludt quyen so hfru cua edng ddn. GS. TS Trdn Ngge Dudng cho rang:
••Qu)cn sa hiru tdi sdn ciia cdng dan la sir the hien cu the ndi dung quven eon ngucii trong mdi qudc gia nhdt dinh. trong mdt che do chinh tri xa bdi nhdt dinh vdfi mdl nen phap ludt cy the do Nhd nuac dd thira nhan, quy dinh""*
Quyen ty do vd binh dang v e tdi sdn Id CO sd bdo ddm ebo \ iee thyc hien cae quyen tu do khdc nhu quyen sdng. quyen ty do cu Iru, di iai. qu)'en dugc bucing vd duy tri tieu chuan sdng thich dang, quyen phdt trien va cac quyen tu do ve van hda. xa bdi nbu quyen gido dye. quyen tham gia vdo dcii song van hda vd dugc cham sde sire khoe...
Dudi gdc do quyen con ngucii. quyen .sti hiru tai sdn ciia cdng ddn ciing mang nhfrng dac tinh chung nhu tinb phd bien. tinh khdng the chuyen nhugng. linh khdng the pban chia. tinh lien he vd phu thudc ldn nhau...
GS.TS. Tran Ngpc Duong, Quyen con ngucri, quyen :6ng dan trong Nha nuoc phap quyen XHCN Viet Nam, Nxb. Chinh trj qu6c gia, tr. 26.
Tinh phd hicn eiia quyen sir hfru tdi san the hicin ti chd day la quyen cd hfru ciia con ngutii va dut.ic dp dung binh dang cho tat ca mtri ngudi khdng phu thutic vio ebiing ttic, dan Icic, gicii linh. ton gido. dei tudi. lhanh pban xual than...
Tinh khdng the ehuyen ninre/ng eiia qii)en scr hfru lii san vcii y nghTa la qu)en ct)n ngu'tii the hiein er ebd nd Id bdt kha xam pham. khdng the hi lucre doat mtil cdch liiy lien btri bat cii' elui the nao. trir mot sd truting htip diie bicit da dirtie dy lieu truoc bang pluip luiil. Dae dicm nd) eho phep pban bicii qii)cn sti hfru lai san cua edng dan vdi y nghTa la qii)cn eon ngutii vcii quyen sd hu'u ldi sdn vdi v nghTa Id quyen dan sy trong quan hci phdp luiil ddn sy, quyen ddi vai mgi lai sdn eu the nao dd.
Tinh khdng the phdn chiu. Quyen eon ngucii Id mcit the thdng nhdt eiia tdl cd cdc qu)en vd tir do. Quyen so hfru tdi sdn gan kel chat ehe vcii eac quyen. ty do khdc ciia con ngudi. Sy phdn chia cae quyen chi ed y nghTa tuong ddi. Vi vay. tren thye te va trong lu liciu khoa bgc pbap ly. quyen so bun dugc cdc bgc gid xep vdo nhieu hon mdt nhdm ede quyen. Quyen scr bun cd the tbuiic nhdm quydn dan sy vd eung ed the thude nhdm quyen kinh te.
77^/? lien he vd phu lhudc Idn nhau.
Viec bdo ddm. thyc hiein quyen sd hiru tai sdn hay sy v i pham quyen ndy se cd tac ddng dnh hucrng tryc liep hoac gidn tiep den cdc quyen khde.
Quyen sir hiru ldi sdn Id quyen luyel ddi. Quyen ndy phdi dugc tdn trgng vd ddm bao thyc bien lrong mgi hodn cdnh va khdng cdn dieu kien gi kdm tbeo.
Dam hao sir edn being, giira cpiyen cua chil ihe vd irc'tch nhiem, nghTa v u ciia chii the ddi vtii cdng ddng xa hdi vd cae chu the khae.
Kbi de cap den qu)en so hii'u ciia cdng ddn, edn luu y rang so hfru vd quyen sd hQn Id bai khdi niem lien quan mat thiet nhung khdng ddng nhdt vtii nhau. Trong ddfi sdng xa hdi lodi ngucii. quan be so hiin xudt hien.
tdn tai vd pbat trien nbu mtri tat yeu khach
quan. Va lhco C.Mie, "ncri ndo khdng ed mot hinh tbdi ser hfru nao cd thi ncri dd cung khdng the cd san xual ndo eii. do tlo khdng CO xa btii nio ea"^ Tuy nhicn, qu)cii ser hfru tu nbim ebi xudt biiin va ldn tai ddng hdnh eimg vdi Nhd nuiic vi pbap ludl. Nghia Id.
ehirng ndo edn va neii luicr ed Nlui iiuc'rc. ed phap ludt Ibi ncii do co ser buu lu nhdn. Va do vi). qii)cn sci hfru tu nhdn pbai la nuil qii)cn CO ban ciia cdng dan. duc.ie Nlui nuc'rc bao hd. Trong ehc tlo kinh tc thecr dinh hucing xa bcii chii ngbia. quyen ser hfru tu nhan khdng ebi dirng lai lrong pham vi chc del so hfru lu nhan. Ilieu lhco nghTa rdng ban. quyen ser hiru ciia cdng ddn cdn llic hicin lrong ncii dung eua chc dci scr hfru tcran ddn va chc dci so buu tap the. Sii) ebo eimg.
ea bai ehc dci sci luiu dd cung deu do cac ca nhan cdng ddn. lrong nhfrng pbircmg thirc id chirc khde nhau vtii nhfrng pham vi vi mirc do khdc nhau ciing thye hicin. Mdi ca nhdn cdng ddn khdng phdi Id chii sti hfru ciia str bun tap the v a so hfru nhd nuac. nhung hg Id nbiing chii the thyc hiein qu)cn so hfru trong pham vi ciia che do so hfru todn ddn vd str biju tap the.
2. Bao dam, bao ho va bao \c quyen SO' hu-u tai san ciia cong dan d" Vict Nam
Viet Nam Id mdt qudc gia thcinh vicn ciia Lien hgp qudc, da cd nhieu nt*r lyc trong boat ddng ciia minb nham thyc hiein muc lieu bdo hd. bdo ddm vi bdo vci qii)cn con nguoi ndi chung, quyen so hfru ldi san ndi rieng ciia cdng ddn lrong htm 66 nam qua.
ke tir sau ngi) Viet Nam trir thdnh nuil qiitu- gia ddc lap den na).
Bdo bd, hao dam va bao vc Id nhfmg thudt ngii dimg dc chi nhfmg luii dung voi cac mirc do khde nhau lrong v ie;e tdn trgng.
bdo vci. tbiic da)' bode ddp irng cac quviin con ngiroi tir pbia Nhd nutic nhdm thye hicin eac nghTa vu qudc gia thdnh v icn lhco cdc cam ket vcri cdng ddng qude tc va ddn tdc, cdng ddn eua minh.
"' C.Mac: "Gop phkn phe phan kinh t6 chinh tri hoc" Nxb. Sir That, Ha Noi. 1964. tr. 227.
'Thir nhdi, vi bcio hg. Quydn sa bun tai sin eua cdng ddn dugc gbi nhan va bao hp bdng nhfrng quy dinb trong tdl ca cdc ban Ilicn phdp eua Viet Nam theo nguyen tk binh dang, khdng phdn biet ddi vu. ngay edng clay dii va bang tdt cd cdc IU^.'MI IIIC,
hiein phdp. Bang vice ky ket. phe chiuin hoac tham gia cdc dieu irc'rc qudc id vc quyen con ngucii, Vicit Nam da cam ket thyc hien nghTa VII qude gia thdnh v ien. the hien thai do bao hci qii)cn scr hfru tdi san eua cdng dan (va ngircii nuc'ic ngerdi). bao gdm nghia vu: a)
\i)n trgng. b) Bao vc;. c) Thuc dd) va d) Thyc hign qii)en ser hfru lai san ciia cong ddn. Sy bdo bci ciia Nha nutic ddi vai quyen cdng dan ncii ebung. qu)en ser hfru lai san ciia cdng dan ndi rieng ducic ddt lrong quan hei tbdng nluit vc qu)cn vd nghTa vu phap ly gifra eac ehu the dirge the hien ducii dang cac quan hei phdp ludl. lrong dd nhdn td con ngircii dirc.re de cao trong thyc lien bao \e phdp ludl. Sy bacr hg gan lien voi cdc bien phap bdo dam va bao ve eua Nhd nudc bang hei thdng ede thiet ehe. td chirc. eac hinh thirc va bien phap lap phdp. hanh phdp va tu phdp. Ngoai trir Hien phdp 1980. tdl cacac Hicn phdp edn lai cua X'icit Nam deu ghi nhdn sir hao hd tdn tronti quven tu hiiu tai san cua cdng diin. Dac bicit Hien phdp 1992 vd Hien phdp 1992 sua ddi da ghi nhan qii)cn ty do kinh doanh theo qu) dinh cua phdp ludt (Dieu 51). Chd do kinh te theo Hien phdp 1992 dugc ghi nhan vtii su tdn tai' chc do sa hfru tu nhdn, ghi nhdn. tdn trgng' qu)en lu bfai tdi sdn vd qu)en tu do kinh doanb voi cam ket: "Ldi sdn hcirp phap cuaca nban. id clure khdng bi qudc buna hda.
Trong trircmg hgp that can thiet vi ly do qudc phdng, an ninh v d v i lgi ich qudc gia, nhd nucic trirng mua hoac trung dung cd boi thudfng ldi sdn ciia cd nhdn hoac td chiic theo
thai gid tbi trudfng. I The thirc trung mua, trung dung do luat
dinh" (Dieu 23).
Sy bao hg ciia Nha nuac ddi vai quyen con ngudfi ndi chung, quydn sa hiiu tai san cua cdng dan ndi rieng dugc thd hien trong'
BAO DAM VA BAO VE QUYEN toan bd he thdng cbinh sdch vd phdp ludt eiia
minh, cac thiet che, td cbuc bd mdy nhdm dam bdo thyc hien thdng qua boat ddng Lip phap, hanh phdp va tu phdp. Sy bdo bd khdng cbi ghi nhan vd bdo ddm thye hien, ma cdn the hien thdi do vd hinb thire bao vci thuc hien, thy huang qiuyen ty do chdng lai cac hanh vi vi phain bang bci tbdng ede chc tai va traeh nhiem phdp h'. Sy hao hd edn the hien trong cdc dinh huting phdt tricn chinh tri, kinh tc. v an hda. xa bgi. dae biel Id dinh huong xd) dirng Nhd nircic phap tpi) cn XHCN ciia dan. do dan. vi ddn. hdi nhdp v a hgp tac qudc te.
Thir hai, ve bdo dam quyen ser hiru ldi sdn ciia cdng ddn. Qu)cn so hfru Uii san eiia 'cong dan d X'iet Nam hien na)' khac vdi 'trudc da) rdt nhieu vc nhdn thirc tu tucrng, quan diem chinb tri v a nhdn thirc ly ludn. Tir quan niem tbeo kieu qu)en do Nhd nuac cho phep da chu) en thanli quyen ty do trong giai 'han pham \i khdng bi cdm, tir chd chi Id
quyen sd hihi cdc vdt phdm tieu diing, dan 'dan quyen so hiiu tu nhdn vai hdu bet cdc loai
tai san. gan lien v cii quyen ty do kinh doanh.
•Neu nhu trong tbdfi ky ddu ddi mai. sir "de -daf' trong quan he \ ai so hiiu tu nhdn cdn cd sir phan biet trong ehinli saeh ddi vai bd phdn itir nhan vd quyen so hiru ciia cdng dan, thi :den nay, sy ddi mciri trong nhdn thire, tu ::tudng, quan diem ciia Ddng da coi so biiu tu
nhan va bd phdn kinh doanh tu nhan Id ddng lire phat trien. Cd the ndi rang, tu tucmg, quan diem nay trong van kien Dai hdi XI Id mdt budc ngoat Idn cho sy phdt trien vd ddm bdo quyen con ngudfi df Viet Nam ebo giai doan tiep theo. Nhimg quan diem, dinh hudng do 3a tao CO so cho nhirng dam bdo cho cdng ian thuc hien quyen sdf hiru tai sdn trong boat Jong kinh doanh: yen tam sdn xudt, kinh loanh, dau tu, gdp vdn thdnh lap cdc loai linh doanh nghiep kinh doanh; mat khac, iinh hudng vd nhan thuc tu tudng cd y ngbia
;hi dao cho viec ddi mai he thdng chinh tri, .'ho qua trinh dan chu hda, ddi mai td chue vd ,'oat dgng bg may nha nuoc, cdi each he .l^ong phap luat. Quan didm phat trien trong
thcri ky ddi mai the bien trong nhfrng net Ic'm CO ban sau day, ldc ddng den sy biio bd, bao dam va bdo ve quyen sd bfm ciia cdng dan vdi y nglua Id quyen eon ngudfi:
1- Quan dicm ve nen kinh le thj trucmg djnh bucing xa bdi chii nghia
Nen kinh lc tbi trucing Id nen kinh te ciia cdc chil the so hfru Ur nhdn, doe lap. san xual ra dc trao ddi theo qii) ludt eung. cdu, quy ludt gid tri, ty do canh tranh. Nen kinh te dd cho phep cdc thdnh phdn kinh lc hoan todn chii dcing. binh dang v cii nhau trong san xudt kinh doanb v a dugc Nhd niroc bdo bd. Nd bdo dam kel hgp bdi hda Igi ich ed nhan vd Icpfi ich tap the, cdng ddng xa hdi. Id co sd, ddng lyc cho sy pbat trien kinh te xa bdi ciia dat nudc.
Myc dich chinb saeh kinh te, nhu Hien phdp 1992 khang djnh: "Ldm cho dan gidu nuoc manh, ddp img ngdy cdng tdt ban nbu cdu vat chdt vd tinb thdn ciia nhdn dan tren co sd gidi phdng mgi nang lyc sdn xuat, phat huy mgi tiem nang ciia cae thdnh phan kinh te" (Dieu
16 Hidn phdp 1992 sira ddi 2001).
Dinh hu'dng XHCN chinh Id quan diem pbat trien ve quyen con nguoi, coi con ngudfi la myc tieu vd ddng lyc cua moi chii truong vd chinh sdch pbat trien. Van kien Dai hdi Dang Cdng sdn Viet Nam ldn thir XI khang dinh: "Thirc bien tien bd vd cdng bang xa bdi trong timg buac v a tirng chinh saeh phdt trien Id mdt ehii truong lon, nhdt qudn ciia Dang va Nhd nude ta. the hien ban chat tdl dep ciia che do xa hdi cbii ngbTa"*^ Vi vay, bdo ddm vd bdo ve qu) en so hfru eiia cdng dan la co so, ddng thdi gan lien mat thiet voi viee bdo ddm va bdo vci cdc qu) en con ngudi trong cdc ITnb vyc khdc nhu kinh te, van hda.
xa hdi... Nhd nuac khdng ebi quan tdm den cdc bien phdp khuyen khich tang trudng kinh te, ma cdn phdi tap trung gidi quyet tdt cdc chinh sdch lao ddng, viec Iam va thu nhdp, bdo ddm an sinh xa hdi. thyc hien cae chuang trinh xda ddi gidm ngheo, khac phuc '' Dang Cpng san Viet Nam, Van kien Dai hoi dai bilu toan qudc Ian thir Xl. Nxb. Chinh tri qu6c gia, HaNoi, 2011, tr.43.
su biil cdng. bat hinb clang xa heii. Nbu v i ) . phap lual vc;> scr luiu va cpi)cn scr hfru eiia edng dan pbai tlucrc liep eim va nhim llu're trong sir lhdn;j nluil. ddng hei vi loan diCai eiia loan ho ihc che ibi tnrdng XHCN. Cbii sd hfru CO qu)cii. ddng thiri efmg ed nghia vu (triierc hci li nghia vii nc'^rp lluic), thue hie;ii quven cua minb khdng duoc lam ldn bai den qu)cn va lgi ieh cua nguiri kluic va cua cdng diTrng. xa hdi. pbai chiu Uach nhiCun pluip ly khi vi pham nghia vu.
2- Quan dicm ddi mcri ehc do so hfru vi thira nhdn sy da daug eua cae binh thire ser luiu voi mue lieu phat tricn hen virng vi baer vi:- mdi trucing.
Qu) cn str hfru eua edng dan dtroc Hicn pluip ghi nluin li quven ccr ban. Vc cau chfr.
nien pbap khdng khang dinh la •'hat kha xam pham" nhung ede qu) dinb lai Dieu 2.i Dieu 28. 29. Diciui 57. 58 eho thdy tinb chat tu)cl ddi. khdng the ebu)en nhucmg ciia qu)cn nd) nhu thucic tinb eua qu)cn con ngudi. Tuv vd) qu)cn so hfru khdc vcii ede quyen khac nhu qu)cn sdng. qu)cn bdt kha xdm pham vc chd ti... Id loai qu)cn eu the ma cae qude gia thdnh v icn co the dp dung mot sd bien phdp bean chc. v i du so hfru mdl sd loai tdi san nao dd cd hai eho mdi initmg.
edng ddng xa I di, bode trung mua. tnmg dung t:-;)ng nh'ing trudng htip vi an ninh.
qudc phdng ...
3- Quven con ngucii Id mdt gid lri phd bien, ddng thcii cci nhfrng dae tbii lrong sy ghi nhdn. hao ddm thyc bicMi xudt phdt tir dicu kicin phdt tricn van hda. truven thdng cua mdi tbdfi ky lich sir ciia ddn ldc. Nen van hda ndng nghieip Vicl Nam rai eoi trgng bal kia, thdc gao. Vi vii), tli eo thiii kv, Nhd nuoc la cd cbinh sdch qii) ve thdc gao lam chudn myc. Sudt ehieu ddi Iich su ciia ddn tdc Viet Nam Id chien tranh chdng giac ngoai xdm, cho nen ddt dai. bien gitii lanh thd qudc gia Id nhfrng gid tri thieng lieng ciia cd dan tdc, thude sa hfru todn dan khdng phdi ehl la do dinh huang XHCN quydt dinh md cdn xudt phdt tii' tinh cdm vd y chi ciia todn the nhdn ddn Viet Nam.
4- Quan dicMn vd mdt nen kinh te thi Iruirng hdi nhdp qudc id
Quan dicm phdt trien mci rcing. da dang hda quan be kinh Ici dcii ngoai trcn nguyen lie gifr virng dde lap. cbii quyen, binh dang, Cling CO Igi. Quan diem phat trien cbii dgng hgi nhdp qude le la ca ser cho chinh sach va phdp ludl vc ddu tu. vc kinh doanb. ddn chii boa va binh dang, ticb cue xd) dyng. thiet lap nen kinh te bidn dai. cd cluil lucrng. hieu qua va sue canh tranh cao. khdng ngirng ty do hcia nen kinh lc, xda bo nhu'ng rdo can, nhfrng bill binh ddng trong kinh doanh, giai phdng mgi ning lye sdn xudt. xd) dung Nha nuc'rc phdp qu)cn. hao vc]- quyen ty do dan cbu eua nhdn ddn.
( i m g vcii sy thira nhdn nen kinh te md cua. bdi nhdp la sy thira nhdn, bao hd quyen -.cr hfru ldi san eua cae cbu ddu tu. Chinh sach khuven khich ddu lu vd bao hd so hiru hcip phdp cua cac td cbirc. cd nhdn nudc ngoai direrc ghi nhcin tai Dieu 25 Hien phap
1992: "Nhd nuirc khuyen khich cdc td chirc, ca nhan nirire ngodi ddu lu vdn. cdng nghe vdo \icii Nam phii hcTp viri phdp luat Viet Nam. phdp ludt va thdng lei qudc te; bao dam quyen str hfru btip phdp ddi \cri vdn. lai san
\ a eac quven lgi khdc cua eae td chuc. ca^
nhdn nirt'ie ngodi. Doanh nghiep cd vdn dau tu nutie ngodi khdng bi qudc hini hda.
.Nha nutie tao dieu kiein thudn lgi cho nmrtii X'icit Nam dinh cu a nucrc ngoai dau tu V e nutic"
Cimg Vtii qua trinb ddi mcVi quyen sdh&u eua cdng dan ducic bao dam bdri co che phap 1) ngi) eang hodn thicin. cdc hinli thirc phap ly eiia quv en ly do kinh doanh ngay cang da dang tren ca sa X'icit Nam tan^ eudfng nang lye Lip phap. thyc hicin cam ket quyen cong ddn dutic quy dinh bcri Hien phap va luat Cimg V di Bd luat Dan su, Luat Nhd d, Lu|t So hfru tri tuei. Ludt Doanh nghiep, Luat Dat dai, Ludt Kinh doanh bat dgng san. Luat Dau tu. Ludt C h u n g khodn. nhidu van ban luat khdc dugc Qudc hdi ban hdnh m a rgng quyen kinh doanh ciia cdc chii the.
(Xem tiip trang ^^}
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT SO 12/2011 Clip. I.i) vi du, lrong v ic^-e pluin bd ngan .sach nhd nuirc - theo bdo cao eiui eer quan chuyen mdn, lrong nhfrng nam qua ngdn sdch dutic phdn hd ebo bai ITnb virc pluing bC'iib vii chfra benh llurimg mil can tloi, ehi ebo y le dy phdng tbuting cd 1) Ici lluip. dieu nay tlan den V icic clai da sd ngucri dan cr cgng ddng.
diie biet la nguiri ngheo khdng ducre hucrng day dil Igi ich do ) lc mang lai tir ngudn ngdn saeh nhd nuc're. Xet ei gdc do viing.
mien, dia phucmg thecr bdo cdo ddnh gia long hcip ehi ticu edng eua Chinb phu Vicl Nam va Ngdn bdng the gidi nam 2005 chcr thay, iniie dil qud trinb lap ngdn sdch nhd nuc'ie dutre thye bicin tbeo quy trinb tutmg ddi edng bang (ebi ) lc binh qudn ddu nguiii lir ngdn saeh nhd nutie binh dang hem scr vcii GDP gifra ede v iing). tuy nhicn, vicic phdn bd nedn sdch dia phuong cho y tc van cao hem vdi eac tinh luong ddi gidu Mdt sd ly do 10
ducre dua ra gidi thieh cho sy chenh lech ndy
la: i/ Cac tinh gidu cd ngudn ngdn sdch tir thuc cat) ban muc duge giao ke hoach va ducic lodn quyen phdn bd phdn tang thu nay cho cdc ngdnh, trong dd cd y te; ii/ Cac tinh cd ngutin thu ngdn sdch tir thue cao hon muc kc hoach edn dugc nhdn bd sung ngan sach dutii binh thuc thucrng ngdn sdch vd mgt phdn ngdn sdch ndy dugc phdn bd cho y te dia phucmg; iii' Cdc tinh giau cd ty le phan hd ngdn sdch cho y te cao han. Ro rang tiep can tir bdt eir khia canh ndo. duai gdc do cdng bang trong chdm sdc sire khoe day la mdt sy bdt cap. Vi vdy. rdt cdn cd su can thiep, dicu chinh cua cdc quy dinh phap luat tic mdt mat khdng ngirng tdng ngudn thu cho ngdn sdch y lc. mat khdc v iee phdn bd nguon ngdn Scich nay vira phdi tinb den su ddng gdp, vira phdi ddm bdo su cdng bang trong cham sdc v te cho nguai dan giiira cac viing, mien, dia phuang khdc nhau.
'" Bao cao de tai: "Lira chon chinh sach tai chinh y te gop phan doi mai va hoan thien he thong v te Viet Nam theo dinh huong cong bSng, hieu qua va phat tricn" Vu Ke hoach Tai chinh. Bp \' ti- WHO. Ha Npi, thang 2 2007. tr. 15.
(Tiip theo trang 78 - Bdo ddm vd bdo vi Sy ddm bdo quyen so bun tdi sdn ciia cdng dan bai be tbdng cdc thiet che td cbire bd mdy nhd nuoc: Ddi moi td cbirc vd boat ddng Qudc hdi, ddn ehii hda trong td cbirc bdu eir, trong boat ddng lap phdp. ldng cudng gidm sat tdi cao ddi vai todn bd boat ddng cua bd mdy nhd nuac trong nhfrng ndm qua da tao ddng lyc cho sy phdt trien kinh le xa hdi. bdo ve tdt ban, ddy dii ban qu)cn con nguoi. Ciing vai vicic hodn thiiin phdp luat ve cdc loai thii tuc hdnh chinb, thii tuc td lung tu phdp Id qud trinb cdi cdch bti nui) hdnh chinh vd cdi cdch be tbdng lu phdp; bei tbdng cdc thiet che, hinb thirc dich v y trg giiip phdp ly, bd trg tu phdp efmg dang ngd) cdng hodn thicin ban. Cae chii thd kinh doanh cd sy thudn lgi ban lrong vicic tiep can cdc dich vu cdng de bdo ddm cho quyen so huu tdi sdn ciia minh dem Iai Igi nhudn cao ban.
Thir ha, ve hdo ve quyen scr huu eua cdng ddn. He thdng cdc die tdi hinh sy, hdnh chinh, ddn sy vd phdp ludt vd thii tuc td tung
(luyin ...)
ngdy cdng hodn thien theo hucmg tang cudng cdc bien phdp ddn sy, mat khac tung budc khdc phyc tinh trang hinh su hda, hanh chinh hda cdc quan hei ddn su
Ngii)cn nhdn cua nhiing thdnh cong trong V ice bao bci. bdo ddm vd bdo ve quyen sa hfru edng dan trong thdri gian qua d Viet Nam la xuat phdt tir sy tac dgng cua cac yeu td khdch quan v d chii quan, trong do yeu to khdeh quan ddng vai trd quvet dinh, do la:
Xu the phdt trien ddi hdi su bdo hg, bao ve V d bao ddm qii) en con nguai. quyen sd hiiu tdi sdn ciia cdng dan trong hoat dgng kinh te Id muc tieu va dgng luc cua qua trinh phat tricn kinh te xd hgi a Viet Nam; su tac ddng ciia qua trinh dan chu hda ddfi song xa hgi. sy tac dgng cua hgi nhap qudc te va nhirng nd luc chung ciia toan the cgng ddng nhdn loai; sy ddi mai nhan thuc vd che do sd bun va chii nghia xa hgi va quydt tam chinh tri cua Dang Cgng san trong sudt qua trinh ddi mai.
