NGHIEN c a u - TRAO DOI
Sir sut giam vdn FDI vao Viet Nam:
Nhm tCr khia canh chien \Mc 6P trong marketing
H T d N G N G G Y E T AMH*
Nhffng nam g^n day, liftfng v6'n d i u ttf trtfc ti§'p ntfdc ngoai (FDI) vao Vifl Nam c6 xu htfdng suy giam, m^c du, sfiT ItfcTng di/ an d i u ttf v l n tSng 16n. Co n h i i u each ly giai, nhtflig bai vi§'t tife'p cSn vS'n 6i theo chid'n Itfotc 6P trong marketing Idnh doanh, ttf do dtfa ra htfdng di nham tang ctfdng thu hut FDI, phat tri§'n n I n kinh te cua Viet Nam trong thofi gian tdi.
SL/SgT GIAM VON FDI
Theo sd lieu cua Cue Dau tff ntfdc ngoai (Bd Kd' hoach vd Diu ttf), trong 3 ndm trd lai day, sd' dff dn dffde ca'p mdi tang din qua cde nam, nhffng mffe tang khdng cao (tff 1.091 dff dn nam 2011 len 1.100 dtf dn nam 2012 va kd't thuc nam 2013 tdng sd dtf an FDI cung chi dffng lai d con sd' 1.275). Xet trdn td'ng sd vd'n diu tff lai cd sff bid'n ddng theo chilu hffdng giam, nam 2011 dffde ddnh gia Id nam dat dffde nhieu thanh tffu trong thu hiit FDI vdi tdng so vdn 26,22d ty USD, nhimg nam 2012 lai bi sut giam manh chi bang 67,91%
so vdi ndm 2011. Nam 2013, mac dii Itfdng vd'n FDI thu hiit vao Viet Nam da cd stf ldng ldn so vdi nam 2012, nhtfng van tha'p hdn nam 2011 (Bieu dd).
Tinh de'n he't quy 1/2014, Vidt Nam cd 252 dtf dn dtfdc cd'p mdi, nhtfng lifdng vdn lai chi dat dtfdc la 2,046 ty USD, bang 69,9% so vdi ciing ky ndm 2013.
BIEG D 6 : S t f BIEM DONG C U A SO LCf0NG Dd A M V A TONG SO V O N L U Y K E CAC Q U Y GIAI D O ^ N 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 3
V A Q U Y 1/2014
——S6 dv an Sugc cap Tone i^ vfin (liiy Ii6)
N g u o n : Tac gia t6ng h^Jp theo so iieu J tiJ nudc ngoai - Bo Ke hoach va Dau tu
Neu theo dung xu htfdng bi^n ddng, tin so' Itfdng dtf dn va tdng sd' vdn FDI cua quy 1/2014, bao hidu mdt stf sut giam cua ddng vdn FDI ndm 2014 so vdi nam 2013 nhtf stf bid'n ddng gidm xud'ng cua nam 2012 so vdi nam 2011.
OAU LA NGUYEN N H A N ?
Cd ra't nhieu cdch ly gidi khac nhau, nhffng tdc gia xin dtfa ra mdt each tiep can mdi vdi md hinh 6P trong marketing dd' tim hieu nguydn nhdn cua hien tffdng sut giam Iffdng vd'n FDI ndy.
Theo bid'n so' 6P cua marketing hien dai, cd the nhan thd'y rang, Vidt Nam van edn ye'u trong 4/6 chff P ndy. Cu th^:
Thii nhdt, sdn phdm (P- Product) cua cong nghiip phu trg con qud thieu vd yeu.
Vdi ldi the' v l d'n dinh chfnh tri vS nhieu chinh sdch ffu dai khdc, cd rat nhilu doanh nghidp FDI mud'n dau tU lau dai vao Viet Nam, nhffng nganh cdng nghiep phu trd qua yd'u lai Id m^t trd Iffc ldn. Cdc doanh nghidp nay van phai nhdp khau vdt tff, Iinh kidn tff nUdc ngoai, ddng thdi phdi kdo theo nha lip rap, san xua't bdn thdnh pham tff chinh qud'c sang. Dieu ndy dan dd'n gid tri gia tang dtfdc tao ra tai Viet Nam tffdng d^i tha'p so vdi diu tff d nhieu qudc gia kh^c trong khu vffc.
Thd hai, cdng tdc tidp thi (^
Promotion) - xuc tidn ddu tU FDI thitc hien chua hieu qud.
Trffdc nam 2003, cdng tdc xiic tiln dau ttf FDI cua Viet Nam sd dung chfi
• T h S , T r U d n g D a i h p c T h u ' d n g m a i I E m a i l : l u o n g n g u y e t a n h @ g m a i l . c o m
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Kinh t^:v»nir bioNganh cong nyiiiep plui yeu cdc bi?n phdp ddn gidn ky thuat xiic tien diu ttf, nhtf: Danh muc cdc dtf dn keu gpi FDI; Hdi nghi xiic tid'n FDI; Hdi thdo d ntfdc ngodi; Saeh htfdng din (thu luc phdp IJ, gidi thieu ve Uy ban Nha ntfdc ve hdp tdc vd diu ttf - SCCI...) vd Hdp tdc vdi cdc doanh nghidp FDI de td ehtfc hOi thdo, hdi nghi vdi cdc nhd dau tff tiem ndng. Den nay, edng tdc nay da cd nhieu cdi tie'n tich ctfc, sii" dung mdt cdch tdng thi hdn cdc bi$n phdp dd. Tuy nhien, dd ddng de nhdn thay rang, nhffng bidn phdp dffde Viet Nam stf dung trong thu hiit FDI cdn nhieu han chd', nhff:
(i) Chffa cd mdt quy hoach cu the cho vi$c thu hiit FDI, chffa cd mdt chie'n Iffdc xiic tid'n dau tff qudc gia. Han chd' ndy dtfdc thi hidn d vide boat ddng xiic tien diu ttf ehtfa ed tinh lidn ngdnh. Hen vDng, chffa kd't hdp xuc tien dau tff vdi xuc tid'n thffdng mai, du lich, dd'i ngoai, vdn hda, taio ndn mdt sff phan tdn vd lang phi ngudn Iffc.
(ii) Danh mue cdc dtf dn diu ttf dtfde dffa ra theo nhu cau cln diu tff cua Vidt Nam, hdn Id theo nhu cau cua cdc nhd diu tff. Dilu ndy da khien cho edc dff an kdu gpi dau ttf ciia Vipt Nam chtfa thu hiit dtfdc nhilu sff quan tdm cua cdc nha diu tff, sd Itfdng cdc dff dn ndi chung vd cdc dff dn Idn dang ngdy cdng gidm din.
(iii) Tdi Ii$u phuc vu cho cdng tdc truyen thdng cdn sd sal. khdng dly dil.
Economv iinJ Forecast RCM
Cdc dff an keu gpi dau tff mdi chi dtfa ra nhffng thdng tin ve nganh nghe, tdng vd'n diu ttf... Trong khi dd, cdn rl^t nhieu thdng tin cu the ma nha dau ttf can lai khdng cd, nhtf: khi mdt dtf dn dau ttf vdo dia phtfdng phai chiu nhffng Ioai thud', phi nao, vdi ty Id bao nhidu... thi da sd' thffdng khdng tra ldi day du dffde. Thdng tin xiic tie'n diu tff chffa the hidn dffde dieu md nha dau tff mud'n.
(iv) Cd qua it thdng tin trffc tuye'n phuc vu cdng tdc xuc tid'n, thu hiit diu tff de cung cap thdng dn lien quan cho nhd diu tff va ddn vi thu hiit diu ttf. Cue Dau ttf ntfdc ngodi, Bd Kd' hoach va Diu tff - ddn vi dffng dau ve quan Iy dau tff nffdc ngoai - da xdy dffng mpt website trtfc tuye'n http://fia.mpi.gov.vn/. Ngoai ngff duy nha't dtfdc sff dung trdn website trtfc tuye'n ndy la tid'ng Anh. Tuy nhidn, nhffng nam gan day, ddng vdn FDI cua Nhat Bdn, Han Qud'c vd cac qud'c gia chau A khdc vdi ngdn ngff sff dung khdng phai la tid'ng Anh dau tff vao Vidt Nam lai ludn ehid'm mdt ty trpng ldn.
Ben canh dd, thdng tin cung cap trdn website ciia FIA de cdc nha dau ttf cd the tim kid'm cho quyd't dinh diu ttf cua minh cdn sd sai. Nhffng thdng tin trffc tuyd'n cua cdc trung tam xiic tid'n dau tff vting vd dia phffdng cQng rdi vao hoan canh tffdng tff.
Thdba, yeu td con ngUdifP- People) vdn chUa ddp dng dugc yeu cdu ve ndng luc chuyen mdn cua doanh nghiep FDI.
Vdi hdn 62 tridu ngtfdi (ehid'm 69% dan so') dang d dd tudi lao ddng, thi Viet Nam cd mot ngudn lao ddng phd thdng ra't doi dao. Tuy nhidn, theo nhan dinh ciia cdc nhd dau ttf ntfdc ngoai, mdc dil hang ndm dpi ngu sinh vidn cdc trtfdng dai hgc, cao ddng ciia Viet Nam ra trffdng vdi so Itfdng Idn, nhffng ty Id nhffns ngtfdi cd kha nang ddp i?ng nhu clu cua edc nhd tuydn dung
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NGHIEM CCra - TRAO DOI
trong doanh nghiep FDI lai qua it do khdng cd kid'n thffc thffc li, trinh dd ngoai ngff ban chd'.
Bdn canh dd, vdi tinh hinh lam phdt hidn nay thi chi phi ve nhan cdng cua Viet Nam din dan khdng cdn re.
Dieu nay cho thay, ngudn lao ddng ddi dao vdi gid re khdng cdn la mdt ifti thd' de Viet Nam cd t h i tan dung trong thu hiit FDI nffa.
Thdtu, Viet Nam chUa comdtdinh vi (P-Positioning) ro rdng trong thu hut FBI.
Cho d^n thdi dilm hidn nay, Vidt Nam vdn chffa cd mdt dinh vi rd rang la diem tid^p nhan FDI nhff the nao. Chiing ta dffa ra mpt loat cac yd'u td nhff Id dilm hd'p ddn thu hiit FDI: On dinh chinh tri; dn dinh kinh td' vT md; vi tri dia ly thudn ldi cho giao thtfdng;
ngudn nhdn Itfc ddi ddo; he thd'ng phap ly dffde cai each theo hffdng hdi nhdp qud'c td'; chi phi kinh doanh dang dffde gidm; thud^thu nhap doanh nghidp tha^p vd midn thud' nhap khau; cho phep nhieu hinh thffc dau tff; xod bd kilm soat ngoai hd'i; dang nd Itfc thtfe hidn he thd'ng mpt gia va ngdnh diu ttf cho cac dtf an FDI dtfdc md rdng. Tuy nhien, Chinh phii vdn chtfa xac dinh dtfdc rd dau la yd'u td' hd'p din, quan trong nhd't d l thu h'lit FDI.
M O T S O K I E N NGH!
Mgt Id, can dau tff manh me va cd trpng tdm hdn nffa dd'i vdi cdng nghidp hd trd. Chinh phii nen giao cho cd quan quan Iy nha nffdc (Bd Cdng Thffdng) xdy dffng Chffdng trinh hanh ddng qud'c gia ve cdng nghiep phu trd. Chffdng trinh nen chia thanh 3 giai doan: (1) Xay dffng the chd' va hinh thanh ndng Itfc, nham thu hiit dau ttf ntfdc ngoai thdng qua cdc chinh sach khuyd'n khich diu tff; (2) Xay dtfng nang Itfc cung ffng npi dia vdi muc dich nhan chuyen giao cdng nghd tff cac doanh nghidp FDI sang cac doanh nghidp npi dia; (3) Xay dtfng nang Itfc cung ffng qud'c te'. Thffc hien eac chinh sdch hd trd ve vd'n, cdng nghd vd trinh dp qudn ly cho cdc doanh nghiep edng nghiep phu trd.
Xay dffng cd sd dff lieu ve cac doanh nghiep edng nghidp hd trd theo cdc nganh. Ddy se la bd cd sd dff lieu dien tff ve cac doanh nghiep cdng nghiep hd trd, dffde cap nhdt thdng tin dly dii va thffdng xuyen nham cung cap thdng tm td't nha't dap ffng nhu clu mua cdc hnh phu kien.
Hai Id, day manh cdc boat ddng xiic tie'n dau tff. D l dat dffde hidu qua cao trong thu hdt FDI, hoat ddng nay cln phai dffde xay dffng thdnh chffdng trinh hanh dpng cu the, cd chie'n Iffdc va thd'ng nhd't trong viec
tiep can nha diu ttf vdi stf hdp tdc cua tdng the cdc bd, ngdnh va ddn vi cd hdn quan. Trdn ed sd cac ehinh sach qudc gia, cac vung va dia phtfdng, xdy diAig cdc chtfdng trinh xiic tid'n diu ttf ridng theo ddc diem v l dieu kidn ttf nhidn va kinh td'cua minh.
Ba Id, nang cao chd^t Itfdng ngudn nhan Itfe dap tfng ydu clu vide ldm trong khu vtfc cd vd'n FDI. Cdc bidn phdp nang cao chd't Itfdng dao tao ngudn nhan Iffc bao gdm: nang cao chait Itfdng he thdng day nghe, he thdng gido due dai hpc vd trung hpc chuyen nghidp.
Dd'i vdi dao tao nghe, Nha nffdc cln nghien ctfu d l xac dinh rd nhu cau cac nghi trong ttfdng lai dd'i vdi doanh nghidp FDI ndi ridng vd cua nIn kinh te ndi ehung de ldm dinh hffdng cho cac cd sd ddo tao nghe, xac dinh ndi dung chffdng trinh dao tao.
Ddi vdi ddo tao dai hpc va trung hpc chuydn nghidp phai xac dinh dffde lay chat Itfdng lam muc tidu chinh chff khdng phdi sd' Itfdng vd phai gan liln vdi nhu clu thtfe td' eiia cac doanh nghidp.
c l n da dang hda cac phtfdng thffc ddo tao nhdm gidp sinh vidn nang cao cdc ky nang thffc hanh nghe nghidp.
Bdn Id, Chinh phu cln xdc dinh rd hai yd'u td' "cln gi?" vd "cd gi?" khi thu hut FDI. Can gi la xdc dinh nhu clu ciia qudc gia, mong mud'n ngudn vd'n FDI se vdo dia phtfdng nao? nganh nghe ndo? Giai quye't dtfdc dieu nay, Chinh phu se dffa ra dtfdc nhffng chinh sdch phii hdp htfdng tdi muc tidu da de ra. Cd gi la xac dinh dffde nhffng Idi the' cua Vidt Nam trong thu hdt FDI, ddu la ldi thd'ldn nha't, dau la Idi thi chinh de cd the thu hiit dffde cdc nhd diu ttf tiem nang ma chiing ta htfdng tdi.
Mud'n dinh vi dtfdc Vidt Nam trong mat cdc nha diu ttf, ddi hdi phdi hieu ro ve chinh nhffng nha diu tff md ta muon tie'p can, nhff: nhu cau, muc dich dau ttf, dac thu cua nhd diu tff... de tff dd thIy dffde yd'u td' chinh quyd't dinh dia diem dau tff va htfdng trpng tam tdc d0ng vdo yen to dd.Q
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Nguydn Quang Hdng (2009). Phat trien cdng nghidp phu trd: gidi phdp quan trpng ddi vdi doanh nghiep Vidt Nam trong viec ha'p thu cdng nghd tff FDI, Tap chi Qudn ly kinh te, sd 27, trang 15-20
2. Sidel, Philips (2002). Marketing Policy, lecture notes prepared for an MBA course at the International University of Japan, Niigata
