Nhan dinti cua Qudc tg Cong san dSi vol trao luu xa hoi dan chu va y nghia hien nay
Nguyen Anh Tuan^
' Vien Chii nghia xa hpi khoa hoc. Hoc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh.
Email: [email protected]
Nhan ngay 20 thang 3 nam 2019. Chip nhan ddng ngay 3 thdng 5 nam 2019.
Tom tat: Nhan dinh cua Qudc t l Cong san doi vdi Uao luu M hpi dan chii duang thai mac du kho tranh khdi nhimg sai lim, nhung vl ca ban la nhat quan, diing din va phii hop vai thuc te. Nghi6n ciiu nhiing bai hpc quy bdu vl viec nhan djnh, thai dp ciia Qudc te Cpng san ddi vdi Uao luu xa hoi dan chu duac Dang Cdng san Viet Nam da va dang tilp tuc van dung sang tao trong qua trinh hoi nhap qudc te va phat trien dat nude.
Tu khoa: Qudc t l Cpng san, Uao luu xa hpi dan chu. Dang Cpng san Viet Nam.
Ph^n loai nganh: Chinh trj hpc
Abstract: The view of the Communist International on the contemporary democratic social movement, though hardly able to avoid mistakes, are fundamentally consistent, correct and appropriate to the reality. The Communist Party of Vietnam has smdied the valuable lessons about the Communist International's view on and attitude to the democratic social movement and continued to apply them creatively in the processes of international integration and developing the country.
Keywords: Communist International, democratic social movement, the Communist Party of Vietnam.
Subject classification: Politics
1. Dat van de hp nhiet thanh cua ddng dao td chiic cdng san, cac td ehiic xa hoi chii nghTa canh ta tii Qudc t l Cdng san (cdn gpi la Qudc t l III) ra Chau Au, Chau A va Chau My. Qudc tl ddi vao thang 3-1919 la kit qua cua su nd Cdng san xac djnh thang lgi cua Cach mang luc chuin bi lau dai, cdng phu, tich cue cua thdng Mudi Nga da md ra thdi dai mdi - thdi
Nguyen Anh Tuan nghia tu ban, thdi dai each mang eua giai
cap vd san. Do dd, cuong linh hanh ddng ciia Qudc te Cdng san la dau tranh de thuc hien chuyen chinh vd san. Trong gan 25 nam boat dpng (1919-1943), trai qua 7 ky Dai hdi (Dai hpi I (thang 3/1919), Dai hpi II (thang 7-8/1920), Dai hdi III (thang 6-7/1921), Dai hdi rV (thang 11-12/1922), Dai hdi V (thang 6-7/1924), Dai hdi VI (thang 7-9/1928), Dai hdi VII (thang 7-8/1935), Qudc tl Cdng san da kip thai dua ra dudng ldi, chinh sach dau tranh each mang cho phong trao cdng nhan va edng san qude te. Theo dd, Qudc te Cpng san da cd nhiing ddng gdp to Idn, sau sac ddi vdi phong trao cpng san va cdng nhan quoc tl tren nhieu phuang dien, nhat la ddi vdi phong trao each mang giai phdng dan tdc, trong do cd each mang Viet Nam.
Trao luu x5 hpi dan ehii (hay cdn gpi la chu nghta dan ehu xa hpi, trao luu dan chu xS hpi) la trao luu tu tudng va chinh tri trong phong trao edng nhan qudc te, luc dau chiu anh hudng tich cue cua chu nghia Mac, nhung ve sau xa dan. Nd la mot hop thi tu tudng, trong dd cd chii nghta Mae.
Cac lanh tu tu tudng va chinh tri eiia cac dang dan chu xa hdi trude het la Latxan, Becxtanh, Cauxky. Hp tan thanh chii nghTa xa hdi vdi y nghTa la xS hdi dSn chu, cdng bang, nhimg hp phu nhan bao luc each mang, hp chu truong cai tao chu nghTa tu ban thanh chu nghia xa hdi bang con dudng cai each dan chii tu san. Ph. Angghen timg viet; nhiing ngudi xa hpi chu nghTa dan chu la nhung ngudi di theo cung con dudng vdi nhung nguoi cpng san, hp mudn thuc hien mpt phin nhung bien phap each mang, nhung khdng coi dd la nhiing bien phap qua dp din din chii nghTa cpng san, ma coi dd la nhimg bien phap diy du de xda bd canh ngheo nan va nhihig tai hpa cua xa hdi hien
nay. Nhung ngudi xa hdi chu nghia dan chu dd thi hoac la nhiing ngudi vd san ehua am hieu day du nhihig dieu kien giai phdng giai cap minh, hoae la nhung dai bieu ciia giai cap tieu tu san, tiic la cua mdt giai cap ma tren nhieu mat, ed quyen Ipi gidng nhu vd san trong viec gianh che dp dan chii va trong viec thuc bien nhiing bien phap xa hdi chu nghia xuat phat tir che dp dan chit dd [1, tr.478]. Trao luu xa bdi dan chit da trai qua tren 170 nam tdn tai va phat trien vdi nhieu thang tram, phiic tap. Den nay, mac dii cdn khdng it man thuan, ban ehe nhung trao luu xa hdi dSn chii d mdt sd nuac Chau Au, nhit la d Bae Au van dang chiing minh mpt each kha sinh dpng nhieu gia tri xa hdi tien bd cd tinh chat xa hpi ehu nghia.
Lich sir cho thay, su ra ddi eua Qudc te Cpng san ludn gin lien va bao bam viec xac dinh thai dp cua nhiing ngudi cdng san ddi vdi trao luu xa hdi dan chit Bdi trong qud trinh van ddng dich dac, phite tap ciia ddi song chinh tri qudc gia, qudc te ke tu nua sau thi ky XIX den nay, trao luu xa hdi dan ehii khdng chi ehung ngudn gdc xa hdi vdi nhirng ngudi cdng san, ma tren thue te co khi hp la ddi tupng dau tranh, khi hp lai la ddi tac, di theo cung con dudng vdi nhiing ngudi edng san. Vdi y nghTa dd, viec nghien cuu nhiing nhan dinh, danh gia, thai dp eua Qudc te Cdng san ve trao luu xa hdi dan chu duong thdi khdng chi giiip hau the cd cai nhin khach quan, cdng bang ve vai trd lich sii ciia Qudc te Cdng san, ma cdn eo thi giiip cho cac dang edng san, eae nha nuac xa hdi chu nghTa nit ra nhung bai hpc bd ich, thiit thuc khi thue hien dudng ldi ddi npi, doi ngoai trong bdi canh mdi. Bai viet phan tich nhan dinh, thai dp ciia Qudc tl Cdng san ddi vdi trao luu xa hdi dan ehu va y nghTa cua nd hien nay.
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Khoa hoc xa hdi Viet Nam, sd 2 - 2020 2. Nhan dinh cua Quoc te Cpng san doi vdi trao luu xa hpi d a n chu
Thic nhdt, qua trinh van ddng thanh lap Qudc te Cdng san eung chirih la qua trinh nhung ngudi cpng san, dung dau la V.I.Lenin va Dang Bdnsevich Nga d i u tranh chdng lai va tach khdi sy anh hudng tieu cue cua nhirng tu tudng, quan diem co hdi, xet lai ehu nghia Mae trong hang ngu nhung ngudi xa hpi dan chu. V.I.Lenin khang dinh, ngay tir dau, Qudc te Cong san phai bao gdm cac dang edng san da hinh thanh, nhiing dang va ca nhiing nhdm xieh lai gan vdi ehu nghTa Bdnsevich, trong dd cd nhiing nhdm dang hoat ddng trong cac dang dan ehu xa hdi [4, h.482-483]. Ldi keu gpi tien tdi Dai hdi I ciia Qudc te Cdng san cung cho rang: vdi bpn xa hdi sdvanh tbi dau tranh thing tay; ddi vdi "phai giiia" thi thuc hien sach lupc tach nhung phan tit each mang nhat ra khdi "phai giua", thang tay phe phan va vach mat cac lanh tu [4, tr.483].
Cuang ITnh hanh ddng cua Qudc te Cdng san do Dai hpi 1 dua ra da khang dinh: eon dudng den thang lai di xuyen qua cupc dau tranh cua quan chiing, ma dieu kien tien quyet cua no la doan tuyet vdi nhiing ke thu true tiep cua each mang, vdi nhiing ph§n tir dan chu xa hpi canh hiiu eiing nhu vdi "phai giiia" cua Cauxky [4, tr.485-486].
Thii hai, tix sau khi thanh lap d i n trudc Dai hdi V (1924), phong trao edng san va edng nhan qudc te cd nhung bude phat trien quan trpng nhung eung trai qua nhung khd khan, that bai rat nang ne trong qua trinh d i u tranh giai cap. Mdt trong nhiing nguyen
chia re, pha hoai cua cac lanh tu xa hpi d ^ chO. Xd vilt Hunggari va Xd vilt Bavie (Diic) ra ddi va nhanh chdng thit bai vao nam 1919 la nhimg thi du dien binh. Tii nam 1923, nhihig ngudi dan chu xa hdi cac kilu da hpp nhit, thanh lap Qude te xa hdi chu nghTa. Hp chay dua canh tranh, ldi keo quin chiing khdi anh hudng cua Qudc te Cdng san; chdng lai Lien Xd va each mang xa hdi chu nghTa [9]. Do dd, Dai hpi II, III va IV cua Quoc t l Cong san d l u ndi din nhiem vu dau tranh khdng khoan nhupng vdi nhung p h i n tu co hdi, xet lai, nhat la cae phan tir "phai giiia" ludn tim each tan cdng Qudc te Cong san ea tren phuong dien tu tudng, ly luan va td chirc. Tuy nhiSn, V.I.Lenin va Qudc te Cdng san cung phe phan nhiing bieu hien biet phai "ta khuynh"
dang ed nguy co lan rdng trong phong trao edng san qude te (phii nhan tham gia nghi vien tu san; phong tda, ed lap cac cdng doan do nhiing ngudi cai luong lanh dao;
eu tuyet mpi su thda hiep vdi nhung ngudi xa hdi dan ehu trong phdi hop dau tranh chdng cac the luc phan dpng). Theo do, V.I.Lenin va Qudc te Cong san nhan manh nhiem vu quan trpng ciia nhung nguoi cpng san la dung nhieu phuong thiie, bien phap tap hpp, thu hiit da sd cdng nhdn va quSn chiing khdng vd san tham gia each mang, ke ca viee tham gia vao cac edng doan phan ddng va thda hiep ed nguyen tic vdi nhung ngudi xa hdi dan ehii. Nhd vay, cac dang cdng san d i n khac phuc tan du xa hdi dan chii, cdng doan vd ehinh phii va ehii nghia be phai, qua dd giiip cac dang trd thanh nhung chinh dang each mang bi|t hanh
Nguyen Anh Tuan Tha ba, Dai hdi V (1924), Qude tl
Cpng san xac dinh "bdnsevich hda" cae chi bd edng san la nhiem vu chu yeu, quan trpng. Tat rihien, viec "bdnsevich hda"
phai luu y den hoan canh eu the cua mdi nude [5, tr.220-221]. Theo dd, cac dang cdng san khdng duoc khoan nhupng vdi cac loai ke thu "ta khuynh" va "hiiu khuynh", khdng duoc de bpn co hdi ehui vao hang ngii eua minh. Phai biet boat ddng trong dieu kien hop phap va bat hpp phap, ket hop dau tranh gianh chuyen chinh vd san vdi dau tranh eho nhung ddi hdi cudc sdng hang ngay cua cdng nhan va nhan dan lao ddng [9]. Trong dd, khdng loai trir kha nang thuang lupng vdi giai chdp bu cua dang dan chii xa hdi, nhat la d nhung nude ma dang dan chu xa hdi van cdn la mdt luc lupng dang ke [5, tr.246].
Thic tu, tir sau Dai hdi V, cac dang dan chii xa hdi ngay cang thda hiep vol giai cap tu san va di xa ve phia hiiu. Hp phu nhan y nghTa cua Cach mang thang Mudi Nga, cd dang cdn neu khau hieu: "Chdng Cdng, bai Xd". Chinh nhung ngudi xa hdi dan ehii eanh hiiu da vu khdng nhiing ngudi cpng san la "anh em vdi chii nghTa phat xit"; hp khudc tir mpi su hpp tac vdi eae dang cdng san de ngan chan nguy co chien tranh de qudc [6, tr.33]. Tham chi d Due, chu nghTa chdng cdng cua phong trao dan chu xa hdi canh hihi edn sii dung ca ca quan dan ap cua tu san de biic hai nhiing nguoi cdng san [5, tr.248 - 249]. Trong dilu kien dd, tu tudng be phai ta khuynh trong phong trao cpng san lai tang len. Theo dd, cac dang dan chu xa hdi bi danh gia la dang trai qua qua trinh biin tu eho la eanh hiiu ciia phong trao cdng nhan thanh canh ta eua giai cap tu
san, tham chi cd noi cdn bien thanh mdt canh cua chu nghta phat xit [5, tr.247]. Din Dai hdi VI (1928), Qudc te Cdng san cho rang chi cdng ndng la each mang; luc luong xa hpi dan chii va chu nghia phat xit la anh em sinh ddi [3, tr.32]. Theo dd, Dai bdi VI chii truong ehdng de qudc, chdng phong kien, chdng tu san, chdng tdn giao, chdng luc luang xa hdi dan chu [8].
Thic ndm, hi Dai hdi VII (1935), trudc nguy CO chu nghta phat xit de dpa tu do va an ninh ddi vdi loai ngudi, Qudc te Cdng san bat dau roi xa nhiing sai lam biet phai cd tinh chat ta khuynh trudc dd. Bao eao chinh tri eua Dai hdi VII do G.Dimitordp trinh bay da phe phan chinh sach thda hiep voi giai cap tu san ciia nhiing ngudi lanh dao cac dang dan chu xa hdi lam eho lire lupng cdng nhan bi chia re; ddng thdi, ehi ro rang, chii nghta biet phai ta khuynh la su ngan trd nghiem trpng doi vol viec khac phuc tinh trang chia re trong giai cap cdng nhan [10]. Qudc te Cong san nhan manh: ke thu trudc mat ciia nhan dan the gidi liic nay khdng phai la chit nghta tu ban hay chu nghta de qudc ndi ehung ma la chu nghta phat xit; do do, nhiem vu trudc mat cua giai cap cdng nhan chua phai la dau tranh danh dd chu nghta tu ban, xay dung chu nghta xa hpi ma la dau tranh chdng ehu nghta phat xit va chdng chien tranh de qudc, gianh dan chu va hda binh... Theo do, Dai hdi keu gpi
"tat ea cac dang cdng san hay tich cue dau tranh dl lap mat tran thdng nhat cua tat ca nhiing bd phan trong giai cap cdng nhan, khdng kl hp thupc ve dang nao hoae td chiie nao, la dilu can thiet trude khi da sd giai cip edng nhan doan ket nhau lai trong cudc tin cdng dl lat dd chu nghta tu ban va
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Khoa hpc xa hdi Viet Nam, sd 2 - 2020 gianh thang Ipi cho cudc each mang vd san.
Qudc te Cpng san khdng dat mdt dilu kien nao cho su thdng nhit hanh ddng, tni mpt dieu kien ca ban ma tit ca mpi cdng nhan deu cd the chap nhan dupe - dd la su thdng nhat hanh ddng phai nhim chdng chii nghia phat xit, chdng su tan cdng cua tu ban, chdng su de dpa ciia chien tranh, chong ke thu giai cip" [9]. Vdi tinh thin do, Quyit dinh cua Dai hpi VII va nhiing boat ddng cua Qudc te Cdng san cbo den nam 1943 da khac phuc nhiing han chi, sai lim biet phai ta khuynh trudc day va da thuc sy ddng mdt vai trd to Idn trong viee dpng vien phong trao cdng san, edng nhan qude te, nhan dan lao ddng va nhung ngudi tien bp, yeu chudng hda binh tren toan the gidi, tao nen site manh tdng hpp de danh bai ehu nghta phat xit trong chien tranh the gidi tbii hai.
Trong dd, tuy cd mudn man, nhung phan Idn nhiing ngudi xa hdi dan chu deu da ung hp, tham gia va cd nhiing ddng gdp nhat dinh[6,h-.34].
3. Y nghia trong giai doan hien nay Mpt Id, trong gin 25 nam tdn tai, phat trien, d nhiing thdi diem lich su cu the khac nhau, Qudc tl Cdng san da cd nhung nhan dinh va thai do khac nhau ddi vdi trao luu xa hdi dan chu. Qudc tl Cdng san cho ring, lyc lupng xa hdi dan chu la ca hpi, xet lai chu nghta Mac, la ddng minh, la "con sinh ddi vdi ehu nghta phat xit" nen nhung ngudi cdng san cin doan tuyet va chdng lai lyc lupng xa hdi dan chit [5]. Qudc te Cdng san xem nhung ngudi dan chu xa hdi khdng ehi
vin cd nhung phin tit tich eye, each mang.
Do dd, khdng chi cin nhin manh sach lupc diu tranh, phe phan khdng khoan nhupng vdi nhung ngudi dan cbii xa hdi canh hiiu va "phai giiia", nhit la phe phan vach mat cac lanh ty, ma ddng thdi, cung khdng loai trir kha nang thuong luong vdi gidi chdp bu cua dang dan chii xa hpi, nhat la d nhung nude ma dang dan chii xa hdi van edn la mdt luc lupng dang kl [5, tr.246]. Theo chimg tdi, tren co sd phuong phap luan mac xit, nhan dinh, thai dp eua Qude te Cpng san ddi vdi trao luu xa hpi dan chu le thupc vao dieu kien hoan canh cu the vdi nhieu ylu td chu quan, khach quan, nhung trudc hit bi chi phoi, quy dinh bdi viee tren thye te liic nay nhiing ngudi xa hdi dan chu cd tu tudng, hanh vi, thai dp nhu the nao ddi vdi chii nghta dl qude, phat xit, voi nhiing ngudi edng san va voi Qudc te Cdng san.
Hai la, ve co ban nhung nhan dinh, thai dp ciia Qudc te Cong san ve trao luu xa hdi dan chu la nhat quan, diing dan va phu hpp vdi thuc te. Luc luang xa bdi dan chu la trao luu tu tudng - chinh tri xa hpi khong thuan rihat. Tren pham vi qudc te va ngay trong ndi bd timg dang xa hpi dan chii cung ludn cd nhung thay ddi, chuyen bien ve tu tudng, quan diem, chinh sach, thai dp ddi vdi ehu nghta de qudc, phat xit, vdi nhung ngudi cdng san va vol Qudc te Cdng san.
Hp cimg ngudn gdc xa hdi voi nhiing ngudi cdng san, cd khi hp la ngudi di ciing con dudng nhung cd khi hp la mdt trong nhung ddi tupng can phai dau tranh cua nhiing ngudi cpng san. Thyc te lich su xac nhan, trong gin 25 nam boat ddng, tinh than, tu tudng chi dao bao triim ciia Qudc tl Cong
Nguyen Anh Tuan dling vai tu tudng khoa hpc, each mang
eiia ehu nghta Mae. Dd la: "Ngudi cdng san, trong lue hoat dpng, se lidn hiep vdi nhung ngudi xa hdi chu nghta dan ehu va ndi ehung trong thdi gian do, phai cd siic duy tri mdt chinh sach ehung vdi hp, chi can la hp khong phuc vu giai cap tu san thdng tri va khong tan cdng nhiing ngudi cdng san. Cd nhien, viec boat ddng ehung khdng gat bd viec tranh luan ve nhiing y kien bat ddng giua hp vdi ngudi cdng san"
[1, tr.478]. Dd la chii truong cd gia tri phuang phap luan khoa hpe Idu dai. Tuy nhien, co thdi diem, vi nhieu ly do, Qude te Cpng san xem lyc lupng xa hdi dan ehu la ddng minh cua chu nghta de qudc, la "dua con sinh ddi vdi chu nghia phat xit" va chu truong doan tuyet hoan toan vdi luc lupng xa hdi dan ehu qua la mdt sach lupc sai lam biet phai ta khuynh. Thuc te xac nhan, sach lupc sai lam ay da gay ra nhiing khd khan, tdn thit va he luy nhat dinh cho phong trao each mang the gidi. Nhung can luu y rang, mpt ca nhan, to chiic chinh tri hanh ddng se khdng thi tranh khdi viec pham phai nhiing sai lim, khuyet diem nao dd, nhat la trong viee danh gia, iing xii vdi mpt ddi tupng cd lich sii van ddng, phat trien phiic tap nhu trao luu xa hdi dan ehii.
Ba la, bai hpc lich sii sau sic dupe nit ra tii viec nghien ciiu thai dp cua Quoc te Cpng san ddi vdi trao luu xa hdi dan chu ehinh la tu duy bien ehung vl chien lupc va sach lupc each mang; ve dau tranh va thda hiep; vl diu tranh chdng ke thii ben trong va ben ngoai; ve ddi tac va ddi tupng...
Theo do, a dau, liic nao nhiing ngudi cdng san tuan thu tu duy, phuang phap bien chiing do thi each mang phat triln, thanh
cdng; ngupc lai, neu roi vao co hdi hiru khuynh hay biet phai ta khuynh thi deu gay ra nhiing khd khan, trd ngai va nhiing tdn thit khdn ludng cho each mang. Sy tri tre, khiing hoang cua chii nghTa xa hdi hien thyc; sy that bai eua ehe dp xa hdi ehu nghTa (XHCN) d Ddng Au, su tan ra ciia Lien Xd deu cd nguyen nhan lien quan den viec nhan thiic va giai quyet hang loat nhiing mdi quan he Ion, co ban, nhung rat phiic tap ndi trdn cua nhung ngudi cpng san: cd khi ta khuynh, biet phai, ddng cira, khep kin, doan tuyet vdi chu nghta tu ban nhung ed khi lai "md cira" khdng gidi ban va thda hiep vd nguyen tae; cd khi tuyet giao vdi chii nghta tu ban, xem chu nghta tu ban nhu la ddi trpng sdng edn trye tiep nhung lai ed phan xem nhe nhung bieu hien suy thoai, phan bdi, nhiing bien ddi tieu eye, nhiing ran nirt ngay trong ndi bd dang va trong hang ngu nhung ngudi cdng san qudc te. Tat nhien, nhiing thanh cdng bude diu eua nhung nude XHCN edn lai nhu Trung Qudc, Viet Nam, Lao, Cu Ba, cung nhu nhiing dau hieu phuc hdi cua phong trao cdng san, cdng nhan qudc te hien nay deu cd nguyen nhan tCr viec nhiing ngudi cdng san da nam bat dupe nhung dac diem, xu hudng van ddng, bien ddi khach quan eua thdi dai, thue hien ddi mdi tu duy, nhan thiic; dieu chinh co che, chinh sach; chinh ddn dpi ngu; tang eudng ddi thoai, md rdng hinh thiie tap hpp lye lupng, pha the bao vay, cam van; chii ddng tham gia vao qua trinh toan cau hda va hdi nhap qude te sau rdng. Nhu vay, ddi voi nhiing ngudi cpng san, bai hpc ve sy tnmg thanh va van dyng sang tao chu nghta Mac-Lenin van ludn hien dai, mdi me va cd y nghta sdng edn.
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Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, s6 2 - 2020 Bon Id, ddi vdi Dang va each mang Viet Nam ndi rieng, Qudc te Cdng san ludn cd y nghta dac biet. Ngay tir dau, boat ddng trong mdi tnidng cua Qudc te Cdng san, dudi su chi dao sat sao cita Qudc te Cdng san, Hd Chi Minh va cac lanh ty uu hi cua Dang da sdm diic nit dupe nhung bai hpe sau sac tir nhiing kinh nghiem thanh edng va khdng thanh cdng ciia Qudc te Cdng san, ke ca kinh nghiem trong nhan dinh, thai dp eua Qudc t l Cdng san doi vdi trao luu xa bdi dan chii. Theo dd, trong tien trinh lanh dao each mang Viet Nam, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh va Dang ta da hinh thanh dudng ldi, chinh sach ddi ndi, ddi ngoai vdi chien lupc va sach lupc dimg dan. Nhd vay, chiing ta da phan hda va cd lap cae loai ke thu, ca ke thii ben ngoai va ke thu ben trong; thuc hien dai doan kit toan ddn tdc, ket hop siic manh dan tpc va siie manh thdi dai, tranh thu tdi da sy ling hp, giiip d o cd hieu qua ciia cac nude XHCN, ciia phong trao cpng san, cdng nhin qudc te, ciia nhan dan yeu chudng hda binh tren toan the gidi, ke ca nhung ngudi dan chu xa hdi d Chdu Au, nhung ngudi tien bd Phap va tien bd My de gianh ddc lap dan tde, thdng nhat Td qudc, viing bude di len chii nghta xa hdi. Ngay tii nhung nam 60, 70 ciia the ky XX, Viet Nam da cd quan he tdt dep vdi cac nude ma d dd cac dang dan chii xa hdi thyc sy la mot the luc quan trpng, tham chi hp d vi the cam quyen, lien minh cdm quyen, nhat la Thyy Diin, Na Uy, Phan Lan, Thuy St.
Trong thoi ky ddi moi, nhiing bai hpc kinh nghiem cua Qudc te Cdng san va eua phong trao cdng san, cdng nhan qudc te ndi
trong xdy dung va thuc thi dudng ldi, chinh sach ddi ndi, ddi ngoai. Theo dd. Dang ta chii trpng thuc hien dai doan ket toan dan tdc vi muc tieu dan giau, nude manh, dan chii, edng bing, van minh. Coi trpng phdng, chdng suy thoai v l chinh tri tu tudng, dao diie ldi sdng va nhiing bilu hien "ty dien bien", "ty chuyin hda" trong ndi bp Ddng;
thudng xuyen eham lo edng tac xay dyng, chinh ddn Dang; bdo dam su doan ket, thdng nhat va su trong sach, viing manh ciia Dang. Nhat quan thyc hien dudng ldi, chinh sach ddi ngoai rdng md, vua hgp tac, viia dau tranh, thuc hien da dang hda, da phuang hda cac quan he ddi ngoai. Nghi quyit sd 28-NQ/TW ciia Ban Chip hanh Trung uong khda XI ve Chien lupc bao ve Td qude trong tinh hinh mdi ehi ro; "Nhimg ai tdn trpng ddc lap, chu quyen, thiet lap va md rdng quan he hiiu nghi, hgp tac binh dang, ciing cd lgi vol Viet Nam deu la ddi tae; bdt ky the lyc nao cd am muu va hanh ddng chdng pha muc tieu cua nude ta trong sy nghiep xay dung va bao ve To quoc deu la ddi tupng. Mat khac, trong tinh hinh dien bien nhanh chdng va phiic tap hien nay, can ed each nhin bien chiing: trong mdi ddi tupng van cd the ed mat can tranh thu, hpp tac; trong moi ddi tac cd the co mat mau thuan vdi lgi ich ciia ta can phai d i u tranh" [2]. Thyc hien chien lupc vua hgp tac vira dau tranh, phat huy tdi da tuang ddng, tdn trpng khde biet, tang cudng tilp xuc, ddi thoai, thu hep nhiing bat ddng.
Theo tinh than dd, eung vdi he thdng cac cbinh sach ddi ndi diing dan, viec thyc hien quan he ddi ngoai rdng md, da dang hda, da phuong hda, ttong dd cd viec binh thudng
Nguyen Anh Tuan hda, tang eudng quan he hiiu nghi, hpp tde
vdi cac "eyu thu", vdi cac t h i che chinh tri khac nhau, vdi cac dang canh ta, dang cam quyen, dang dan chit xa hdi tren the gidi va dang dan chu xa hpi d Chau Au da gdp phdn quan trpng lam nen nhiing thanh tyu to Idn, cd y nghta lich sii cua nude ta ttong thdi ky ddi mdi. Trong do, quan he tdt dep, sau rdng giira Viet Nam vdi eae nude dan chii xa bdi cd nhung ddng gdp quan ttpng.
Hien nude ta da thiet lap quan he ddi tac toan dien vdi Dan Mach; quan he ddi tac chien luge vdi Diic va Anh. Nhu vay, ro rang, trong tien trinh lanh dao each mang.
Dang Cdng san Viet Nam da trung thanh va van dung sang tao chu nghia Mde - Ldnin, ke thira vd phdt huy dupe nhung truyen thdng tdt dep eua Qude te Cdng sdn.
Ndm Id, nghien cuu nhan dinh, thai dp cua Qudc te Cdng sdn ve trao luu xa hdi dan chu duang thdi cho thay, day la nhiing van de lich sir, chinh tri qudc te phuc tap cd lien quan mat thiet den lich sir chii nghta tu bdn vd ehii nghta xa hdi, lien quan den nhirng ngudi xa hdi dan chu va nhung ngudi cdng sdn trong qud khii vd hien nay, lien quan den chu nghta Mac - Lenin va kho tang tu tudng eua nhan loai, lien quan den phong trao cpng san, cdng nhdn qudc te, ke ca lich sir quan he giiia Qudc te Cdng san vdi Dang, vdi Hd Chi Minh va each mang Viet Nam... Nhu vay, day ciing khdng chi la nhiing van de cua lich sir, ma cdn la van de ciia hien tai va tuong lai. Tuy nhien, trong khi chua cd nhieu cdng trinh nghien ciiu, phan tich, danh gia khach quan, toan dien, sau sac dudi gde dp lich sii chinh tri xa hdi, thi ttSn khong gian mang lai day ray nhiing
bai viet phien dien, sai trai, lech lac v l chu nghta xa hdi hien thuc, v l chii nghia xa hdi dan chii, ve Thuy Dien, Na Uy, ve Bae Au, ve ehii nghta Mac - Lenin, ve Lien Xd, ve Xtalin va Qudc te Cdng sdn. Su chdng pha dien cudng cua ede the luc phan ddng, thu dich ddi vdi chu nghta xa hdi, chu nghta Mac - Lenin, ddi vdi lich sit Qudc te Cdng san, mdt mat, cang cho thay vai trd quan trpng cua Qudc te Cdng sdn, ehii nghta Mac - Lenin va chii nghta xa hdi; nhung mat khae, nhiing tac dpng tieu eye cua nd cd the tao ra nhiing hiem hpa khdn ludng ddi vdi Dang va che dp ta. Dieu nay chic chan it nhieu cd lien quan den tinh trang trong npi bd Dang ta cd bieu hien "tu dien bien", "ty chuyen hda" va mdt bd phan khdng nhd can bp dang vien suy thoai ve chinh tri tu tudng va dao ditc ldi sdng. Dd thue sy la nguy eo Idn ddi vdi Ddng va che dp XHCN d Viet Nam khi ddt nude ngay cang hpi nhap sau hon vao san choi qudc te.
Do dd, trong bdi canh mdi, yeu can dat ra ddi vdi Dang, Nha nude ta trong thdi gian tdi la edn phdi quan tdm dau tu nhieu ban va hieu qua hon cho edng tac suu tap, dich thuat, xuat ban, nghien eiiu, luu trii, phd bien, giao due thdng tin tu lieu ve lieh sir chu nghta Mdc Lenin, lich sir tu tudng chinh tri the gidi, Hch sir cde trao luu ehinh tri xa hdi, Uch sir quan he qudc t l , Hch sir chu nghta xd hpi hien thuc, lich sii phong trao edng sdn va edng nhan qudc t l ; Hch su quan he giua Qudc te Cdng san vdi Dang, vdi Hd Chi Minh va cdch mang Viet Nam; lich sir quan he ddi ngoai cua Viet Nam vdi cac nude, cac khu vuc tren t h i gidi, k l ed lich sir quan he thang trdm
Khoa hoc xa hdi Viet Nam, s6 2 - 2020 vdi cac "cyu thii", vdi trao luu xa hdi dan chu d Chau Au va tren the gidi... Dd se la ngudn dii lieu phong phu cd gia tri tham chieu, gpi m d ca ve ly luan va thye tiln de Dang, Nha nude ta tiep tuc ddi mdi tu duy, phdt trien ly ludn vd xay dyng, thyc thi chinh sach trong qua trinh bdi nhap, phat trien dat nude. Dd ciing se la ngudn thdng tin, tu lieu quy bau can thiet de phye vy edng tac giao due, dao tao nham trang bi cho the he tre, nhat la nhiing ngudi Idnh dao, quan ly, quan tri ddt nude cac cap mpt tu duy chinh tri khoa hpc, sac sdo va mdt ban ITnh ehinh tri viing vang d l ddi mdi, hpi nhap va xay dung thanh cdng chii nghta xa hdi d Viet Nam.
4. Ket luan
Quan he giiia Qude te Cdng san va ttao luu xa hdi ddn chu duong thdi la van de lieh sii, chinh tri qude te kha phiic tap. Su phiie tap khdng ehi bdi vdn de da vdn phite tap trong Hch sit, ma cdn bdi su phite tap cd the lap lai bang vd sd nhung hinh thiic khac trong hien tai va tuang lai. Do dd, nghidn cuu van d l nay khdng chi giiip hau the cd eai nhin khach quan, cdng bdng ve vai trd lich sir cita Qudc te Cdng san ma cdn cd the giiip eho cac dang cdng san, cac nha nude xa hdi chit nghta rut ra nhung bai hpc bd ieh, thiet thuc khi thue hien dudng ldi ddi npi, ddi ngoai trong bdi cdnh mdi. Nhat la bai hpe cho nhung van de xac dinh ddi tupng vd ddi tac; hop tac va dau ttanh trong bdi canh toan cau hoa va hpi nhap qudc te sau rdng.
Vi tinh phiic tap va y nghta quan ttpng eua vin dh nen nhiing khai quat, phan tich, danh
gia ttong bai vilt nay mdi chi la bude dau;
nd rit cin dupe sy quan tam nhieu ban eiia cac nha nghien ciiu lich sii, xa hdi nhan van va ly luan chinh tri.
Tai lieu t h a m k h a o
[1 ] C M a e va Ph. Angghen (1993), Todn tap, t.4, Nxb Chinh tn qu6c gia, Hd Noi.
[2] Dang Cong san Viet Nam (2014), Nghi quyit s6 28-NQ/TW cua Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uang khoa XI ve Chiin luoc bdo vi Td quoc trong tinh hinh mai, Hd Npi.
[3] H6 Thi T6 Luong (2007), "Anh huong eua Qu6c t l Cpng sdn doi vol cdch mang Viet Nam" (Bdo cdo ting k i t d§ tdi cdp Bp), Hoc vien Chinh tn - Hanh chinh quoc gia Ho Chi Minh, HdNpi.
[4] Phong trdo cong nhdn quoc le - Nhiing vdn de lich su vd ly ludn, t.4, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2009.
[5] Phong trdo cong nhdn quoc te - Nhirng vdn de lich su vd ly lugn, t.5, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, HdNpi, 2010.
[6] Nguyen Van Sdu, Cao Ddc Thdi (ChiJ bien) (2006), Bdng Ddn chu xa hpi Buc - Lich ste, ly ludn vd kinh nghiem ihuc tien, Nxb Ly luan chfnh tri, Hd Npi.
[7] T i n g Diic Thdo, B£ii Viet Huong (D6ng chu bign) (2011), Trdo luu xd hpi ddn chu a mpt so nuac phuang Tdy hien nay, Nxb Chinh trj quoc gia, Hd Noi.
[8] https://thehehochiminh.wordpress.com/201 0/0 l/03/t%E 1 %BA%A1 i-saoh%El %BB%93- chi-minh-b%El%BB%8B-hi%El%BB%83u- l%El%BA%A7m/, truy cap ngdy 20-2-2019.
[9] http://tulieuvankien.dangcongsan.vn/ho-so- su-kien-nhan-chung/su-kien-va-nhan- chung/phong-trao-cong-san-va-cong-nhan-quoc- te-1917-1995-3336, tmy cap ngdy 24-2-2019.
[ 10] http://tulieuvankien.dangeongsan.vn/ho-so-su- kien-nhan-chung/phong-trao-cong-san-cong- nhan-quoc-te/quoc-te-cong-san/quoc-te-iii- 1919-I943-10L truy ciip ngdy 24-2-2019.
