NGHIEN CCrU - PHATTRIEN L* LUAN
N H O N G GOI M 6 CHO VIET NAM
Tir HOC THUYET HINH THAI KINH TE - XA HQI CUA CHU NGHiA MAC-LENIN
* G S , TS T R A N VAN P H O N G Vien Triet hoc, Hoc vien Chinh tii quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
• Tom tat: Xuat phdt tii dac tning ve trinh do ciia Itic lildng san xuat d Viet Nam la Men dai, hdn hien dai, tho sd dan xen, ket hdp nen quan he sdn xuat d Viet Nam nhdt dinh phdi la da dang nhieu thdnh phan; kien triic thiidng tdng cua chiing ta cdng chiia the co ddc triing thudn nhdt xd hoi chu nghia ngay diidc. Van dungLy luan hinh thdi kinh te-xa hqi Cita chit nghia Mdc - Lenin vdo Viet Nam chung ta cdn: ddo tao ngitdi lao diing co ky ndng vd phong cdch ldm viec doi mdi, sdng tao dexdy diing liic Itidng sdn xudt hien daU Ciing vdi gidi phdp tiikien true thiidng tdng phdi cogidiphdp tiicdsdha tdngdeddn hinh thanh ddc tning xd hgi chd nghia cua kien true thiidng tdng - cung co quan he sdn xudt, quan he trao doi trong kinh tenhd ntidc vd kinh tetdp the.
• Tii khoa: liic liidng sdn xudt, quan he sdn xudt, kiln true thiidng tdng.
I
Lyluanhinhthaikinhte-xahoicuachu cua nguoi lao dpng a nudc ta lat id la vua cd nghia Mac da co 172 nam tdn tai, phat ngudi lao dpng vdi trinh dp cao d cap do qudc te•trien. Thuc ttdn chinh tri - xa hdi cd nhieu vita cd ngudi lao dong vdi trinh ddlaodpng gian ddi thay, khoa hpc cdng nghe phat tien nhanh don bang chan tay, vira cd ngura lao ddng vua cd nhuvu bao. Nhtmg hpc thuyet nay vd coban v ^ trinh dp tay nghe cao dlTnh vuc nay nhung lai cd giiinguyen gia tri khoa hpc. Trong die'u Hen thuc tay nghd thu cdng a cdng doan khac cua chuoi tidn hien nay van dung hpc thuyet nay vao Viet san xuat. Ddi vdi cdng cu lao ddng ciing tuong tu.
Nam chiing ta can luu y mdt sd diem sau: cd su dan xen ciia cdng cu lao ddng thii cdng, cc Trinh dp luc lupng san xuat ciia Viet Nam hien khi, hien dai, tu ddng hda. Dau vao ciia san xuat nay iSt khdng ddng ddu. Day la dac tnmg rSt ro vat chat cflng vay, vua hidn dai, vita khdng hien net. Su khdng ddng deu cua trinh dp liic lucmg dai, vua cd dau vao vat thd, vira cd dau vao phi san xuat the hien d ca hai ydu td Cciu thanh la vat thd. Cac dieu kien cua san xuat vat chat nhu ngudi lao ddng va cdng cu lao dpng. Ve ttinh dd san bay, ben cang, dudng xa, cau cdng cQng
LfLUAN CHiNH TR!-So 3/2020
NGHIEN CO^U - PHATTRIEN L f L U A N
Van chuyin hdng hoa ra nuoc ngodi theo duang bien _ Anh: MH
tuong tu vua hien dai vua ban hien dai va cd khi con tho so. Tu day cho thay 6ac tnmg ve trinh dp luclupng sin xuat a VietNam la khong dong diu;
hien dai, han hien dai va tho sadan xen, ket hpp.
Tu dac trung luc lugng san xuat nhu vay nen quan he san xuat 6 Viet Nam nhat dinh phai la da dang, nhieu thanh phan. Bod le, thich iing vdi timg trinh dp cua luc lugng san xuat se co mgt loai hinh quan he san xuat phii hgp. Do vay, thuc hien nen kinh te nhieu thanh phan b Viet Nam la dung quy luat va phii hgp thuc tifin. Do vay, viec Dang Cgng san Viet Nam chu truang da dang hoa hinh thiic so him, da dang hoa hinh thicc phan phdi, td chiic quan ly san xuat va trao ddi la diing ddn. DiS'u nay cho thay co the co quan he san xuat mac dii khdng tien bo ve ban chat nhung con phu hpp voi trinh dp phat trien ciia luc lugng san xuat, cdn phat huy tac dung trong viec tao ra cua cai vat chat, tao ra cdng viec
cho ngudi lao ddng, gdp phan tang tnrdng kinh tg thi van con tdn tai. Dung nhu C.Mac da tung khang dinh: "Khdng mpt hinh thai xa hpi nao diet vong trudc khi tat ca nhung luc luong san xuat ma hinh thai xa hgi do tao dia ban d% du cho phat trien, vln chua phat trign, va nhiing quan he san xuat mdi, cao hon, cting khdng bao gidxuat hien trudc khi nhiing tdn tai vat chat cua nhiing quan he dd chua chin mudi trong long ban than xa hgi cu. Cho nen, nhan loai bao gid cung chi dat ra cho minh nhiing nhiem vu ma nd cd the giai quyet dugc, vi khi xet ky hon, bao gid ngudi ta cung thay r&ng ban than nhiem vu ay chi nay sinh khi nhitng digu Men vat chat de giai quyet nhiem vu do da cd rdi, hay It ra cung dang d trong qua tiinh hinh thanh"'".
Do vay, khong the ap dat hoac loai bo mot loai hinh quan he san xuat nao do mot each tuy tien, duyy chi duac. Van de dat ra la chiing ta
phai b^o dam dugc quan h0 san xuKt cua chiing ta phat trign vua theo diing quy luSt vira theo dung dinh hudng xa hgi chd nghia. Dinh hudng xa hgi chu nghia cua viec phdt trien quan hg san xuat o nuoc ta phai dugc thg hien 6 chd su phat tridn ciia quan hg s ^ xuat phai raang lai ddi sdng vat chat, tinh than tot hon cho con ngudi Viet Nam. Mudn vay, chung ta phai dinh hudng quan he san xuS^t xa hgi chu nghia trd thanh quan he dac trung trong quan he san xu^t cua chiing ta. Do vay, quan diem phat trign cac loai hinh quan hg san xuat nhimg khdng dg quan he san xufit tu ban chii nghia va kidn tnic thugng tSng tu ban chu nghia xac lap dia vi thdng tri la hoan toan diing dan.
Tu quan he san xuat da dang nhieu thanh phin cui^ nhit quan h$ trao doidanxennhuvay chung ta phai chap nhan kien true thuong tang cua chung ta cung chua the co dac trung thuan nhit xa hdi chu nghia ngay duac. Neu khdng nh£in ro digu nay sg lam cho chiing ta chu quan, ndng vdi, duy y chi. Chiing ta phai chap nhan kign tnic thupng tdng cua chiing ta cung cd su khdng thuan nhdt ca vd cac ygu td cdu thanh, ca vd cac khia canh ttong npi bg ttmg ygu to. Chdng han, trong timg yeu td cua y thiic thi tri thtic, tinh cam, niim tin ciing chua ddng bd, chua tuong thich vdi nhau. Giiia cdc Hnh thdi y thiic vdi cac thigt che xd hgi, hay ttong mdi thigt chg xa hpi nhu CO so phap ly; co che, bd may va con ngudi cung chua ddng bd, thdng nhat, tuong thich vdi nhau. Vdn de dat ra la chung ta phai lam moi each deki^n true thuang ting cua chung ta phai tiin tai co dac trung xahdi ch u nghia ma hien tai }admhhucmgxahpichunghia.Yematyihixc1la nhdt dinh phai lam cho chu nghia Mac-Lgnin, tu tudng Hd Chi Minh ttd thanh nen tang tu tudng ciia xa hdi. Ve mat thiet che xd hgi thi quan ttgng nhdt la phai xdy dung, cung cd dupe r±a nudc
cua nhdn dan, do nhan dan va vi nhdn dan do Dang Cgng san Viet Nam lanh dao.
2. Til nhung phdn tich tren cho thay, de van dung sdng tao ly ludn hinh thai kinh tg - xd hdi Ciia chii nghia Mac-Lenin vao digu kien thuc tign Viet Nam hien nay, chung ta can nhdn thiic va thuc hien mgt sd didm:
ThUnhit, vi luc lupng san xuat. Cungvdiviec phdt huy tdi da nhiing luc lugng san xuat hien CO, chiing ta phai cd cac bien phap de chuygn dac trung vi trinh do luc luong sin xuat a Viet Nam la khong ddng diu; hien d^, ban hien dai va tho sadanxen, ket hop thanh dac tnmgcdluc luang san xuit hien dai. Mudn vay, trudc mdt phai bdng hgp tac qudc tg va lau dai bdng ddi mdi can ban giao due, ddo tao, day nghe de thuc hien cudc each mang trong dao tao nguoi lao dpng hien dai. Chac chan khdng cdn xa nda nhan loai se di dgn chd bSng cap dao tao khdng cdn la can cudc duy nhdt dg tim kidm viec lam niia ma digu quan trgng la ky nang Idm vide Cling nhu phong each ldm viec ddi moi sang tao mdi la cdi quygt dinh. Ky nang lam viec cdngnhu phong each lam viec ddi mai sang tao cua nguai lao dpng cdng chinh la cai ma hien nay vi tuong lai se dong vai trd quyit dinh de lam cho luc luong sin xuit tra thanh Men dai. Viec dao tao nghe eho ngudi lao ddng phai trd thanh chiic ndng cua chinh doanh nghiep. Chinh doanh nghiep hay hiep hdi cac doanh nghiep se la noi dao tao ky nang va phong each lam viec ddi mdi sang tao cho ngudi lao ddng tdt nhat. Bdi le, doanh nghiep mdi cd thue tign san xudt, mdi trudng, dieu kien vat chdt de trau ddi, ren luyen, thu thach, ndng cao ky nang tay nghg cung nhu phong each lam viee ddi mdi sang tao. Gido due, dao tao khi dy tu than sg phai gdn vdd san xuat.
Ddng thdi, chiing taphai khac phuc didm nghen ciia CO sd ha tdng giao thong, hien dai hda san
LY LUAN CHINH TR!" So 3/2020
NGHIEN CUfU - P H A T TRIEN LV L U A N
bay, bgn cang, nhdtldhatangeosdthdngtinde chuan hi cho kinh tg sd, kinh te tti thuc phat trien. Ro rang la cimg vdi dau vao cua san xudt vdt chdt la nhizng nguyen, nhien lieu thi xu hudng cua kinh te sd, kinh te tri thiic ddi hoi dau vao cho san xudt la nhiing phdt minh, sang chg, thdng tin, tri thuc. Nhiing ygu td ddu vao ciia san xuat nhu phat minh, sang che, thdng tin, tti thiic chi dupe phdt huy khi co sd ha tdng thdng tin phat trien, hien dai hda.
Thuhai, ddi vai quan he sin xuat. Chiing ta cdn thdng nhat nhdn thiic quan he san xuat ndo dil phi xd hpi chu nghia nhung cdn phat huy tde dung cho phdt trien san xuat, tao ra nang suat, ehdt lupng, hieu qua ciia nen kinh te, edn phii hpp vdi trinh do cua lire lugng san xuat thi se edn CO sd tdn tai. Nghia la, ehiing ta khdng thiap dat hoac loai bo mgt loai binh quan he sin xuat nao do d nudc ta mpt each tuy ti€n, duy y chi duoc ma phai can cir vao su phii hgp hay khdng phil hgp ciia nd vdi tiinh do cua luc lugng san xudt.
Tuy nhign, tu nhieu loai hinh quan he san xudt nhu vdy, chung ta phai dinh hudng dupe quy dao ciia chiing la dinh hudng xd hpi chu nghia.
Mgt dieu ma xua nay chiing ta diu higu la quan he san xudt do trinh dp lue lugng san xuat quygt dinh nhung khi dinh hudng quan he san xuat, chung ta lai chi cd cac giai phap tir chinh quan he san xudt. Ro rang nhu vay la khdng dii va khdng triet dg. Tir bai hpc nay cho thay phai xudt phat tii trinh dp cua luc lupng san xudt cua thanh phan kinh te dac trung ddng vai ttd quyet dinh. Nghia la mudn xay dung dupe quan he san xudt xa hdi chu nghia (hay quan he san xuat dinh hudngxa hdi chu nghia), chiing ta vg lau dai, can edt phai xuat phat tii lue lugng san xuat eiia kinh te xd hdi chii nghia, ma d Viet Nam chlnh la kinh t§ nhd nudc, kinh tg tap the. Tdt nhign phai ket hgp vdi cde giai phdp tir quan he san xuat nhu
giai phap ve sdhiru, td ehiic quan ly san xudt, giai phap vg phan phdi san pham lao ddng. Nhung nhung giai phap tii phia quan he san xudt chi Id hd ttg, hau thuan chii khdng phai la gidi phap ddng vai ttd quyet dinh. Nhu vdy, nhiem vu dat ra la vira phat huy vai ttd ciia luc lugng san xudt cua tat ca eac dianh phan kinh tg phi nhd nude, phi tap the, vua phai cd bien phap phat trien lire lugng san xudt eiia kinh tg nha nudc, kinh te tap thg. Tren co sd dd mdi ttmg budc xay dung, hoan thien dugc quan he san xuat xd hdi chu nghia.
Do vay, trong tiidi ky qua dp nay, mdt mat ehiing ta phai tiing budc thuc hien su cdng bdng giiia cac thanh phan kinh tg, nhung mat khae, Nhd nudc cung phai cd nhirng "uu tien" nhat dinh ddi voi kinh te nha nudc, kinh te tap thg. Nhiing giai phap tif phia quan he san xuat phai dup'c chii y, dac biet la ehg dp phan phdi. Chiing ta nen tiep tiic thue hien phan phdi theo ket qua, higu qua san xuat kinh doanh; theo ddng gdp vdn va cac ngudn luc khae; theo an sinh xa hdi va phuc lgi xa hdi. Hinh tiiiic phan phdi nay vua tuan theo quy luat cua kinh te thi trudng, vua bao dam dinh hudng xd hdi chii nghia thdng qua an sinh xa hgi vd phiic lgi xa hpi.
Thu ba, ddi vdi quan he trao ddi. Mdt han ehg la ehung ta dudng nhu khdng de y tdi quan he ttao ddi trong nen kinh te tiii trudng - digu ma cac nha kinh dien chii nghia Mac-Lenin ludn dg cap. Ciing gidng nhu quan he san xudt, quan he trao ddi ciia Viet Nam hien nay cung khdng thuan nhat, chung khdng hodn toan la tiian tiieo quy luat ciia thi tiudng va eung khdng hoan toan la tuan tiieo nhung nguyen tac ciia ehu nghia xa hpi. Dg hoan thien quan he ttao ddi, tinjdc het chung ta phai hoan thien co sd phap Iy cua ttao ddi de giai quyet hai hda cac ben cua quan he trao ddi. Tren co sd do hinh thanh co che van hanh cho quan he ttao ddi. Trong ngn kinh te thi
ti-udng, quan he ttao ddi phai dua tten quy ludt gia tri, quy luat cung - cau, quy luat thi trudng ndi ehung. Nhung ngn kinh te thi trudng cua chung ta la kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xd hpi ehu nghia - mdt md hinh kinh tg thi trudng mdi dae biet, khac vdi cdc md hinh Mnh tg thi trudng dd cd. Do vay, ddi vdi Viet Nam, mdt ttong nhung bien phap quan trpng de hoan thien quan he ttao ddi Id giai quyet tdt quan he: nha nudc - thi trudng - xa hdi va quan he giiia tudn tiieo cac quy luat cua kinh tg thi trudng vdi bao dam dinh hudng xd hpi chu nghia ma Dang Cdng san san Viet Nam dd nhan thuc rd. Ddng thdi phai hoan thien ddng bp cac loai thi trudng.
Thii tu, ddi vdi kien true thuong tang. Can nhan thtic rd Id khdng duoc ndng vdi chii quan ttong viec khdng dinh dac trung xd hpi chu nghia ttong kien tnic thirgng tang d nudc ta. Bdi le, nhu da phan tieh d trgn, eae quan hg san xudt vd quan he ttao doi 6 nudc ta eung chua thudn nhat tuan theo quy ludt ciia thi trudng hoac thuan nhdt tuan theo cdc nguygn tde ciia ehu nghia xd hdi thi duong nhien Mgn true thupng tang dupe xay dung tten nhiing quan he san xuat va quan he ttao ddi nhu vdy cung chua the thuan nhat dupe. Tir day cho thdy chiing ta phai chap nhdn ttong Mgn true thugng tang ciia chung ta van cdn nhung manh, nhiing yeu td cua y thiic xd hdi chua dugc nhu mong mudn. Thuc te ddi sdng xd hpi Viet Nam nhiing nam qua eung eho thay chung ta chua ehu y dung miic tdi xay dung y thiie dao diic, y thiic tiidm my. Ldi mot phan do nhan thiic chu quan chua day dii, nhung mdt phan do co sd ha tang - cac quan he san xudt vd quan he trao ddi - co sa eua nhung y thiic xd hdi nay cung chua hodn tiiien, ehua thuan nhdt xd hdi chu nghia. Ndi nhu vay khdng cd nghia la ea sdha tdng quyet dinh Men tiiic thupng tang mdt chigu dan gian, thd tiiign, nhimg dii sao nd cung
la mdt nguyen nhdn khdch quan thue tg ma khdng the bdc bd.
Tir edch tidp can tuang tu nhu vdy, chiing ta mdi higu tai sao cac thiet che ciia Men tnic thugng tang cua ehung ta nhu Nha nudc, Dang, quan dpi, tda an, v.v.. van cdn nhunghan cheygu kem nhat dinh. Trong dieu Men nhu vdy, ehiing ta phai chii ddng xdy dung Mdn true thugng tang cua chiing ta theo dinh hirdng xa hdi chu nghia.
Day la cdng viec khdng gian don, nhung cd thg khang dinh la ehiing ta se thuc hien duoc, mac du ea sd ha tang lam nen tang eho Men tnic thugng tang xd hdi chii nghia chua day dii. Bdi le, Men true thugng tang, mac du xet den cung bi quy dinh bdi CO sdha tang, nhung nd cd tinh dgc lap tuong ddi so vdi ca sd ha tang. Trong cac ygu td oia Mgn tnie thupng tang, dae biet la nha nudc vdi tu each la cdng cu, phuong tten thdng tri cua giai cap thdng tri vg Mnh te, bang cac bien phdp quan ly cua minh, cd thg thiic day hoac Mm ham viec xdy dung Men tnie thugng tang xa hdi chu nghia. Cu tiig, nha nudc bdng cac chinh sdch eiia minh cd the thuc day luc lupng san xuat phat trien, tten eo sd dd hdu thuan, hd ttg, thuc day quan he san xuat xd hdi chu nghia, quan he ttao ddi xa hgi chu nghia dupe hoan thien. Theo do.
Men tnic thugng tang xd hgi chii nghia dupe xay dung, hoan thien, eiuig co.
De ttmg budc xay dung Mgn tnic thuang tang xa hdi ehii nghia, xet dgn cimg, ehiing ta phai timg buoc hoan thien dugc quan he san xudt va quan he ttao ddi xa hdi chii nghia, hoan tiiien the chg Mnh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hpi chii nghia.
Ddng thdi tiiuc hien nhiing giai phap tiiphia Men true thugng tang. Cac giai phap tii phia Men tiiic thugng tang ddi vdi chinh eac hinh tih,ai y thiic xd hgi ddi hdi phai tang eudng tri thiic, tinh cam, nigm tin ttong tiing hinh thaiy thiic xa hpi. Ddng tiidi phai ehu ttpng phdt tiien ddng bg cac hinh
LYLUAN CHINH TR!" So 3/2020
tiidi y tiiiic xa hdi ca y thiic ehinh tii, y thuc khoa hgc, y \huc tham my, y thiic dao dire, v.v.. xa hdi chii nghia 6 day edn chu y ldi day ciia Chu tich Hd Chi Minh, cimg vdi ke dich tiiii nhat rat nguy hiem la chii n ^ a tuban va bpn dg qudc tM "Thdi quen vd truyen thdng lac hau cung la ke dich to;
nd ngam ngam ngan ttd edch mang tidn bg.
Chiing ta lai khong tiie tran dp nd, ma phai eai tao nd mdt each rat can than, rat ehiu khd, rat lau dai.
Loai dich thii ba la chu nghia ca nhan, tu tudng tieu tu san cdn an nap trong minh mdi ngudi chiing ta. Nd chd dip - hoae dip that bai, hodc dip thdng lgi - dg ngdc dau day. Nd Id ban ddng minh ciia hai ke dich Ma"'^'. Rd rang la thdi quen va truygn thdng lac hdu cung nhu chu nghia ca nhan deu thude y thiie xd hdi. Cho nen ttong cdng cuge xdy dung y thiie xd hpi xd hdi chu nghia can ehii y dau ttanh chdng thdi quen, truyen thdng lac hdu vd chu nghia ca nhan. Thdi quen, truygn thdng lac hau va chii nghia cd nhan deu la san phdm va tan du ciia quan he san xuat phi xd hdi chu nghia. Rd rang, xdy edi mdi phai di ddi vdi chdng cai cu, cdi lae hau la vay. Xet den cimg phai xay dung duge quan he san xuat mdi xa hdi ehu nghia thi mdi cd eo sd de xay dung y thuc xd hdi chu nghia.
Cdn ddi vdi cac thiet ehe eiia Mgn tnic thugng tdng, dac bidt phai chii y xdy dung Dang va nha nudc phdp quygn xd hdi ehii nghia. Thue tiin cho thdy, chiing ta da thuc hien nhieu bien phdp xay dung Dang vd nha nudc phap quyen xd hdi chii nghia tii chinh Men true thugng tang, nghia la til ehinh tri la ehu ygu. Thuc tg cho thay, chung ta cdn thigu nhung bien phap tir Mnh te, tii ca sdha tang.
Xgt tu gdc do ciia hge thuyet hinh thdi Mnh te - xd hdi ciia ehii nghia Mde - Lgnin, Men tnic thugng tdng do co sd ha tang quyet dinh. Vdy de xay dung Dang ttong sach, vung manh, du tam,
dli tam, ban Hnh, tri tue lanh dao each mang; xdy dung nha nudc phdp quyen xd hdi chii nghia ciia nhdn dan, do nhdn dan, vi nhan ddn thi can ed giai phap can cdt tir quan he san xudt vd quan he ttao ddi. Ro rang Id viec hoan thien quan hg san xudt xa hdi chii nghia vd tiig ehg Mnh tg thi tnrdng dinh hirdng xa hdi chii nghia, hodn thien quan he ttao ddi xa hgi chu nghia xet ddn eung ddng vai ttd quygt dinh sir thanh edng ttong xdy dung Dang va xdy dung nhd nudc phap quyen xd hpi chii nghia cua nhdn ddn, do nhan ddn, \A nhdn ddn ttong sach, vung manh. Thuc tg ciing cho thdy, ehung ta ve ca ban da giai quyet thanh cdng mdi quan he giiia Mnh tg va ehinh tiri - hat nhan cua mdi quan he giua ca sa ha tang va Mgn tnic thugng tang ndi chung. Nhung ehiing ta chua giai quyet ttiet de quan he giiia ca sd ha tang va Mgn tiiic thugng tang. 6 day la mdi quan he giiia quan he san xudt xd hgi chu nghia, quan he ttao ddi xd hdi ehii nghia, thg ehg kinh te thi tnrdng dinh hudng xa hgi chu nghia vdi viec xdy dung Dang va he thdng chinh tii, nhat la nha nudc phdp quyen xd hdi chu nghia ciia nhdn ddn, do nhan dan, vi nhdn ddn tiong sach, viing memh.
Nhdn tiiirc va quan tiiet tdt nhiing luu y tten, chiing ta se ttanh khong hi giao dieu, ciing nhdc, rap khudn ttong viec van dung ly luan hinh thai Mnh tg - xd hpi cua chii nghia Mae - Lgnin vdo dieuMenthirctignVietNam.Honnua,daychinh Id viec lam gdp phdn khdng dinh, van dung, bd sung sdng tao hpc thuyet hinh tiiai Mnh te - xahdi cua ehii nghia Mac - Lenin ttong dieu Men mdi n
(1) CMac va Phingghen: Toan tap, t l 3 , Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Ndi, 1993, tt.I5-16.
(2) Ho Chi Minh: Toan tip, t.9, Nxb Chinh tii quQc gia,HaNpi,1996,ti.287.
