DE HIEU DUNG VE
CAC NlTCfC DANG PHAT TRIEN THEO QUY DINH QUOC TE
t PHAM CHAU GIANG
TOM TAT:
Phdng vd thffdng mai (PVTM) dang difdc eac nffdc tang cffdng sff dung tiong thdi gian gan ddy nhif mot cdng eu de' bao ho san xua't tiong nffdc, thue diy phdt trien kinh te' va gitt vffng cdng an vide lam cho ngffdi lao ddng. Mdt tiong nhffng va'n de khie'n nhieu nffdc "dau dau"
trong qud trinh dp dung cae bidn phap phdng ve thffdng mai, do la xac dinh "danh sdch cac nffdcdangphattiie'n". Do khdng cd nhffng quy dinh rd rang ve mat phdp ly tff cdc td chffc qud'c te', viec xdc dinh danh sdeh nay hidn tffdng dd'i tuy tien va phu thudc vao quan di^m cua tffng nffdc. Bdi vie't nay nghien cffu ve van de cac nffdc dang phat trien dffdi gdc nhin tff vide ap dung cac bien phap phdng vd thffdng mai. Bai vie't dffa tien eac tai lieu eua eac to chffc qudc td', nhff Ngdn hdng Thd' gidi (WB), Lien hdp qud'c (UN), Quy Tien te qudc te' (IMF), cac bao cao eua Cd quan giai quyet tranh chap WTO (DSB),... tff do dffa ra khuyd'n nghi cho Viet Nam tien con dffdng ap dung cdc bien phdp phdng ve thffdng mai phii hdp vdi muc dich, tdn chi vd quy dinh cua WTO.
Tff khoa: WTO, eac nffdc dang phat trie'n, phdng vd thffdng mai.
1. D$t vS'n dd
Nhac den Viet Nam, ban be the' gidi thifdng nghi ngay de'n mot nu'dc dang phdt trie'n vdi ndn kinh te' sdi ddng, nhip sd'ng van hda xd hdi thay ddi tffng ngay. Trong cac bang xe'p hang eiia cdc td chffc qud'c te', chung ta cung Id mot nffdc dang phat trien vdi thu nhap vao hang trung binh tiia'p tren the' gidi. Tuy nhien, mpi vide khdng hdn la nhu' vay. Ngay 22/01/2018, Tdng thdng Hoa Ky Donald Trump da phd chuan Idnh ap dung bidn phap tff ve dd'i vdi ta'm pin ndng lu'dng mat tidi (solar cells and modules) theo hinh thffc han ngach thud' quan'. Theo dd, nhffng ta'm pin nang
Iffdng mat trdi nhap khau vao Hoa Ky vffdt qud Iffdng ban ngach cho phep (tffdng dffdng 2,5 gigawatt) se phai chiu mffc thud' tff ve len de'n 30%. Trong vu viec nay, Iffdng xuat kha'u ciia Viet Nam vao Hoa Ky chi chie'm khoang 2% tdng Iffdng nhdp kha'u eua Hoa Ky. Do dd, vdi tff each la nffdc dang phdt trie'n, Viet Nam can dffde loai khdi pham vi dp dung cua bien phdp tff ve theo quy dinh cua To chffc Thifdng mai the' gidi (WTO). Ne'u vdy, ddy se la ed hdi de Viet Nam day manh xua't khau mat hang nay.
Tuy nhien, trong danh sdch cdc nu'dc dang phdt trie'n difdc midn dp dung bien phap n; ve
30 So 7 - T h a n g 4/2019
KINH TE
cua Hoa Ky lai khdng he cd Viet Nam. Didu nay gdy ngac nhidn khdng chi cho Vidt Nam ma cdn nhieu qud'c gia khac. Vay, the'ndo thi du'dc coi la nffdc dang phdt tirien vd mfdc dang phdt trid'n thi dffde ldi gi?
Trong bd'i canh chu nghia bao hd dang phu bong den len ddng chay thffdng mai qudc td', eac bidn phdp phdng vd thifdng mai (bao gdm bien phdp chdng ban pha gia, bidn phap chd'ng trd ca'p va bien phap tff ve) difdc coi la qudn bdi chu IiTc de' cae nffdc tff bao vd ralnh trifdc Idn sdng nhdp khlu d at, anh hffdng de'n san xud't trong nffdc.
Mot tiong nhffng ndi dung quan ti-ong, anh hffdng tdi hieu qua eua eac bien phap PVTM ehinh la viec xay dffng danh sach cae nffdc dang phat trien vd kem phdt trien.
2. Quy dinh cua WTO
Trong khudn khd cac bien phdp PVTM, cdc thanh vidn kdra phdt trien va dang phat trid'n dffde hffdng mdt sd' ffu dai so vdi ede thdnh vien khdc, cu the nhff sau:
- Thdnh vien dang phdt trien:
+ Dd'i vdi bidn phdp tff ve; tiong trffdng hdp:
(i) Iffdng nhdp khau tff mdt thanh vien dang phat trie'n khdng vffdt qua 3% tdng Iffdng nhap khau;
va (li) tdng lu'dng nhdp kh^u tff td't ca cac thanh vidn dang phdt tiidn thda man dieu kien (i) khdng vffdt qud 9% tdng Iffdng nhdp khau mat hang dang hi dieu tra ap dung bien phap tff ve thi cae thdnh vidn ndy se difdc loai khdi pham vi ap dung bien phap tff ve (Dieu 9.1 Hidp dmh tff vd)
-I- Ddl vdi bidn phap chong trd cd'p: (i) khdng dp dung bidn phap chd'ng trd cd'p dd'i vdi nha san xud't, xuat kha'u d cdc tiidnh vidn dang phat tiien cd mffc trd cd'p khdng vffdt qua 2% gia xuat khau hang hda; hoac (ii) trong trffdng hdp hang boa cd xuat xff tff mot thanh vidn dang phat trie'n cd Iffdng nhap khau khdng vu'dt qud 4% tdng Iffdng nhap khd'u va td'ng Iffdng hang hda cd xua't xff tff cdc nffdc dang phdt tiidn dap ffng dieu kien trdn khdng vffdt qua 9% tdng Iffdng nhdp khau thi cdc nffdc nay dffde loai khdi pham vi ap dung bidn phap chd'ng trd ca'p (Dieu 27.10 Hidp dinh ve tid cap va cae bidn phap dd'i khang).
+ Dd'i vdi bidn phap chd'ng bdn pha gia: tuy cd quy dinh nhffng nhin chung, khdng mang tinh rang
budc {ci.c thdnh vien phat tridn phdi danh sff quan tdm dac bidt de'n cdc thanh vidn dang phat trien khi dp dung bien phap chd'ng ban phd gid) (Dieu 15 Hiep dmh chd'ng bdn pha gia).
- Thdnh vien kem phdt trien:
+ Dd'i vdi bidn phdp tff ve va chd'ng ban pha gid: Difdc hffdng ifu dai nhff ddnh cho thanh vien dang phat tridn.
+ Ddi vdi bidn phdp chong trd cd'p: ifu ddi (i) khdng ap dung bien phdp chd'ng trd cd'p dd'i vdi nhd san xud't, xud't khau d cdc thanh vien kem phat trien cd mffc trd cd'p khdng vifdt qud 3% gia xud't khi'u hdng hda; ifu ddi (li): nhur ddnh cho thanh vien dang phat tridn,
Ben canh do, theo Dieu 5 Hidp dinh Mua sam Chinh phu cua WTO: "... cdc nffdc dang phdt trie'n va nifde kem phdt irien (goi chung la "nffdc dang phat tridn", trff khi cd nhffng quy dinh cu the khac)". Nhif vdy, cac thdnh vien WTO gidn tie'p ddng y rang nu'dc dang phat trie'n la "nifde kem phdt trien" va "cdc nffdc dang phdt trie'n khac"
Tuy ed quy dinh ve ffu dai cho cac thanh vien kem phat tridn va dang phat trie'n nhffng WTO khdng cd tidu chi, danh sdch, cdch thffc de xac dinh mdt thanh vien la dang phdt tridn ciing nhff
"dinh nghia, trinh tff thu tuc thd'ng nha't de mdt thdnh vidn tff nhan la mfdc dang phdt tridn"^ Dd'i vdi danh sach thanh vien kem phat tridn, WTO thffa nhdn danh sdch phan loai theo eac tieu chi eua Lidn hdp qud'c (UN) (bao gdm 47 nffdc trong dd cd 36 mfde Id thdnh vien WTO)"*. Ngoai ra, WTO cho phep cae thanh vien tff nhan minh la nffdc phat trien hay dang phdt trien^ (cac thdnh vien cd the thffc hien thdng qua Nghi dinh thff gia nhdp WTO hoac tuyen bd' tai ca.c cuoc hop Dai Hdi ddng).
3. Phdn loai cua mot so'td' chffc qud'c td' Trdn the' gidi hien nay cd mdt sd' td chffc qud'c td nhif Lidn hdp qudc (UN), Ngan hang the' gidi (WB), Quy Tidn te qud'c td (IMF) difa ra eac tieu chi khac nhau dd phan loai cac qud'e gia, eu the nhff sau:
3.1. Lien hdp qudc (UN)
Lien hdp qud'c cd nhieu tieu ehi de phan loai cac qud'c gia theo cac mffe phat trien khac nhau, trong do chu yd'u dffa vao tdng thu nhap qud'c dan
So 7 - T h o n g 4/2019 31
(Gross National Income - GNI). Bang phan loal eua UN dffde dffa ra hdng nam trong tai lieu
"Hien trang va vien canh kinh te' the' gidi"
(World Economic Situation and Prospects). Trong tdi lieu nam 2018, cdc qud'c gia/ vung Idnh thd (nffdc) da dffde ehla thanh 3 loal:
- Cac nen kinh te' phat trien (Bang A - trang 141): 38 nffdc
- Cac nen kinh te' dang chuyen ddi (Bang B - trang 141): 12 nffdc
- Cac ndn kinh te' dang phat trien (Bang C - trang 142): 125 nffdc, trong dd ed Viet Nam.
Bdn canh dd, UN edn dffa thdm danh sach cae nen kinh te' kem phat trien (Bang F - trang 145) gdm 47 qudc gia/vung lanh thd cd mffc thu nhdp thd'p trong nhdm dang phdt tridn. Nhif vdy, theo quan didm eiia UN, cae nffdc dang phat trien bao gdm nffdc kem phdt trien va cdc nffdc dang phdt trien khdc.
3.2. Ngdn hdng thi'gidi (WB)
Trffdc nam 2016, WB phdn loai hai nhdm la cdc nen kinh td' phat tridn va nen kinh te' dang phdt trien theo cdc tieu chi ve thu nhdp, trinh dd phat trien kinh td'. Theo do, WB xac dinh 144 nen kinh td' Id thudc nhdm dang phat tridn. Ddy cung chinh la danh sach ma Vidt Nam sff dung de imin trff ap dung bidn phap tff ve trong cdc vu viec trffdc ddy,
Tuy nhien, sau ndm 2016, WB khdng phdn loai thdnh hai nhdm nffdc nhff trdn nffa ma chia thdnh bd'n nhdm nffdc theo thu nhap, cu the nhff sau:^
- Nhdm nen kinh te' cd thu nhap tha'p (GNI tren diu ngffdi it hdn 995 USD): hien nay gdm 34 nffdc.
- Nhdm nen kinh te' ed thu nhap trung binh tha'p (GNI tren dau ngffdi trong khoang tff 996 USD den 3.895 USD): hidn nay gdm 47 nffdc, trong dd cd Viet Nam.
- Nhdm nen kinh te' ed thu nhdp trung binh cao (GNI tren dau ngffdi trong khoang tff 3.896 USD de'n 12.055 USD): hien nay gdm 56 nffdc.
- Nhdm nen kinh te' cd thu nhdp cao (GNI tren dau ngffdi cao hdn 12.056 USD): hien nay gdm 81 nffdc.
3.3. Quy tien te qudc ti(IMF)
Quy tien te qud'c te' cung cd mdt bang phdn loai cac nen kinh te' dang phat trien theo cac tidu ehi trinh do phat tridn kinh te' thanh cac nhdm sau:''
Ndn kinh te' phat trien (Advanced economies): gdm 39 nffdc;
- Nen kinh te' dang phat tridn va mdi ndi (Emerging market and developing economies):
gdm 154 mfdc, trong dd cd Viet Nam.
4. Thffc tidn xay dffng danh sach nff^c dang phat trien trong vu viec PVTM cua cac ntfdc
Do WTO khdng quy dinh cu thd viec xac dinh danh sach nffdc dang phat trien dffde hffdng ffu dai trong cac vu viec PVTM ndi chung va tff ve ndi ridng, cac thdnh vien WTO difdc ehu ddng va linh hoat trong viec tif xay dffng danh sach rieng, chu ye'u theo mdt tiong hai each sau;
Cdch thff nhat, tham khao danh sach cdc nffdc dang phdt trien eua cac td chffc qud'c td'.
Mot so' nifde dang sff dung cdc ngudn dff lieu khac nhau eua cae td chffc qud'c te' dd xdy dffng danh sdch cdc nffdc dang phat tridn, vi du:
Bang 1.
Nifdc Uc AiCap
Nguon \\fa chpn UN UN va WB Cach thff hai, tff xay dffng danh sach cac nffdc dang phat trien.
Ben canh vide lifa chon danh sdch tff mdt ngudn phan loai uy tin, mdt sd' mfdc tff xay dffng danh sach theo eac tieu ehi ridng cua minh. Mdt sd nffdc su' dung mdt danh sdch sdn ed trong he thd'ng Ifu dai time phd cap (GSP) ciia nffdc minh.
Dd'i vdi Hoa Ky, danh sach cac nffdc dffde hffdng chd' do GSP dffde xdc dinh la eac nu'dc ngheo nha't the gidi nhffng cung khdng trung vdi danh sdch cae nffdc kem phat tiien (LDCs) cua UN hay bd't ky td chffc qud'c te ndo (danh sdch cac nffdc dang phat tridn cua Hoa Ky khdng cd Viet Nam).
Mot sd nffdc khdc thi tff cdng bd danh sach ma minh cho la phu hdp trong tffng vu vide cu the.
32 So 7-Thang 4/2019
KINHTE
Bang 2.
Nffdc HoaKy EU Canada Thd NhT Ky Ma - rdc Chile Lien bang Nga Indonesia Malaysia Brazil Han Qudc Phiilipines
NguSn lya dion
Tff xay dung danh sach di/a tren danh sach cac quoc gia du'dc hadngchedoGSP
Khdng cdng bdtieu chi hay ngudn de xac dmh danh sach cac nudc dang phat tnen
5. Tranh cha'p tai WTO lien quan de'n quy dinh vd thanh vi€n dang phat trien
Hien nay, cd khoang hai phan ba trong tdng so' 164 thanh vien WTO tff nhan la thanh vien dang phdt tridn (bao gdm ca thdnh vien kem phat tridn). Tuy nhien. Ban Thff ky WTO khdng edng khai danh sdch cu the cdc thdnh vien ndo tff nhdn minh Id dang phat tridn. Ben canh do, WTO khdng bat budc cdc thdnh vien khdc cha'p nhan viec tif nhdn nay vd thdm chi cd the khidu kien ve viec tff nhan nay. Cho de'n nay, chffa ed Ban Hdi thd'm nao dffa ra ke't luan ung hd bdn khdi kien, vi du trong vu Hoa Ky - Tff ve vdi Thep, Hoa Ky - Thud'c la dinh hffdng va Hoa Ky - COOL, cac Ban Hdi th^m da bac bd hoac tff chd'i phdn tieh van de ndy.
Trong vu Hoa Ky - Thudc la dinh hifdng (DS406), Ban Hdi thd'm da kd't luan rang:
"Indonesia tuyen bd'nffdc nay la nffdc dang phdt trien va Idp ludn rang, bdn canh eac ye'u to khdc, Ngdn hang thd' gidi phan loai nffdc nay la nffdc dang phat U-idn vd cung da dffde cdng nhdn tiong vu vide Indonesia- 6 td. Ban Hdi tiid'm cho rang dieu nay la dii di ket ludn rang Indonesia Id mot
"nffdc dang phdt tiien""-
Ngoai ra, trong vu vide Hoa Ky - Ong thep (DS202), Cd quan Phuc thim da kd't luan rang ldi van eiia Dieu 9.1 Hiep dinh tiT vd khdng ydu du phai neu rd nhffng nffdc difde loai khoi bidn phdp.
Cd quan Phiie thd'm cung cho rang mdt thanh vien difdc coi la tuan thu Dieu 9.1 ke ca khi khdng cung cap mot danh sach cdc nffdc dffde loai khdi bien phap bode danh sdch eac mfdc bi dp dung bien phdp mac du Cd quan Phuc tiilm ddng y Id Ban Hdi tham cd ly khi cho rang viee cung ca'p danh sdeh nay la cd ich va hdp ly vi ly do minh bach, vi ldi Ich cua cae ben hen quan. Tuy nhidn, Cd quan Phuc thd'm cung khang dinh rang cdc Thanh vidn ap dung bidn phdp tif vd cd ngMa vu phai thffc hien cac bien phap hdp ly (all reasonable steps) dd dam bao rang nhffng nffdc dang phat trien ma ed thi phin khdng dang kd se dffde loai trff.
Tai Hdi nghi Bd trffdng WTO Ian thff 11 (MCll) d Buenos Aires thdng 12 nam 2017 vffa qua, trong bai phat bidu khai mac cua minh, Tru'dng Dai didn Thffdng mai Hoa Ky, dng Robert Lighthizer dd cho rang, can phai lam ro each hieu ve vd'n dd "phdt tiien" (development) vi mdt sd' nffdc giau vdn tif nhdn Id nffdc dang phat tiien de dffde hffdng nhffng quy dinh loai trff. Do dd, cd kha ndng se cd nhffng Ban Hdi tha'm trong tifdng lai di theo cdch tie'p can ndy cua Hoa Ky va cho rang vide thdnh vidn tff nhdn Id khdng du de dffde hffdng quy dinh loai tiff.
6. Khuyd'n nghi cho Vidt Nam
Vd mat thiJc tidn, cho tdi nay, trong cae vu vide didu tra ap dung bidn phdp tff ve trffdc ddy, Cd quan dieu tra Viet Nam (Cue Phdng ve thffdng mai) sff dung ngudn cua WB. Tuy nhien Men nay WB khdng phan loai cac nifdc thdnh nhdm nifdc phdt trien vd dang phat tiien nhif trffdc ma phan loai theo thu nhap qudc gia (nhff da neu tai mue 3.2). Do vay, Cd quan didu tia Viet Nam khdng cdh cd sd de sff dung danh sach nffdc dang phat tiien tai ngudn nay.
Thrfe tidn ap dung eac bien phap PVTM trong thdi gian qua cho thd'y trong mdi vu viec, dac bidt la vu viec ap dung bien phap tff ve, Vidt Nam deu phai xff ly yeu cau cua mdt so nifde de nghi cdng nhan ho la mfdc dang phdt tridn (nhif Nga, Singapore, A-rdp X6-ut...).
So 7 - T h a n g 4/2019 33
Ve mat phdp ly, theo quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dieu 15 Nghi dinh sd I0/2018/ND-CP ngay 15 thdng 01 nam 2018 quy dinh chi tiet mot so' dieu cua Luat Quan ly ngoai thffdng ve cdc bien phap phdng ve thifdng mai, "danh sach nffdc kem phat tridn, dang phdt trien do Cd quan dieu tra xdc dinh dffa tren ed sd dff lidu dang tin cay". Theo dd, Cd quan dieu tra eua Vidt Nam cd toan quyen trong viec xac dinh danh sach nay. Nghi dinh cung khdng quy dinh rd Cd quan dieu tra phai xdy dffng mdt danh sach "cffng" cho td't ca cdc vu viec hay phai xdy dffng danh sdeh cho tffng vu vide cu the.
Tuy nhien, de dam bao sff on dinh trong chinh
sach, ddng thdi tidnh phat sinh cde xung ddt, tranh chd'p trong thffdng mai qud'c te, Viet Nam nen xdy dffng sach cae nffdc dang phat trien de sff dung lau dai. Cd sd de xdy difng danh sdch nay ed thd dffa tren nhffng dff lieu ddng tin cay, tham khao danh sach eiia Lien hdp qud'c, cd sd dff heu cua Ngan hdng The gidi (WB), Quy Tidn te die gidi (IMF)...", va dam bao khdng dd'i xff phan biet giffa cac nffdc cd mffc dd phat trien tffdng dffdng nhau. Trong trffdng hdp ed si^ thay ddi trong cac cd sd dff heu nay hoac cd thay ddi dang ke tinh hinh cua cae nffdc anh hu'dng de'n kinh te Viet Nam, chung ta cd the' dieu ehinh danh sach de phu hdp vdi bd'i canh mdi •
TAI LIEU TRICH DAN:
'https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/Press/fs/201%20FactSheet.pdf
^ quy dinh ndy dd het hieu lUc theo Dieu 27. U Hiep dinh Tra c&p vd cdc bien phdp ddi khdng cua WTO. Tuy nhiin, Diiu 86 Lu&t Qudn If ngoai thuang c&a Viet Nam vdn quy dinh vdn de ndy.
^COM-TD/132, doan 22.
''https://www. wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org 7_e.htm
^https ://www. wto. org/eng lish/tra top_e/deve l_e/dl wh o_e. h tm
^https ://da tahelpdesk. wo rldbank. org/kn owledg ebase/articles/906519-wortd-bank-counlry-and- lending-groups
^https://www. imf. org/extemal/pubs/ft/weo/20!8/01/weodata/weoselagr. aspx#a200
^https://www.wto.org/engUsh/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/devl_e.htm
^Bdo cdo Ban Hdi tham, doan 7.623-7.624.
'"Bdo cdo Caquan Phiic thdm, doan 127-128
"Bdo cdo Co quan Phuc tham, doan 132
'^https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/20]7/december/opening-plenary -statement'Ustr
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. Hiep dinh TiiUc thi Dieu VI cua Hiep dinh Thue quan vd Thuang mai 1994 (con goi Id Hiep dinh Chdng bdn phd gid} (https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/iegal_e/19-adp.pdf)
2. Hiep dinh ve TrO cap vd cdc bien phdp ddi khdng (con goi Id Hiep dinh Chdng tra cap) (https://www.wto.org/english/docs_eAegal_e/24-scm.pdf)
3. Hi$p dinh ve TU ve (https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/25-safeg.pdf)
4. Bdo cdo Hien trgng vd viin canh kinh ti' the gidi 2018 ciia Lien hap qudc (World Economic Situation and Prospects 2018) (https://www.un org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/
WESP20I8_Full_Web-l.pdf)
KINH TE
5. Bao cdo Ban Phiic tham WTO - Vu viec DS406 (Hoa Ky - Thuoc la dinh huang) (htlps://www.wla.org/eng- iishJlratop_e/dif:pu_e/4Q6abr_e.pdfi
6. Bdo cdo Ban Phuc thd'm WTO - Vu vice DS202 (Hoa Ky - Ong thep) (https://www.wto.org/english/lratop _e/dispu_e/202abr_e.pdf)
Ngay nhSn bai: 24/3/2019
Ngay phan bi6n danh gia va su'a chiJa: 3/4/2019 Ngay chtfp nhan dang bai: 13/4/2019
Thong tin tdc gia:
ThS. PHAM CHAU GIANG
Cue Phong v^ thrfcfng mai, BO Cdng Thrftfng
UNDERSTANDING ABOUT REGULATIONS ON IDENTIFYING DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ACCORDING
TO INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS
• Master. PHAM CHAU GIANG Trade Remedies Authority of Vietnam
Ministry of industry and Trade
ABSTRACT:
Trade remedies are being increasingly used by countries in recent times as a tool to protect the domestic production, promote the economic development and maintain jobs for domestic workers. However, in the process of implementing the trade remedies, many countries find it is difficult to identify the list of developing countries. This is because intemalional organizations have unclear legal provisions about tliis matter. The identification of developing countries is currently arbitrary and depends on the views of each country. This article examines the problem of developing coimtiies from the perspective of applying trade remedies. The article is based on documents of international organizations, such as the World Banls (WB), United Nations (UN), International Monetary Fund (IMF), reports of WTO's Dispute SetflementBody (DSB), thereby making measures in Une with the purposes, principles and regulations of the WTO.
Keywords: WTO, developing countries, ti-ade remedies.
So 7 - T h d n g 4/2019 35
