VIEN CHAN NUOI - Tgp chi Khoa hgc Cdng nghi Chdn nudi - So 6 (Thang 6-2007)
BUOC DAU Sir DUNG KY THUAT QUANG PHO HAP PHU CAN HONG NGOAI (NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY - NIRS) DE CHAN
D O A NT H A N H P H A N H O A H O C C U A P H A N V A
THirC AN CHO GIA SUC NHAI LAI
Vii Chi Cucmg*, Phgm Kim Cuang, Dodn Thi Khang vd Nguyen Thu Anh
Vien Chan Nuoi • ; ,
*Tae gia de lien he: TS. Vii Chi Cuong, Phd Vien trudng Vien Chan nudi, • • DT: 0912121506, Email: [email protected]
A B S T R A C T > "^
Use of near infrared reflectance speetroscopy - NIRS to predict the chemical composition of animal faeces and feeds - preliminary results
NIRS calibrations were developed for the instantaneous and simultaneous prediction of the chemical composition of forages and sheep fecal samples. Calibration equations for the prediction of chemical composition showed a slightly different accuracy for different animal feed and different parameters. The coefficient of determination (R^) and the standard error for cross - validation (SECV) values ranged from average to good and very good depending on the feeds and parameters. R^ and SECV for DM, CP, Fat and CFof forage were 93.6: 90.6: 68.4; 92;7 % and 0.97; 0.65: 0.18: 1.24%. respectively. R'and SECV for DM, CP. Fat, CF, NDF, NDF and Ash of sheep feaces were: 51.7; 98.4; 95.1; 94.6; 94.2; 93.8; 98.1% and 0.73;
0.27; 1.96; 1.70; 1.54; 0.72%, respectively. At the moment calibration equations Y,; Y^; Y4; Y^: Y, Y„ Y^;
Y|(,; Y|| can be used for prediction of the chemical composition of fish meal, rice bran, forages and sheep fecal samples with an aceptable accuracy.
Key words: NIRS, calibrations, R^ and SECV.
DAT VAN DE
Ky thuat quang phd hap phii can hdng ngoai (Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy vidt tdt la NIRS) la ky thuat da dupe bidt dd'n tir lau va bidn nay da dupc irng dung rdng rai vao nhidu linh virc: xac djnh lupng nude trong ngu ede va eae loai hat (Norris va Hart, 1965), xac djnh thanh phdn boa hpc va ty Id tidu hod cua cd khd, eae thiic an tho kh6 (Brown va cpng su, 1990), thire an ii ehua (Park va cpng sir 1998), cd tuoi (Berarado va cdng sir 1997; Givens va cdng sir 1997), xac djnh lupng thue an an vao (Coelho va edng sir, 1988), xac djnh thanh phan hoa hoc va gia trj dinh dudng cita cac thii'c an hat ede cho gia Stic nhai lai (Arminda va edng sir., 1998), lpn (Van Barneveld va edng su., 1999), gia edm (Valdes va Leeson, 1992), xac djnh tinh bdt, md, ddu thue vat, nang lupng trao ddi, tdn du thudc bao vd thue vat va ddc td trong ngu ede (Wrigley, 1999), kid'm tra eae loai thue phdm (De Boever va cdng sir, 1994), tdn du nam mdc va cac chat phu gia trdn trong nguydn lieu thire an (Givens va Deaville, 1999).
Diing NIRS de xdc djnh thanh phdn boa hpc, ty Id tidu hod eiia thiie an, tir dd ude tinh gid trj dinh dudng eiia thire an da dupc edng nhan la phucmg phdp phdng thi nghidm ed dp ehinh xac cao (Boval va cdng sir, 2004). NIRS eiing la phuang phap dupc AOAC ehinh thire edng nhan de phan tich protein thd va ADF va am dp (Barton va Windham, 1998).
Nhung uu did'm, ban che eua phuang phap nay da dupc nhieu tae gia dd cap dd'n (Givens va cdng su, 1997; Coleman va edng sir 1999).
VO CHi CUONG - Budc ddu sic dung ky thudt...
NIRS cho phep phan tich nhanh. nhieu mdu ddng thdi, khdng ddc hai, khdng pha buy mdi trudng vi khdng diing hod chdt, it tdn thdi gian, re dii ddu tu ban ddu eao dd mua thiei bj (William va edng su., 1998), chudn bj mdu don gian (Mark va edng sir, 2002), dp ehinh xac kha cao, don gian eho sir dung va van hanh (Given va Deaville, 1999). Nhupe didm ciia phucmg phap la edn nhidu thdi gian cho chudn boa va phat trid'n m6 hinh, xir ly sd lieu khd.
chuydn ddi sd lieu tir cac may khac nhau vd serie kha khd khan (Given va Deaville. 1999). Vdi miic dich img dung NIRS de xay dung phucmg trinh ehan doan thanh phdn hod hpc ciia thire an. phan tid'n tdi xay dung phucmg trinh chdn doan ty Id tidu hod va gia trj dinh dudng cua thirc an ehiing tdi tid'n hanh de tai nay.
li ' VAT LIEU v A PHUONG P H A P NGHIEN CUU Nguyen ly cua phuang phdp
Theo William va cpng sir (1998), nguyen ly ciia phuang phap nay nhu sau: Khi cd mpt churn anh sang tdi chid'u qua cac mdu sinh hpc, viing anh sang can hdng ngoai (750-2500nm) dupc eae edu ndi C-H, N-H, O-H - la cac thanh td co ban tao ndn cac chat hiin co ciia mo sinh hpc, hdp phu. Do phd dnh sang phan xa tir cac mdu ta ed dupc ede thdng tin vd thanh phdn hoa hpc cLia mdu dd. Tir phd (Spectrum) thu dupc nhd mdt phan mdm vi du WinlSI chung ta ed dupe mdt ma Iran eae gia trj sd eiia phd eho mdt chat hiru co nao dd (\i du protein thd). Vi mdu ddng thdi eung dupe phdn tich thanh phdn hoa hpc ndn chiing ta ed dupe mdt ma Iran sd cac gia trj phdn tich ve mdt chat htm eo nao dd (vi du protein thd). Diing eae md hinh thdng ke nhieu bid'n eho phep md ta quan he giiia phd hap phu va thanh phan hoa hpc, quan he nay sau dd chinh la md hinh loan dd' ehan doan thanh phan hoa hpc cua cac mdu chua phan tich tai phdng thi nghiem. Toan bo nguydn ly ciia qua trinh nay duoc mo ta trong So dd 1.
1
mSkiihlMtllimtmiliik»Siimmmii Phdn mem WINisi Phan tich
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Ma trdn phd hap phu chat A Ma trdn ket qua phan tich chat A
amtM
x'x^ .x'p
WinlSl
.,nl
y y y^
1
/
Phuong trinh eha'n doan ciia NIRS cho chat A
So dd 1: Qui trinh xdy dung phucmg trinh ehan doan thanh phdn boa hpc cua thire an va phan vdi may NIRS
53
VIEN CHAN NUOI - Tgp chi Khoa hgc Cdng nghe Chdn nudi - So 6 Chang 6-2007) Cdc mdu thuc dn, phdn sudung trong nghien cicu
Mdu sir dung trong thi nghiem gdm: ed tu nhidn va cd trdng trong thi nghiem in vivo trdn cim va phan cim trong thi nghidm tidu hod in vivo dang dupc tie'n hanh tai Vidn Chan nudi tir nam 2004 - 2005. Cac mdu sau khi dupc say khd d 45"C trong 24 gid dupc nghidn dd'n I mm de phan tich thanh phdn boa hpc va chay quet phd trdn may NIRS monochromator 5000 eiia hang Foss, USA.
Phdn tich thdnh phdn hod hgc
Thanh phdn hda hpc thire an, phdn duoc phdn tich tai phdng Phdn tich thire an va san pham ehan nudi, Vien Clian nudi. Cac tidu chudn TCVN 4326 - 86, TCVN 4328 - 86, Shoeklex, TCVN 4329 - 86, TCVN 4327 - 86 duoc sir dung de phdn tich ty le nude ban dau, protein thd, md thd, xa thd va khoang tdng sd. NDF, ADF dupc xdc dinh theo phucmg phap cua Goering va Van Soest (1970). " " .. ,.-^..
Chgy phd vd xuly sdlieu vd xdy dirng phuong trinh chdn dodn .? •,. ,; , ,,^ r. M.T.
Qui trinh chay va xay dung phucmg trinh chdn doan theo So dd 1. Mdu thtic an sau chay phd dupe phdn mem chuydn dung WinlSI chuyen thanh mdt ma tran sd. Ma tran ndy eung vdi ma Iran kd't qua phan tich se dupc hdi qui vdi nhau (sau khi da loai bd tu ddng eae sd lieu cue doan) vdi WinlSI de xay dung phuong trinh ehan doan. Md hinh toan hpc dd' xdy dung quan he giira hai ma trdn sd la hdi qui tuye'n da chieu (Multiple linear regssion-MLR):
Y=b„ + biX, + b,X, + + b,X, + bpXp . , v.>P',i-^
Trong dd: Y la kd't qua phan tich phdng thi nghidm cua chat A nao dd; _:••'., r
X la ket qua chdn doan vdi NIRS; b: he sd .,.;•
KET QUA v A T H A O LUAN
Kit qud xdy dung phuang trinh chdn dodn chdt khd, protein thd, xa thd vd md ctia cd Bang 1: Kdt qua phdn tich DM, CP, Fat va CF ciia cd trdn may NIRS
Thanh phan n
DM 37 CP 37 Fat 37 CF 37
Mean 18,38 10,678
1,92 30,41
Bang 2: So sanh ket qua Chi tieu
CK Lab NIRS
CP Lab NIRS
Mo Lab MRS
CF Lab NIRS
n 39 37 39 37 39 37 39 37
SD 4,93 3,16 0,416
3,35
Min 3,58 1,20 0,680 20,37
phdn tich DM, CP, Fat va Mean ± SD
18,46 ±4,83 18.38 ±4,93
11,12 ±3,65 10,68 ±3,16 1,98 ±0,49 1,92 ±0,416 30,20 ± 3,58 30,41±3,35
Max 33,17 20,15 3,15 40,46
CF eiia ed vdi Min 10,48
3,58 4,92 1,20 1,04 0,68 21,21 20,37
SEC 0,76 0,42 0,11 0,72
SECV 0,97 0,65 0,18 1,24
kd't qua MRS
'--
- . . < • 1 • •
Max 27,32 33,17 20,07 20,15 3,38 3.15 36,10 40,46
iTOC.:. O D' VU CHi CUONG - Budc ddu sic dung ky thudt.
Bang 3: Phuang trinh hdi qui chdn doa DM, CP, Fat va CF ciia ed trdn may NIRS
Chi tidu n Phucmg trinh R'(%) P « )
DM ciia cd Yi CPciia cd Y2 Fat ciia co Y, CF tho cua CO Y4
39 Y, = 8393 -t- 0.9658 DMCoNlRS 49 Yfi = - 0.6514 + 1.082 CPCoNlRS 28 Y7= - 0.0101 + 1.033 FatCoNlRS 47 Y« = - 0.943 -I- 1.026 CFCoNlRS
93,6 90,6 68,4 92,7
0,001 0,001 0,001 0,001
2S.
24.
a-
3, 20-
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14-
12- 10-
3.5
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F i t t e d L i n e P l o t C W . C o . U b - 0.8393 * 0 . 9 t e 8 CM_C0_»rs
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0 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 2G 5
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DM_Co_Mr»
F l t t M l L i n e P l o t F a t _ C o _ L a O - • 0 . 0 1 0 1 + 1 . 0 3 3 F a t _ C o _ f 4 r e
•
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•
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
%
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F i t t e d U n e P l o t C P _ C o _ l 3 b - - 0 . 6 5 1 4 * 1.082 C P _ C o _ r * r s
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7 . 5 1 0 . 0 12.5 1 5 . 0 1 7 . 5 C F _ C o „ * »
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26 24 22
F i t t e d U n e P l o t CF.Co.Ut) - - 0.M3 * 1.026 CF_Co^f*r5
•
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25.0 27.5 » . 0 315 J5.0 Cf_CB_»*w
• Sq H P *
Do thj I, 2, 3, 4: Hdi qui giira DM, CP, Fat va CF eua ed phan tich phdng thi nghiem va ehan doan trdn NIRS
Kd't qua xay dung phuong trinh ehan dodn DM, CP, Fat va CF eiia ed tir NIRS dupe trinh bay d cdc bang 4, 5, 6 va dd thj 3, 4, 5, 6. Kdi qua nay eho thdy trir trudng hpp Fat (R' trung binh: 68,4%) ede phuong trinh ehan doan DM, CP va CF ciia cd bdng NIRS ed R^ cao (93,6;
90.6 va 92,7 %) vdi SEC (Standard error for eallibration)-sai sd ciia phep do chap nhan dupc (0,76; 0,42 va 0,727o), va sai sd eua phep do sau khi da hidu ehinh SECV (Standard error for cross validation) eung dii nhd dd khdng gay sai sd qua ldn eua phep do (0,97; 0,65 va 1,24%).
Vdi R^ cao va sai sd khdng ldn ndn khdng ed su sai khac vd cac gia trj: Mean ± SD, Min va Max cua DM. CP va CF eiia ed phdn tich phdng thi nghiem va chay tren may NIRS.
Kit qud xdy dung phuang trinh chdn dodn DM, CP, Xa, Md, NDF, ADF, Ash cua i^dn cUu
Kdi qua xay dung phuong trinh ehan doan DM, CP, Fat, CF, NDF, NDF va Ash eiia phan cim tir NIRS dupc trinh bay d eae bang 4, 5, 6 va dd thj 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 va 11. Kdi qua nay eho thdy trir trudng hpp DM (R^ trung binh: 5\,1%) cdc phucmg trinh chdn doan CP, Fat. CF, NDF, NDF va Ash cua phan cim tir NIRS ed R' cao dd'n kha eao (98,4; 95,1; 94,6; 94,2; 93,8 va 98,1%) vdi SEC (Standard error fot eallibration)-sai sd ciia phep do chap nhan dupc (0,61;
0,2; 1,5; 1,36; 1.26 \ a 0,59%). va sai sd ciia phep do sau khi da hidu ehinh SECV (Standard
55
VIEN C H A N NUOI - Tgp chi Khoa hgc Cdng nghe Chdn nudi - So 6 Chang 6-2007) error for cross validation) eung dii nhd de khdng gay sai sd qua Idn eiia phep do (0,73; 0,27,
1,96; 1,70; 1,54 va 0,72%).
Vdi R^ eao va sai sd khdng ldn (khdng vupt qua 2%) ndn khdng cd sir sai khae ve eae gia trj: Mean ± SD, Min va Max eiia DM, CP va CF cua ed phdn tich phdng thi nghidm va chay trdn may NIRS, trir trudng hpp chat khd.
Bang 4: Kdt qua phan tich DM, CP, Xo, Md, NDF, ADF, Ash ciia phan ciru trdn may NIRS Thanh phdn
DM CP Fat CF
n 55 57 54 55
Mean 37,61 12,88 2,36 27,52
SD 8,17 4,62 1,23 6,47
Min 13,08
7,39 0,90 8,12
Max 62,14 26,74 6,04 46,92
SEC 5,34 0,61 0.20 1,50
SECV 5,74 0,73 0,27 1,96
NDF 54 61,10 8,17 36,59 85,62 1,36 1,70 ADF 54 34,19 7,05 13,049 55,33 1,26 1,54 Ash
Bang 5:
Chi tieu
55 So sanh kdt qua
18,04 4,82 3,59 32,49
phan tich DM, CP, Xo, Md, NDF, ADF, Ash ciia NIRS
n Mean ± SD Min
0,59 0,72 phan cim vdi kdt qua
Max DM
CP Fat CF NDF ADF Ash
Lab NIRS Lab NIRS Lab NIRS Lab NIRS Lab NIRS Lab NIRS Lab NIRS
57 55 57 57 57 54 52 55 50 54 51 54 57 55
38,2 ± 8,62 37,61 ±8,17 12,88 ±4,62 12,88 ±4,62 2,44 ± 1,24 2,36 ± 1,23 28,10±7,17 27,52 ± 6,47 60,40 ± 8,76 61,10±8,17 34,32 ± 6,90 34,19 ±7,05 17,85 ±4,84 18,04 ±4,82
22,76 13,08 7,25 7,39 0,98 0,90 13,97
8,12 34,40 36,59 18,12 13,049
10,28 3,59
58,89 62,14 30,43 26,74 7,35 6,04 50,78 46,92 74,38 85,62 52,73 55,33 26,72 32,49 Bang 6: Riucmg trinh hdi qui ehan doan DM, CP, Xo, Md, NDF, ADF, Ash cua phan cim trdn
may NIRS
Chi tidu It Phuang trinh R^(%) P(<) CK ciia phan cim Y, 36 Y, = 0.072 -i- 1.013 DMPhancuuNIRS
CP ciia phan cini Y^ 57 Y,o = - 0.0002 + 1.000 CPphancuuNirs Fat ciia phan cini Y, 57 Yi, = 0.02573-H 0.9946 FatphancuuNirs CF cua phan cim Y« 52 Y,2 = - 1.077 -i- 1.045 CFphancuuNirs NDF cua phan cim Y, 51 Y,3= - 1.469 + 1.018 NDFphancuuNirs ADF cua phan cim Y,,, 50 Y,4= 1.070 + 0.9771 ADFphancuuNirs Ash ciia phan cim Y,, 57 Y,5= 0.0748-i-0.9953 AshphancuuNIRS
51,7 98,4 95,1 94,6 94,2 93,8 98,1
0,001 0,001 0.001 0,001 0,001 0.001 0,001
v u CHi CUONG - Buac ddu sic dung ky thudt..
60-
3
I
S'30.
20-
Fitted Line PkA
•M.Ptwn.cuu^Lab = 0.072 + 1.013 DM_Pt«n_ciJU_Mre
. 1- ' • •
• • •
•
30 35 40 45 50 DM_Ph« n_ciiu_»fr»
S S.99241 R - S q ( i d ] l S I . 7 %
3
U
82.
0
Fitted tine Plot
MO.Phan_cuu_Lab = 0.02573 -t- 0.9946 MO_Phan_cuu_r«rs
0 1 2 3 ' 4 5 6 7 B
j s
R-Sfl 1 H-Sq[«li)
HO_Ph*n_cuu_f*-B
O.Z7«n) 9 5 . 1 %
70
3
i^"-
Iso.
i
«-10
Fitted Line Plot
NOF_f>han_aju_Ub - - 1 469 •» 1 018 NOF_Ptian_aAj_Nlrs
^S>
--^^ •
40 50 60 70
•-Sfl(«dJ)
M)f_ PtMin_cuu_P*r«
l l O J U
» 4 ? ( *
Fitted Line Plot
CP_PtBn_cuu_Lab = - 0.0002 + 1.000 CP_Phan_aju_Nirt
CP_Phi n_cuu_Nrs
50-
•0 40-
i
•> 30.
!
X
20.
10.
Fitted Line Plot
XO_phan_aju_Lab = - 1.077 + 1.M5 X0_Rwn_aju_f4R
•X
0 20 30 40 50 XO_Ptan_cuu_Nr*
S 1.66£S R-So M.7«t R-Sfl{«Ij) 9 * . * ^
50
3 "
<
25 20. •
20
Fitted Line Plot
ACF.Ph»n_cuu_L^ - 1 070 + 0 9771 AOF_Ph*n^cuu,Mrt
. - ^
25 30 35 40 45 SO 55
I R U
A W_Ph«n_ciiu_»fc-i
1 -nok*
Dd thi 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10: Hdi qui giira DM, CP, Fat, CF, NDF, NDF eiia phan cim phan tich phdng thi nghidm va chan doan trdn MRS
28 26- .a 24
3 J. 22-
" l 20-
J -
| i e .
1 »^-
12- 10-
Fltted Line Plot
Khoan9_Ph3n_cuu_Lab = 0.0748 -1^0.9953 Khoan9_Phan_
y""^
• _ y ^ •
• t '
10 12 14 16 le 20 22 24 26 28
" _NlfS
S R-Sq R-Sq(.<l))
Khoano_Phan_cuu_Mri
0.666766 96.1%
9a.1%
D6 thi 11: Hdi qui giira Ash eiia phan cim phan tich phdng thi nghidm va chan doan trdn NIRS
57
VIEN CHAN NUOi - Tgp chi Khoa hgc Cdng nghe Chdn nudi - S6 6 C h a n g 6-2007)
Thdo ludn
Chdn dodn chdt kho DM, CP, Fat vd CF cita cd bang NIRS
Trir trudng hap Fat (R^ trung binh: 68,4%) eae phucmg trinh chan doan DM, CP va CF ciia ed bang NIRS eiia ehung tdi ed R^ tuong iing la 93,6; 90,6 va 92,7% vdi SEC la 0.76; 0,42 va 0,72%, SECV la 0,97; 0,65 va 1,24%. Cac tae gia khae eung thay mdt kd't qua tuong ducmg.
Boval va cdng su (2004) trdn 88 mau chay trdn NIRS 5000 monochromator thay R^ eho CP, NDF, ADF, OMD, OMI la: 98; 88; 89; 72 va 6 1 % va SEC la 0,33, 0,88, 0,89, 0,021va 4,62.
Danieli va eong sir (2004) trdn 173 miu ed thay R^ va SEP eho CP la 94% va 1,3; cho NDF:
95% va 2,14, cho ADF: 92% va 2,06, eho CF: 93% va 1,57; eho Ash la 95% va 1,17. Cozzolio va cdng su (2006) trdn 90 miu thay R^cho CP, DM va ADF la: 91; 85 va 86% va SECV la 6,5;
27,4 va 22,1. Leite va Stuth (1995) nghidn cim trdn 173 mau cd va thiirc an thd thay: R^ va SEC ciia phuang trinh ehan doan eho CP la: 97% va 1,02.
Chdn dodn DM, CP, Xa, Ma, NDF, ADF, Ash ciia phdn ciai bdng NIRS
Trir trudng hgp DM (R^ trung binh: 51,7%) cac phuang trinh ehan doan CP, Fat, CF, NDF, NDF va Ash ciia phan eiru tir NIRS ciia chiing tdi cd R^ eao dd'n kha cao: 98,4; 95,1;
94,6; 94,2; 93,8 va 98,1%) vdi SEC tuang iiiig la 0,61; 0,2; 1,5; 1,36; 1,26 va 0,59%), va SECV la 0,73; 0,27, 1,96; 1,70; 1,54 va 0,72%. Cac tac gia khae cung cd dugc eae kd't qua tuong duong vdi nghien ciiru eiia ehiing tdi. Theo Vu Dinh Tuan va edng sir (2006) gia tri R^
ciia Nito trong phan lgn 94%. Lyons va Stuth (1992); Leite va Stuth (1995) nghidn eihi trdn phan bd duge an cac khau phan khac nhau cho kd't qua R^cho CP eiia phan la 92; 94 va 89%.
KET LUAN VA DE NGHI
Trir trudng hgp Fat cua cd va DM eiia phan cim (phuang trinh Y, va Yy) ed R^ thap <75%, eae phuang trinh hdi qui tir: Y,; Yj; Y4; Y^,; Y7 Y^ Y^; Y^; Y,, ed the diing de chan doan nhanh thanh phan boa hgc ciia cd va phan cim.
Can tid'p tue nghien ciiru de tang sd mSu, tang chi tidu va tang do ehinh xac eiia cac phuang trinh chan doan. Ddng thdi can kiem tra eae phuang trinh ed san de ed kd't qua chinh xac hem cd the ap dung sdm trong san xuat.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO „ , v.,
Arminda. M; Bruno-Soares: Ian Murray, Rhonda, M. Paterson and Jose M. F. Abreu 1998. Use of NIRRS for the prediction of the chemical composition and nutritional attitudes of green crop cereal. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 75:15-25.
Barton, F.E., II & Windham, W.R. 1988. Determination of acid detergent fibre and crude protein in forages by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy: collaborative study. Joumal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 71: 1162-1167.
Berarado, N.; Dzowela, B. H.; Hove, L. and Odoardi, M.. 1997. Near infrared calibration of chemical constituents of Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea) used as forage. Amim. Feed Sci. Technol. 69: 202-206
Boval, M., Coates, D. B., Lacomte, P., Decruyenaere, V and Archimede, H.. 2004 Faecal Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) to access chemical composition, in vivo digestibility and intake of tropical grass by Creole cattle. Animal Feed Science and Technology, Vol 114, Issues 1-4, 3 May 2004.
Pp: 19-29.
Brown, W. F.: Moore, J. E.: Kunkle, W. e. Chambliss, C. G. and Portier, K. M.. 1990. Forage testing using NIRS.
J. anim. Sci. 68: 1416-1427.
I v ^ i e ,7'-iO i v O CHI C U O N G - Budc dau sic dung ky thudt...
Coelho, M.: Hembry. F. g.: Barton, F. E. and Saxton, A. M.. 1988. A comparision of microbial, enzymatic.
chemical and NIRS methods in forage evaluation. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 20: 219-231.
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