TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI so 9-HO (205*206) 2 0 l |
TAC DONG CUA T I C H TU RUONG O A T O ^ N HIEU QUA SAN XUAT NONG NGHIEP VA DOI SpNG KINH TE XA HOI d NONG THON TAY NAM BO
HOANG TH! THU HUYtN
Bit viet dwa tren nghien cwu cua tac gia vi vin de tieh tu rudng dit a vdng Tay Nam Bd, die biet li nhCrng tie ddng cua tieh tu rudng dat den hieu qua san xuit ndng nghiep vi ddi sdng kinh te xa hdi ndng thdn. Nghien cu'u chi ra nhung tic ddng tieh ewe cOng nhw nhwng tic ddng trii chieu cua tich tu ruqng dat a vung Tay Nam Bd, tren ea sd dd di xuit eie glal phap nham thdc day tich tu ruqng dat song song vdi viec glal quyet cae van de xa hdi nay sinh.
GlOl THIEU
Ndi d i n ndng nghigp Viet Nam khdng the khdng k i d i n Tdy Nam Bd (Ding bdng sdng CO'U Long), mdt vOng ddt dype col Id vya lua, trdi cdy vd thuy hdi san cua ca nydc. Du dype thign nhien yu ddi nhyng kinh t l ndng nghiep va ddi s i n g ngydi ndng ddn Tay Nam Bd van cdn nhieu khd khan.
So vdl nam 1998, ty le hd ngheo cua vOng ndm 2013 dd giam ty 39,6%
xuing cdn 9,2%''', nhyng ddy vdn Id ty le kha eao vd cao hpn r i t nhiiu se vdi vOng Ddng bdng sdng H i n g , noi eung cd d i l u kien t y nhien phu hpp vdl phat triln ndng nghigp. San xudt ndng nghiep Tdy Nam Bd dO cd quy md ldn nhdt nydc, da phan vdn la nhd le, manh mun, do dd gid trj nong san khdng cao vd Hgn tuc roi vao tinh trang "dype mua mdt gid". D i ndng cao ddi s i n g ngydi dan vd gid trj Hodng Thj Thu Huyen. Thac sT. Trung tdm Kmh t^ hpc, Vi$n Khoa hpc xa hpi vCing Nam Bp
ndng san thi viec san xuat ndng nghigp tren quy md Idn vd ehuygn nghiep phai d y p e dat ra, trong dd tich tu rudng d i t Id mdt trong nhyng dieu kien quan trpng.
Tuy nhign, tich tg rupng dat dd vd vin dang Id van d i cdn nhilu tranh ludn bdi nhu'ng tdc ddng cua nd trong thyc t l . Chinh vi t h i phan tich nhyng tdc dpng cua tich tg rupng d i t tren ca hai khia canh kinh t i va xa hpl se cho mpt cdi nhin day du, toan dipn hon trong viec ung hd tich tu rudng d i t va cac glal phap thuc day qud trinh ndy d Tdy Nam Bd.
1. T A C DONG C O A T I C H T U RUONG D A T D ^ N H i e u QUA S A N X U A T N O N G NGHIEP T A Y N A M BO Tac ddng cua tich tu rudng dat din hieu qua san xuat ndng nghiep dype phdn tich bdng ca hai phyong phdp djnh Iypng vd djnh tinh. D i i vdi phyong phdp djnh Iypng, tdc gia chiJ y l u sir dgng md hlnh hoi quy vdl co sd d o lieu Khao sit mdc sdng hd gia
H O A N G T H I THU HUYEN - TAC BQNG CUA TlCH TIJ RUONG BAT..
dinh Viet Nam cua T i n g ego Thing ke.
Phyong phap dinh tinh sy dgng k i t qga d i i u tra thyc dja tai tinh Long An'^' vd cdc tai lieu thy c i p khdc.
1.1. K i t qua phan tich tac ddng eua tich tg rupng d i t d i n hieu qua san xuit ndng nghigp Tay Nam Bp bang md hinh kinh t l Iypng
1.1.1. Xay dyng mo hinh kinh t l Iypng
Trong kinh t l , d i ddnh gia hieu qua san xudt ngydi ta thydng su' dgng hdm san x u i t Cobb-Douglas, Id mdt hdm s i bleu thj s y phg thupc eua san Iypng vao cae y l u t l dau vdo;
Y = AL°K'
Trong dd: - Y: san Iypng ; - L: quy md lao ddng; - K: quy md v i n
- A: nang s u i t cac y i u t i t i n g hpp (cdng nghe, t h i c h l kinh t i va cac y l u to khdc ngoai s y d i cap cua md hlnh) - a vd p: dd co gian eua san iypng theo lao ddng va theo von
D l trd thanh dang ham tuyin tinh ngydi ta lay logarit (Ln) 2 v i . Md hlnh tong qudt nhy sau:
Ln(Y,) =f(Xk) = Po * PiLnX, . PzLnXz * PkLnXk
Trong dd:
Ln(Y|): b i i n phu thupc. Id san Iypng cua don vj thCr I
Xi.X2,...Xk: tdp hpp cdc b i i n s i giai thich (quy md lao ddng, quy md v i n , chi phi san xuit, cdng nghe, vd cde y i u t i khdc anh hydng d i n san Iypng) Pi, P2.- Pii' '* '^^'^ ^^ ^° ^°' ' ' " y ^ " ^ md hlnh, the hipn tac dpng cua b i i n
giai thich Ign bien phg thupc, theo dd gia djnh rang cac y i u t i khdc c i djnh, khi y i u t i X j tang len 1 % , thi Y tdng len met Iypng bdng Pi(% so vdi ban diu.
Cd nhilu tieu ehi d l xde djnh hieu qua san xuat ndng nghiep nhy nang suit, doanh thu, Ipi nhuan, hay ty le gida chi phi va lpi nhuan hoac Id mdt chl tieu t i n g hpp cua eac tieu chl dd. Tuy nhlgn, trong ndng nghiep viec do lydng doanh thu, lpi nhudn, chi phi...
khp khan hon nhilu so vdl nang suit.
Thdng thydng, cdu hdi "dype mOa"
hay "mat mua" (mang y nghTa v l ndng suit) v i n p h i b i l n d i i vdi ede san pham ndng nghiep, nhit la lua. Mat khdc, vdl s y han c h i cua s i lieu thd c i p {Khao sit mire sdng hd gia dinh Viet Nam) thi viec sCr dgng Nang suit lam b i l n phg thudc d i do lydng hieu qua san xuit lua Id c h i p nhan dype.
Nang s u i t ndng nghiep phg thudc vdo nhiiu y i u t i khdch quan va ehu quan, nhy thdi tilt, khi hau, dp mdu md cua rupng d i t , nyde, giing, phan bdn, ky thudt gieo c i y , thu hoach, sy chdm sde cua con ngydi... Do dd that khd de xay dyng mpt md hinh vdl d i y du cac b i i n dpc lap bao g i m cdc y l u t i k i tren, n h i t Id trong d i l u kien han c h l cua CO sd dO" lieu thy d p . Mat khdc, m i l quan tdm chinh cua nghien eiru Id tdc ddng cua tich tg rudng d i t d i n hieu qua san xudt lOa. Vi vdy, ben canh y l u to dien tich ddt - biln ky vpng, trgn eo sd dO' lieu thy d p san cd, mdt s i cdc biln s i khde dype dya vdo d i giai thich cho sy thay d i i v i ndng s u i t
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI sd 9+10 (205*206) 201 Cac bien dya vao md hinh bao gom
nliyng b i l n thupc v l y l u t i d i u vdo cua san xuat: dien tich d i t (dientlch), chl phi san x u i t (chiphi), tdi san c i djnh dimg cho san x u i t (tscdsx), thdi gian lao ddng (laodong), la nhyng biin s i t i t y l u anh hydng d i n nang suit lua (chl |yu y ring de dam bao tinh chinh xdc thi eac biin ndy phai diing chi tieu binh qudn (bq); nhO'ng b i i n thudc v i dae d i i m hp gia dinh Id gidi tinh (gioi), t u i l tdc (tuoi), thdnh p h i n ddn tdc (Kinh/Hoa hoac ddn tdc khae), trinh dp hpe v i n cua ehu hp (hocvan) cOng ed t h i tac dpng d i n hieu qua san xudt trong ndng nghiep.
Ngodi ra mdt s i biln thudc v i d i i u kien co sd ha tdng vd t y nhign trgn dja ban hp gia dinh cOng dype xem xet dya vdo, eu t h i ba y l u t i dype lya chpn Id ty le d i t tring cay hang ndm dype tudi tigu cua xd (tuoitieuxa), he thing dydng d td d i n thdn i p (gtl:
trydng hpp dydng thuy khdng quan trpng va gt2: trydng hpp dydng thuy quan trpng) vd thign tai xay ra tren dja ban xd (thientai).
Nhy vdy, dya tren md hinh ly thuyit, gidi han pham vi ngdnh san xudt vd hp gia dinh san xudt lua, dac d i i m cua san xuat npng nghiep, dac d i l m san xuat lua tai vung Tay Nam Bd, dac d i l m hd gia dinh vung Tdy Nam Bd vd kha ndng ddp yng cua du' lieu thir c i p , md hinh hoi quy xac djnh tde ddng cua tich tu rudng ddt d i n hieu qua san xudt ndng nghiep Tdy Nam Bd dype d i xudt nhy sau;
Ln(nangsuat) Po + p, Lntuoi + P2Lnhocvan + Psgioitlnh + P4klnhhoa +
PsLndientich + PsLnbqtscdsx PrLnbqIaodong + PsLnbqchiphl + Pgthientai + Piogtl + Piigt2 + Pi2Lntuoitieuxa
1.1.2. C o s d d O ' l l e u
Mpt trong nhO'ng yu d i l m cua dO' ll$u Khio sat mire sdng hd gia dinh 2004, 2006, 2008 la sy lap lal cua mau khao sdt, nd mang lal thudn Ipi eho vigc so sdnh vd phdn tich. Chinh vi t h i md hinh ndy su' dgng d y lleg bang d i i vdi cdc hd tring lua dype khao sat lap iai qua 3 ky d i i u tra trgn.
Tuy nhien, khao sat Mwe sdng hd gia dinh Viet Nam nam 2010 (va sau dd la 2012) dype dya tren mpt mdu chuan mdi, bao gom mdt tap hpp cdc xd vd dja bdn d i l u tra mdi vd cudc khao sat nam 2012 lap lai 50% m l u cua cuOc diiu tra nam 2010. Ddy Id co sd t i t de nghign cCru s y dgng du' lieu bang trong viec chay md hinh h i i quy. Tuy nhlgn, bang cau hdi dilu tra 2010, 2012 so vdl nam 2004 - 2008 dype d i i u ehinh lal trgn mdt so ITnh vyc va dype rut ngan v l dd ddi, dp do bi khuyit thdng tin mpt s i biln xd.
1.1.3. K i t qua md hlnh h i i quy ve tac ddng eua tich tu rudng d i t d i n hi?u qua san x u i t ndng nghiep Tdy Nam Bp Vdi CO sd du' lieu da trinh bay d tren, md hlnh kinh t l Iypng ddnh gid tdc dpng cua tich tg rupng d i t d i n hieu qua san x u i t ndng nghipp Tay Nam Bp dype h i i quy theo hai giai do^n eua CO sd dO* lieu Khao sit mire sing hd gia dinh 2004 - 2008 vd 2010 - 2012.
K i t qua h i i quy md hlnh MH1A1cho thdy, cd 2 b i l n ed p-value < 0.05 vd 1
H O A N G T H I T H U H U Y £ N - TAc BONG CClA TiCH TU RUQNG B A T . .
Bang 1: K^t qua hdi quy Mo hlnh vdi co sd dO lidu 2004 - 2008 (MH1 Al) So quan sat 137
R-squared hidu chinh 0.2093 Prob > F 0.0000 Lnangsuat (log ndnq sudt) Ltupi (Ipg tuoi) Lhocvan (log hpc vdn) gipltinh (gidi tinh) kinhhoa (dan tdc kinh/hoa) Ldientich (log di$n tich)
Lbqtscdsx (leg TSCB san xuat binh quan) Lbqiaodong (Ipg thdi gian lap dOng Lbqchiphi (ipg chi phi binh quan) thientai (thiSn tai xd) gtl (giap thong 1) 9t2 (giao thdng 2) Ltuoitleuxa(lpg t u d i tidu xd)
binh quan)
He sp h6i quy (pk) 0.0067176 -0.0198933 0.0487130 0.2736094 0.0991442 0.0309666 0.0628163 0.0038901 -0.0002266 -0.0861667 -0.1311024 0.1033886
Kiem dinh thong k&
0.929 0.458 0.371 0.000 0.010 0.046 0.166 0.903 0.996 0.248 0.090 0.125
Bang 2: Kel qua hdi quy M6 hinh vdi co sd dir lieu 2010-2012 (MH1/\2) S6 quan sdt 466
R-squared hidu chinh 0.2886 Prob > F 0.0000 Lnangsuat (log ndng suat) Ltuoi (tog tuoi) Lhppvan (Ipg hpc vdn) gjpitinh (gidi tinh) kinhhpa (ddn tdc kinh/hoa) Ldientich (leg didn tich)
Lbqtscdsx (log TSCB sdn xudt binh quan) Lbqiaodong (Ipg t/gian lao dpng binh Lbqchiphi (log chi phi binh quan)
quan)
H$ so hdi quy -0.11781 -0.01648 0.03106 0.07003 0.10046 0.04114 -0.01389 0.04037
Pk) K i i m dinh thong k6 0.016 0.401 0.376 0.070 0.000 0.000 0.506 0.000 b i i n cd p-value < 0.01 nghTa Id phu
hpp v d i mire y nghTa t h i n g kg 5% vd 1 % . D d la cac b i i n : ddn tde KInh/Hoa, dien tich vd tai san c i djnh san x u i t binh qudn. Trong dd y l u to dien tich (dai dipn cho viec tich tg rudng d i t ) dat mire y nghTa thong kg 5% vd tdc dpng d i n g b i i n d i n ndng s u i t lua.
Cdc bien cd y nghTa t h i n g ke edn lal cd tdc dpng d i n nang s u i t lua la
thanh phdn dan tdc cua chll hd vd tdi san c i djnh dung cho san xuat binh quan trgn I h a . Ddy d i u Id nhu'ng y l u t i cd tdc dpng d i n g b i l n den ndng s u i t lua, nhyng tac dpng ndy khdng d y p e d l cap sdu vi dd khdng phai Id mgc tigu chinh cCia nghien cyu nay.
K i t qua h i i quy md hinh MH1A2 cho t h i y , cd 4 b i i n cd p-value < 0.05 phu hpp vdl m y e y nghTa t h i n g ke 5%>.
146 TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI so 9+10 (205*206) 2015 Dd la cac b i i n : t u i l chu hd, dien tich
d i t , tdi san e i djnh san xudt binh qudn vd chi phi san xudt binh qudn.
Trong dd y l u t i dipn tich (dai dien cho viec tich tu rudng dit) tdc dpng tich cyc theo chiiu d i n g biln d i n ndng suit lua.
Cdc biln cd y nghTa thing kg cdn 1^1 ed tdc ddng d i n nang suit lua Id t u i l cua chu hp, tdi sdn c i djnh diing cho san x u i t binh quan trgn Iha va chi phi san xudt binh quan tren Iha. T u i l chu hd tdc ddng nghjch biln d i n nang suit, hai biln cdn lai tdc ddng d i n g biln. COng tyong t y nhy md hinh MH1A1, cac y l u to nay khdng dype phdn tich sdu a ddy.
Kit luan ve kit qua hdi quy-
Nhy vay, vdi eo sd du lieu khdng tyong d i n g d mdt so d i i m d hai giai dopn khdc nhau cua Khao sat mdc s i n g hp gia dinh 2004 - 2008 vd 2010 - 2012, k i t qua cd hai mo hinh MH1A1 va MH1A2 eho thay dien tich dat san xuit tdc dpng tich cyc d i n nang suit, vdl mdc tdc ddng g i n bang nhau.
TCr day ed the k i t ludn: tich tu rupng dat Id mdt y l u t i tdc ddng tich cyc d i n hieu qua san x u i t trong ndng nghiep.
1.2. K i t qua khao sat thyc dja va tdi lieu thy c i p v i tdc dpng cua tieh tu rudng ddt dgn hieu qua san xudt ndng nghiep Tay Nam Bp
1.2.1. M i l quan he giya tich tg rupng d i t va quy md rupng d i t
Md hlnh djnh Iypng dd chirng minh dype khi quy md rupng ddt Idn hpn thi ndng s u i t cap hon. Nhyng hieu qua san suit cdn the hien p nhilu chi
tigu khdc, dd Id c h i t Iypng san pham t i t hon, gid bdn cao hon, chi phi thip Ipi nhudn cao, thdi gian lao dpng binh quan it hpn...
Mdt s i hd gia dinh sd hyu nhiiu rudng d i t , tU' khoang lOha d i u Id nhyng hd cd nang s u i t lua rat cao.
Ben canh dd, da s i nhyng hp gia dinh dype phdng v i n d i u cho rang ngydi nhilu rupng d i t thi cd thu nhdp cao hon ngydi it rudng, nhd vao dien tich Idn va chl phi binh quan tren Iha se t h i p hon, trong khi gia ban cao hon.
Ngoai ra cdn cd nhilu diiu kign thuan lpi khdc, ndi chung Id " d i Idm" vd "cd lpi" hon nhy cdch ndi cua ngydi ndng dan.
Ong N.C.T, xa VTnh Binh, VTnh Hung cho biit: "Dilu kipn gia dinh hipn nay 40ha v i n lam dype do cd mdy mdc Idm rudng, diet cd bang hda hpc, rudng do cd may mdc can d i u nen sa lua len d i u d d t i n cdng dam lua. Ma cdng nhilu lam cdng de, cang cd Ipi t h i vi ngydi 10 m i u san Iypng 70-80 t i n keu thyong lal lal mua cd mdc hon 50-100d6ng thyong lal cOng vin mua do cung mdt loai lua va tren rupng Idn viec sCr dung phan bdn d i n g loai nen ty le chgnh lech cua hat lua khdng nhilu". Khi dype hdi them v i tinh hlnh lam an cua bd con chdm xdm, dng cOng ehp biit thgm: "Mdt so hp gia dinh tre, d chung vdl b i me chya dype cho rudng nhyng sau ndy n l u dype chia cOng dype vdi cdng.
Nhdng ngydi nhilu ddt thi cd t h i ehia cho con cdi nhyng it thi khdng the chia vi ehia thi lam lua se khdng hipu qua tren rudng nhd. Viee cho rupng
H O A N G THI THU HUYfeN - TAC BONG CCiA TiCH TU RUONG BAT..
vai cdng ddi khi de phgc vg cho viec tdeh hd k h i g . Muon taeh khau phai cd 2 cdng rupng trd len mdi dype ehinh quyin Idm".
Ong V.V.K, xd Tuygn Thanh, thj xd Kiln T y d n g chia se v i odi lpi cua nhilu rudng d i t : "Ca gia dinh canh tdc trgn 13 mau rudng khdng liin eanh, tap trung d b i n noi. Ldm lua hai vu, nam vya qua vg ddng xuan nang s u i t dat 7 tIn/ha, gia dinh ban lua try chl phi Idi khoang 150 trieu. Vg he thu ndng s u i t dat 5,3 tln/ha bdn lua Idi khoang 70 trieu. Vdl d i i u kien san xuit hien nay cua gia dinh thi lam 30 mdu la vu'a. Al cd nhilu rudng thi cd ldi nhilu nhd san Iypng d i u t i n lua ban ra. VI n i u bdn nhiiu, tap trung thi cd t h i cap hon 10-50 d i n g so vdi nhyng ngydi bdn It, nhd le. Gia dinh dng mua vdt t y d mpt m i i tCr tryde tdi nay sat gia va re hpn ngydi khdc, ddi khi ngydi phan p h i l cd the tang qud cho hd mua cdc vdt dung gia dinh nhy tivi, tu lanh... hoac c u i i vu cd t h i dype tdi trp di du Ijch".
Nhdm chu hp 5 ngydi tai xd Binh Tdn, thj xa K i i n Tydng eung thing nhit khang djnh: "Canh tdc trgn dien tich Idn r i t nhdn, t i t ca d i u cd t h i thue mdy mdc lam, hien nay cd rdt nhiiu loai mdy mdc (may cdy, may bpm, may phun thulc, mdy gat ddp...). Gia ca thue mdy mdc, nhan Iyc, hay mua vat t y phdn bdn d i u re hon do s l Iypng nhieu, trong khi ban lOa de ddng hon vd gia cOng cao hon".
Khi phdng van can bd cdc d p tai dja phyong, hp cOng d i u cd chung nhdn
djnh cac hd gia dinh tich tg dype nhilu rupng d i t lam an r i t hieu qua.
Can bd khuyin ndng xd Binh Tan, thj xa Kiin Tydng phdn tich: "Dien tich nhilu bdn lua d i hon vi thydng giing lua cdc hd gia dinh cd t h i khdc nhau, thyong lal thay vl phai mua cua 3 d i n 4 hp mdi du s i Iypng thi chl d n mua cua mpt hp cd 3 d i n 4 mdu rupng.
Hon nya edc hp ed nhilu rupng thydng d i u t y mua may mdc ndng nghiep, chl phi v l may mdc it hon phai dl thue may mdc, ngoai ra edn dung may mdc dd cho thue kiim them mdt khoan thu nhdp khd cao".
Tuy nhlgn, dien tich Idn ndng suit cao khdng d i n g nghTa vdi dien tich nhd nang suit t h i p . Nang suit cdn phg thgpc rdt nhiiu vao s y d n eu, d n than, tinh y, nhanh nhen cua ngydi sdn x u i t tryc t i i p . . . hay ndi nhy ngydi dan Tay Nam Bd thydng ndi Id
"Idm 10". Ong T.V.D xa Binh Tan, thj xd Kiln Tydng cho hay; "Ngydi it rupng nhyng n i u Idm kT v i n cd thu.
Minh cd nhiiu rudng n i u khdng quan h i t thi nang s u i t khdng bing ngydi it rudng".
Vdy dien tich Idn d mdc ndo thi sdn xuit cd Idi? Theo Ldm Quang Huygn (2002, tr. 44), m u i n san xuit hdng hda cd ldi phai ed tir 3ha/hp, cdn tir 2- 3ha cd Idi chut It, Iha thi hda v i n , dydi Iha thi Id v i n . Hien nay, vdi gia lOa khdng on djnh va nhiiu thdi d i l m khdng du bu dap ehi phi thi hd ndng dan cd dien tich canh tac Idn cdn cd kha nang bdm trg vdl n g h i tring Ida, cdn nhyng hd cd dien tich manh mun.
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI so 9+10 (205*206) 2015 nho le hon thi c i m c h i c mpt vu mua
thua lo. "Anh Dd Van Nhdnh d i p Hd Bao 1, xa Da Phydc, huyen An Phu chl cd nam cdng rupng, qua mdy vg t h i t thu ddnh phai ban mdng, vp ehing len thdnh p h i lam thue k i i m sing, nudi eon an hpc. Hd gia dinh anh Dd Van DOng cung o i p Hd Bao 1 cOng da ban lal tam edng rudng do thu khdng du ehi, np ndn do tring lua thua l i . Tdi nhd anh nhyng khdng gap vl vp ehing d i u len thanh p h i Idm thue, me anh sut sul: 'Vp ching nd cOng khdng m u i n bdn rugng ddu nhyng eye qud md Idm ey thua heal, np ngdn hdng rdi np ca bd con hang xdm khdng tra dype cho ngn ban rupng tra np tryde r i i ra thdnh p h i kilm sing. Tdi lam, m u i n giy ddt myu sinh ma ddu cd dypc'...° (Anh Tuylt, 2013).
Ly thuyit lpi t h i theo quy md trong ndng nghiep cho Id vdi quy md dien tich d i t dai Idn hon, hp ndng dan d l dang dp dung eo gidl hda, thuy ipi hda cOng nhy viee to chu'c san xuit hdng hda cd lpi t h i hon r l t nhilu vdl cac hd ndng ddn cd dien tieh d i t dai nhd le, manh mun. Md hinh h i i quy vd nhyng k i t l u j n cd dype t y cupc khao sat djnh tinh cua d l tdi da khdng djnh quan d i l m nay. 0 vung Tay Nam Bd tich tg rudng ddt ed tdc ddng tich eye d i n hieu qua san xuit. Cg the tich tg rgpng d i t Idm tang san Iypng, giam chi phi, tdng lpi nhuan vd nhyng lpi ich vat ehit khdc cho ngydi san xuit.
Tieh tg rudng d i t cOng Id mpt trong nhyng y l u t i Idm tang thu nhdp hp gia dinh, hd gia dinh s i n g dype va cd
the lam gidu dype khi cd nhilu rupng dit.
1.2.2. M i i quan he giO'a tieh tg rupng dat vd rudng d i t l i l n canh
Quy md Idn di cung vdi liin canh mdi thdt s y phdt huy nguygn t i c lpi thi theo quy md. Trong san xuat ndng nghiep, rupng d i t liln canh giup giam chi phi san xudt, tang lpi nhudn vl nd thuan Ipi trpng viec Idm dat, sy dung giing, thu hoach, tigu thg san phim...
Ong T.V.S, xa VTnh Trj, huygn VTnh Hyng, hien cd 6 mau rupng, ong cung b i t ddu tich tg dat t y vigc khai heang, sau dd mua thgm d i n va cd lan mua Id de d i i dat cho liln canh (ca ngydi bdn cOng vdl ly do ndy): "Nam 1993 mua hon 2 mdu gid 1 cdy vdng, mua chiu 2/3 r i i tra dan bdng vdng, sau 2 nam mdi tra hit. Nam 1997 mua hon 2 m l u (mua doi dit)". Ong P.V.H, xa Binh Tdn, thj xa Klin Tydng, hipn co 13 m l u rudng (3 mdu d Binh Tan, s i cdn lai d Thanh Hyng) khang djnh:
"Cd vay m y p n eOng phai mua d i t cho liln thya". Ong T.V.D, xd Binh Tdn, Kiln Tydng, cd 12 m i u dat trong do cd 6 m i u d Vinh Hyng. Ong ndi ly do mua ddt la: "Mua cho liln rupng". Cdn dng N.T.C, xa VTnh Binh, huyen VTnh Hyng thi cho biit: "Ty tryde tdi nay gia dinh khdng ban rudng, chl cd mua d i i rupng d l dype g i n nhd va liin canh. Hien chu nha cd mpt thira rudng liln canh khcang 10 mau".
Tuy nhien, de rupng dat Id t y lieu san xudt chu y l u khdng t h i thay t h i dype eua ndng nghiep va do dac d i i m san x u i t mang tinh sinh hpc nen lpi t h i
H O A N G THI THU HUYfiN - TAC BONG COA TICH TU RUONG BAT..
kinh t i thep quy md trong ndng nghigp b| han c h i hon so vdi trong cdng nghigp. Hien nay, nang suit lOa d viing Tay Nam Bp da Id kha cao. Vdn d i la nang s u i t cao nhyng gid trj hat gao x u i t khau thi chya cao. Do dd, vipe sir dgng cdng nghg vd ky thudt tign t i i n dai tra d i cho hat lOa cd chit Iypng d i n g d i u Id d i i u h i t sdc c i n thiit ben canh vipe tdng nang suit. Vd d l cd d y p e ea hai muc tieu ndng s u i t vd chat Iypng thi chl cd con dydng san x u i t Idn tren nhu'ng dien tich Idn md tieh tu rudng d i t Id mpt phyong cdch.
2. TAC DONG C O A TiCH TU RUONG D A T D C N D O I S O N G KINH T £ X A HOl N O N G T H O N T A Y NAM BO K i t qua cua cupc Khio sit mwe song dan cw tir nam 2004 d i n ndm 2012 cua T i n g eye T h i n g ke vdi nhiiu cdu hdi lien quan d i n rudng d i t , san xuat, thu nhap... da phan dnh phan ndo tde dpng cua tich tg rgpng d i t vdl ddi sing xa hdi Tdy Nam Bd. K i t hpp vdl cupc khap sat djnh tinh eua d i tdi dype t i l n hanh vdo thdng 9/2013 tai Long An vd cde tdi lieu thy d p khdc, dd lam ro nhiiu tdc ddng cua tich tg rgpng dat den ddi song xa hpl ndng thdn Tay Nam Bp.
2.1. Tich ty rgpng dat gdp phan ndng cae ddi s i n g cua hp gia dinh Tich tg rudng d i t d Tay Nam Bd da dien ra t y khd lau, nhy mdt le t y nhien.
Khao sdt thye dja eho thiy ngydi dan ludn cd t y tydng tich tg, mga thgm rupng dat khi cd t h i . Thyc t i Id nhyng hd gidu da phan Id nhdng hp nhiiu
d i t vd theo vdng quay, dd nhyng hp cd d i l u kien lai cang tich tu them rudng d i t
Hd gia dinh ong V.V.K, xd Tuygn Thanh, Kiin Tydng canh tdc trgn 13 m i u rudng khdng liin canh, tap trung d 4 noi. Lam lua 2 vu, ndm vya qua vg ddng xgdn nang suit dat 7 tin/ha, gia dinh ban lua try ehi phi Idi khoang 150 trigu. Vg he thu nang suit dat 5,3 tin/ha, ban lua ldi khoang 70 trieu. Gia dinh cOng cd nhiiu mdy mdc cdng cg san xuit ndng nghiep nhy may cay, may eat, may gat dap lien hpp cdng suit nhd... May mdc nong nghiep ngoai viec Idm cho gia dinh dng va ngydi con trai cOng lam djch vy ngodi. M i l vu Idm djch vg ngodi khoang 50 m i u trong xd. Sau khi try ehi phi ddu, nhdt, nhan cdng... mdi vg cOng dy khoang 15 trieu. Kinh t i gia dinh eung khd len t y khi mua may gdt.
Hp gia dinh N.C.T, xa VTnh Binh, VTnh Hyng Idm lua tryc tiip trgn 20 mdu met nam 2 vu. Nam 2002- 2013 tring 3 loai lua, ndng suit vg ddng xgdn lua thom d?t 7,8 tin/ha lOa tuoi. Vu He thu ndng suit lua thom dat 5 tin/ha, lua ngang thi dat 7 tan/
ha. Vg Bdng xgdn sau thu hoach try mpi chi phi thi d y hon 300 trieu, vg he thu cdn khoang d y d i 200 trieu.
Hien gia dinh cd mdy gdt dap lien hpp DC60, mdy cdy dpn dat, mdy gat dap mua h i t 515 trieu, Idm djch vg them da l i y lal v i n , Ldm lua dn chae mac ben, khdng Idi nhilu thi cOng ldi it. Gia lua xuing thi ehi tieu
TAP CHl KHOAIB + i o ' # j t a i ^ t a it cOng khdng dgn ndi. Gid lua thap,
gid vat t y eao thi chl tieu phai gdi ghem lai. NhO'ng hd gia dinh khde chi cd 1 mau rupng thi chi tieu thiiu, nhyng chu hd nhiiu rudng nen lam lua cd kem eung khdng anh hydng nhilu. Nam 2000 xay kho. Nam 2004, xay dype nhd do tich lOy nhiiu nam, trj gia hien nay cua can nhd khoang 500 trieu. Trong thdi gian tdi. gia dinh ed t h i ddu t y Idm Id s l y lua, vya phgc vg gia dinh vya lam djch vu.
2.2. Tieh tg rudng ddt gay ra bat binh dang v l d i t dai
C u i i nhyng nam 1980, khi tap dodn giai t h i , da phan m i l nhan khau dype chia 1,2 m l u rupng. Nhyng theo thdi
gian, dan s i phdt t r i l n , vide chia tdeh hd, thda k i , mua bdn... Idm ehp vlpc sd hO'U rupng d i t cd s y chgnh lech kha nhieu giOa cae hp gia dinh Tdy Nam Bd (xem Bang 3).
So lieu dien tich dat tring cdy hdng nam trung binh cua tdng nhdm hp gia dinh cho t h i y s y b i t binh dang v i d i t dai. Nam 2004 d Tay Nam Bd, n i u nhy d nhdm 20% hp it d i t nhit chl sd hyu trung binh 1.748 m^ dat thi nhdm 20% hp nhilu d i t nhat sd hyu trung binh tdi 24.763 m^, gip 14,16 l i n . S y ehenh lgch ndy ndm 2006 Id 16,83 lan, nam 2008 Id 20,92 l i n , ndm 2010 la 19,84 l i n vd nam 2012 tang len 37,82 l i n . So vdi ea nydc nhyng nam 2004 - 2010, dien Bang 3: Didn tich sd hu'u trung binh cua ho gia dinh c6 sd hO'U ddt tring cdy hdng nSm phdn theo 5 nhdm
Didn tich trung binh (m^)
2004 1 2006 1 2008 | 2010 | 2012 Ca nude
20% hp It dat nhai 20% hO it dat 20% hp trung binh 20% hp nhieu ddi 20% hp n h i i u ddt nhdt Chenh Ipch giua nhom it dat nhat/nhpm nhieu dat nhdi
964 1.933 2.966 4.926 16.461 17,06 ldn
870 1.870 2.933 5.034 17111 19,66 ldn
862 1.792 2.807 4.864 18.176 21,08 Idn
747 1.630 2.623 4.619 16.483 20,73 Idn
877 2.652 4,550 7.636 24.764 28,24 Idn Tay Nam Bfi
20% hp it ddt nhdt 20% hp it dat 20% ho trung binh 20% ho nhidu ddt 20% ho nhidu ddt nhdt Chenh lech giua nhom it dat nhat/nhcm nhieu dat nhat
1.748 4.010 6.609 10.858 24.763 14,16 lan
1.678 3.708 5.910 10.096 28.246 16,83 Idn
1.691 3.705 6.716 11.172 33.295 20,92 Idn
1.317 3.206 5 6 1 9 10.041 26.134 19,84 Idn
1.731 6.769 13.034 24.888 65.481 37,82 Idn Nguon: Khao sat mdc sdng dan cw nam
ThPng Ite va tinfi toan cua tac gia.
2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 cua T6ng cgc
H O A N G T H I T H U H U Y ^ N -T A c BONG C O A TlCH TU RUONG B A T . . . 151
Bang 4 : Ty Ig hO gia dinh nong thon khong cd d d t %
Ca n u d e B c n g bdng sOng Hdng BOng Bdc Tdy Bdc Bdc Trung Bp Duydn hai Nam Trung 86 Tdy Nguydn Bpng Nam 8 6 Tdy Nam BO
Ndm 2010: Ty lp hp npng thpn khpng cd quydn s u dyng loai ddt nao khdc ngpdi dat thp c u
3,83 2,65 1,43 2,86 6,19 1,60 6,18 5,48 6,34
Nam 2012; Ty le hp npng thon khong co quyen sir dyng Ipai dat nong nghiep ndp
17,17 2,87 5,50 3,60 10,74 16,07 8,60 28,70 31,66
Nguin. Khio sit mCrc song dan cw nam 2010, 2012 - Ting cue Thong ke vd tinh todn ciia tdc gia*^\
tich trung binh s d hO'U d cac nhdm d i u cao hon nhyng myc dp chenh lech cua vung Tdy Nam Bp t h i p hon mpt chut. Tuy nhlgn, d i n nam 2012 thi dien tich trung binh sd hO'U cOng nhy mire dp ehenh lech eao hpn ca nydc kha nhilu (Tay Nam Bp; 37,82 l i n , ca nydc: 28,24 lan).
D i l u nay phan dnh mdt xu hydng tich tg rudng d i t manh hpn d Tay Nam Bp dl kem vdi s y bat binh dang v i d i t dai Idn hon,
2.3. Tieh tu rudng d i t lam mat sinh ke Idm ndng eua mdt bp phan ngydi dan Tieh tu rupng d i t cOng cd t h i col Id qua trinh md d i t dai tap trung vdo tay ngydi ndy thi ra khdi tay ngydi khdc.
Du vdl b i t ky ly do ndo cua viec mua ban d i t (ty nguyen hay bj ep bupc, hpp ly hay b i t hpp ly, chinh dang hay khdng chinh ddng) thi tich tu rupng dat van la nguygn nhan gdy m i t ddt cua mdt bp phan ngydi ddn d i n g
nghTa vdi viec m i t dl sinh k i truyen thing.
Theo s i lieu Bang 4, nam 2010, trung binh ca nydc cd 3,83% s i hp gia dinh khdng cd loai d i t ndo ngodi d i t t h i cy, thi Tay Nam Bd Id 6,34%, tyc g i n g i p ddi so vdl trung binh cua ca nydc va cOng la ty le cao nhit. Dac biet n l u so vdl vung d i n g bang sdng H i n g , noi chl cd 2,55% s i hd khdng cd d i L Nam 2012, khi trung binh ca nydc cd 17,17%i s i hp khdng cd ddt ndng nghiep thi Tdy Nam Bp ed tdi 31,65%, mpt ty le cao vd cOng la cao n h i t so vdl cde vung trong ca nydc.
Cd t h i cd nhiiu ly do khdc nhau dan d i n ty lp hd khdng d i t d Tay Nam Bp cao n h i t so vdl ca nydc, nhy qud trinh dd thj hda, phat triin edc khu cdng nghiep, djch vu san gdn, du Ijch... Nhyng mpt d i i u dg thay la d Tay Nam Bp, t i c dp dd thj hda va phat t r i i n cdng nghigp khdng bang mpt s i vOng khdc, do dd cd t h i tieh
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI so 9+10(205*206)2015 tg rgpng d i t la mdt nggygn nhan dan
d i n thyc trang nay.
Dac diem cua Tay Nam Bp la hp gia dinh d khu vyc ndng thdn chilm da s l . Nam 2012 s i hp ndng thdn chiim 76,06% trong t i n g s i mau d i i u tra mire s i n g dan cy, ngn 31,65% s i hd ndng thdn khdng sd hyu d i t ndng nghipp cOng d i n g nghTa vdi viec r i t nhiiu hp gia dinh ndng thdn khdng cd sinh k l i n djnh va gap khd khan trong cupc s i n g . Cudc khao sdt thyc dja cung phan anh thyc trang nay.
Hd bd T.T.B.C, xd VTnh Trj, VTnh Hyng. Gia dinh hien nay chl cd hai vp ching. Chij hd lap gia dinh nam 18 tuoi, dype cha me eho 6 cdng dat, 3-4 ndm sau mua them dype 4 cdng cua me nen dype 1 mdu. Nam 1990 bdn h i t d i t chp hp hdng, dype 3 chl vdng, dung d i tra np va chya benh.
Khdng edn ddt, vp ching phai dl lam thue vd c i m cdu. Hien nay, gia dinh moi thdng phai t i n khoang 360 ngdn tien mua gao, vp ehing sing chu y l u dya vdo t i i n cdng hang ngdy cua chong, khoang 100.000 d/ngdy.
Thinh thoang vp cOng dl Idm mydn (nhi cd, giam lua). Gia dinh thupc dang hp ngheo vd dang np t i i n Nha nydc 19 trieu d i n g (tiin mua d i t n i n trong khu dan cy).
Bd T.T.D, xa Tuygn Thanh, thj xd Kiin Tydng, cha me cd 3 mau d i t , nhyng vi la con gal l i y ching nen khdng dype chia. Gia dinh ba khdng cd d i t san xudt va ca d i t tho cy, phai lam nha d tren kdnh. Ba cho biit nhu'ng ngydi d nhd tren sdng xung
quanh cOng la ddn tai chd. Cd ngydi ngay xya eOng dype chia dat nhyng do d i t phen, khdng Idm lua dype, lal ngheo khdng cd v i n nen ban dat. Hp da p h i n di lam thug, nhy giam lua, vac lua m y d n . Con gdi bd dl Idm cdng nhan tren thdnh p h i , bd thi di c i y giam lua thue, IOc cd viec luc khdng, kinh t l b i p benh.
0 met khia e^nh khdc cua v i n d l , nghien eCru cua Martin Ravalllon &
Dominique van de Walle (2008, tr. 172) cho t h i y "Tinh trang khong cd dit ndng nghiep cd xu hydng gia tdng trong cac hd ngheo d Viet Nam glal doan sau cai each. Tuy nhien, day lai Id mdt nhdn to tich cyc thuc day qud trinh giam ngheo d Viet Nam ndi Chung, do nhiiu hd gia dinh ndng nghiep n i m b i t dype nhiiu co hpl mdi, dac biet la lam thue d l dype tra cdng".
K i t ludn trgn cOng dung trong mdt s i trydng hpp dype phdng vdn sdu. 06 Id d hd gia dinh It rudng d i t hode khdng cd rudng d i t , hoac cd rudng dat nhyng con cdi khdng thich Idm rudng da cd eo hpi di lam cdng nhdn P TPHCM. "Hang ngdy xe cua cdng ty rydc dl lam tir sang sdm, t i i mudn dya trd v i nhd, luong thdng i n dinh lai khdng phai an d lal thanh p h i " (ba N.T.D, xa Tuyen Thanh, thj xd Kiln Tydng). Ddy Id co hdi t i t d i cai thien kinh t i cho gia dinh. Chinh vl t h i dng T.V.T xd Binh Tan, thj xa Kiln Tydng khi dype hdi v l tinh trang khdng rupng ddt da ndi "Khdng cd rudng, nhyng n l u di lam cdng nhdn dype thi
H O A N G THI THU HUYgN - TAC BONG COA TlCH TU RUONG B A T . thu nhap cao hon, s i n g thoai mdi hon
ngydi lam rupng vl hp khdng d n suy nghi, lo l i n g vl sp m i t mua".
2.4. Tich tg rudng d i t gdp phan ddn d i n tinh trang phdn hda gidu ngheo d ndng thdn
Nhin nhan mpt each khdch quan, khi dpi s i n g cua ngydi ndng ddn chu y i u vdn phg thudc vao manh rudng thi vigc nhiiu d i t , it d i t hay khdng cd d i t
se tnjc t i l p anh hydng d i n kinh t l hd gia dinh. Vi t h i tich tg rudng d i t Id mpt trong nhu'ng y l u t l ddn d i n phan hda giau ngheo.
S i lieu Bang 5 cho thiy, t d nam 2004 d i n 2010, d i i vdl hp gia dinh ed sd hO'U d i t ndng nghiep d nhdm ngheo nhit thi g i n nhy khdng cd hp nao sd hO'U quy md d i t t y 3ha trd len (duy n h i t nam 2008 cd g i n 1 % hd sd hdu).
Bang 5; Co clu dign tich ddt ciia cdc nhom hp gia dinh sd hu'u ddt nOng nghidp phdn thep 5 nhdm thu nhdp, %
Tay Nam 8 0 < 0,5 ha 0 , 5 - I h a 1 - 3 h a > 3 h a Ndm 2004
20% hp nghdp nhat 20% hp n g h i o 20% hO trung binh 20% hO gidu 20% ha gidu nhdt
70,13 57,89 40,00 25,46 23,18
20,78 29,32 34,19 37,96 19,87
9,09 12,78 25,81 34,72 45,36
0,00 0,00 0,00 1,85 11,59 Nam 2006
20% hp n g h i p nhdt 20% hp nghOp 20% ho trung binh 20% ho gidu 20% ho gidu nhdt
74,44 47,24 34,57 33,01 20,22
20,00 40,16 46,06 30,62 27,80
5,56 11,81 19,14 34,45 35,38
0,00 0,79 1,23 1,91 16,61 Nam 2008
20% hp nghdP nhdt 20% ho nghdp 20% hp trung binh 20% hp gidu 20% hO gidu nhdt
60,40 47,79 46,09 39,49 22,70
26,73 36,28 32,03 26,15 18,42
11,88 15,04 19,53 32,82 40,13
0,99 0,88 2,34 1,64 18,75 Ndm 2010
20% hO n g h i o nhdt 20% hO n g h i o 2 0 % hp trung binh 2 0 % hO giau 2 0 % hd gidu nhat
76,00 60,87 46,80 42,22 24,72
22,37 23,19 35,11 26,67 23,60
2,63 15,94 18,32 26,67 38,95
0,00 0,00 0,76 4,44 12,73 Nguin; Khio sit mdc sing din cw nim 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010 - Ting cyc Thing kg vd tinh tpdn cua tdc gid.
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI SP 9+10 (205*206) 2015 0 quy md d y d i 0,5ha, luon cd t y tren
60% d i n g i n 80% s i hd trong nhdm ngheo nhdt s d hyu. Ngype lal, d nhdm giau nhit, chl cd t y 6,63% d i n 24,72% s i hd sd hu'u d quy md dydi 0,5ha, trong khi d quy md tren 3ha, cd t y 11,59% d i n 18,75% s l hd sd hyu.
Ty ddy cho thdy mot xu t h i nhyng hp gidu nhit Id nhdng hp cd nhilu ddt nhit.
Sy phan hda cdng thay rd hon khi nhin vao dien tich dat tring cdy hang nam trung binh phdn theo 5 nhdm thu nhap hp gia dinh d Bang 6.
N l u nhy nam 2004, d Tdy Nam Bp nhdm ngheo nhat sd hyu trung binh 4.275m^ ddt, thi nhdm giau n h i t sd hCru trung binh d i n 14.946 m^, g i p 3,5 i l n . S y ehenh lech nay cd xu hydng tang Ign qua cdc nam, l i n lypt 2006 Id
Bang 6; Dien tich ddt trung binh cua ho gia dinh sd huu ddt tring cay hang nam phan thep 5 nhOm thu nhdp
4,04 I l n , 2008 la 3,64 l i n va nam 2010 Id 4,28 l i n . NhO'ng eon s i ndy cho thiy xu hydng chgnh lech ddt dai giya nhdm hp giau nhdt vd ngheo n h i t tang len. Mat khdc, n l u so vdl ca nydc thi chenh lech d Tay Nam Bp cao hon trong t i t ca cac nam. Phai chang di ddi vdl tieh tg d i t manh hon thi khoang each giau ngheo giij'a ngydi It d i t va ngydi nhilu dat d Tay Nam Bp cOng Idn hon.
Khao sat cua d l tai cho thiy da s i ngydi khdng cd rudng dat hoac it rupng ddt cd cupc s i n g khd khan, mac du hp eung k i l m k l sinh nhai khde, nhyng thydng vdn b i p bdnh.
Chang han, trydng hpp hp ba T.T.B.C, xd VTnh Tri, VTnh Hyng, hp bd T,T.D, xa Tuyen Thanh, thj xa Kiln Tydng dd d l cap d tren. Ngype lal, nhyng hp
Ca nude 20% hp nghep nhdt 20% hp ngheo 20% hp trung binh 20% hp gidu 20% hp giau nhdt
Chenh Idch ho gidu nhat/ ho n g h i o nhdt (ldn) Tay Nam 80
20% hp ngheo nhat 20% hp ngheo 20% hp trung binh 20% hO gidu 20% hp gidu nhdt
Chdnh Ipch hp gidu nhdt/ hp n g h i p nhdi (lan)
Dien tich trung binh (m^) 2004
3.661 4.285 4.929 5.964 8.478 2,38
4.276 6.041 7.166 9.134 14.946
3,50 2006
3.406 4.982 6.084 5.698 8.170 2,40
4131 6023 7032 8.880 16.703
4,04 2008
3.276 4.789 6.273 5 686 9.471 2,89
6.173 6.080 7.006 8.567 18.838
3,64 2010
3.696 4.594 4.712 6.162 6.860 1,91
3.352 6.485 6.312 8.427 14.340
4,28 NguPn: Khao sat mwe sdng ddn cw nam 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010 - T6ng cyc Thong kd va tinh todn cua tac gia.
H O A N G TH! THU H U Y £ N - TAC B O N G Ci)A TlCH TU RUONG BAT..
ngheo da p h i n la nhO'ng hd khdng cd d i t . Hd v y a thupc hp nghee vya khdng cd d i t la d i i typng dae biet eua dja phyong. Dja phyong se bj danh gid cpng tac xda ddi giam ngheo y l u va bj anh hydng trong vide xet thi dua khen thydng n l u d i tinh trang hd ngheo khdng dat. Do dd, cd dja phyong c i m ddn khdng dype ban h i t dit, cdn lal 1 cdng d i t cOng Id cdn d i t , d l khci bj x i p vao hd ngheo khdng d i t . Day Id mpt thye t l dype chia se khdng chinh thirc bdi mdt can bp dja phypng d thi xa Kiln Tydng.
Trong khi dd, ngydi nhilu rudng d i t giau cd va kinh te gia dinh ngdy cang cd d i i u kign phdt t r i i n , nhy trydng hpp gia dinh dng N,C.T, xd VTnh Binh, VTnh Hyng k l trgn.
V i v i n d l ndy, Le Thanh Sang va Bui T h i Cydng (2010, tr. 30) cOng cd nhdn djnh tyong ty; Mac du qua trinh tdp trung rudng dat nhiiu hon vdo mdt s i ndng hd de phat triln san x u i t ndng nghigp va chuyin djch co c i u lao dpng Id phu hpp v i mat kinh t l , song mpt van d i dat ra la d myc dp ndo qua trinh ndy cd t h i lam tang them eac b i t binh dang xd hdi. K i t qua phan tich m i i tyong quan giya mCrc s i n g vd thay d i i mCrc sing vdl sy tang giam ddt ndng nghiep cua hp gia dinh d Tay Nam Bd sau 5 nam (theo khao sat nam 2008) cho thiy, trong s i 152 hd ed thay d i i dat ndng nghiep, g i n 1/2 s i hd tang them d i t vd ty le hp ndy tap trung nhiiu hon d nhdm nhdng hp cd mdc s i n g cao hon.
Ngype lal, khpang 1/2 s i hd giam d i t vd nhu'ng hd cd mdc s i n g t h i p hon
nam nhieu hon d nhdm hd cd ty le giam d i t ndng nghiep, Cung theo dd, nhu'ng nhdm hp cai thien myc sing nhiiu hon so vdl 5 nam tryde edn cd ty le tdng thgm d i t eao hon ca, cdn nhO'ng nhdm hp cd myc s i n g kem hon tryde thi cd ty le giam d i t ndng nghigp cao hon nhyng nhdm hp cdn lal.
Martin Ravalllon & Dominique van de Walle (2008, tr. 172) cung phdt hien
"Cd nhO'ng d i u hieu cho t h i y sy xuit hien cua tinh trang phan biet glal t i n g tai khu vyc D i n g bang sdng Cyu Long d m i i n Nam Viet Nam, mac du d day ty le ngheo ddi van giam dl trong s i cdc hp gia dinh khdng cd d i t " .
Nhy vay, dydng nhy chgnh lech v l d i t dai da gdp phan tao ra chdnh lech v i thu nhdp, phdn hda gidu ngheo d vung Tdy Nam Bd, mac du cOng cd y klin cho ring cd t h i chgnh lgch v l thu nhap mdi d i n d i n chgnh lech d i t dai.
2.5. Tich tg rupng d i t Idm nay sinh tdm ly khae nhau trong ngydi ddn Bao ddi nay ngydi ndng ddn Tay Nam Bd g i n bd vdi rupng d i t , du cd viec Idm khdc thi vdi hp d i t dai van Id s i mpt. Khdng cd rupng d i t , ngydi nong dan d m t h i y b u i n , thiet thdi vd mac cam. Theo ba T,T,D, xd Tuygn Thanh, thj xd K i l n Tydng thi "Nhyng ngydi cd rudng du it v i n hon minh. VI ngydi ta lam rudng thi cd gao dn, thdi gian ranh thi di Idm thug k i i m them thu nhdp. Khdng cd rudng thay buin vd thiet thdi". Thdm ehi ed hd gia dinh roi vdo tinh canh bl ddt, tdm ly bat man.
156 TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI so 9+10 (205*206) 2015 khdng muon tiep xuc vdi mpi ngydi,
r i t khd khan de phdng v i n hp. Chang h^n hp ba K.D xd Binh Tdn, Klin Tydng. Hd nay ehi cd 1 cdng d i t , theo mpt can bd xa g i i u tdn da ndi d p h i n trgn, thi hp nay khdng dype ban h i t d i t d i khdng bj liet vdo danh saeh nghdo khdng d i t , giy thanh tich cho xd. Chu hd nay td ra khd tigu cyc v l cupc s i n g .
Tuy nhlgn, da phan ndng dan Tdy Nam Bp v i n ung hp tich tg rudng d i t , quan tdm Idn nhit cua hp Id lam sao cd vipe lam, cd thu nhap. Khi sinh k i khdng dya vdo dat dai thi phai cd sinh k i khdc, on djnh va dam bao cupc s i n g . "... khdng cd rudng md di lam cdng nhdn dype thi thu nhdp cao hon, se s i n g thoai mai hon ngydi lam rupng vi hp khdng can suy nghT, lo ling vi sp m i t mua"( dng T.V.T xa Binh Tdn, thj xd Klin Tydng).
0 khia canh tam ly khdc, khi hdi nhyng hd gia dinh khdng cd ddt hay it d i t suy nghT nhy t h i nao v i viec ed nhdng hd tich tg dype nhiiu d i t va giau ed, thi nhO'ng ngydi dype hdi d i u cho ring "dd Id viec binh thydng, hp cd kha nang thi hp mua rudng dit".
Hdi thgm cd/chu/anh/chj cd nghT la hp giing nhy nhyng ngydi dja ehu thdi nay khdng, thi d i u nhan dype cdu tra ldi: khdng nghT hp la dja chu vl hp mua d i t bang t i i n cua hp, khdng dp bupc al, thug ngydi lam tra cdng dang hodng.
Dac bidt d l l vdl cdc hp da tieh tg dype rgpng d i t thi hp hoan toan ijng hd va m u i n dype tao d i i u kien tich tg hon nya. V l mat tam ly, khi hdi hp
rang ed cam t h i y nhy vay qua khdc biet vdi nhdng ngydi khdng dat, Idm hp giing nhy Id dja chu hay khdng thi dype tra ldi rang: "...minh ludn sing chan hda vdl ba eon III xdm, giup dd nhyng ngydi khd khan hon, thug m y d n lao ddng tra cdng xyng dang vd khdng nghT minh giing nhy dja chii ngay xya" (Ong N.C.T, xa VTnh Binh, huyen VTnh Hyng).
K t T LUAN
Rudng dat va tich tg rudng d i t d vung Tay Nam Bd hien Id v i n d l ndng va dype quan tam, bdi ddy Id vOng dit ndng nghiep tru phu rpng Idn nhdt va ed hogt ddng tich tu rupng d i t sol dpng n h i t ca nydc. Nghien cyu chl ra tich tg rudng d i t da tde dpng d i n ddi sing kinh t l xd hdi cua viing tren nhiiu mdt Tieh tu rudng dat da gdp phdn nang eao ddi s i n g kinh t l hp gia dinh, tham chi nhu'ng hp tich tg dype rupng d i t ngay cang gidu them.
Nhyng tich tg rupng d i t da gdy ra sy chenh lech v l sd hu'u d i t dai, t y do cd t h i gdy ra chgnh lech ve thu nhdp, gdp p h i n tap ra khoang each gidu ngheo. Khdng nhyng t h i tich tu rudng d i t edn lam m i t di sinh k l truyin thing eua ngydi dan ndng thdn, gdy tam ly mdc cam, t h i t vpng, b i t mdn d mpt s i trydng hpp. Tuy nhien, nghien cyu cOng cho t h i y da s i ngydi dan v i n ung hp tich tu rudng d i t . Ngydi m i t dat ung hd tich tg vdi d i l u kien cd vide Idm phi ndng nghigp i n djnh.
Ngydi tich tg dype rupng d i t thi mong m u i n dype tao d i l u kien de phdt triln san xuat vd tieh tu nhiiu hon nya.
H O A N G THI T H U HUYfeN - T A C PONG C O A T I C H T U RUQNG B A T . . . 157_
Nhu* v a y , v a n d e la v c h o t h u c d a y t i c h t a o r a . C o nhu- v a y l<inh te n o n g n g h i e p tg nj6ng d i t phai di doi vai giai quy§t Tay Nam Bp mm co t h i phat trien mot nhij'ng anh hu'dng v l mat xa hpi md no each hieu qua va ben viJng. • C H O THiCH
"* Tfnh to^n theo s6 li$u Nidn giam thdng ke 2013.
'^'Khao sit thyc e\a du-(?c tien h^nh vdo thang 9/2013 tai ba ^a ban: huy^n VTnh Hu'ng, Ihi xd Kien Tu^ng vd huy$n Bdc Hoa tinh Long An. Moi huy^n chpn ra hai xa, m6i xd chpn mpt
^p theo tiSu chi thu$n ti$n de l<hao sm. Trong m5i ap, chpn c6 chu dich hai hp gia dinh tich tu dLPp'c nhi^u ru0ng 6dt nhM va hai h6 co dien tich rupng dat it nhit hoac khong co dat san xuat de tien hanh phong van sdu. Nhu- vay tong so hp phong van Sclu \d 24 hO. NgoSi ra, nghiSn csi-u cQng ly-a chgn 2 nhom (m5i nhom 5 ngu-oi) g6m cdc chu h6 tich tu du-g^ nhieu rupng dat cung sinh s6ng trong mpt ap d^ thyc hi$n phong van nh6m. Nghien CLPU cung thyc hien 16 cuOc phong vdn vd\ cdc doi tu'ang la cdn bO phu trdch nong nghidp n6ng then, cdn bO khuyen ndng ty cap tinh den cap xa.
'^' Ndm 2010: H6 dyg-c xdc djnh Id khdng co dat khi hp do khong co quyen su* dyng log! dat nao khdc ngodi d^t tho cu-. Ndm 2012: HO du-p-c xac dinh Id khong co dat khi hp do khdng co quyen SCP dyng loai d^t nong nghidp nao.
TAI Lieu TRiCH D A N
1. A n h Tuy^t. 2 0 1 3 . Di ndng dan ddng bdng sdng Cuv Long thodt ngheo. Bai 1: Ngheo ngay tren vwa lOa. http:/Artww.nhandan.com.vn/, ngdy 13/8/2013.
2. Martin Ravalllon & Dominique van de Walle. 2008. Dit dai tmng thdi ky' chuyin ddi:
Cai cdch va ngheo ddi a ndng thdn Vidt Nam. World Bank. H d Ngi: Nxb. Van hoa Thong tin.
3. Le T h a n h Sang & BOi T h 4 Cyd-ng. 2010. Phan bd vd chuyin djch dit ndng nghiep cOa hg gia dinh a Tdy Nam Bg. Tgp chi Khoa hpc Xa hpi. sd 4 .
4. Tdng cue T h o n g kd. Nidn gidm thdng ke 2013. Hd NOi: Nxb. Thong ke.
5. Lam Q u a n g Huyen. 2002. Ndng nghigp ndng thdn Nam Bd hwdng tdi thi k^ 21. Ha Ndi: Nxb. Khoa hpc Xd hdi.
