NGHIEN C(l\} - PHATTRIEN LY L U A N
LY LUAN CUA CHU NGHJA MAC - LENIN VE BAO DAM SI/ HAI HOA G I O A TANG TRUf^NG
KINH TE, P H A N P H O I VA CONG BANG XA HOI
• PGS, TS LE QUOC LY Pho Gidm doc HQC vien Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
• Torn tdt: Tdng trtidng kinh tS, phdn phoi vd cdng bang xd hgi Id cdc pham trii kinh te - xa hoi cd quan he tnqt thiet, gdn ket, phti thugc vd tdc dgng lan nhau. Trong do, tdng tnidng kinh te Id tien de cd tinh quyet dinh bdo ddm sti tdng len cua cua cdi vat chdt xa hgi, hao ddm cho sUphdn phoi vd cdng bdng xd hgi vd ngiidc lai. Ly luan cm chu nghia Mdc - Lenin ve bdo ddm sti hdi hda giUa tdng trtidng kinh te, phdn phoi vd cdng bdng xd hot con nguyen gid tri trong thiic tiin phdt trien kinh te- xd hgi hien nay.
• TM" khda: tdng trtidng kinh te, phdn phoi, phtidng thiStcphdn phoi, cdng bdng xd hgi.
I trudng kinh tg, phan phdi va cdng b ^ g xa hpi la nhiing pham tni cd quan he mat thiet, g ^ kgt, phu thupc va tac dpng thiic day lan nhau trong thuc ti§n cudc sdng. Ban dgn tang trudng kinh te la ban dgn lam thg nao de dua nen kinh te ngay m6t tang len ca ve myet ddi lan tuong ddi, nang cao ddi sdng cua ngudi dan, la ban den kha nang tang phiic lgi xa hpi nhd cd tang trudng. Tang hirdng kinh tg the hien kgt qua dac biet quan trpng ciia qua trinh sin xuat, kinh doanh. Ngu san xuat kinh doanh khong tao ra tang duong tW san xuat kinh doanh that bai; tang trudng chinh la ca sd dg tao ra ngudn vat chat diu tien phuc vu cho phan phdi va cdng b ^ g xa hdi.
Trong thdi gian vira qua, cd nhimg y kien cho r ^ g , dieu quan trong khdng phai la tang truong
hoSc tang trudng kinh tg cao ma quan trpng la quan tam den phan phdi, dn dmh, va cong bang.
Tuy nhien, quan diem nay la sai \im hoac la cd tinh lam lech muc tigu can phai dat dugc ciia nen kinh te. Thuc chat, ban den tang tnidng la ban dgn van dg tang len vg cua cai vat chat xa hgi. Khdng CO tang trudng thi ciia cai vat chat ciia xa hgi khdng tang Ign dupc, xa hdi khdng the giau cd hon, tiiam chf dimg chan tai chd va di xudng, cua cai hien cd hi con ngudi tieu dimg hang ngay va ngay mdt it di.
Khdng giau hon ma ngheo di, khong tang len ma giam di ve vat chat tiii cung ddng nghia vdi viec se khong CO ^ dg phan phdi, de thuc hien cdng bang xa hdi, timg budc se trdve so khai hay ngheo ddi.
Co the khang dinh tinh dgn nay, nhan loai da, dang va se trai qua bdn cudc each mang cong
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N G H l i N CtfU - PHATTRIEN LY L U A N
Xahoi so (4.0) giup tang trudng kinh te ngay mot cao hem _ Anh: MH
nghigp tir Cach mang cdng nghiep Mn thii nhat (1.0) den Cach mang cdng nghiep lan thutu (4.0) va cung da, dang va se trai qua nam loai hinh thai xa hpi tir xahpi nguyen thiiy (1.0) dgn xa hpi ndng nghiep (2.0), xa hgi cong nghiep (3.0), tigp dgn xa hpi so (4.0) va dang chuan hi cho xa hgi tri tue thdng minh (5.0). T^t ca dgu chung muc dich la lam ra dugc nhieu ciia cai ban, Iam cho tang trudng kinh tg ngay mdt cao hon, dat nudc, con ngudi giau co hon. TSt ca tign trinh phat trign do deu thg hien quan he nhan qua, phu thugc, quan he qua lai giiia tang trudng kinh tg, phan phdi va cong bangxa hgi.
Dg CO tang trudng kinh te can nhirng CO sd ngn tang nhir san xuat, tigu dimg, phan phdi. Ve luan diem nay, C. Mac va Ph. Angghen da neu bat vai trd ciia san xuat, mdi quan he ciia san xuat vdi tieu dung va phan phdi: "San xuat the hien ra la digm xu^t phat, tieu dimgla diem cudi cimg, phan phdi va trao ddi la digm trung gian, diem trung gian nay lai CO hai ygu td, vi ygu td phan phdi duoc quy dinh
la yeu td xuat phat tiixa hgi, cdn trao ddi la ygu td xuat phat tir ca nhan. Trong san xuat, con ngudi duoc khach the hda, trong tieu diing, do vat dugc chu the boa; trong phan phdi, dudi hinh thai nhirng dnh quy dinh phd bien co tac dung chi phdi, xa hpi dam nhiem lam trung gian giira san xuat va tigu dimg; trong trao ddi, mdi gidi gitra san xuat va tieu dimg la tinh xac dinh cd tinh ngau nhien ciia ca nhan"'". San xuat, phan phoi va tigu dimg la nhung bg phan cua qua tiinh tai san xuat xa hgi tiong kinh tg hang hda. Cdng bang hay bat cdng bang la bigu hien ciia tieu dimg tiieo nghia dupc thii hudng tiianh qua tao ra trongxa hgi ciia mdi ca nhan. Day la moi quan he bien chiing, nen tang cho phat tiien ciia xa hpi. "San xuat, phan phdi, 0^0 ddi, tieu dimg hinh tiianh mot tam doan luan dung each: san xuat la cai chung, phan phdi va ti-ao doi la cai dac thu, tieu dting la cat dan nhat khep kin tdng the"'^'.
Nhu vay theo C. Mac, san xuat la tien de tao ra tang trudng va nhd co tang hirdng ma co vat
LYLUAN CHINH TRI-So7/2019
chat de phan phdi, cdng bang la mpt phuang thiic cila phan phdi va dgn lugt nd phan phdi cdng biing tac ddng trd lai tiiiic dgy san xu^t phat trien. Vdng tuSn hoan san xuat (t^o ra tSng trudng) se kich thich phan phdi va phdn phdi theo hudng cdng b ^ g se thtic day san xuat phat trign, tao ra tang trudng, tir do tang cudng phan phdi va phan phdi cdng b ^ g ban, nhd do lai tao ra tang trudng kmh te cao hon...
Kg tu khi cd loai ngirdi va CO nen san xuelt, mgt yeu cau mang tinh bat budc la san xu^t phai tao ra ngay cang nhigu cua cai vat chat hon thi xa hgi mdi c6 ca hdi va digu kien de phat trien. Dac biet, vdi nen kinh te thi trudng, khdng cd san xu^t tirti khdng the tao ra cua cai vat chat cho xa hdi va khdng thg tao ra hang hda. Chi cd san xuat tang len, san xuat tao ra tang tnrdng cao thi mdi CO thg dap ling ngay cang cao nhu cau cua con ngudi, cua xa hdi, lam cho xa hdi giau ban.
Nhung san xuat d day la san xu^t tao ngn tang trudng kinh tg. Ngu san xuat ma khong tao nen tang tnidng till ciing cd thg ndi la nen san xuat chet, khdng tao ra su phat tiign cua xa hpi. Do vay, tang trudng kinh te la ket qua ciia san xuat phat trign. Tuy nhign, san xu^t ma khdng cd phan phdi higu qua, hpp ly thi cua cai va hang boa lam ra ciing khd dua den dugc tat ca ngudi dan va khdng thg phat huy duoc hieu qua ciia tang tnrdng kinh te.
Ben canh do, cung phai de cap den tieu dimg vi nhd cd tigu dimg mdi smh ra nhu cau va cd nhu cau thi mdi cd san xuat va phan phdi. Cho ngn, CO tigu diing thi san xu^t hang hoa mdi cd y nghia va hiiu dung. Tieu dimg chirtii la sii dung thanh qua tao ra ciia san xu^t va ban than san xuat ciing tigu diing mpt phan thanh qua minh tao ra. De cd vat chat cho tieu dimg tiii phai cd tang trudng kinh te, bdi le tang trudng kinh tg la ngudn gdc tao ra vat chat can thidt dg tieu dung.
Phan phdi dugc hinh thanh dg kgt ndi giiia ngudi san xu^t vdi ngudi tieu dung va lam cho gia tri hang hda dupc bdc Ip rd net. Co chg phan phdi phu thupc vao tang trudng kinh te, nhung tang tnidng ciing kich thich lam cho ca chg phan phdi phat trien va hgp ly hon. Cd giai doan co su phan phdi khdng ddng dgu, ke lam it cd thg dupc thu hudng nhieu thanh qua, ngiroi lam nhieu lai dugc hudng it. Hon niia trong thuc ti^n tieu dung, cd ngudi dugc tieu dung nhigu, cd ngudi dugc tieu dimg it do ngudn luc tai chinh, dieu kien cu tiig cua m6i ngudi cd khac nhau nen dSn dgn cd hien tupng cdng bang va khdng cdng bang xa hdi. "Ban than phan phdi la san vat ciia san xuat - khdng nhting ve mat npi dung, vi ngudi ta chi cd thg phan phdi nhung ket qua cua san xuat ma tiidi, ma vg ca hinh thuc, vi phuang thiic tham gia nh^t dinh vao san xuat quy dinh hinh thai dac thii ciia phan phdi, quy dinh hmh tiiai theo do ngiroi ta tham du vao phan phdi"'^'. Hon niia, C. Mac ciing chi rd: "Phan phdi cd trudc san joiat va quygt dinh san xuat voi tu each la mdt su that cd trudc kinh tg"'^'. Do trinh dp phat trign cua san xuat va do tang tnidng kinh te ngay mdt cao, ngudn lgc kinh te ngay mdt Idn thi phirong thiic phan phdi cting thay ddi theo va kgt qua cua phan phdi cung cdng b ^ g hon, hpp ly hon.
Trong thdi dai Cach mang cong nghiep 4.0, ciia cai vat chait nhieu nhd san xu^t trong dieu kien cdng nghe cao, tri tue thdng minh, robot va intemet van vat... thi phan phdi cung thay ddi chua dung nhigu ygu td xa hdi, cdng bang dugc tiig hien trong dd. Liic nay san xu^t din dSt va quyet dinh tieu diing chu' khong chi tieu dimg kich thich va quyet dinh san xuat nhu trudc day.
Theo C.Mac, tang tiirdng kinh tg, phan phdi va cdng bang xa hdi la su tdng hgp mdt each logic he thdng cac van de ve kinh te, xa hdi, the chg chinh trj, the chg khtii tg, cau tnic xa hpi.
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NGHIEN Ctru - PHAT T R I I N L» LUAN giao due nhtoi phg phan cac chg dp xa hot khdng cd binh dSng, dac biet xay dimg cac chg dp xa hpi cd trinh dp phat ttign cap hon cua Ipa ngudi ma 6 do su binh dSng, cdng bSng xa hpi dupc thigt lap tten co sd tang ttudng kinh tg ddm nang. "San xuat hinh nhu la do cac quy luat phd bign Cila t\/ nhien quy dinh; phto phdi do sti ngtu nhien ciia xa hpi quygt dinh. vi vay nd cd the anh hudng it nhieu thuan lpi dgn sfai xuSt;ttao ddi n ^ d gitia hai Idiau dd, nhu la mdt su v}n dpng xa hpi cd dnh chft hinh thilc, cdn hanh vi cudi ctmg la tigu dung, khdng nhting duoc cpi la digm kgt thuc, ma cdn la muc dich cudi cdng, ndi thuc ralanamngoai kinh tg, tru trudng hpp nd tac ddng ttd lgi digm xuft phat va lam cho toan bp qua trinh bat ddu lai""^'. Nhu vay, theo C.Mdc ngoai kinh td chlnh la khau xa hdi ma cu the la bieu hien cua cdng bSng xa hpi. Cd the ndi, ngn kinh tgTBCNcan hign dai vahlendaidadat dupc miic tang tiudng kinh tg dn dinh ttong dai ban, dem lai miic sdng cao hon cho ngudi dan xet ve binh quan, nhtmg gia tang bat binh dSng, ca bft binh dang tuyet ddi va bat binh ddng tuong ddi. Nhttng ban chg cua CNTB sg dupc giai quygt chi khi xa hpi loai ngudi chuyen sang chg dp XHCN. CdngbSng ttong CNTB ma C.Mac de cap cbinh la cdng bSng ttong phan phdi kgt qua cua san xuft, hay cdng btag ttong phan phdi tang ttirdng kmh tg. Thuc tg ttong CNTB, pbdn phdi thu nhap co ban la khdng cong btag ngn dan dgn xung ddt giua cac giai cap, dign hinh la giai cap vd san va giai cap ni ban. Hau qua dd dSn den pha huy thanh qua cua san xuft hay pha buy tang trudng kinh tg. Dp dd, ngay hdm nay, CNTB da cd nhieu dpi mdi va cai tign dg tao nen mdt su phan phdi tuong ddi cdng hang, hop ly hon so vdi tiudc day. Chinh vi le dd, cac xung dpt xa hdi, xung dpt giai cap vSn cdn nhtmg da giam di nhigu, da tao digu kien cho cac
ngn kinh te cua cac nudc TBCN phft trien tdt h(yn, giau cd hem. Day la mpt ttong nhting vfti dg quan trpng, cdt ldi dg phft trien kinh tg nhanh hon. Su hai hda giiia tftig truong kinh tg vdi phan phdi va cdng bftig xa hpi dang timg budc dupc thtrc hien ttong thtic tien cac nudc.
Quan digm cua CMac vg mdi quan he gitia tang ttudng kmh tg, pbfti phdi va cdng bing xa hpi, ttudc hgt dupc thg hien rd ttong Hoc thuygt giattithangdu. CMac chi ra rSng, gia tri cua mpt hang hda la dp thdi gian lap dpng xa hdi can thiet dtioc dau tu vao trong dd. Tuy nhien, nha tu ban (gidi chu) da khdng tta du tien cdng, tign lutmg cho ngiidi lao dpng ddi vdi toan bp gia til cua hang hda ma ngum lao ddng tnic tigp san xuft ra, ma chi tta mdt khpan tign cdng cho luong lao dpng cftithigttaprahftighdadd (tiic la mtic tign cdng chi du bu dap nhiing nhu cdu tdn tai tdi thieu cho ngudi lao dpng de cd thg duy tri lao ddng ttong hien tai va tutmg lai ma thdi). C.Mac cho rftig, muc tign cdng tdi thieu nay chang qua chi la mdt phan ttong giatrihanghdadolao ddng ttong mpt ngay cua ngudi lao dpng, phan gia tri cdn lai - tire lao ddng thang du - thi hi cac nha tu bfti chiem giu. Digu nay thg hien su mft cdng bang ttong phfti phdi thanh qtia diroc tao ra, la ngdi nd thuc day mau thuSn giua giaicapcdngnhanva giai cap tu san len dinh diem va cudc each mang Ift dd giai cdp tusan chdc chansendra.
Nhu vay, chu nghia Mac- Lgnin dac biet coi ttpng dgn san xuft va tang ttudng kmh tg. Khdng cd tang tirong kinh tgsekhdngcdsuphat ttien va giau cd. Tuy nhign, ben canh quan tam den tfttg tmong kinh tgcancnittpngdgnphanphdi, phuong thuc phan phdi dg bao dam cho dupc cdng bdng. Khdng cd cdng bang se ddn dgn mau tiiuSn dpi khdng giua cac giai cap va cac tang lop, lam chp thanh qua cda san xudt cung hi ttiet tieu, tdng ttudng sg khdng cdn va dSn den ddi ngheo.
LUUAN CHINH TR!-So7/2019
Tuy nhien, cdng bang xa hdi trong giai doan hien nay can dupc hieu la cdng bSng ve co hdi va dieu kien phat trign, mpi ngudi dgu dirge cd co hdi va dieu kien phat trien tdt nhSt, cdng bang nhat, cdn cdng b ^ g trong thu hudng phai dugc higu la dua tren su ddng gdp va cdng hign cu thg cua timg ca nhan. Digu nay ciing ndi len mpt dieu, chu nghia Mac- Lenin da de cap dgn phat trign ben viing.
Hien nay, san xuat vat ch^t da phat trien cao, cua cai vat ch^t da nhigu, dap iing ngay cang day du nhu cau cua con ngudi, phan phdi cung da cd nhigu hoan thien va tiiay ddi theo xu hudng cdng bang va hop ly hon. Moi quan he giiia tang trudng kinh te vdi tien bd va cdng bang xa hdi dang ngay cang dupc coi trpng va trd thanh hai trong ba tru cdt ciia phat trign bgn vitng. Su quan tam cua cac qudc gia ve bao dam mdi quan he hai hda gida tang trudng kinh tg, tign bd va cdng bang xa hdi vdi bao dam mdi trudng xanh, sach dep da cho thay ly luan cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin vg bao dam su hai hda giiia tang trudng kinh te, phan phdi va cdng bang xa hpi la diing dan. Ddi vdi Vi?t Nam, Dai hdi XII cua D ^ g da chl rd can phai phat trign nhanh va ben viing ngn kinh tg Vigt Nam trong giai doan hien nay.
Ly luan cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin ve bao dam syhai hda giiia tang tnrdng kinh tg, phan phdi va cdng bang xa hgi cdn nguyen gia tri trong thuc tign phat trien cua cac nudc va dang la nguyen ly ca ban bao dam cho cac ngn kinh tg cd the phat trign nhanh va ben viing. Xa hdi cang phat trign cang dat ra yeu cdu vg tang tnrdng kinh te (vi neu khdng nhuvay cac qudc gia se bi tut hau) va nhan loai lai cang quan tam ban cdng bang xa hdi, ddng thdi, bao ve mdi trudng, tang tnrdng xanh da va dang trd tiianh menh Ignh phat trien ddi vdi cac qudc gia. Tuy nhien, de dat dugc ba tru cot: tang tnrdng kuih te cao, cdng bang xa hgi va mdi trudng xartii, sach, dep khdng phai la viec tu
nhien ma cd, d6 dang dat dirge, neu khdng cd su no luc vugt bac ciia ca the gidi, tirng qudc gia va mdi ngudi dan. Vdi md hinh tang trudng kinh tg bgn viing, tang trudng kinh tg xanh, md hinh tang trudng kinh tg chia se, khdng de ai d lai phia sau, ddi hoi cac qudc gia, trong dd cd Viet Nam phai van dung mdt each sang tao ly luan cua chii nghia Mac - Lenin ve bao dam su hai hda gitra tang trudng kinh tg, phan phdi va cdng bang xa hpi trong dieu kien mdi, dieu kien cua nen kinh te sd va Cach mang cdng nghiep 4.0. Chi cd day manh phat trien nen kinh te sd va Cach mang cdng nghiep 4.0 mdi cd the dua nen kinh te Viet Nam phat trign manh mg theo chieu sau, tao ra dot bign ve nang su^t lao ddng, nhd do mdt tao ra dupc tdc dp tang trudng kinh tg cao hon. Ben canh dd, Viet Nam can cd thg chg kinh tg hgp ly thuc day kinh te tu nhan phat trien, tao dieu kien cho cac loai thi trudng duac hinh thanh va phat trien day du va ddng bd. Hon niia, khi cac loai thi tnrdng dugc phat trign thi siic lao ddng dugc giai phdng tdi da, phat huy hieu qua tdi da ca ve the chat va tri tiie. Tri me la siic lao ddng quan trpng bac nhat, la ngudn luc vd tan quygt dinh su phat trien cua mpi ngn kinh tg. Phat trien kinh tg tren ngn tang ddi mdi, sang tao se cho cac qudc gia co hdi to Idn di dgn thanh cdng, giau manh va thinh vupng. Thuc tign phat ttien kinh tg ciia nhieu nudc ttgn the gidi ttong thdd gian qua da chiing minh dieu nay. Day la giai phap diing dan de nen kinh te Viet Nara biit pha di len va trd thanh nen kinh tg thi trudng day dii, hien dai, ddng bp va hdi nhap •
(1), (2), (3), (4), (5) C.Mac vaPhAngghen: Toan tip t.46, phan 1, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Npi, 2004, tt.44-45,45,55,56,45.
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