^ NGHIEN CtfU-PHATTRIJNLYLUAN
CHU NGHIA MAC-LENIN
VE DAN CHU XA HOI CHU NGHIA: GIA TRj BEN VONG VA N H O N G LUAN D I E M CAN LAM SANG TO
* TS NGUYEN VAN QUYET Hoc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Clii Minh
* ThS HA MINH HOAN Tru&ng Chinh tri tinh Yen Bai
• Tom tdt: Dan chu xa hot chu nghia (XHCN) la mgt trong nhiing ngi dunged bdn trong ly luan cua chti nghia Mac - Lenin ve chii nghia xa hgi (CNXH). Mtfc tieu cao nhat cua dan chu XHCN Id thiet lap mot xa hgi mdi tot dep hOn so vdi chii nghia tti ban, thiet lap mgt nen ddn chil cho dong ddo nhdn ddn lao dgng, mgt nen ddn chu nhdn vdn, tien bg, vi hanh phiic con ngUdi. Bdi viet ndy phdn tich nhiing gid tri cot loi ben vUng vd chi ra mgt so vdn de ve ddn chu XHCN da bt hodn cdnh lich sil vtidt qua cdn bo sung phdt trien cho phu hdp vdi dieu kien hien nay.
• TH khoa: ddn chu, ddn chu xa hgi chd nghia.
1. Gia tri ben vimg trong quan diem ciia chu khach quan. Tuang ling vm cac trang thai phat nghia Mac - Lenin ve dan chu xa hoi chu nghTa trien kinh te - xa hgi, lich su loai nguoi trai qua
Mot la, dan chu xa bgi chu nghia la ket qua nhieu "kieu" dan chu khac nhau.
qua trinh phat trien lau dai cda lich sii. C.Mac Trong lich sti, dan chu da co mam mong, va Ph.Angghen nhan thirc tcit ro ring, dan chu phoi thai trong xa hpi cpng san nguyen thuy.
khong phai la san pham cua tu nhien; khong Dan chii giai doan nay mang y nghia la mpi xuat phat tir mong muon chii quan cua hat ky thanh vien trong xa hpi deu co quyen binh ca nhan hay giai cSp nap. Trong doi song xa hpi, dang nhu nhau ve lpi Ich kinh te, tham gia cong dan chu vira ton tai hien hiru duoi dang nhirng viec cpng dong. Su phat trien ciia luc lupng san quan he vat chat, CO the kiem chung dupc; deng xuat da dan den phan chiaxa hpi thanh giai thai, cung tdn tai duoi dang y thuc, dd la cac gia cap thong tri va hi thong tti. Tir do, cac quyen tri ve tinh than trong tu tuang. Dan chii la sir binh dang von co cua mpi thanh vien trong xa phat ttien lau dai cua lich sii theo cac quy luat hpi cong san nguyen thily dan dan bl tuoc mat.
LVLUAN CHiNH TRj-So 8/2019
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Mdt nghich ly eua su phat ttien la: "Mdi budc tign mdi eua ngn vdn minh, ddng thdi cung la mdt budc Udn mdi cua su bat binh dang. Xa hdi ra ddi cung vdi van minh, tdt ca nhiing the che do xa hdi tap ra deu bien thdnh nhflng thg che di ngugc lai mue dich ban ddu"'". Chinh vi vdy, ttong lieh su da khdng ngimg dign ra cac cude dau ttanh ciia nhan dan gidnh lai quyen dan cbu cua minb. Mdt diera chung, tu khi thodt khdi xa hdi cpng san nguyen thuy dgn tnrdc kM thigt lap dupe xa hdi cpng san van rainh, ndn dan cbii deu mang ban chdt va phuc vu cho lgi ieh cua giai cap thdng tti. Ngn dan chu ay cung chinh la su pban anb tririh dp phat trign eua luc lugng san xuat cdn chua phat trien day du, dua trgn che dd chiem biiu tu nhdn ve tu lieu sdn xuat.
Trong edc xa bdi cd giai cap va nha nudc, ddn chu la cdng cu, phuang tidn duge giai cdp thdng tri dflng de cung cd, bdo ve dia vi thdng tri eiia minh thdng qua luat hda cde quygn cdng ddn, quygn con ngudi; nhung ddng tbdi, dan chu cflng la nggn cd dg giai cap bi thdng tti ddu tranh gianh vd bdo ve edc quyen ciia minh. Cac phong trao dau tranh cua nhdn dan lao dgng Cling Id ddu tranh cho cde quyen tudo, dan chu, nhan quygn. Do dd, C.Mac vigt: "...ehiing ndo cdn chua gianh dugc cMnh quyen dan chu thi nhiing ngudi eOng san vd nhiing ngudi ddn chil edn kg vai sat eanh chidn ddu va lgi ieh nhflng ngudi dan ehii cung la lpi ieh cua nhiing ngudd edng sdn"'^'.
Trpng Uen trinh van ddng do, dan chil XHCN khdng tu nbien xudt bien md la ket qua phat trign ciia nhdn loai: "Bdt cii thd dan chu nao khac dgu chi cd the tdn tai trong dau de nhiing nha ly luan uygn bdc, khdng edn bidt g^ dgn nhiing su kien thuc te va cho rdng khdng phai con ngudi trong hodn canh da phat trien cac
nguygn tdc md cbinh cac nguyen tdc tu nd phdt trien thanh ddn chii trd thanh nguyen tdc ciia giai cap vd sdn, nguyen tac cua quan chung"'^'.
Vdi su phat trign manh me cila luc lugng san xudt, qud trinh xd hdi hda san xudt dan den xa hdi hda chg dp chiem huu tu Meu san xudt, nen dan chu XHCN ra dda pban anh trinh dp phdt trign cua phuong thirc san xuat ay.
Thuhai, stic sdng cua nen din chuxahdichu nghia chinh la su tham gia ddng dao cua nhan din lao ddng vao quan lynha nudc, quan lyxa hdi Vdo nhiing nam ddu cua thdp ky 40 the ky XIX, CMac da trinh bay cd he thdng quan digra cua minh ve nen ddn chu nhan dan thdng qua viec phg phdn quan digra duy tdm eiia Heghen trong llnh vuc triet hpc phap quygn. Heghen eho rdng, nha nudc sinh ra xa hpi cdng ddn, nhdn ddn la vdt lieu, phuang tien bigu dat ndi dung khai niem nha nude, C.Mac ebi rd, khdng phai nbd nudc sinh ra xa hdi cdng dan, md ngugc lai, xa hdi cdng dan sinh ra nhd nudc:
"...su that Id nha nude xuat Men tu cai sd ddng dy, cdi sd ddng tdn tai dudi dang nhimg thdnh vien cua gia dinh va nhiing thdnh vien cua xa hdi cdng dan""'. Nhdn ddn la chu thg dich thuc ciia nha nudc, va boi vay, xet ve mat ban chat, nhd nudc khdng cd chu quygn, md chu quyen dy thude vg nhdn ddn: "Che dp dan ehii xuat phat tir con ngudd va bidn nhd nudc thanh con ngudd duoe khdch thg hda"'^'. Tii do, C.Mac cho rdng, khdng phai moi nha nude dgu mang hinh thuc dan chii, nbung co sd Mnh thanh va ton tai eua bat ky nha nude ndo deu la su ddng gdp chii quyen eiia edc edng ddn. C.Mdc cung da chi ra rdng, dan ehii bda nha nudc la mgt tinb quy luat trong lieh sii, qua trinh ay chi ket thiic khi dat ddn trang thai hoan bi eua nd, tuc la trd thdnh su tu quy dinh eua nhdn ddn mgt each true tiep ma khdng can bat cu binh thirc nhd
LYLUAN CHINHTRhSo8/2019
^ NGHigN CtfU - PHAT TRI^N LV L U A N
Ca mua nhqc tai Ldng Van hoa - Du Uch cdc ddn tpc Viet Nam _Anh: toandaiidoanket.bvhttdlgovvn nude nao, va do dd, ddn chu theo nghia "quygn
luc nha nudc thudc vg nhdn dan" eung sg khdng cdn nfla.
Ke thua tu tudng ciia C.Mac vd Ph.Anggben, V.I.Lgnin da nhieu lan khang dinh, ddn cbu XHCN tiic la quyen lue nha nudc thudc vg nbdn ddn, nhdn ddn sii dung quygn luc cua rainh de qudn ly cdng viec nba nudc. Nban dan cd quygn lam chu trong tdt ca cac linh vuc cua ddd sdng xa hdi, tu kinh tg, cbinh tri, van hda, xa hdi.
Ngudi viet: "Todn bd quygn luc tdi cao trong nude phai thupc ve edc dai bieu cila nhdn ddn, do nhdn dan ban ra, cd thg bi nban dan bai chiic bdt culue nao"'^'. De tbuc Men nen dan chu do, mdt mat nbdn dan phai ttcb cue thara gia vao cdng viec qudn ly nha nudc, mat khac, nhd nudc phdi khdng ngung md rdng cac quyen tu do, dan chil cua nhan ddn: "dua vdo sdng kign cua
ban than quan chung, vdd su tham gia thuc su cua qudn chung vao tat ca ddi sdng cua nha nudc..Quan chung cang cbii ddng, edng cd nhieu y kign, cdng manh dan va cang cd ttnh thdn sang tao khi tign hdnh cdng viec dd tM lai cdng tdt"'''.
Tbuc te xdy dung CNXH cho thay, nhiing ludn diem tren day eua cac nha kinh dien cdn nguyen gid tti. De dan chu XHCN trd thanh Men thuc, cd sue sdng, nhat dinh pbai huy ddng dugc sue manh, su sang tao eua nhan ddn - chil the gdc cua quyen luc.
Thuba, muc tieu caonhatcua dan chuxahdi chu nghia la hudng tdi hanh phdc cho nhan dan lao dong Theo cae nha kinh dign, dan chu xgt dgn cimg la su gidi phdng con ngudi de di ddn tu do, binh ddng, hanh phuc ebo radi ca nhan va ca cdng ddng.
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Con ngudi, du xem xet tii goe dp ca the, hay mpt thanh vign cila xa hdi, kM suih ra da ed cac quygn co ban nhtn dugc sdng, tu do, muu can hanh phiic, true tiep hay gian tiep tham gia vdo quan ly xd hgi. Mdi budc tien ciia dan chii phan anh ttang thai, muc dp giai phdng con ngudi ttong tign trinh lieh sii. Thdng qua cac cudc dau tranh dg gianh Idy dan cbu, con ngudi ngay cang thoat khdi xigng xich cua dp biic giai cdp, nang cao vi the va ndng luc thuc hanh dan ehu eua minh.
Theo quan digm eiia cae nha kmh dien, dan chu cd nMeu cap dp khde nhau, cdp dp ddu tien ma giai cdp vo san hudng tdi la gianh duge quyen lue chinh tri. Theo edc dng, trong each mangXHCN, gianh quygn luc cMnh tri dupe coi la "ttgn dg ddu tign eua cua tat cd mgi bien phdp cdng sdn chii ngbia"'^'. Trong qua trinh dd, dan chu la cdng cu, phuong tign, cd muc tigu trudc mdt Id gidnh cbinh quyen ve tay giai cap cdng nhan: "dg gianh dupe quygn luc chinb tri, giai cdp vd san cflng can den nhirng hinh thuc dan chu, nhung ddi vdi nd, nhflng Mnh tiuic ddn chu eung nhu tdt ca cdc binh thuc chinh tri chi la phuang tien ma thdi"'^'.
Muc tteu cao nhdt cila ddn chu XHCN la thidt lap mdt xa hdi mdi tdt dep hon so vdi chii nghia tu ban, hudng den giai phdng eon ngudd, hanh phiic ciia nhdn dan: "...dac trung chu ygu nhat cua ngn ddn chii chdn cMnh Id nd phai phii nban lich su cua niroe nd, nd phii tu bd mpi ttach nhiem ddi vdi cdi qua khir ddy ddy canh ngheo khd, nen tiidng tri bao tan, ach dp buc giai cap vd me tin di doan"'"*'. Day la mue tieu eao nhat eiia ngn ddn chu XHCN.
Bdn li, gii tri ve phuang phip luin. Nhiing quan diera ve dan ehu xa bgi chu nghia ciia ehu ngbia Mdc - Lenin khdng chl cd y nghia vg ndi dung ma edn cd gid tri ve phuong phap luan. Cdc
dng eho rdng ddn ehii XHCN kbdng cd muc dich tu than, khdng diing ddc lap so vdi eac Unh vue khde cua ddi song xa hdi ma "...bat cd nen ddn chu nao, xdt dgn cung, cflng dgu phuc vu san xuat va xgt den cimg, deu do cdc quan be san xudt ttong mgt xa bdi nhdt dinh quyet dinli""".
Dan chu la mdt pham tru thudc kidn tnic thupng tdng bi quy dinh bdi casdha tang. Trinh dp phdt trign ca sd ha tang quy dinh ndi dung, tinh chat eua kign tnic thupng tang, do dd, kM xem xet ndi dung, tinh chdt, rauc dich eua ngn dan ehii khdng thoat ly, tach rod tririh dp phat trign kirih te - xa hgi, cdi ca sd da suih ra nd.
Ban than phep bien ehung duy vdt eiia chii nghia Mdc cflng cho thay, bat ky su vat, hien tupng ndo ra ddd cflng trgn ea sa ke thira nhung mat, yen td tien bd cua cai eu, cdi ma nd phii dinh, chuygn hda vao thar± phdn cua cai mdi tren ca sd cao hon. Dan ehu XHCN ra ddi thay thg dan chu tu sdn, cflng ke thua nhirng gia tri tich cue, tien bd cua ngn dan chii tu san, va edc ngn dan chu trudc dd, day chinh la su phu dinh bien chiing. Nhan thicc quan diem ndy de khdng roi vdo quan diem chu quan, sign hinh, mdi giai doan phat trien, mdi nen ddn chu khac nhau se cd cde dac diem khac nhau. Dd ddn cbu hda ddi sdng xa hdi, khdng cM dimg cac bien phdp thudn tiiy chinh tri ma phai xudt phat tir chinh su phat trien cua ddd sdng kinh te, chinh tri, van hda, xd hpi. KM edc dieu kien do da ed su thay ddi, nhat dinh eiing phai cd su thay ddi trong nhan tbuc ve dac trung, dieu kien thuc hien ddn cbii.
Xu thg chung su pbat trign ciia lich sii theo quy Mat tu thdp den cao, tu kem hoan tiiien den hoan tMen, nhimg ngn dan chu chl dg phuc vu ebo Igi ich cua mgt nhdm giai cap thdng ttj nhat dinh phai dupe tbay the bdi mdt nen dan cbu cho ddng ddo nhan dan lao ddng, mpt nen dan
LY LUAN CHJNHTRhSo 8/2019
NGHIEN CtfU - PHATTRIEN LV LUAN
chii nhan van, tien bg vi hanh phuc con ngudd.
Dd la gid tri ben vimg cua chu ngMa Mde vg dan chu XHCN.
2. Mot so Man diem ve dan chu xa hoi chii nghia da b| hoan canh lich sir vtrot qua va nhirng npi dung c^n lam sang to hien nay
Mdtsdiuan diem da bt hoan canhlich sti vupt qua: (1) Vg ea chg tbiK: bdnh nen ddn chu xa hdi chu ngMa, trong nhieu tac pham, V.I.Lenm ebo rang, dan chu XHCN ddng nhdt vdi che dp tu qudn ciia qudn chiing ngn khdng can ddn "quan lai, canh sdt, qudn ddi": "Dan cbu tu co sd len, ddn cbu khdng cd bpn quan lai, kbdng cd canh sat, khdng cd quan dpi thudng truc...""^'. Tuy nhign, thuc tg xdy dung CNXH ebo tbay, ttong thdi ky qud dd len CNXH, viec tdn tai nha nudc Id tat yeu khach quan. Khi nha nudc cdn tdn tai, khdng the khdng cd nhirng con ngudi va cdng eu dg thuc tM quygn lue - flic Id "quan lai, canh sdt, qudn dpi thudng true". Do dd. ludn diem nay da bi lich sir vugt qua. (2) Ve tinb giai cdp cua ngn ddn chu xa hdi cbu ngMa, ttong nMeu tac pham, V.I.Lenin cho rdng, dan chu XHCN sg loai bd hodn toan giai cdp thdng tri, bdc lot (tu san) ra khdi ddd sdng chinh tri: "Dan chii ebo tuyet dai da sd nhdn dan vd ttdn dp bdng vu luc bgn bdc lot, bpn dp buc nhan ddn, nghia Id tude bd ddn chil ddi vdi bpn cbiing: dd la su bien ddi cua che do dan chu ttong tbdi ky qui dp tu chu ngMa tu ban len ehu nghia cdng san""^'; "Tinh ebdt xa hdi chil nghia cua chd dd ddn chii xd-viet, - tue la chg do ddn chil vd sin ngu ap dung nd mdt each cu thg, nhat dinh, - la d chd: trudc bet, cac cii tri deu phdi Id quan chiing lao dgng vd bi bdc lot, cdn giai cap tu san thi bi loai ra..."^'; hoac:
"Van de cudi ctmg tdi cdn phai bdn dgn la van de vai trd linh dao cua giai cap vd sin va van di tude quyen bau cu. Hign phap cua chiing ta thira nhdn cho giai cdp vd san cd dia vi uu dai hon giai
cap ndng dan vd tude bd quygn bdu cii eiia bpn bdc ldt"<^5'... Trong thdi ky qua dp len CNXH, do trinb dp phdt ttign luc luang san xuat cbua eao, tir dd dan ddn su da dang ttong che dp sa biiu vg tulleu san xudt, tdn tai nMgu giai cdp khde nhau.
Cac giai cdp deu la bd phdn cdu thdnh cila mdt dan tdc, qudc gia va binh ddng trude phdp luat.
Digu ndy cho thay, viec "loai" bdt eii mpt giai cap ndo ra khdi nen ddn chu dgu la khdng phii hgp.
Va Men nay, d hau bet cdc nudc XHCN, khdng ed qudc gia nao "loai" giai cdp tu san, giai cap bdc lot eua ehd do cu ra khdi thdnh phdn cii tri.
[3) Vg quygn binh ddng cua phu nii, can cii vao thuc te cdc nude tu san Ifle dd, V.I.Lenin khai quat: "Trgn ldi ndi, chg dp dan ehu tu san hiia hen binh ddng vd tu do. Trong thuc te, khdng mpt nude cdng hda tu san nao, dii Id nudc tien tien nhdt, (fade cho mdtnua loai ngudi la niigidi duac hoan todn binh ddng vdi nam gidd trudc phdp luat, vd giai pbdng phu nd khdi subao ttp va su dp biic cua nam gidi"'"". Cd the tbdy, ludn digm ndy da bi licb sir vugt qua, d cde qudc gia tu ban bien nay, quyen binh ddng cua phu nu trong chinh tri da dupe edng nhdn (d mdt sd nudc, phu nu cd mat nay hay mat kia bi phdn biet ddi xu vg chinh tri nhung chii yeu lien quan dgn tdn gido, boac yeu td khac chii khdng phdi che dp chinh tri).
Nhung ndi dungcan lam sing to hien nay. (1) Trong nen dan chii XHCN, phuang thuc dg ngudi ddn lam chu bdng each nao, nd khde vdi phuang tiuic lam ehu (cua ngudi ddn) d edc nudc tu ban ra sao; cde quyen tu do, dan cbu ciia edng dan (d edc nudc xa hdi chu nghia) kbdc vdi quygn tu do, dan chu (cua nhdn dan) ttong cdc nudc ttr ban nhu thg nao? Bdi xet den cimg, trgn phuang dien chinh tn, che dp ddn chu dugc bigu Men ttgn hai pbuong dien chu ygu dd. Trong kM nhung ttnh ddc tiiu cd tinh pbd qudt nhu: che dp
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su him, ndn ting chinh tri - xa hpi, cache van hinh cua nen dan chii XHCN ehua thg la ca sd ly luan - thuc tign true tigp de giai dap mach lac, thuyet phuc nhung vdn dg ngu tten. Tu do dat ra yeu cau, can lam sang td ea chg van hanh, cae ky thuat de nen ddn chu XHCN boat ddng theo quan diem eiia edc nhd kinh dien. (2) Ve quan digm phii dinh bien chiing nen ddn chu tu san, nhin nhan mpt cdch khach quan, ben cfuih nhirng ban chg, dan chii tu san cflng ed nbiing mat tieh cue nhat dinh, vi nhu: nhan ddn true tigp thg Men cbinh kien ciia minh trudc cde vdn de Idn cua ddt nude thdng qua trung cdu dan y;
ea che cu the dg nhan ddn bai mign dai bieu khi khdng cdn phu bgp, true tigp lua chgn ngudd ldnh dao thdng qua bdu cir, eg che kiem soat quyen luc nha nudc... nhimg hinh thiic dd duge thue tign kigm nghigm la ed Meu qua, v§y chung ta cd the tigp tbu, kg thua gi tir nhung bai hpc kinh nghiera dd. (3) Vg radi quan h$ giira nhan td chu quan va khach quan ttong thuc hien chg do ddn chii XHCN. Cde nhd kuib dign eho rdng, ddn chil ed nghia la binh ddng, ma binh ddng thgc su cM didn ra khi khdng cdn su pbdn chia gjai cap. Nhung giai cdp la san pham va he qua cua chg dp chigm him tu nhdn ve tu lieu san xuat, ebe dp nay lai gdn vdi trinh do phdt trien lue lupng sdn xuat. Mdt mat, chiing ta khdng dmh xay dung ngn dan chii XHCN, thuc hien quygn bmh ddng gitia cac cdng dan; mat kbdc, Cling khang dinh quygn sd hiiu tu nhdn vg tu lieu san xuat sg cdn tdn t£U lau dai, la tat ygu trong thdi ky qua dp Idn CNXH. Vdy, phdi giai quygt hdi hda mdi quan he gifla mong mudn xdy dung ngn dan chu XHCN vdi tinh tdt ygu khdch quan eua che dp sd him tu nhdn tu lieu san xudt ttong thdi ky qua dp len CNXH nhu the nao?
Ly luan la su phan anh thuc tign vdo dau dc eon ngudi, giai doan ddu thgkyXX, do edc ddc
didm kinh te, ehinh tri, nhdt la bdi canh cu thg ciia each mang Thang Mudi Nga ldc dd, edc nhd kinb dign cd the dua ra nhflng sach luge tam thdd, trudc mat de ciing cd, bao ve chinh quygn Xd viet. Nhung kbi thuc tg van dgng xa hdi thay ddi, ly Man la cdi phdn dnh nd cflng phai bien ddi theo cho phu hgp vdi thue tidn.
Ly luan ve phuong thiic, ca che van hanb eua nen dan cbuXHCN ciing khdng nam ngodi quy Mat dd D
(1) CMac va PhAngghen: Toan tap, Nxb Chinh tn qudc gia. Ha Npi, 1995, t.20, tt. 198.
(2) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen: Toan tap, Nxb Chinh tti qudc gia. Ha Ndi, 1995, t.4, tr.391.
(3) CMdc vd Ph,Angghen: Toan tap, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Ndi, 1995, t.2, tt.791.
(4), (5) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen: Toan tap, Nxb Chinh tti qudc gia. Ha Ngi, 1995, r.l tt.329,350.
(6) VLLgnin: Toan tap, t.32, Nxb Tien bp, Matxcova, 1981,tr.l80.
(7) V.I.Lenin: Tbdn fap, t.31, Nxb Tien bd, Matxcova, 1981, tt.336-337.
(8), (10) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen: roan tap, t.4, Nxb Chinh tti qudc gia, Ha Ndi, 1995, tt.391,546.
(9) CMac va PhAnggben: Toan tap, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Hd Ngi, 1995, t.36, tt.84.
(11) V.I.Lenm: Toan tap, t.42, Nxb Tien bg Matxcova, 1977, U. 345.
(12) V.I.Lgnin: Toan tap, t.31, Nxb.Tign bd, Mattccova, 1981,tt.337.
(13) V.I.Lenin: Toan tap, t.33, Nxb Tign bd, Matxcova, 1976, tt.l09.
(14), (15) V.I.Lgnin: Toan tap, t.36. Nxb Tien bd, Mdtxcova, 1978, tr.249,206.
(16) V.I.Lgnin: Toan tap, t.39, Nxb Tien bd, Matxcova, 1979, tt.325.
LYLUAN CHfNHTR!-So 8/2019
