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N H O N G mm XA HOI CHU NGHIA DAN CHU HOA KY -TOCnaC CANH TADANG LEN
TREN CHINH TRl/dNGNl/dC MY
* TS NGUYEN KIM T 6 N Vien Chu nghia xd hoi khoa hoc, Hoc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
• Tdm tdt: Td chdc Nhdng ngUdi xd hdi chu nghia ddn chd Hoa Ky dd cd hdn 30 ndm hinh thdnh vdphdt trien, tap trung nhdng nha hoat ddng cdp tien cd tti tUdng bdo ve ngUdi lao ddng chdng lai sU ngheo ddt, bdt binh ddng tinh trang phdn biet gidi tinh, chung tdc...
Nhdnghoat ddng cua td chdc vd nhdng ngUdi theo quan diem cua td chdc ndy dd gdy dUdc tieng vang trong chinh trtidng My hien nay, tao ramdt "ldn sdng xd hdi chu nghia" thu hdt sti chd y cua ddng ddo cdng chdng trong vd ngodi nddc My.
• Td khda: nhdng ngUdi xd hdi chu nghia dan chu Hoa Ky.
N
htrng nguoi xa hoi chu nghia dan chu 1. Ve co" cau to chucHoa Ky co ten tieng Anh la "Democratic Ve td chiic, DSA khflng phai la mpt dang pha Socialists of America" (DSA). Tien than chinh tri ma la mot td chuc tap hop cac nha hoat cua DSA la liy ban td chiic xa hgi chii nghia dan dgng chinh tn sii dung nhieu chien thuat khac chu (DSOC) va Phong trao My moi (NAM), nhau, tu; lap phap den hanh d6ng true tWpdldSu DSOC (Democratic Socialist Organizing ttanh cho nhiing cai each nham Uao quyen cho Committee) duoc thanh lap nam 1973 tu mot nhan dan lao dgng. Ho khdng ting hp mgt dang thieu sd nhiing ngum chong chign ttanh Vi6t phai chinh tti rieng biet nao, ho ung hd tat ca cac Nam ttong Dang xa hgi chu nghia Hoa Ky do nha boat dpng cd xu budng canh ta phu hpp vdi Michael Harrington diing dau. NAM (Nevt muc tteu cua bgdtStca cac dang phai ttgng do co American Movement) la mpt td chirc chinh Xn - Dang Xanh va Dang Dan chu... "Nam 2017, DSA xa hpi chil nghia canh ta va nil quyfa mdi ciia cd 24.000 thanh vien, dugc coi la td chiic xa hdi My dugc thanh lap nam 1971. Nam 1982, hai td chiinghIadanchul6nnhatdHoaKyhl6nnay"»i.
chiic nay dupe sap nhap va lay tdn la Nhung Co quan lanh dao cao nhSt ciia DSA la Uy ban ngudi xa hpi chu nghia dan chu Hpa Ky (DSA). chinh tti qudc gia (NPC) dupe bSu 2 nam mpt
LY LUAN CHI'NH TRj - So 10/2019
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ldn. Co cdu uy ban ddi bdi ed it nhat 8 thdnh vign la nir va 5 thanh vien la ngudi da mau. Ben canh dd, DSA cdn thdnh lap cac bd phan nhdm dieu hdnh eac boat ddng nhu Uy ban Dieu phdi qudc gia thanh nidn chu nghia xa hdi ddn chu eiia Hoa Ky; Tap ehi Dan ehu eanh ta; Ban ehi dao ehien dich Y te cho tat ca; Uy ban Lao dgng xa hdi chu nghia ddn chii (DSLC); (ly ban Bdu cii qude gia (NEC); Blog hdng tudn eua DSA; Bd phan xa bdi ehu nghia dan chu danh cho thanh nign nhdm tap hpp thanh nign va sinh vien tham gia boat dpng cua td chiic ehu ngbia xa hdi dan ehu Hoa Ky...
2. Ve tir tu'O'ng hanh dong
DSA khdng theo duoi mdt he tu tuong rieng.
Hoat ddng cua td chiic theo mdt phuong cham hdnh ddng gdn chat vdd thuc tign do cdc thdnh vien eua td chiic xay dung. Hg quan niem rdng, cd ngn kmh tg vd xa hdi phdi dupe van hanh mdt each dan ehu de dap iing nhu eau ehung cua con ngudi, chii khdng phai dg kigm lpi nhuan cho mdt sd it ngudi. De dat dupe mgt xa hdi edng bdng ban, nhigu cdu true ciia chinh phii vd ngn kinh tg phdi dupe ddi mod mdt each can ban thdng qua ndn dan ehu ldn ban ca trong xa hdi va kinh tg de ngirdi My bmh thudng cd the tham gia vdo eac hoach dinh chinh saeh.
Nhiing ngudd dan chu xa hdi chil ngbia tu nhan bp la nhiing ngudi xa hdi chu nghia vi hp theo dudi cac ly tudng sau:
- Tir chdi mdt trat tu kinh te dua trgn lpi nhuan tu nhdn, ngudd lao ddng hi xa lanh, bat binh ddng vg tdi sdn va quygn luc, phan biet ddi xu dua ttdn ehung tdc, gidd tmh, khuynh hudng tmh due, tinh ttang khuygt tat, mdi tae, tdn giao va ngudn gdc qudc gia, su tan bao vd bao luc ttong bao ve ttat tu hien tdn.
- Hirdng den mpt trat tir xa hdi nhan van dua tren su kigm soat phd bien cdc ngudn lire va san
xuat, hoach dinh kmh tg, phdn phdi edng bdng, nii quygn, binh ddng chiing tdc vd cac mdi quan he khdng dp buc.
- Theo dudi va nudi duong mdt chidn lupe cu thg dg dat dupe tam nhin dd, nhdm xdy dimg mdt phong ttao da sd de bign ehu ngbia xa hdi dan ehu thdnh hien thuc d My. Mdt ehien luge nhu vay phai nhan rd cdu tnie giai edp cua xa hdi My dang chiia dung su xung dot Igd Ich ca ban giiia cac bd phan ed siie manh kinh te to ldn vdi dai da sd dan ehiing.
Trong quan niem ve ehu nghia xa hdi, hp coi chu nghia xa hdi va ddn chu di ddi vdi nhau, tham ehl la ddng nhdt. Vd a dau cd dan chii thi d dd sg ed ehu nghia xa hpi. Cudc dau ttanh cho chu ngbia xa hgi dan ehu Id cudc chien vi nen dan ehu ttiet dd, tu do eua tdt ca mpi ngudi nhdm khang dinh tdt ca cac khia eanh ttong cudc sdng cua hg duge md rdng ldn nhat cd the.
Hp phan ddi quan digm cho rdng chu nghia xa bdi Id khdng thue te vi mpi ngudi sg mat ddng luc lam viec. Hp cho rdng mpi ngudi thich cdng vide neu nd ed y nghia va ndng cao cudc song ciia bp. Dd'i vdi ede cdng viee ma It ngudd mudn lam thi eac khuygn khich xa hpi, kinh te vd dao diic sg thlic day mpi ngudd lam viec. Day la mpt phdn ttach nhiem ciia chu doanh nghiep.
Vg mdi quan he giua nha nude vd eac tdp doan tu nhan, nhung ngudd xa hdi chii nghia dan ehu My khdng tan ddng vdi viee tap trung quygn lire tuyet ddi ttong tay nha nude nhung ciing khdng mudn cac tap dodn tu ban ldn eai tn va kigm sodt xa hdi. Hp thdy ca chg thi trudng la cdn thigt de xac dinh nhu edu ddi vdi nhidu mat hdng tieu dimg. Hg khuygn khich su da dang hda cde binh thue s6 him xa hpi nhu hgp tdc xa thude sd hihi edng nhan hoac doanh nghigp thude sd biiu edng duge qudn ly bdi cdng nhan va dai dien ngudi tidu ddng.
LYLUAN CHINH TRI So 10/2019
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Hp phan ddi ede tap doan tu ban ldn cai tri kigm scat xa hdi vi dieu nay dong nghia vdi mpt vdi cd ddng gidu ed se dua ra eac quyet dinh kmh tg anh huong dgn bang trieu ngudd. Do vay, ngudd lao ddng vd ngudi tieu diing se bi dnh hudng bdd eac td ehiic kinh tg. Thay vdo do, hg mudn cdc quyet dinh ttong kinh te va xa hdi cdn dupe xdy dung bdi chinh nhung ngudi hi anh hudng boi chinh sdeh dd.
Hp thiia nhan ttong ngdn ban la khdng thg loai bd duoc eac tap doan tunhdn, nhung ed thg kiem sodt chat che hon thdng qua cdc boat dpng dau tranh cua cdng dodn de ldm cho doanh nghigp tu nhan cd trach nhiem hon; thdng qua viec ban hdnh ede quy dinh eua nhd nude vg tiiue, cac chinh sdch uu dai khi ede tap dodn diam gia cae hoat ddng \d lpi Ich cdng ddng...
Quan digm ciia hp la chung sdng vdi ehu nghia tu ban trong mdt thai gian dai, ddng thdi ddu ttanh cho nhiing cai each nham dua ehiing ttdn gan hon vdi ehu nghia xa bdi nhu ddu tranh eho viec tang miic luong toi thieu, dam bao kg hoach y te qudc gia, thue hien tu do sinh sdn, hd ttp eho sinh vien, bao ve ngudi ddng tmh, song tinh va chuygn gidi, ehdng phdn biet chung tdc...
Ddi vdi phong ttao chu ngbia xa bdi dan chii tten thg gidi, mac dii chua cd qudc gia ndo thiet lap ddy du chu ngbia xa hpi ddn chu. Tuy nhign, nhiing thdnh tuu tten eac mat cua timg qudc gia la ddng ghi nhan vd cdn duoc hpc hoi, nhdn rdng nhu md hinh nha nude phiic lpi todn dien dTbuy Dign; he thdng cham sdc siic khde qude gia Canada; chuong trinh cham sde tre em todn qudc cua Phap va chuang ttmh xda mu chii eua Nicaragua...
Hp cdng thira nhan nhiing khd khan eiia eac md hinh xa hdi ehii nghia dan chii a chau Au dudd su tde ddng eiia qud trinh toan cdu hda. Dd la sir canh tranh gay gdt tii thi trudng lao ddng
gid re d cde nude dang phat ttign; nguy ca dich chuyen san xudt ra ben ngodi canh tranh cung nhu cae quy dinh khdt khe ve lao ddng.
Tii nhiing thdch tinic dd, hp cho rdng viec xay dung chii ngbia xa hdi dan chii phai dugc tign hdnh d cap dp qudc tg. Sir dich chuygn eiia eae tap dodn da qudc gia phai dupe kiem soat mdt each dan chii; cac no luc eua td chirc edng nhan phai vuon ra ngodi bien gidi. Hien nay ddi hdi hon bao gid het, chii nghia xa hdi phdi la mdt phong ttdo qudc te.
3. Nhihig boat dong chu yeu cua DSA Nam 1987, nhan ky niem 25 nam ngay xudt ban cudn The Other America eua Michael Har- rington, DSA da td chiie cdc cudc mit tinh, giang day, hpp bao tai hon 100 thdnh phd tren toan nude My nham keu gpi cdng ly eho tat ca mgi ngudi, ddng thdi phdn ddi cat giam ttp cdp y te, cac khoan phiie lpi, tra cdp lign bang vg nha d...
Trong nhiing nam 1990, nhiing cudc ddu ttanh ciia DSA tap trung vao eac muc tidu chinh nhu hd trp cham sdc siic khde cho tdt ea mpi ngudi, cai each phuc lpi xa hdi, ehdng lai nhung dieu kien khac khd va tinh ttang toan cdu hda vd td ehiic. Giai doan tir nam 2000-2015, DSA tham gia cac boat ddng nhdm phdn ddi chien tranh d Iraq vd Afghanistan; hd tra cac chuang trinh nghi su nhdm dam bdo su cdng bdng ve kinh tg, dia vi, ehiing toe vd gidd tinh.
Tham gia cic boat dong tranh cu Nam 2008, DSA ling bd manh me iing eii vign Tdng thdng cua Dang Dan chii Barack Obama ttong eude dua vdi iing cii vien Dang Cdng hda John McCain. Hp cho rdng Obama Id iing cii vien tdng thdng dan chu khd thi vd tign bd nhat ke tir Robert F. Kermedy nam 1968.
Nam 2014, DSA da phat ddng chign dieh ung hd Bernie Sanders tranh cii tdng thdng My. DSA hieu rdng, trong cdc ehuong trinh dan chii xa
LYLUAN CH[NHTRI-So10/2019
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hdi cua Bemie Sanders mac du khdng the thuc hien day dii mue ttgu xa bdi ehii nghia Id thiet lap quyen sd hiru xa hdi va sd hiiu eiia cdng nhdn ddi vdi nen kmh te. Nhung ttong bdi cdnh hien nay, chuong ttinh ciia Sanders da chiing minh nhimg cam himg triet de va nhiing dae diem xa hdi chu nghia khi bdy td phan ddi sa hiiu nha nude eua cdc tap doan tuban, iing bd nhiing ngudi edng nhan, xdy dung eae phong trao xa hdi dai chiing nhdm thay ddi quan he quygn luc hien nay.
Chien dich ilng hd nay duge thuc bien trong eude bdu eii sabd ciia Dang Ddn chu nhdm tranh cu ling vien duy nhdt eiia Dang nay ra ttanh cii tdng thdng My. Mac du khdng gianh thdng lpi nhung thdng qua chign dich nay, uy tin cua DSA ngay mdt tang, cdc thdnh vien gia nhap ngdy mdt nhigu vdi ttgn 24 nghin thanh vien nam 2017.
Nam 2018, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, mdt nii chinh tri gia tte tudi cap tien cua Dang dan chii vd tu nhdn minh theo ehii nghia xa hdi dan chu da gianh chien thang trong cudc bau cu ha vien My vd chinh thiie trd thdnh nCr Ha nghi si tte tudi nhdt hien nay. Lap trudng ciia Ba rat tuong ddng vdi nhung ly tudng ciia DSA. Dd la chign ddu cho su cdng bdng, bao ve tdng Idp lao ddng, cdi thien dieh vu y te edng, miin phi giao due d cdc trudng Dai hpc cdng, hd trp viec lam cho ngudd lao ddng...
Trong dau nam 2019 vira qua, mdt loat nha boat ddng chinh tti tu nhan la thanh vign eiia DSA da gianh chign thdng ttong eude dua vao Hdi ddng thanh phd Chicago ciia My. Dd la cdc thdnh vign Byron Sigeho-Lopez, Jeanette Taylor, Andre Vasquez, Rossana Rodriguez-Sanchez, Carlos Rosa va Daniel La Spata. Chien thdng eua nhiing ngudi theo xa hdi ehu nghia ddn ehu nay da thu hiit manh me su ehii y cua cdng ehung My vd nhieu nude tren thg gidi.
Trang Web tiieguardian.com da dang tai bai viet eua tae gia Micah Uetricht ed nhan dg "Lan sdng xa hdi ehii nghia My dang phat trien manh me d Chicago". Bai bao viet: "Hoa Ky dang ttai qua mdt ldn sdng xa hdi chu nghia ngay bay gid.
Ldn sdng dd da den tii Chicago ddm qua, noi cac nhd xa hgi ehu ngbia dan ehu da gianh thdng lpi ldn trong vdng bdu eii thii hai, cudi cimg ciia cudc ban cu thdnh phd"'^'.
Cling vdi nhiing tiidng lpi tten, hoat dgng eua thugng nghi si bang Vermont Bemie Sanders vd dai dien New York Alexandria Oeasio-Cortez; sir gia tang manh me thdnh vien cua DSA len 7 ldn ttong 3 nam qua, vupt qua eon sd hon 60 nghin ngudi da tao ra lan sdng ehii nghia xa hpi lan rdng khdp nude My.
Bdi bdo ciing khdng dinh: "Nhiing chign thdng xa hdi ehii nghia ciia Chicago dem qua khdng phai Id dieu tiinh ed, may mdn. Tren khdp ddt nude, mpi ngudi met mdi vdi miic luong thdp, chi phi nha d tang cao, tu nhan hda hang hda cdng cdng, cat giam ngan sach va tang cho cdng ty tign cdng. Hp da ed gdng thdt limg budc bungvathayeudcsdngkhdnkhd. Ngu cupc bau cii d Chicago la bat ky ddu bieu nao, ed le hp da sdn sang cho chii nghia xa hdi"'^'.
Cic hoat ddng hien tai cua DSA Hien tai, cac boat ddng chii yeu cua DSA la van dgng eho chinh sdch cham sde siie khde eho mpi ngudi. Dudi he thdng xa hdi chu nghia dan chu, mpi ngudi se cting nhau eung cdp cac dich vu cham sde siic khde nhu mdt xa hdi. Ndi dung quan ttpng niia ttong boat ddng ciia DSA hien nay la ddu ttanh xay dung he tiidng cdng doan vimg manh nhdm du siic bao vg ngudi lao ddng va ehdng lai nhiing ehinh saeh khdng mong mudn eua eac nha tu ban. Tiep tuc phat ddng ehien dich ung bp iing vidn Bemie Sanders ttanh eii chiic tdng tiiong My nhiem ky 2021 - 2025, hd
L* LUAN CHlNHTR!-So 10/2019
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ttg cac iing eu vign xa hdi chu nghia dan chu chay dua vdo van phdng dia phuong va nha nude, ddng thdd giiip cdc iing vien da tning cii giu vijng vi thg eua hp ciing la mpt nhigm vu quan ttpng eua DSA.
Tren phuong dien ly luan, mac dii DSA thira nhan hp la nhimg ngudd xa hdi chu nghia nhung tu tirdng xa hdi chu nghia ciia hg la khdng triet de, khdng dua tren ngn tang ly luan eua chii n ^ a Mae - Ldnin. Hp chi mudn thay ddi, cai tao chu nghia tu ban nhdm hudng tdd su cdng bdng ban, binh ddng hon chii khdng hudng tdi viee danh do ehu nghia tu ban nhdm tign tdi xay dimg ehu nghia xa hdi.
Tu quan diem sdng ehung vdd ehu nghia tu ban, con dudng ddu tranh cda hp ciing la con dudng md phdp ludt tu san cho phdp va phai ttong khudn khd ciia phdp ludt tu san. Dd la eon dudng van dgng nhdm thay ddi chinh sach ciia nhd nude My; tham gia ttanh cii vao cae chiic vu chinh quygn cac cdp; td ehiic mittmh, bidu tmh, tuyen truyen hop phdp nhdm gia tang sir anh hudng; td chiic ddu ttanh hgp phdp thdng qua eac td chiic cdng doan...
Mac du khdng dua ttdn ngn tang tu tirdng eua chii ngbia Mde - Lenin nhung nhung tu tirdng xa hdi chii nghia cua hp cdng chiia dung nhigu gia tri tign bd va cd nhieu digm tuong ddng vdi ly ludn ciia chu ngbia Mac - Lenin. Dd Id tu tudng de cao vai ttd eua ngudi lao ddng trong viec xay dung va hoach dinh cac ehinh saeh; phe phdn su bdt bmh ddng, quyen Igd tap trung ttong tay thigu sd it ngirdi tu ban gidu cd; de eao vai tto cua sd hiiu xa hgi...
Dac biet, quan diem eiia DSA eoi ehii ngbia xa hdi phai la mgt phong trao qude tg, phai duoc xay dung d cdp dd quoc tg, cae phong ttao ddu ttanh ciia td chiic cdng nhan phai vuon ra ngodi bien gidi rat gdn vdd tmh thdn qudc tg vd san ciia
giai cdp cdng nhan, dupe cac nhd sdng lap chu nghia Mae - Lenin phat hien vd ddy edng xay dung ttong hon the ky qua.
Tren phutmg dien thuc tiSn, vdi nhiing hoat ddng tich cue cua DSA, eimg vdd eae boat ddng nghi tnrdng eua nhigu iing vign tu thua nhan minh la ngudd xa hdi ehii nghia dan chii nhu Bemie Sanders, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez... da lam cho khai niem "xahpi chu ngbia", "chii ngbia xa hdi" xudt hien ngay cang phd bign ttong xa hdi My hien nay. Nd da ttd thdnh ldn sdng du luan manh me thu hut su chii y cua ddng ddo cdng chiing My. Mae dii cdn nhieu y kien phan ddi, thd hien su chia rg vg lap trudng, quan digm va lpi Ich giiia eae giai cap, tang Idp khac nhau ttong xa hdi My nhung nhung hoat ddng cua DSA ciuig nhu eua eae nha boat ddng chinh tri thidn ta mang ttong minh tu tudng xa hdi chu ngbia da vd dang gia tang anh hirdng ttong xa bdi My hien nay.
Sir anh hudng nay chua the lam thay ddi dupe ban chat ciia xa hdi My, chua ldm thay ddi cde chinh sdeh ddi ndi va ddi ngoai eua Nha nude My nhung nd eung la chi dau can quan tdm nhdm higu hon ve xu the ehinh tri cua nude My ciing nhuxu the phdt trign cua phong ttdo cdnh ta d My vd ttgn thg gidi bien nay, qua dd giup cho Dang va Nha nude ta cd nhung ehinh sdch ddi ngoai phii hpp nhdt tten eon dudng dua nude ta tien len ehu ngbia xa hdi D
(1) Lich su cua nhiing nguoi xa hpi chu nghia dan chu My giai doan 1971-2017.
bttps://www.dsausa.org,tmy cap ngay 15-5-2019.
(2), (3) Micah Uetricht: "Lan sdng xahoi chu ngbia My dang phat triin manh me a Chicago", https://www.tbeguardian.com, tmy cap ngay 15- 5-2019.
LYLUAN CHINHTR!-So10/2019
