Quan dilm cua K. Marx va F. Engels ve nha niro'c va y nghia trong xay dung Nha nu6*c phap quyen ff Viet Nam hien nay
Nguyen Ngan Ha*''
Tom tit:'Tren ca sd tdng kit gid tri tu tudng nhdn logi vd thtic tiin ddu tranh each mgng, K. Marx vd F. Engels da cd quan diim dung ddn ve nhd nudc, nhdt Id vdn de xdy dtmg nhd nudc phdp quyin. Viec lica chgn xdy dung Nhd nudc phdp quyen d Viet Nam Id cdn thiit, hgp quy ludt, vd hien nay Ddng Cdng sdn Vtet Nam vdn khdng dinh tiep tuc xdy dting vd hodn thien Nhd nudc phdp quyin xd hdi chu nghia (XHCN). Bdi viet phdn tich quan diim cita K Marx vd F. Engels vi nhd nudc, tie dd chi ro y nghia cua nd trong viec xdy dung, hodn thiin Nhd nudc phdp quyen d VietNam hien nay.
Tir khoa: Nha nudc, Nha nudc phap quydn xa hdi chu nghia, Chiic nang
Abstract: On summarizing the humankind values and the reality of revolutionary struggles, K. Marx and F. Engels had set out their ideas on the state, especially the building ofthe rule-of-law one. Now, as the necessity and justifiability of building a rule-of-law state in Vietnam is clear, the Vietnamese Communist Party affirms its determination in pursuing a socialist model of it. The paper analyses the ideas ofK Marx and F Engels on the state and the significance in building and improving the rule-of-law state in Vietnam today.
Keywords: The State, Sociahst Rule-of-law State, Function
Mff dau nhan loai va thuc tien dau tranh each mang, Nha nudc la gi? Nha nuoc xuit hien K. Marx va F. Engels da dua ra nhiing quan tten CO so nao? Tai sao cd nhilu hmh didm ve nha nuac, mdt mat bac bd nhung thiic nha nudc vcri vai ttd khac nhau xuit li^an diem phan khoa hgc ve nha nudc tiirdc hien trong sudt chieu dai cua lieh sii nhan ^o. nif* **^c vii ttang ve mat ly luan cho loai?... Da cd nhilu nha ttr tudng di nghien giai cap vd san va quin chiing each raang ciiu, tim cau tra loi cho nhimg cau hdi dd. ^^^^ ^"^c dau ttanh gianh chinh quyln va Tuy nhien d nhimg gdc do khac nhau, v i n ^^"^ ^^^ ^^^^"^ ^^y^"- " ' ^ ^ W , Viet Nam d l nay vin chua duoc giai quylt mdt each ^^^S ^ ™ ? ^ " ^ trinh xay dyng Nha nudc ttiet dl. Tren CO sd tdng k i t gia tti ttr ttrdng P ^ P ^^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^'^S ^°* ^^"^ ^ ^
cau hda dang ngay cang ttcr thanh xu the '•'ThS., Giang vien Tmcmg Dai hoc Dugc Ha Noi; tat yeu cOa tiidi dai va tren toan thi gidi.
Email: [email protected] Di tim hieu nhiing quan diem ve nha nudc
i^uanoiem cua.. 53
cua Marx va Engels la co sd ly luan khoa hgc dl chiing ta hoan thien Nha nuac phap quyln d Viet Nara ttong giai doan hien nay.
1. K. Marx va F. Engels ban ve nguon goc cua nha nir&c
Trong lich sir tu tudng nhan loai, da cd rit nhieu quan niem giai thich ve ngudn goc xuat hien nha nucrc, tuy nhien, da sd ho khi xem xet su ra ddi ciia nha nudc deu tach ra khdi nhung dieu kien vat chat, tach rdi nguyen nhan kinh te va chiing minh ring: nha nudc la mgt thiet ehe ton tai tit yeu ttong xa hdi nhara muc dich giai quyet nhiing ttanh chap, dieu hda mau thuan hudng tdi dam bao sy phdn vinh trong xa hdi. Phe phan nhiing quan niem ve nha nudc do, Marx khang dinh; "Khdng the lay ban than nhung quan he phap quyen ciing nhu hinh tiiai nha nudc, hay lay cai ggi la sy phat ttien chung cua tinh than cua con ngudi, de giai thich nhthig quan he hinh thai dd, ma ttai lai, phai thay rang nhiing quan diem va hinh thai dd bat ngudn tir nhung didu kien sinh hoat vat chat,..., va viec giai phau xa hdi cdng dan nay thi phai tim d frong khoa kinh tl chinh tti" (C. Mac va Ph. Angghen, Todn tap, tap 2, 1995:
14). Ong da thye hien mdt budc tien to ldn frong viec ly giai mdt each khoa hgc, duy vat bien chiing toan bd qua ttinh phat trien lich sii tren toan the gidi, chi ra ragt each thuyet phuc ngudn gdc xuat hien ciia nha nudc.
Trong chd do cdng xa nguyen thuy - hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi dau tien ttong lich sii nhan loai - mdt xa hdi khdng tdn tai giai cap, nha nudc va phap luat. Bdi xa hgi do mdi chi tdn tai quyen luc va he thdng quyen lyc ciia cdng xa thi tdc. He thdng quan ly nay cdn gian dan, dya tren co sd uy tin ca nhan ttiiam rauc dich giai quylt nhiing cong viec chung cua thi tgc. Engels
nhan xet: "Vdi tit ca tinh ngay tho va gian di cua nd, che do thi tdc dd qua la mgt td chiic tdt dep biet bao! Khdng cd quan ddi, hien buih va canh sat, khdng cd quy tdc, vua chiia, tdng ddc, ttudng quan va quan toa, khdng cd nha hi, khdng cd nhiing chiic vu xir an, the ma cdng viec vin ttdi chay"
(C. Mac vaPh. Angghen, Todn tdp, tap 21, 1995: 147). Tuy nhien truoc sy van dgng va phat trien cua lue lugng san xuit da lam xuat hien nha nudc.
Su phat ttien ciia san xuit, su ra ddi cua ddng tien, sy chuyen hda rudng dit thanh hang hda, sy phat ttidn cua thucmg mai...
lam cho ciia cai tap trung vao tay mdt giai cap it nhat dien ra nhanh ehdng, theo dd la su ban cimg hda ngay cang tang cua quan chiing lao ddng. Mdt xa hdi mdi da ra ddi - xa hdi do toan bd nhiing dieu kien kinh te tdn tai cua nd ma chia thanh nhirng ngudi ty do va nd le, thanh nhiing ke giau cd va nhiing ngudi ngheo kho hi bdc lot.
Nha nudc chi xuat hien khi xa hdi cd sy phan chia giai cap va dau ttanh giai cap.
Day chinh la luan diem can ban ciia Marx va Engels ve ngudn gdc ciia nha nudc.
Khi nhung raau thuan giua lgi ich cua cac giai cip, nhdm ngudi khac nhau ttong xa hgi ttd nen ddi khang khdng the dieu hda dugc, ddi hdi can cd mgt td chiic du sue raanh de giai quyet nhiing mau thuan dd. Bdi man thuan giiia nhung giai cap khi khdng dilu hda dugc khdng nhiing se dan tdi nguy CO cac giai cap tieu diet lan nhau thara chi cdn tieu diet ludn ca xa hdi. Tien hanh giai quyet nhiing mau thuan dd, mdt CO quan quydn lyc dac biet da ra ddi - dd la nha nudc -lyc lugng tya hd nhu diing tten cac giai cip dang dau tranh vdi nhau (C. Mac va Ph. Angghen, Todn tap, tap 21, 1995: 251). Sy xuit hien cua nha nudc khdng phai la co quan de didu hda mau
54 Thong nn Khoa noc xo nui, ,i.siJ^/.^yl9 thuan ma ttai lai chiing minh rang mau
thuan xa hdi da den liic chin mudi, mau thuan do can phai duge giai quyet.
Ngoai ra, radt sd nhiing nguyen nhan khac cung dugc Marx va Engels de cap de giai thich cho sy ra ddi cua nha nudc dd la cung vdi su xuat hien cua che do tu huu, cac cudc chien ttanh ttanh gianh dat dai, cudp bdc lan nhau dien ra lara eho vai ttd cua thu ITnh ttong cac thi tdc, bg lac dugc cung cd, dia vi kinh te, chinh tti cua hg dugc xac lap.
De duy tri va thiet lap su thdng tti cua mioh mdt each tuyet ddi, cac thii linh da thiet lap hinh thiic k l thira theo kilu cha truyen con ndi. Dieu nay lam cho td chiic bg may cua thi tdc, bd lac ngay cang tach rdi va timg budc ddi lap vdi cac thanh vien ttong cdng ddng. Tir cho la ca quan giai quydt cac cdng viec chung cua cdng ddng trd thanh nhihig CO quan dge lap thong tri va ap biic ngay chinh cgng ddng minh.
2. K. Marx va F. Engels ban ve han chat cua nha nuo'C
Trong dieu kien dau ttanh giai cap ttd n6n gay git, che do nhan dan ty td chiic bang lyc lugng vu trang khong cdn thich hgp. Nd can dugc thay the bang thiet ch6 nha nudc - thiet che hien than cho lgi ich chung va tuong ling vdi nd la mdt quyen lyc edng. Song tren thye te, lgi ich chung ay lai vi mdt lgi ich rieng nao do va sii dung quyen lyc cdng cho radt bd phan nhd teong xa hdi, tach khdi nhung Igi ich thye te cua ca nhan va cua tap the. Do dd ttong xa hdi cd giai cap, nha nudc la nha nudc cua giai cap cd the lyc nhat va nd luon mang bim chat giai cap sau sac. Luan diem nay dugc Marx va Engels the hien ngay trong khai niem nha nudc cua minh: nha nudc nhu la td chiic quyen luc chinh tri dac biet cua giai cap thdng tri, do la "hinh thiic ma cac ca nhan thudc mdt giai cap thdng tri dimg de
tiiyc hien lgi ich ehung cua hg" (C- Mac va Ph. Angghen, Todn tap, tap 17, 1^95:
456). Trudc hit thiy ring, nha nudc la bg may cuong chi dac biet nim ttong tay giai cip thdng tri, la cdng cu sic ben^nhat de tiiyc hien sy thdng tti giai cap, thiet lap^ va duy tti xa hdi ttong vdng ttat tu. Sy thdtig tri cua giai c i p nay ddi vdi giai cap khac till hien dudi ba loai quyen lyc: quyen lyc kinh t l , quyln lye chinh tti va quyen luc tti ttrdng. Trong dd sy tiidng tti ve mat kinh te tao dilu kien bao ve va tiiilt lap quyen lyc chinh tti cho giai cip thing tri. Song ban than quyln lyc kinh t l khdng the duy tii dugc cac quan he bdc lot neu khdng thdng qua quyln luc chinh tri - "tinh phiic tap ngay cang tang mdt each khach quan cua ca che nha nude; su ldn len vd chimg - nhd cd nha nudc - cua siic raanh chinh tti va nang lyc tu tudng cua giai cap da nara dugc quyen lyc nha nudc vao tay minh, bao dara nhiing lgi ich v l kinh t6 cua minh" (C. Mac va Ph.
Angghen, Todn tap, tap 2 1 , 1995: 250). Va nhu the, nha nudc ttd thanh cdng cu chii yeu d6 thuc hien chuyen chinh giai cap cua giai cap cam quyen vdi giai cap khac, bugc ngudi khac phai phyc timg y chi giai cap cara quyen. Engels vi nha nudc nhu "cdng cu bdc lot", la "bg may" dan ap va cuong biic quan chiing phai lao ddng bang viec so sanh neu nhu nhiing ngudi diing dau thi tgc, bg lac thye hien ehiic nang quan ly cua rainh tten c a sd thiet ehe uy tin, dao diic thi nhiing ngudi dai dien cho nha nudc thye hien chiic nang quan ly ciia minh teen co sd thilt che bao lyc.
Engels ciing chi ra r i n g trong moi mgt giai doan lich sir khae nhau se cd nhung giai cap khac nhau, vdi su mau thuan giiia cae giai cap dd se quy dinh k i l u nha nudc khae nhau teong lich sir: nha nudc thdi co, trudc het la nha nudc ciia bgn chu nd d l ap
55 bftc nd le, sang den liha nudc phong kien
la ca quan dd bgn quy tdc dan ap ndng nd va nhiing ndng dan hi phu thudc, cdn chinh quyen nha nudc hien dai la cdng cu cua tu ban diing de bdc lot lao dgng lara thue. Do do can phai thay rang tinh giai cip la mat ca ban the hien ban chat cua nha nudc. The gidi ludn van dgng va bien ddi khdng ngimg, khi ma luc lugng san xuit ngay cang phat ttien cao, khi ma giai cip hi ap biic dit ttudng thanh de ty giai phdng minh thi Iiic dd khong can cd nha nudc "giai cap mat di thi nha nudc cilng khdng tranh khdi tieu vong theo. Xa hdi se td chiic lai nen san xuat teen co sd lien hgp tu do va binh dang giiia nhiing ngudi san xuat, se dem toan the bd may nha nude xep vao cai vi tri that sy cua nd liic bay gid. Tiic la vao vien bao tang dd cd, ben canh cai xa keo sgi va cai riu bang ddng"
(C. Mac va Ph. Angghen, Todn tap, tap 21, 1995: 258). Sy phat tridn ciia lieh sir loai ngudi la mdt qua trinh lich sir ty nhien, do do tat yeu tu ban chii nghia se bi thay the bdi mdt phuang thiic mdi cao hon, tien bd hon do la phucmg thiic san xuat cdng san chii nghia. Nha nudc la cdng cu duy tri sy ap biic bdc lot ciia giai cap thdng tri ddi vdi giai cap bi tri, nhung khi nha nudc trd lai ddng nhat vdi xa hgi, la co quan dai dien cho lgi ich chung, cho quyen lyc cdng tiieo dung nghia cua nd - Marx ggi do la
"nha nudc dan chii" - khi dd nha nude trd ve vdi ban chat ehan chinh eua nd. Marx cho rang, khi nhan dan gianh dugc mgi quyen lyc ve tay minh, xda bd che do cii - xa hdi tu ban chii nghia, xay dyng thanh cdng xa hgi cdng san chii nghia thi khi do nha nudc vd san la nha nudc "bieu hien y chi nhan dan". Ban c h i t cua nha nudc vo san la lien minh cdng nong, teong do giai cap cdng nhan - thdng qua dang tien phong
ciia miiJi - giii vai ttd lanh dao. Thye ehit nha nudc vd san la kit qua cua cudc diu ttanh cua nhirng ngudi san xuit chong giai cap chiera hiiu, la hinh thiic chinh tti khien cho nd cd the thye hien dugc viec giai phdng lao dgng ve mat kiitii t l , mang ban chat giai cap cdng nhan, tinh nhan dan va tinh qudc te.
3. K. Marx va F. Engels ban ve chiic nang cua nha nirdc
Nha nudc la san pham cua xa hdi cd giai cap va la su bieu hien cua nhiing mau thuan khdng the dieu hda dugc giira cac giai cap ddi khang. Nha nudc la to chiie quyen lyc chinh tri, la cdng cy ea ban ciia quyen lyc chinh tri, do dd nd tdn tai de bao ve lgi ich chii yen cila giai cap thdng tri. Ndi tdi chiic nang cua nha nudc, dudi nhieu gdc do khac nhau, nha nudc cd cac chiic nang co ban nhu ddi ngi, ddi ngoai, kinh te, chinh tti, tu tudng... Tuy nhien khi xera xet dudi gdc do tinh chat cua quyen luc nha nudc, nha nude cd chiic nang chinh tri cua giai cap va chiic nang xa hgi, trong do chiic nang chirtii tti cua giai c i p ddng vai trd quyet dinh.
v l ehiic nang chinh tri cua nha nudc, Marx va Engels khing dinh rang bat ky nha nudc nao ciing la cdng cu chuyen chinh ciia ragt giai cap, sii dung mgi cdng cu, bien phap d l bao ve sy thdng tri ciia giai cap dd bit ngudn tir ly do "vi nha nudc nay sinh tir nhu c i u phai kiera che su ddi lap giai c i p ; vi nha nudc ddng thdi ciing nay smh ra giiia cugc xung dot ciia giai cap ay, cho nen theo le thudng nha nudc la nha nudc ciia giai cap cd quyen lyc nhat, cua giai cap thdng tri v l mat kinh te va nhd cd nha nudc ma cting ttd thanh giai cap thdng tri ve mat chinh tri" (V.I. Lenin, Todn tap, tap 39, 1976: 255). Ching han: nha nudc chu nd la cdng cu chuyen chinh cua giai cap chu
nd, nha nudc phong kien la cdng cu chuyen chinh ciia dia chu phong kien, nha nudc tu san la cdng cu chuyen chinh cua giai cap tu san. Khi thiet lap to chiic chinh tri dac biet - nha nudc thye hien chiic nang ttan ap, dimg y chi cua minh de trdi budc cac giai cap khac bao dam sy thdng tti ve mat kinh te de tir dd tiiyc hien su tac dgng ve tu tudng ddi vdi quan ehiing.
Ve chiic nang xa hdi cua nha nude, Marx va Engels cho rang: khi xa hdi da cd sy phan chia thanh cac giai cap, giai cap thdng tti mudn giti nha nudc, giii quyen lyc chinh tri trong tay minh thi can phai quan ly dugc nhung cdng viec chung, tiic la giai quyet ragt each cd hieu qua nhiing van de ehung cua xa hdi nham tao dieu kien duy tri xa hdi trong vdng ttat tu theo quan dilm va lgi ich cua giai cap cam quyen.
Nha nudc la mgt hien tugng phiic tap va da dang, nd vira mang ban chat giai cap, vira mang ban chat xa hgi. Vi vay, ngoai tu each la cdng cu duy tri, bao ve su thdng tti ciia giai cap nay vdi giai cap khac, nha nudc cdn la td chiic chinh tri - xa hgi bao gdm nhieu giai cap, tang ldp, dan tdc, la phuang dien td chiic dam bao ttat ty, an toan xa hgi, dn dinh va phat trien.
Khi ban tdi mdi quan he giiia hai chuc nang tten eua nha nudc, Engels cd viet:
"Nha nudc la dai bieu chinh thiic cua toan thd xa hgi chi ttong chimg myc nd la nha nudc cua ban than giai cap dai dien cho toan xa hdi ttong thdi dai tuong iing. Vay, chiic nang thdng tti giai cap giti vi tri chi phdi phuang hudng va raiic do thuc hien chiic nang xa hgi ciia nha nudc" (C. Mac va Ph. Angghen, Todn tap, tap 21,1995: 253);
"d khap noi, chiic nang xa hdi la co sd cho sy thdng tti chinh tti va sy thdng tri chinh tri ciing chi keo dai chimg nao nd cdn thye hien chiic nang xa hdi cua nd" (C. Mac va
Ph. Angghen, Todn tap, tap 20, 1995: 253) nghia la giai c i p tiidng tti chi cd tiie bao ve dugc dia vi thdng tti cua minh khi no biet thye hien cac chiic nang xa hdi, ben canh dd chiic nang xa hgi chiu sy chi phot ye phuang hudng va miic do thye hien chiic nang chinh tri.
4. Van dung quan dilm cua K. Marx va F. Engels ve nha nudc vao xay dung Nha nudc phap quyen 6* Viet Nam hien nay
Thim nhuin chu nghia Marx - Lenin ve con dudng phat ttidn cua cac che do xa hdi khae nhau ttong lich sir nhan loai (dd la chd do nd le thay tiid cho c h i do cdng xa nguyen thiiy, chi do phong kiln thay the cho che do nd 16, chd do tu ban thay the cho chd do phong kiln), Chii tich Hd Chi Minh khing dinh chu nghia xa hgi la con dudng tat yeu cua lich sii Viet Nam. Chinh vi vay, dudi su lanh dao ciia Dang va lanh tu Hd Chi Minh, nhan dan ta da diing len tien hanh cudc tdng khdi nghia gianh dge lap, gianh chinh quyen va xay dyng che do mdi, timg budc danh dd cac xieng xich thye dan gan 100 nam d l gay dyng nen nudc "N^et Nam ddc lap, tung budc danh do che do quan chu raay muoi the ky de lap nen che do Dan chu Cdng hda (Dang Cdng san ^^et Nam, 2006:
68). Tuyen ngdn Ddc lap ngay 02/9/1945 khang dinh rang dan tdc nao ciing cd quyen sdng, quyen tu do, vi vay nha nudc each mang sau khi gianh dugc chinh quyen ay phai la nha nudc tieu bleu cho y chi va khat vgng ddc lap, tu do cua toan the dan tdc Viet Nam, vi rauc tieu rauu cau hanh phiic cho toan dan. Nha nudc dd do nhan dan lao ddng lam chii, mgi thiet che deu hudng tdi viec dam bao va phat huy quydn lara chu cua nhan dan. Dd la su khac nhau v l ban chit giiia nha nudc Viet Nam Dan ehu Cdng hda raa dan tdc ta xay dyng vdi cac che do nha nudc da tdn tai ttong lich sir. Day ciing
chmh la ket qua cua sy van dimg sang tao va kit hgp ddc dao cac gia tri phd bidn cua cac thi chi dan chu tten the gidi va nhirng net dac thu ciia Viet Nam. Nha nudc iy dugc xay dung tten ca sd phai cd mdt nen kinh tl phat trien cao dya teen che do cdng hun vl tu lieu san xuat chu yeu va lyc lugng san xuat hien dai - co sd de xda bd ngudn gdc ciia che do ngudi bdc lot ngudi, con ngudi dugc giai phdng va cd dieu kien phat ttiln toan dien, tao nen su binh dang ttong xa hgi va giua cac dan tgc vdi nhau. Sau khi gianh dugc dge lap, dat nudc ta ti6n hanh xay dyng nen tang kinh te XHCN vdi dac trung CO ban la ke hoach hda tap trung, phan bd mgi ngudn lyc theo ke hoach la chu ylu.
Trong thdi ky kinh te tang trudng chu yeu theo chieu rdng, ca ehd nay da cd nhiing tac duQg nhat dinh khi cho phep tan dung tdi da cac ngudn luc kinh te vao cac myc tieu chu yeu cua timg giai doan, dac biet ttong qua ttinh cdng nghiep hda theo hudng uu tien phat trien cdng nghiep nang. Tuy nhien, khi nen ldnh te the gidi chuydn sang phat ttien theo chieu sau dya tten co sd ap dung nhiing thanh tyu eua cugc each mang cdng nghiep thi co che quan ly nay bat dau bdc Id nhiing khiem khuydt, lam cho nen kinh te rai vao tinh ttang tti tte, khung hoang.
Cdng cudc Ddi radi tir nara 1986 do Dang Cgng san Viet Nam khdi xudng va lanh dao da dat ra yen cau khach quan can phai ddi mdi vai ttd quan ly va didu hanh cua Nha nudc dl cd thd phat ttiln phu hgp voi su thay ddi ca cau kirtii te va co che quan ly phat ttien cua nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN, thye hien td chdc bd may va tang cudng vai trd quan ly ciia nha nudc thong qua he thong chinh sach va phap luEit. Hdi nghi Trung uong giiia nhiera ky khda VII (thang 1/1994) chinh tiuic dl ra quan diem ve xay dyng Nha nudc phap
quyen XHCN. Qua cac nhiera ky Dai hgi VII, Dai hdi VIII ciia Dang, rauc tieu xay dyng nha nudc phap quyln XHCN dugc dat ra mdt each diit khoat, cai each nin hanh chinh quan lieu bao cip trudc dd. Den Dai hdi X (2006), Nha nudc phap quyln da dugc Dang xac dinh la mdt trong tam dac tnmg chu ylu ciia chu nghia xa hdi ma nhan dan xay dyng, do la "Nha nudc phap quyen XHCN cua nhan dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan dan dudi sy lanh dao ciia Dang Cgng san" (Dang Cgng san Viet Nam, 2016: 68).
Tinh than nay tiep tuc duge xac dinh ttong cac van kien Dai hdi XI va Cucmg linh xay dyng dat nudc thdi ky qua do len chu nghia xa hgi. Ban chat cdt loi cua Nha nudc phap quyen XHCN d Viet Nam la nha nudc do nhan dan lara chu, tat ca quyen lyc nha nudc thudc ve nhan dan ma nen tang la lien minh giua giai cap cdng nhan vdi giai cap ndng dan va tang ldp tti thiic. Quyen lyc nha nudc la thdng nhat, cd sy phan cdng, phdi hgp va kiera soat chat che giiia cac ca quan nha nudc trong viec thye hien cac quyen lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap. Nha nudc dugc td chiic va hoat ddng tten ca sd Hidn phap va phap luat, bao dam tinh tdi cao ciia Hidn phap va phap luat trong ddi sdng. Nha nudc tdn ttgng va thuc hien bao ve quydn con ngudi, tat ca vi hanh phiic cua con ngudi; nang cao ttach nhiem phap ly giu"a nha nudc va cdng dan, thye hanh dan chu ddng thdi tang cudng ky cuong, ky luat. Nha nudc do Dang Cdng san Viet Nam lanh dao, ddng thdi bao dam sy giam sat cua nhan dan, sy phan bien xa hdi cua Mat ttan Td qudc Viet Nam va cac td chiic thanh vien ciia Mat ttan. Nhiing dac trung cua nha nudc va ititiem vy xay dung nha nudc phap quyln XHCN raa Dang ta dat ra chinh la sy van dung sang tao nhung ttr tudng cdt loi cua chu nghia Marx - Lenin
Tnong mi nnua nut^ x.a v ve nha nudc kieu radi ttong dieu kien cu
the cua Viet Nara.
Dai hdi XII eua Dang (tiiang 01/2016) da khang dinh nhiing thanh tyu to ldn ddng thdi Cling chi rd nhung raat han chd, y6u kem ttong xay dung, van hanh Nha nudc phap quydn XHCN dac biet ttong thye hien ehuc nang cua nha nudc. Ve chiie nang giai cap: Nha nudc ta la cdng cu chu yeu de thuc hien quyen Iam chii cua nhan dan, tuy nhien thye te viec thuc hien quyen lam chu cua nhan dan cdn cd nhiing han che, cdn khdng it nhimg bieu hien mat dan chu hoac dan chu cue doan, viec thuc hanh dan chii cd liic, cd noi cdn mang tinh hinh thiic; td chiic va di6u hanh bg raay nha nudc van cdn nhieu bat cap, mac du hoat ddng ngay cang dan chu va hieu qua hon nhung ket qua fren mdt sd mat nhu lap phap, giam sat va quyet dinh van de quan frgng ciia dat nudc van chua dap iing sy ky vgng cua nhan dan; he thdng phap luat vin ehua ddng bd, thdng nhat, van cdn tinh frang nhieu van ban chdng cheo, man thuan, luat ban hanh nhung chat lugng chua cao, chua sat vdi cudc sdng, can phai bd sung, siia ehua nhieu lan. Ve chiic nang xa hgi:
nang luc, hieu lyc ciia bg may nha nudc cdn thap, chua tao dugc dieu kien tdt nhat cho sy phat ttien ciia nen kinh td - xa hdi; lgi ich cue bg, lgi ich nhdm, lgi ich ca nhan didn ra kha phd bien dang lam bien dang dieu kien phat tti6n xa hdi mdt each binh dang, cdng bang va thye chat; Cac ca quan nha nudc tryc tiep thara gia vao hoat dgng kinh te van cdn nhieu bieu hien bien dang phiic tap, cdng tu lan ldn, tao mdi tiordng cho tham nhung, tieu cyc, lam meo md co che thi trudng, tao lyc can ldn eho sy phat ttien cua xa hdi ndi chung (Dang Cdng san VietNam, 2016).
Diing trudc bdi canh dd, d l xay dung va hoan thien Nha nudc phap quyln XHCN d Viet Nam, can van dyng nhimg
ttr tudng cdt ldi v l nha nudc kilu mdi cua Marx va Engels vao giai quyet nhung van de sau:
Trudc hit, Marx va Engels khing dinh dan chil thuge v l ban chit cua chu nghia xa hdi, vi vay phat huy quyln lam chii eua nhan dan ludn g i n bd chat che vdi viec xay dung nha nudc phap quyln. Day la hai mat khdng thd tach rdi ciia nha nudc XHCN.
D I dam bao va phat huy quyen lam chii cua nhan dan ttong xay dyng Nha nudc phap quyln XHCN d Viet Nara hien nay, can ddi mdi ve co che cua he thong chinh tri. c i n xay dyng Nha nudc tinh ggn, hieu qua, hanh ddng manh rae, du nang lyc dieu hanh thdng nhat hoat ddng cua toan the bg may nha nude, tir Trung uong d6n dia phuong, tao nen siic manh chung bao dam quyen lyc nha nudc thudc ve nhan dan.
Nen hanh chinh qudc gia khdng phai dugc tao ra de lam thay ngudi dan ma can tao ra he thdng cac chinh sach khuyen khich cac ngudn luc ciia xa hdi de timg ngudi dan cd the san xuat, kinh doatih va muu cau hanh phiic. Xay dung va hoan thien he thdng phap luat the hien diing y chi, nguyen vgng cua nhan dan. Dan chii phai dugc dara bao bang phap luat, phai lam cho xa hdi sdng va lam viec theo hien phap va phap luat, ddng thdi gan vdi viec nang cao dan tri, nang cao van hda chinh tei, van hda phap luat va y thiic trach nhiem ciia cdng dan. Md rgng cac hinh thiic dan chu phii hgp vdi teinh do dan tri va dieu kien kinh t l - xa hdi nhim thye hien tdt dan chu co sd, hudng tdi thye hien dan biet, dan ban, dan lam, dan kilm tta va dan dugc hudng ragi thanh qua ciia nen kinh te, chinh tri, xa hgi cua dit nudc.
Thu hai, xay dyng Dang Cdng san Viet Nara that sy ttong sach, viing raanh, that sy vi lgi ich eua rtiian dan, cua dan tgc, xiing dang la Dang each mang ehan chinh. Dang
tjuanoiem cua..
phai cd diy du tri tue, ban ITnh chinh tti, nang lyc lanh dao, xiing dang la ddi tien phong ciia giai cap cdng nhan, nhan dan lao ddng va cua ca dan tdc. Chdng quan lieu, tiiam nhiing, chuyen quyen, ddc doan, vi pham quyln dan chii ciia nhan dan. Giai quyet diing dan mdi quan he giua Dang, Nha nudc va nhan dan de cd the phat huy vai ttd, hieu lyc, hieu qua lanh dao, quan ly cua Dang va Nha nudc, ciing nhu vai ttd lam chu ciia nhan dan.
Thu ba, xay dung va hoan thien Nha nudc phap quyen XHCN can phai phat huy day dil vai ttd ciia Mat tean Td qudc, cac doan the chinh tti - xa hdi, cac td chuc xa hgi - nghe nghiep... Thye hien dai doan kit cac dan tdc, tdn giao, giai cap, tang ldp...
nham phat huy siie manh cua ca cdng ddng dan tgc vi muc tieu giu viing ddc lap dan tgc, thdng nhat, dan giau, nudc raanh, xa hdi dan chii, cdng bang, van minh. Khdng ngimg hoan thien chinh sach va phap luat, dac biet la cac chinh sach kinh te - xa hdi phu hgp vdi sy phat trien cua dat nudc nhara phat huy mgi tiem nang sang tao cua nhan dan.
Can cd nhiing hinh thiic day manh xa hgi hgc tap, nang cao trinh do dan tri, tao lap mdi tmdng de ren luyen y thiic va ban ITnh chinh tri ciia cdng dan. Cd cac co che thiic day kmh te, van hda phat ttien, cai thien ddi sdng vat chat, tinh than cua nhan dan a Ket luan
Tren co sd phan tich tren, cd the thay, nha nudc la mgt ttong nhiing v i n d l dugc
Marx va Engels di sau phan tich mdt each toan dien va d rauc do khai quat cao tu ban chat, chiic nang cho tdi dy doan v l mdt nha nudc kieu mdi eiing nhu khao sat qua trinh van ddng hien thuc ciia nha nudc ttong ddi sdng xa hgi. Day la nhiing chi dan quy bau cho chung ta trdn con dudng xay dyng va hoan thien nha nudc phap quyen Viet Nam. Xay dyng nha nudc phap quyen XHCN khdng phai la "nhit thanh bat bien", lap lai md hinh nha nudc phap quydn nao do tren the gidi raa d timg qudc gia, tung giai doan se co nhiing dac dilm khac nhau. Do do can ke thira mdt each cd chgn lge trong xay dyng nha nudc phap quyen XHCN phu hgp vdi dilu kien cu thi cua Viet Nam hien nay •
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Dang Cdng san Viet Nam (2006), Vdn kien Dgi hgi dgi bieu todn quoc Idn thii X, Nxb. Chinh tti qudc gia - Sy that, H a N o i .
2. Dang Cdng san Viet Nam (2016), Kan kien Dgi hgi dgi biiu todn qudc Idn thii- XII, Nxb. Chinh tti qudc gia - Sy that, H a N o i .
3. V I . Lenin, Todn tap, tap 39,1976, Nxb.
Chinh tti quoc gia. Ha Ndi.
4. C. Mac va Ph. Angghen, Todn tap, tap 2,17, 20, 21,1995, Nxb. Chinh tti qudc gia, Ha Ngi.
5. Hd Chi Mmh, Todn tap, tap 4, 2011, Nxb. Chinh tti qudc gia, Ha Ndi.
