So 1 - 2 0 1 2
Khac biet gioi Irong tiep can thong tin ve dan so - 1(6 hoach hoa gia dinh vd cham soc sufc idioe sinh san d vung bien, dao vd ven bien Viet Nam
Nguyen Thj My Trang
Vi6n xa hdi hoc, Hpc vi6n Chfnh tri - Hdnh chfnh Qu6c gia H6 Chi Minh
Dang Thj Bich Thuan
Vu Truydn thdng Giao due, Tdng cue Ddn s6 - K^ hoach hoa gia dinh, Bp Y16
Tom tat: Dua iron ke't qua so^lieu ciia de iai "Khao sat, danh gia nhflng yeu to' phong tuc, tap quan va nghe nghiep tac dong tdi thai dp, hanh vi sinh san, cbSm soc sfle khoe sinh san ciia ngUdi dan vung bien, dao va ven bien Viet Nam' tai 5 tinh Quang Ninh, Thfla Thien Hue, Binh Djnh, Ba Rja - Vung Tau va Kien Giang nAm 2009-2010 vdi nhflng ngitdi trong do tudi sinh de, bai viei dudi day de cap tdi sU khac biet gifla phu nfl va nam gidi trong do tuoi sinh de d vung, bion, dao va ven bien Viet Nam trong tiep cftn ihong tin ve cham soc sfle khoe sinh siiix/ke hoach hoci gia dinh d c;ic khia canh vo nguon tie'p can thong tin, binh ihflc trao doi thong tin va nhu cau tie'p can thong tin.
TH khoa: Gidi; CSSKSS/ DS-KHHGD; Vung bien, dao va ven bien.
Nang cao cha't lugng dan sd' dang la va'n d^ ma Diing va Nha nudc he't sfle quan tam. Cac chuong trinh ke' hoach hoa gia dinh (KHHGD), cham soc sfle khoe sinh san (CSSKSS), d^ an ki^m soat dan so cac vung bi^n,
Nguyen Thi My Trang, Dang Thi Bich Thuan 7 7
dao va ven bidn cua Chinh phu trong nhutig nam g^n day dugc xem la co hgi cho ngudi dan vung bie'n nang cao cha't lugng dan s6'. Muc tieu cua ciic chuong trinh, di an cung hudng tdi viec ngudi dan sinh sd'ng tai vung bi^n dao dugc tie'p ciin cac djch vu cham sdc sfle khoe ba me, tre cm. CSSKSS, KHHGD. Di giup ngudi dan trong cdng ddng. nha't la nhflng ngudi trong dg tudi sinh de cd dugc hieu bie't va thuc hanh dung, co hieu qua cac yeu c5u v^ CSSKSS/KHHGD thi viec cung cap thdng tin cho cac dd'i tucfng neu tren dugc xem la nhiem vu quan trgng. Tuy nhien, trong thuc te' van cdn nhimg ba't cap dd'i vdi ngudi trong do tudi sinh de tfl co hgi, kha nang de'n nhu cSu tie'p can cac thdng tin thudc linh vuc neu tren.
Dua tren ke't quii sd lieu cua de tai "Khdo sal, ddnh gid nhifng yi'u to phong tuc, tap qudn vd nghe nghiep tdc dpng l&i tlidi dp, lidnh vi sinh sdn, clidm sdc site khoe sinh sdn ciia ngU&i ddn vung biin, ddo vd ven bie'n Viet Nam " do Vien Xa hgi hgc, Hgc vien Chinh trj-Hanh chinh Qud'c gia H6 Chi Minh va Ban quan ly "De an kidm soat dan sd vung bien, dao va ven bien" cua Tdng cue Dan sd-Ke hoach hda gia dinh, Bg Y te thuc hien nam 2009 - 2010, bai vie't dudi day de cap tdi su khac biet gifla phu nfl va nam gidi trong dg tudi sinh de d vung, bie'n, dao va ven bien Viet Nam trong tie'p can thdng tin vi cham sdc sfle khoe sinh san/ke' hoach boa gia dinh.
Cudc khao sat dugc tie'n hanh tai 5 tinh, mdi tinh tie'n hanh khao sat tai 1 quan/huyen va mdi huyen/quan tien hanh khao sat 2 xa/phudng. Cu the:
tinh Quang Ninh: huyen Hai Ha (xa Phu Hai va xa Quang Phong), thj xa Mdng Cai (xa dao Vinh Thuc va xa Quang Nghia); tinh Thfla Thien Hue':
huyen Phong Dien (xa Dien Hai va xa Phong Hda), huyen Phu Ldc (xa Lgc Vinh va xa Vinh Hien); tinh Binh Djnh: thanh phd Quy Nhon (phudng TrSn Phu va xa Nhon Hgi), huyen Phfl Cat (xa Cat Thanh va xa Cat Khanh); tinh Ba Rja - Vung Tau: thanh phd Vung Tau (phudng 2 va phudng 10) va huyen Dat Dd (xa Lang Dai va xa Ldc An); Kien Giang:
thj xa Ha Tien (phudng Td Chau va phudng Ddng Hd), huyen dao Kien Hai (xa Hdn Tre va xa Lai Son) vdi nhung ngudi trong do tudi sinh de: 61 nam gidi (12,2%) dg tudi tfl 23 de'n 67 va 439 phu nfl (87,8%) dg tudi tfl 20 de'n 49 100% ngudi trong do tudi sinh de dugc khao sat da ket hdn.
Su khac biet gifla hai gidi trong dg tudi sinh de vdi thdng tin ve CSSKSS/KHHGD dugc thi hien d cac khia canh v^ ngudn tie'p can thdng tin, hinh thflc trao ddi thdng tin va nhu cSu tie'p can thdng tin.
Bang 1. Vide tiep nhan thdng tin vc CSSKSS/KHIKJD tfl phuong ti^n thdng tin dai chung xet theo gidi
Nguon thong tin
Dili
Bao, lap chl 1 i vi Trt roi
I'a-iK). ap phich Inlcrnel
Ni
N
i m ( % )
= 61 68.8 47,5 90.1 .31,1 37.7 9,8
Niir(%) N = 439 63,1 .50.1 82.4 42.2 33.9 9.7
1. Nguon tiep can thong tin ve chdm soc sure khoe sinh san/ke hoach hoa gia dinh
Nam va nfl dugc yeu c^u cho biet hg nhan dugc thdng tin ve CSSKSS/KHHGD tfl nhflng ngudn nao dua viio 18 ngudn cho trudc, dugc chia thanh 3 nhdm ngudn chinh:
Nhom nguon thiir nha't: tiir cac phirong tien thong tin dai chung Theo .so lieu d being tren, nam tie'p nhiin thdng tin \ e CSSKSS/KHHGD tfl ti vi. dai va pa-nd, ap phich cd ty le cao ban so vdi nu, tuy nhien su khac biet khdng nhieu.
Thuc le cho thiiy, do mdi trudng lam \ ice \ii phiin cdng lao ddng a vung bie'n, dao va \'cn bien. ngudi nam thudng cd nghe nghiep gan vdi bi^n nghe mang tinh dac thfl \e thdi gian lao ddng phan Idn la tren bien, hay phai xa nha nhi^u ngay. Vi viiy, cac phuong tien thdng tin dai chung ma hg tiep xiic nhieu nhai, thudng xu\en nha't \a phfl hgp \'di mdi trudng Iam vice, sinh hoiit hi ti vi, dai nhung phuang tien thdng tin dugc sfl dung biing .sdng dii-n tfl. phiil huy dugc hieu qua truydn thdng ma it bj han che bdi khoang each dja ly. Au ihuy^n, cang ca, be'n tau - noi ben dd, diem xua't phat cho mdi chuyen ra khoi. noi trao ddi, van chuye'n san vat khai thac dugc tfl bie'n... la dja die'm nhi^u nam gidi thudng xuyen cd mat. Tai cac dja diem nay, viec sfl dung pa-nd, ap phich trong cdng tac thdng tin, tuyen truyen ndi chung, dd'i vdi thdng tin v^ CSSKSS/KHHGD ndi rieng,
Nguyin Thi My Trang, Dang Thi Bich Thuan 79
trd thanh phd bie'n, mang net dac trung rieng co trong cdng tac truydn thdng so vdi cac vflng khac.
Cung gid'ng nhu dai, ti \'i. bao, tap chi va td roi la phuong tien truyin tai thdng tin va giup ngudi tiep nhan dugc ciip nhat thdng tin hang ngay.
Tuy nhien, thdng tin tfl bao, tap chi va td roi dugc ngudi dan tiep nhan qua su phat hanh tfl con ngudi cu the nhu: nhan vien buu dien, ngudi ban bao, ngudi phat td roi (ngoai trfl bao mang qua internet). Vdi dac die'm cua minh, phucmg tien thdng tin bao, tap chi. td roi chi dap img dugc vdi ngudi lam viec, sinh hoat thudng xuyen d tren bd. do vay. nfl d vung bien, dao va ven bie'n tiep nhan thdng tin. trong dd cd thdng tin thudc linh vuc CSSKSS/KHHGD qua bao. tap chi, td roi vdi ty le cao hon so vdi nam gidi.
Tuy nhien, cung nhu nhan xet neu tren, chi co ty le tiep nhan td roi cd sir khac biet tuong dd'i rd gifla nam va nfl.
Vflng bien, dao va ven bien, nha't la dd'i vdi hai dao, ven bie'n - noi dien ludi qud'c gia chua phu khap, viec truy cap thdng tin tfl internet cua ca nam va nfl cd ty le khiem tdn nhat.
Nhu vay cd th^ thay sd lieu khao sat phfl hgp thuc te'd dja phuong, phan anh khac biet gidi trong tie'p nhan thdng tin tfl ngudn thdng tin dai chung.
Nhom nguon thur hai: tur cac ca nhan
Sd lieu khao sat cho thay nam cd ty le cao ban so vdi nfl trong tiep nhan thdng tin CSSKSS/KHHGD tfl cac ca nhan la: "ngudi than trong gia dinh"
(40,9% so vdi 37,1%), "ngudi cd uy tin trong cgng ddng" (36% so vdi 15%), cdn nfl cd ty le cao hon so vdi nam trong tie'p nhan thdng tin tfl "can bg phu nfl" (65,1% so vdi 42,6%), tfl "can bg y te"" (67,4% so vdi 63,9%); tfl "can bg dan sd"" (75,6% so vdi 65,5%); tfl "ba mu vudn" (7,2% so vdi 5,5%).
Cd thi ndi, do phan cdng lao dgng va mdi trudng lam viec ma ngudi phu nfl cd nhilu co hdi tie'p xuc vdi can bd cua cac td chfle, doan the' d dja phuong nhu: y te, dan sd, phu nfl... Vi vay, viec tiep can cac thdng tin CSSKSS/KHHGD tfl cac ca nhan tren d nfl cung de dang ban, thudng xuyen hon so vdi nam.
Nhom nguon thur ba: tii cac nhom
Theo sd lieu khao sat ve viec tiep nhan thdng tin CSSKSS/KHHGD tfl cac nhdm cd ty le cao d nam la: "sinh hoat td dan phd, thdn, xdm": 72.1 %,
"tap hua'n: 32.7%. Py le nay d nu tha'p hon: 64% vk 32,3%.
liicii nay a ndng thdn ven bie'n va hai dao nudc ta. chu hd gia dinh la nam gidi v^n chie'm sd ddng. Hg khdng chi la tru cdt trong gia dinh ma cdn thudng Hi ngudi diii dien cho gia dinh tham du cac cudc hgp cua cdng ddng. Tuong tu nhu vay. viec nam gidi tham gia cac ldp tap hua'n vi san xua't. nghd nghiep... bao gid cung cd sd lugng ddng hon so vdi nfl gidi (Nguyen Dinh Tiin vii Lc Tieu La (ddng chii bien), 1999. tr.l30). Mac du thdi gian a nha la khdng nhilu do phan cdng lao dgng nhu da neu tren, .song nam d dja phuong khao siil vSn tham gia c^c budi sinh boat td dan phd. thdn xdm nhilu hon nfl vfla vdi tu each Ik ngudi dai dien gia dinh.
vfla la ngudi khdng chi tie'p thu ndi dung cudc hgp ma cdn ddng gdp y kie'n cua minh trong cugc hgp dd. Bdi lc, ngudi nfl. nha't la d \cn bie'n. dao, .sd'ng trong gia dinh ngu dan thudng sd'ng phu thugc vao chdng. Hg chi cd trach nhiem trong viec gia dinh, cham sdc con cai la chinh. Thuc te nay lam sang rd: vi sao nam tiep nhan thdng tin ve CSSKSS/KHHGD cd ty le g^p hon 2 lan so \di nfl tfl sinh hoat td dan phd, thdn xdm d khu xorc nay.
Su chenh lech ty le nam vdi nfl trong tiep nhan thdng tin ndi tren tfl "tap huan" khdng nhieu, bdi hien nay cd nhieu Idp tiip huan danh cho nu gidi d nhilu Ilnh vuc khac nhau chfl khdng chi bd hep trong linh vuc san xua't, nghi nghiep... va cd su Idng ghep thdng tin CSSKSS/KHHGD. Nhd dd, nfl tie'p nhan dugc ngudn thdng tin nay tuy it hon nhung khdng cd su chenh lech dang kl' so vdi nam.
2. Ve trao doi thong tin chdm soc sQc khoe sinh san, ke hoach hoa gia dinh
Cugc khiio Siit dil dua ra 11 loai dd'i tugng dl tim hilu mfle do trao doi thdng tin ve CSSKSS/KHHGD.
Sd lieu bang 2 cho tha'y su khac biet trong trao ddi thdng tin CSSKSS/KHHGD d nam va nfl ca ve su lua chgn dd'i tugng trao ddi thdng tin va mfle dd trao ddi thdng tin.
Vdi 11 dd'i tugng trao d6i thdng tin niu d bang tren, cd thi chia thanh 4 nhdm :
Nhom 1: giua vg - chdng
Nguydn Thi My Trang, Dang Thi Bich Thuan 81
Bang 2. Viec trao ddi thong tin ve tudi ket hon, KHHGD va CSSKSS xet theo gidi tinh {Don vj tinh: %)
Doi tuong trao ddi thong tin
B6' me Chi em gai Anh em Irai Ban be
Vdi ban linh /ngucri Vdi vo/chong Vdi hang xom Vdi can bo y le
yeu
Vdi can bo DS-KHHGD Vdi can bo tu van
Vdi nhirng ngirdi cd kinh nghiem cham sdc SKSS
Thudng ,\uyen
19.6 34,4 8,2 31,1
3.2 73.7
14,7 29.5 32,3 27,8 21,3
1 Nam N=61
Tiiinh ihoiing
34,4 27,8 24,5 26,2 22,9 21,3 22.9 31,1 29,5 27,8 31,1
Mure do trao ddi thong 1
Khdng bao gid
42,7 26,2 52,4 31,1 .50,8 1,6 52,4 32,7 31,1 36,0 36,0
Til udng xuy^n
33,7 41,2 10,7 24,8 15,4 73,3 18,6 42,3 47,8 34,1 30.0
tin NDr N = 439
Tliinh ihoiing
35,7 39,8 18,4 4.5,1 17,9 16,4 37,5 37,1 36,2 34,6 38,0
Theo so lieu khao sat, mac du mfle dd trao ddi thdng tin CSSKSS/KHHGD mdt each "thudng xuyen" giua vg/chdng d nam va nfl cd sir chenh lech khdng ldn: 73,7% so vdi 73,3%, song su khac biet gifla hg lai the hien kha rd net khi nam "khdng bao gid" trao doi thdng tin nay vdi vg cua minh cd ty le tha'p hon so vdi nfl "khdng bao gid" trao ddi thdng tin dd vdi chdng cua minh (1,6% so vdi 5,2%).
Vi sao cd hien tugng trin? Khao sat thuc te' tai dja phuong cho tha'y:
ne'u nam gidi quan niem viec CSSKSS/KHHGD la "viec cua ma'y ba" thi chinh phu nu cung coi dd la bdn phan cua minh. Do dd, nu tuan phuc nhung dilu chdng ndi hoac tha'y khdng can thiet phai trao ddi vdi chdng vl va'n dl nay. Ngugc lai, dd'i vdi nam, viec "khdng bao gid" trao ddi thdng tin CSSKSS/KHHGD vdi vg cua minh cd ty le tha'p hon 3,5 diem phan tram (1,6% so vdi 5,2%) la do hg mud'n sinh them con, mud'n sinh con trai
nhai la ddi \'di nhflng ngudi chua cd con trai hay mdi chi cd 1 hoac 2 con irai (ngudi dan vflng biln, (hio, ven biln cd nhu c^u sinh con trai va nhilu con trai ldn hon ciic khu vuc khac do tiic dgng cua nghi nghiep c5n sfle lao (long la nam gidi).
Nhom 2: ciic thanh \ icn trong gia dinh (bd, me ; anh em trai; chj. em gai)
Nfl "Ihudng xuyen" "thinh thoang" trao ddi thdng tin vl CSSKSS/KHHGD \('ri ngirdi rudt thjt cd ly lc cao hon ban so vdi nam, nha't la doi vdi chi, cm gai va bd, mc. kl cii vice trao ddi dd'i vdi ngudi khac gidi la anh, cm trai. Dilu c^n dugc quan tam la: nam "thudng xuyln" trao ddi thdng tin CSSKSS/KHHGD vdi ngudi cflng gidi trong gia dinh (anh. em trai) cd ty le it hon so vdi nfl.
Thuc te'khao sat cho phep ly giiii hanh vi tren nhu sau: thien chfle "b^m sinh" "tu nhien" cua nfl gidi da tiio cho nfl nhiing td chat ve CSSKSS cho chinh ban than va cho cac thanh vien khac trong gia dinh. Nhd dd. nu gidi de trao ddi thdng tin vi CSSKSS/KHHGD vdi tat ca cac thanh \ ien trong gia dinh - ca ngudi cung gidi va ngudi khac gidi. Dd cdn la quan niem tdn tai tfl lau ddi d vung bien. dao va ven hicn \c \'ai trd cua nam va nu trong CSSKSS/KHHGD rang dd la \icc cua phu nfl. Nd da trd thanh thdi quen va tfl dd dan tdi su thieu quan tam cua nam gidi trong linh xirc nas. He luy cua thdi quen dd la su ban che cua nam trong \ ice trao ddi thdng tin ve CSSKSS/KHHGD vdi liii ca thanh \iCMi trong gia dinh so \di nfl; la biiu hien nhiin thflc chua dung, chua khoa hgc vc CSSKSS/KHHGD d nam gidi.
Nhom 3: nhirng ngudi than, quen (biin be. hang xdm)
Trong \'icc trao ddi thdng tin CSSKSS/KHHGD vdi "ban be": nam
"thudng xuyen" \'ii "khdng bao gid" trao ddi cd ty le cao hon so vdi nfl.
Ty le "thinh thoang" trao ddi thdng tin nay dd'i vdi ban be d nu cao hon ban so vdi nam.
Cd tbl ndi. su rut re. it dam cdng khai chuyen "th^m kin", "rieng tu",
"khd ndi" d nu gidi da tac ddng de'n mfle dd trao ddi thdng tin CSSKSS/KHHGD cua nfl. Viec nfl "thinh thoang" trao ddi thdng tin nay vdi ban hi cho tha'y dd tin cay cua hg dd'i vdi ban be khdng cao nhu dd'i vdi chj, em gai, bd me. Dd'i vdi nam gidi: su manh bao, thich chia se
Nguydn Thi My Trang, Dang Thi Bich Thuan 83
nhung dilu cSn kham pha, dilu chua bie't he't... vdi ngudi ddng Ifla cung CO tac dgng khdng nhd de'n viec "thudng xuyen trao ddi" thdng tin CSSKSS/KHHGD d nam. Tuy nhien, dac tinh nay khdng phai d nam gidi nao cung cd, nha't la trong Ilnh vuc CSSKSS/KHHGD. Mat khac, nam gidi d vflng biln, dao va ven biln, nha't la nhflng ngudi cd nghi nghiep gan liln vdi biln, dac biet la trong nghi khai thac, danh bat hai san thi su hilu bie't vl CSSKSS/KHHGD d hg va ban be phan ldn la nhu nhau, cung la nguyen nhan lam cho viec "khdng bao gid" trao ddi thdng tin noi tren d hg cd ty le cao ngang bang vdi mfle dg trao ddi thdng tin dd mdi each thudng xuyen.
Do mdi uudng lao ddng, thdi gian lam viec chi phd'i nen viec nam trao ddi thdng tin CSSKSS/KHHGD vdi "hang xdm" diu cd ty le tha'p d mfle dd "thudng xuyen" va "thinh thoang" va cd ty le cao d mfle dg "khgng bao gid" so vdi nfl. So vdi nam, "ban be" cua nfl khong chi bd hep trong phiim vi nhung ngudi lam viec cflng nghi. nhung do nhilu ye'u td nhu:
cdng viec ngi trg, cham sdc con cai va nhilu "viec khdng ten" khac da lam ban hep thdi gian trao ddi thdng tin "thudng xuyen" d hg, trong dd co thdng tin vi CSSKSS/KHHGD.
Nhom 4: nhung ngudi cd chuyen mdn, kinh nghiem vl CSSKSS/KHHGD (can bd y te, can bd DS - KHHGD, can bg tu van, ngudi cd kinh nghiem CSSKSS).
Cd the khang djnh rang vdi quan niem CSSKSS/KHHGD la viec cua phu nfl, lien quan true tiep nha't, nhilu nha't de'n phu nfl la ngflyen nhan chinh de nam gidi trao ddi thdng tin vdi nhung ngudi co chuyen mdn, cd kinh nghiem vl CSSKSS/KHHGD vdi mfle do "thudng xuyen" va "thinh thoang" cd ty le thap, d mfle dg "khdng bao gid" trao ddi cd ty le cao hon so vdi nfl. Ben canh dd, nam gidi it cd thdi gian de gap gd va trao ddi vdi nhdm can bd cd chuyen mdn nay cung la do moi trudng lam viec chi phd'i.
3. Nhu cau dutrc cung cap thong tin cham soc sdrc khoe sinh san/ke hoach hoa gia dinh
Tim hieu nhu cau dugc cung ca'p thdng tin CSSKSS/KHHGD cung cho tha'y su khac biet giua nam va nu. Cu thi: nfl cd nhu cau dugc cung ca'p thdng tin vl CSSKSS/KHHGD la 92,7%, vl KHHGD la 88,3%. Ty le nay
d nam Ui 75,4% va 65,5%^. Nhu vay, nhu cdu dugc cung ca'p thdng tin vl CSSKSS vii KHI IGD d nfl cao hon so vdi nam.
T6m lgi, do anh hudng cua quan niim. thdi quen, Id'i sdng, su phan cdng lao ddng va mdi trudng iam viec cua ngudi dan vung biln, dao va
\'cn biln, nfl cd su vucrt trdi .so vdi nam vl ca ngudn thdng tin, ddi tucmg trao ddi thdng tin vii idn suii't trao ddi thdng tin cung nhu nhu c^u dugc cung cii'p thdng tin vl CSSKSS/KHHGD.
Sir khac bill qua sd lieu khao siit va phan tich ndi trin cho tha'y mat khdng tich cue d ca nam va nfl. Bdi le, nd thi hien tdn tai vl phan bill gidi tinh cung nhu nhung nhan thflc, hanh vi chua dung khdng khoa hgc a ca hai gidi trong CSSKSS/KHHGD.
Giai phap dl khac phuc su khac biet gifla nam va nfl cac vung biln, dao va ven biln trong til'p can thdng tin vl CSSKSS/KHHGD la:
Thif nhd't, tang cudng thdi lugng va nang cao cha't lugng boat ddng ciia cac ngudn thdng tin vl CSSKSS/KHHGD cho phu nfl va nam gidi trong dd tudi sinh de; su dung cac nhdm ngudn thdng tia phu hgp vdi ca nam va nu song song vdi viec cung ca'p ngi dung thong tin d5y du. phong phu, dap iing dugc trinh dg tie'p thu. thdi gian tie'p can.
Thif hai, ca quan chfle nang tang cirdng cung cS'p thdng tin CSSKSS/KHHGD cho nfl gidi, cung nhu ren ky nang truyin thdng Ilnh vuc ndi trin. Cd tbl coi hg la mdt "kenh" Uuyen thdng chinh thflc, dang tin cay de'n timg ngudi dan trong cgng ddng ma trudc hit la nhung ngudi than trong gia dinh; cSn quan tam hon nfla va cd su dSu tu thfch dang viec cung d p kie'n thflc va ky nSng thuc hanh vl CSSKSS/KHHGD, ky nang tuyin truyin tu viin vl CSSKSS/KHHGD cho cac thanh vien trong gia dinh ; tang cudng su tham gia cua cac co quan, td chfle cd liln quan dl'n cac thanh vien trong gia dinh trong cdng tac truyin thdng vl CSSKSS/KHHDGG (Hgi Ngudi cao tudi, Hgi Phu nfl, Hdi Ndng dan, Doan thanh niln, nha trudng...).
Thif ba, ndi dung va hinh thflc sinh boat cua cac td chfle chinh trj xa hgi, cum dan cu... d co sd nin thu hut luc lugng tham gia ca phu nu va nam gidi trong dd tudi sinh de.
Thif tu, c^n ke't hgp truyin thdng nhung thdng tin mang tinh khoa hgc
Nguygn Thi My Trang, Dfing Thi Bich Thuan 85
vdi viec tuyen truyin, giao due iam ban chlva dSn dl'n xoa bd nhung quan niim, thdi quen, nl'p sinh boat cd anh hudng khdng td't, khdng dung de'n viec tie'p nhan thdng tin, trao ddi thdng tin vl CSSKSS/KHHGD d ca hai gidi nam va nfl, nha't la dd'i vdi nam, nham giup cac dd'i tuong nay cd du thdng tin va qua dd cd y thflc. trach nhiem vl linh vuc niu tren.
Thif ndm, cSn xay dung md hinh truyin thdng cu tbl cho phfl hgp vdi dac thfl cua vflng biln, dao va hai dao nham nang cao sd lugng va chat lugng truyin thdng, dap ung dugc mdi trudng sd'ng, iam viec cung nhu tap quan, thdi quen cua nam va nfl.B
Tai ll^u tham khao
Nguyin Dinh Tan va Le Tidu La (dong chii bien). 1999. \'ai lid nam chii IK) ngif ddn ven bien trong bifdc chuyen ddi sang nen kinh te'thi trudng dViet Nam fiien nay. Ha Noi. NXB Chinh trj Qudc gia.
