^hCpng he thong nuoi trong thuy san tuan hoan hien dai (tap theo)
CHUYEN DOI TU' TRAI NUOI VOI DA GIA TANG DAN SO THE GIOI NHU" HIEN NAY, NHIEU Y KIEN CHO RANG VIEC DUY TRI VA NANG CAO SAN LL/gNG THUY SAN DE DAM BAO DINH D U O N G CHO NGU'OI DAN DAC BIET LA CUNG CAP AXIT BEG KHONG BAO HOA DA - LA VO CUNG CAN THIET HON THE, THUY SAN CO HU'ONG V I THOM NGON, GIUP THOA MAN NHU CAU UMAMI (VI NGOT THIT) CUA CON NGU'OI, DAM BAO LUONG DAM CAN THIET VA CAI THIEN SifC KHOE.
OLE G. M O U R I T S E N Gido sie vat ly sinh hgcDqi hgc
Mien Nam Dan Mach Tdc gid ciia nhii'u cud'n sach vd
bdi viit khoa hgc ve thiiy sdn
N
hu cau dd'i vdi cac san pham thiiy san dang ngay cang Idn. Ke tir nam 1961, tieu diing thiiy san cd td'c do tang gan gap ddi td'c dd tang dan so the' gidi. Hien nay, eon ngudi an nhieu thiiy san hon 2 lan so vdi each day 50 nam.Nudi trdng thiiy san (NTTS) dugc ky vgng la mdt trong nhirng nganh san xua't thuc pham ddng vat phat trien nhanh nha't vdi miic san lugng du kie'n se dat 230 trieu tan nam 2050.
SLF tang tnro'ng trong mat mot chuyen gia
Trong mdt the gidi dang phai dd'i mat vdi nhirng thach thiie do su khan hiem tai nguyen, tinh trang gia tang dan so, beo phi va suy dinh dudng gay ra, rat nhieu cac nha khoa hoc, cac chuyen gia ve'kinh te^ chinh trj, dinh dudng danh gia su gia tang nhu eau tieu thu thiiy san la mdt xu hudng rat tich cue. Thir dung d vi tri eiia mdt chuyen gia ve nude va
hieu rang 70% lugng nude tieu thu tren the' gidi dugc dimg eho nganh edng nghiep san xua't, che' bieh thue pham, ta se thay Igi ich cua NTTS rat rd rang: NTTS ddi hdi rat it nude nhung mang lai hieu qua cao. Qua trinh do thi hda vdi 50% dan so the gidi tap trung d cac thanh pho Idn edng vdi su bie'n dd'i khi hau va iugng mua phan bd khdng deu da khie'n ngudn tai nguyen nude vd'n da khan hie'm nay cang trd nen can kiet hon. Ma theo Water Footprint Network, de nudi mgt kg ca nude ngpt ehi deu ton khoang 500 lit nude (nuoi trong he thd'ng tuan hoan tren da't Hen) va tham chi khdng mat mdt gigt nude ngpt nao ne'u nuoi tren bien. Trong khi dd san xua't 1kg bd phai dimg trung binh la 15 m^ nude (ca true tie'p va gian tie'p). Chinh vi the^ ne'u cd dau ra td't, cac he thd'ng NTTS se la giai phap giup kim ham td'c dp tang tieu thu nude.
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: TtuoNG Mw THjy S'
Ngu'O'i tieu dung quyet djnh thj t r y a n g
Mud'n boat ddng hieu qua, doanh nghiep (DN) phai tim hieu xu hudng thi trudng va ed mdt dieu hp phai hieu ra't rd:
ngudi tieu diing ehi bd tien ra mua nhiing loai thuc pham hg mud'n va phii hgp vdi tui tien eiia hp. Do dd, nhiing ngudi nudi thuy san -- va ea nhung ehuyen gia mud'n tac ddng den xu hudng phat trien ciia nganh - phai bie't ddng luc nao thiic day nhu eau mua thiiy san ciia cac DN ban le va ngudi tieu dimg.
Ndi each khac, ciing gid'ng nhu ky vong ciia ngudi tieu diing cd anh hudng rat Idn deh nen kinh te the'gidi thi nhu cau eiia ngudi tieu diing ddi vdi eac san pham thuy san tuoi ngon se la ye'u to quye't dinh su tang trudng ciia thi trudng thuy san dia phuong va qud'e te'.
'Mon an mo-i phu-o-ng Bac' lam tLP nguyen lieu trong nu'O'c
"Mdn an mdi phuong Bac' la mdt vi du rat thii vi ve xu hudng phat trien cua thi trudng. Day la mdt y tudng hinh thanh d Bac Au each day khoang 10 nam vdi muc dich khuye'n khieh ngudi dan sir dung cae san pham theo miia eiia dia phuong. Ngay nay, thuc don nhieu nha hang noi tie'ng d Dan Mach cd them nhiing mdn ehe' bie'n tir nguyen lieu trong nude nhimg theo each mdi, ehu trpng dac tinh tuoi ngon, don gian va thuan kliie't. Nha hang Noma d Copenhagen -hien dang nam trong danh sach 50 nha hang
td't nha't tren the'gidi - dupe xay dung hoan toan dua tren y tudng nay Mdt ioat eac san pham thuc pham chat lupng cao hinh flianh dua tren y tudng "Mdn an mdi phuong Bac' da dupe gidi thieu tdi ngudi Heu diing Bac Au, ben eanh nhiing san pham mud'i, hun khdi, tam udp truyen thd'ng.
Trong so dd khdng the khdng ke tdi nhirng san pham ea hdi mdi dang lam mua lam gid tren thi tru'dng.
Tim kiem cam giac khoai khau
'Ngon mieng' la mdt khai niem rdng hon ed tac dpng bao trijm len nhu ca'u tieu thu thirc pham tren toan the' gidi. Ve co ban, eon ngudi cd nhu cau thie't ye'u dd'i vdi vi thii nam, cdn ggi la umami (vi ngot thit), Ioai vj lam nen cam giac ngon mieng.
Thuat ngii umami bat ngudn tir mdt loai nude canh na'u tir ca va rong bien ciia Nhat Ban va sau nay ngudi ta mdi bie't rang cac san pham thuy san cd vj thom ngon la nhd ham Iugng eac chat san sinh umami cao. Co che'phan tir dac biet dang sau umami hien van cdn la bi an, ngudi ta mdi ehi bie't rang nd ed mdt su tac ddng nao dd len cac thu the ciia te'bao vi giac. Theo giao su Ole G. Mouritsen - ngudi Dan Mach, tae gia ciia nhieu cud'n sach va bai vie't khoa hoe ve thiiy san - su thie'u hut huong vi umami trong nhieu thuc pliam ehe'bie'n khie'n ngudi an mat cam giac ngon mieng va khdng kiem soat duoe che'do dinh dudng, chang han nhu an qua nhieu mud'i.
Trai nuoi cd hoi cao cap moi a Dan Mach Cong ly NTTS Dan Mach AqiiaPri -chuyhi nuoi va san xuat ca va Irintg cd hoi cao cap — hien dang dau tie xay dinig co $0 nudi cd pike- perch sri dung cdng nghe tuan hoan lien tiai Cdng 11/ cho biel muc dich chinh ciia vice sif dung cdng nghe nay la deco the hem soat toan b(5 cnc cong doan trong qua trinh nuoi Co so iiiidl sc dirac xay dung qua nhieu ^lai doan va dir fcieii se kel thitc trong vo 2017 sc hoan thien.
chat beo bao hda, dudng. Chinh vi the^ umami da duge dua vao lam mdt thanh phan eua 'Mdn an mdi phuong Bac'. Cac dau be'p ke't hgp giiia eac nguyen Heu truyen thd'ng va nguyen lieu mdi lam tir ea va rong bien de lam nen mot loat cae mdn an khae nhau cd vi umami. Ta'm quan trpng cua umami ddi vdi vi giac cua eon ngudi la dieu khdng the ehd'i cai va su phat trien ciia khoa hgc ngay nay ddng vai trd ehinh trong viec hinh thanh va gidi thieu nhung san pham thiiy san ngon mieng de'n vdi ngudi tieu dung tren the'gidi.
BEN CANH VIEC TAO RA SAN PHAM CA HOI CO CHAT LU'ONG CAO, NTTS CO TRACH NHIEM CON DONG VAI TRO RAT QUAN TRONG VOX DN. s y RA D O I CUA CHU'NG NHAN ASC VA NHU'NG NO Ll/C GAN KET VOI NHA BAN LE DA GIIJP DN CO DON DAT HANG SOM DE LEN OU'OC KE HOACH SAN XUAT TRLTOC 2 NAM
THUE HOLM CEO, LANGSAND SALMON
C h i n h p h u c n i l m tin cua d o a n h n g h i e p b a n le va ngu'O'i t i e u d u n g thong qua N T T S CO ehii'ng nhan
Hoat dgng NTTS thieu trach nhiem thudng keo theo tinh trang sir dung khang sinh bira bai va xa thai vd tdi va ra moi trudng, anh hudng de'n cu dan xung quanh. Dd la ly do can phai cd nhiing giai phap mang tinh ben viing eho nganh NTTS va cac chuong trinh chiing nh?n se ngay cang ddng vai trd quan trpng giup ngudi nudi tim dugc ehd diing tren thi trudng.
S l f q u a n t a m n g a y cang t a n g tCf phia c a c n h a ban le
Quy Qud'e te Bao ton Thien nhien (WWF) ngay cang nhan dugc nhieu yeu cau hi phia cac nha ban le trong viee tu van san pham ben viing. Viee Danish Supermarket - mgt trong nhimg nha ban le Idn nhat Dan Mach - ky hgp ddng 3 nam vdi to ehiic
nay de xay dung mdt danh sach 45-50 Ioai thuy san ben viing la mpt vi du. Viee danh gia tinh ben vCrng cua san pham bSt bugc phai dua vao viee truy xua't nguon gd'c va thu thap thdng tin tir ta't ca cac nha eung cap ed lien quan. Nha eung cap phai xua't trinh thdng tin ve Ioai san pham ma hg cung cap, san pham dd bao gom nhiing Ioai nao, nhiing loai do dugc thu hoach/danh bat khi nao va d dau. Muc dich la bugc cac nha cung ca'p phai dd'i mdi va lam ra nhung san pham cd trach nhiem. Trudc mat, phuong an se la Ioai bd nhung loai cd van de ra khdi danh sach, nhung ve lau dai, phuong an nay se khdng eai thien dang ke tinh hinh ne'u khdng cd su tham gia lien ke't ciia nha ban le trong viec thiic day nha cung ca'p tie'n deh NTTS ben viing.
Thanh cong cua Hoi dong Quan ly Bien (MSC)
Rd rang, nganh thiiy san cd the dap ung yeu cau eua eae nha
ban le bang viec dang ky chiing nhan ben vung cho nghe ca va eac san pham khai thac. Chiing nhan cua Hdi ddng Quan ly Bien (MSC) la mdt lua chpn. Chiing nhan nay cd vai trd nang cao y thiic cua ngudi tieu dimg vdi cae san pham thuy san khai thac tir nhiing ngudn Ipi dupe quan ly ben virng thdng qua viee tac ddng de'n thdi quen mua hang eiia hp. Nghien ciiu eho thay ed tdi 30% ngudi trudng thanh tai 10 thj tru'dng Idn ed tan sua't mua thiiy san it nhat hai thang 1 lan bie't nhan ehiing nhan MSC, tang so vdi ty le 23% eua nam 2010.
Ngay nay, 7% eac san pham thiiy san ed nguon gd'c tir khai thae dupe chirng nhan MSC va eae san pham dan nhan MSC dugc tieu thu tai 106 qud'e gia tren toan the'gidi.
Hpi ddng Quan ly NTTS (ASC)
Vdi nganh NTTS, chiing nhan ASC la mdt chiing nhan day tiem nang vi dua ra dugc cac giai
phap eu the va cd the dinh lugng duge trong viee nang eao tinh ben vung. ASC duoc Quy Qud'e te'Bao ve Thien nhien (WWF) va To chuc Sang kie'n Thuong mai Ben viing (IDH) thanh lap nam 2010 vdi tu each la mpt td ehiic ehung nhan NTTS toan cau phi Igi nhuan va ddc lap. ASC quan ly mdt bd tieu chuan NTTS cd trach nhi^m ve mdi trudng va xa hdi va sir dung cac don vi thii ba doe lap de chiing nhan eac trai nudi theo quy trinh ma ASC da xay dung,
70% ca hoi se du-ac chirng nhan ASC
Cae tieu chuan chung nhan ASC duge hinh thanh qua qua trinh lay y kie'n ciia nhieu ben lien quan de dua ra nhung each tie'p can tien Hen doi vdi van de mdi trudng va xa hdi ciia nghe nudi ca hdi. Hien da xay dimg duoc cac tieu eliuaii nudi ea hdi nude man, ca hdi nude ngot, ea tra, ca rd phi, tdm nude am, bao ngu va mdt loat eae ddng vat ed
vd Trong thdi gian tdi, se cdn cd them tieu chuan cho cae loai khae. Rieng trong linh vuc nudi bien, 15 nha san xua't ea hdi Idn nha't the'gidi d Chile, Xed'tlen, Na Uy va Canada - ehiem 70% san luong ca hdi nudi ciia the' gidi - da cimg nhau hudng ling Sang kie'n Ca hd'i Toan eau (Global Salmon Initiative), theo dd, cac nha san xua't nay dat muc tieu dat chu'ng nhan ASC cho ta't ca CO sd nudi cua hg vao nam 2020.
Tieu chuan cho NTTS tren dat lien
Cae tieu chuan dmh luong eiia ASC cho liing doi tugng Ioai ciing ap dung duge eho eac he thd'ng NTTS hian hoan tren da't lien. Vdi nhiing he thd'ng nay, chiing nhan ASC se dam bao rang Iugng nude Heu thu khdng gay mat can bang sinh thai va cac eha't hiiu co trong nude thai nam trong miic du Iugng eho phep.
Ngoai ra, cae bien phap nang eao
sue khde vat nudi va dd'i phd vdi tinh trang sir dung thud'c va hda chat bat hgp phap, tran Ian ciing dupe dua vao. Luong thiic an sir dung va ngud'n gd'c, xua't xii tirng thanh phan ding phai dupe ghi chep lai Xu hudng hien nay la han ehe tang san Iugng danh bat vi trii Iugng hau he't eae Ioai thiiy san tren the gidi dang hi khai thae tdi han. Viec nay ed the anh hudng de'n hoat ddng NTTS, nha't la nudi bieh vi sir dung nhieu thiie an cd chiia eac thanh phan tir bien nhu bdt ca va dau ca. Tuy nhien, de'n nam 2010, chi cd 36% bdt ca tren the gidi la duoe san xua't tir phe' pham ciia qua trinh phi le ea. Cliinh vi the^
cae nha san xua't thiic an thiiy san dang phai nd luc rat nhieu de tim nguyen Heu thay the'nhu rong, tao, vem va eae san pham trdng trot. •
Thanh Phuong dich (Con niea)
Hi thd'ng nuot tuan hoi chmig nhan ASC vdo nam 2014 Langsand Salmon - mdt irong nhirng hi thong nudi tiiSn hoan thuang pham Ion nhai trSn dSl hen - dd tieii hdnh nuoi cd hoi Dai Tay Duong tie nam 2011. Langsand Salmon tham gia chucmg trinh thi Siem ap dting tieu chitin ASC vd du kien se dat chiing nhan vdo nam 2014:, tro thdnh he thdng NTTS tuan hoan dSu tiSn trSn thi'p&i dat chicng nhSn ndy
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