DliNBAN
N H A N U d c KIEN TAO PHAT TRIEN O CAC NlJOfC DONG A: D A C DIEM CHU YEU VA
GOI MCf DOI VOl VIET NAM
N g u y i n Thi Thanh Dung *
Tom tdt: Nhd nUdc kien tao phdt trien ngay khi ra ddi dd ddng vai trd quan trong trong thuc day tdng trUdng kinh tevd diia tdi sUphdt trien thdn ky d nhiiu nUdc, trUdc het la d cdc nUdc Ddng A. Md hinh nhd nUdc kien tao phdt trien cua Ddng A dUdc coi Id md hinh "kinh dien", nhat Id Nhat Bdn trong thdi ky 1950-1980. Khi nghien ciiu ve md hinh ndy, nhieu cdu hdi dat ra nhU:
Nhiing tdc ddng ndo dUa tdi sU doi mdi d cdc nUdc Ddng A? Dac diem chung cua mo hinh nhd nUdckien tao phdt trien Ddng A IdgifNhdnUdc Viet Nam nen tham khdo dieu gi tii md hinh ay trong qud trinh tien hdnh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda? Bdi viet trao doi vi nhiing vdn de tren.
Tii khda: nhd nUdckien tao phdt trien Ddng A; Viit Nam
Abstract: The tectonic state development at the time of its birth has played an important role in promoting economic growth and leading to miraculous development in many countries, first of all in East Asian countries. The East Asian tectonic model is considered a "classic" model, especially in Japan during the period 1950-1980. When studying this model, many questions such as: What are the implications for innovation in East Asian countries? What is the common feature of the East Asian tectonic state model? What should the Vietnamese government refer to from that model in the process of industrialization and modernization? The article discusses these issues.
Keywords: tectonic state of East Asia; Vietnam
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 23/9/2018 Ngdysdabdi: 12/10/201 Ngdy duyet ddng 15/11/2018
1. Dieu kien hinh thanh cac md hinh nha nhin vdn cd d cdc nfldc nay va tao ra cam ket nfldc kien tao phdt trien d Dong A doe dao vl qud trinh chuyen ddi lau ddi nen Thd nhat, mdi de dpa tfl cae nflde b i n kinh te, tao thuan Idi cho gidi tinh hoa nha ngodi vd sfl ho trp dac Ifle tfl nfldc manh. nfldc bd qua nhflng edn nhac Uln quan den Cae qudc gia Ddng A phdi ddi mat vdi mflc vile phan bd thu nhap va phue Ipi xa hdi. Sfl dp de dpa khae thfldng tfl bin ngoai sau chien thdnh cdng cua eae nflde Dong A mdt phan tranh the gidi thfl hai (thdi ky hau chiln). nhdn dflpc sfl dau tfl Idn tfl cac nfldc giau.
Chinh mdi de dpa an ninh Idn ddi vdi cae Nhflng nflde nay deu hfldng Ipi nhilu trong qudc gia Ddng A da thuc day gay dflng tam quan he chieu sau vdi eae nfldc gidu manh va
* TS. Hoc vien Chinh tri Quocgia Ho ChiMmh
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nang ddng nhat trong nhdm nhflng qudc gia dau tfl chinh Id Hoa Ky.
Tuy nhiln, theo Haggard va Cheng, dd khdng ehi Id ban chat dae bilt cua mdi quan he gidi thieh cho thanh cdng vflpt bde ma cdn la each cae nfldc ndy qudn ly mdi quan he tfldng tac eua ehinh minh vdi mdi trfldng ben ngodi liln quan den thfldng mai vd eae ddng vdn. Sflc manh cua eae qudc gia Ddng A giup nd tfl dieu ehinh vd han chi bdt tac ddng eua ddng vdn nfldc ngoai ddi vdi eae n i n kinh te d dia phfldng, qua dd ta xdc dinh sfl khac bilt Idn vdi khu vflc ehau My La tinh ndi ed mdi quan he phu thude vao eae qudc gia dau tfl thdng qua mdi quan he tfldng tac gifla cdc tap doan nfldc ngodi day quyln Ifle vdi nhflng qudc gia tfldng ddi yeu.
Bdi eanh qudc te ket hdp vdi nhflng dae trflng ve mat cau true d trong nflde lam cho cdc nhd nfldc ddc tai m ^ h xuat hiln d khu vflc Ddng A trfldc khi tdi hdi nhap vdi n i n kinh t l the gidi tfl ban ehu nghia do Hoa Ky dflng dau. Day cung la dilm khac bilt gifla cde qudc gia Ddng A vdi eae nflde chdu My La tinh. Trong khi sflc manh cua cac qudc gia Ddng A giup nd dieu ehinh va ban ehl bdt tac ddng eua ddng vdn nflde ngoai ddi vdi cae nin kinh te dia phfldng, thi d khu vflc chdu My La Tinh lai ed mdi quan he phu thude vao edc quoe gia dau tfl thdng qua mdi quan h i tfldng tdc gifla cdc tap dodn nfldc ngoai day quyln Ifle vdi nhflng qudc gia tfldng ddi ylu.
77)1? 2, eae nen kinh te khu vflc Ddng A deu trdi qua qua trinh phdn bd lai thu nhap va tdi san ngay tfl dau vdi he qud la dpng Iflc thuc
day qua trinh edng nghiep hda thdi hdu chien khdi ddng trIn cd sd khd binh dang. 6 Nhat Ban, nguyen nhan cua ngheo ddi la do chiln tranh. 6 Hdn Qudc, tae ddng cua cae cudc edi each dat dai lam cho eanh tranh tfl cac nhdm xa hpi ed van de tilm nang nhfl eae ehu dat Idn bi trilt tieu. Nhfl vay, chinh mdi de dpa Idn tfl b i n ngoai eung vdi phdn phdi lai thu nhdp trfldc tiln trinh cdng nghiep hda ddi hdi cde qudc gia can tim Idi giai.
Vdi nhflng tac dpng do, mudn tdn tai vd phat triln, khdng cdn eon dfldng nao khae la eae nflde bupc phai tim ra con dfldng mdi, each 1dm mdi. Van de la di theo eon dfldng nao? Chiln Iflde phat trien eho qudc gia la gi?
De thanh cdng can cd nhflng dieu kiln nao?
Ddy la cdu hdi cua nhilu nflde ma eau trd Idi thanh cdng ehi thupc ve mdt sd qudc gia, trong dd cd cae nflde Ddng A. Vay, d^e diem chung cua nha nflde kien tao phdt triln d cde qudc gia Ddng A trong qua trinh ddi mdi la
2. Mpt so d^c diem chung cua nhd nfldc kien tao phat triln d Ddng A
Xuat phdt diem thap, Id nhflng nfldc kem phat trien:
- Cae nflde nay deu cd thu nhap thap, nin kinh t l phu thudc nhilu vao ndng nghi|p (nhfl Nhat Bdn va Han Quoe), phi^ thude vdo nflde ngoai nhilu (nhfl Singapore).
- Dd cung la nhflng nflde khan hiem tai nguyen thiln nhiln, dac bi?t la Nhat Ban, Han Quoe, Singapore...
- Trong nfldc ludn tilm tang nhilu nguy Cd phflc tap.
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- Ty II that nghilp cao, nan thieu nha d dien ra het sfle tram trpng.
- Bd may ehinh quyen phdi ddi mat vdi trpng trach to Idn trong viee cd gang tao dflng mdt sfl nhan thflc dung dan ve t h i ehl quoe gia.
- Trinh dp ddn tri edn thap.
Nhd nfldc chii ddng can thiep phu hpp vdi thi trfldng vdi cae ehinh sach dat trpng tdm cho tang trfldng kinh te
Diln hinh nhat la Nhat Ban, sau the chien thfl hai, nen kinh te qudc gia nay da phuc hdi mdt each nhanh chdng vd cd bfldc phat trien nhay vpt. Nhieu nhd kinh t l t h i gidi coi day la giai doan phat trien "than ky" hay giai doan tang trfldng eao eua nin kinh t l Nhdt Ban.
Tfl mpt nfldc dflng day tfl trong ddng tro tan cua chien tranh, Nhat Ban da trd thdnh cfldng qudc kinh t l thfl hai trong t h i gidi tfl ban sau My va la diln hinh thanh cdng mau mflc cua sfl phat trien kinh te nhanh chdng.
Tfl 1955-1973, tdc dp tang tdng san pham qudc dan thflc t l eua Nhat Ban thfldng d mflc cao nhat trong cdc nfldc tfl ban. So vdi nam 1950, nam 1973 gia tri tdng san pham trong nfldc tang hdn 20 lan, tfl 20 ty USD lln 402 ty USD, vflpt Anh, Phdp, Dfle. Trong giai doan nay, tang trfldng kinh te binh qudn hang nam eua Nhat Bdn dat mflc 10%, ty II ngheo ddi gidm xudng, khoang each chenh lech vl thu nh^p gifla cac tang Idp dan cfl da thu hep lai, tang Idp trung lflu chilm tuylt dai bd phdn ddn efl (90%). Gia tri tong san Ifldng cdng nghiep eua Nhat Ban tang tfl 4,1 ty USD nam 1950 lln 56,4 ty USD (nam 1969). Nhat Ban
dan dau eae nfldc tfl bdn ve tau bien, xe may, may khdu, may anh, ti vi; dflng thfl hai vl san Ifldng thep, d td, xi mang, sdn pham hda chat, hang det...
Thanh edng eua Nhat Ban cd dflde la do sfl tac ddng tong hda cua nhieu ylu td khae nhau, trong dd dae bilt ed the ke din Id do vai trd cfla Nhd nflde trong vile tham gia vao dieu chinh kinh te. Trong rat nhieu linh vfle, Nhd nfldc Nhat Ban da danh flu tiln hdng dau de phat trien kinh tl, trfldc dd Nha nflde Nhat Bdn eung nham mue tilu phat trien kmh tl nham mue dich phuc vu chien tranh, du that bai tham hai nhflng dieu dd khdng thay doi flu tiln eho linh vflc kinh te da dflde Nhat Ban nhat quan tfl trfldc.
Nha nfldc Nhat Ban dieu ehinh nin kinh te thdng qua mdt loat nhflng chinh sach va biln phdp nhfl: ehinh sdch thue; chinh sach tiln t l tin dung; chfldng trinh k l hoaeh cua Nha nflde; tham gia trflc tilp vao cdc hoat ddng kinh te... da gdp phan lam diu nhflng xao ddng cua khung hoang suy thoai ed tinh chat chu ky, duy tri tdc dp phdt trien kinh te eao sau chiln tranh.
Cung nhfl Nhat Ban, Han Qudc eung thfle hien eae ke hoaeh kinh t l bang eae k l hoaeh 5 nam, hfldng tdi muc tilu chung la tang trfldng kinh te, tang nang suat, tang nhanh tflng bfldc edng nghilp hda de on dinh kinh tl, chinh tri - xa hdi, phat trien kinh te gan liln phat trien xa hdi. Cac k l hoach 5 nam dIu gan lien md hinh cdng nghilp hda hfldng ve xuat khau, khai thdc thi trfldng nfldc ngoai;
khuyen khich thu hut dau tfl nflde ngoai bang
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cac ehinh sach cai thien ve hanh chinh, cd sd ha tang; liln tuc eai each ed eau nen kinh te va Cd cau ngdnh: vi tri eae ngdnh khu vfle I gidm di trong khi tang t>' trpng khu vflc II va III; ddng thdi giai doan ndy ehinh quyln Park tang cfldng vay nd nfldc ngoai. Kl hoach 5 nam lan thfl nhat (1962- 1966): ke hoach ban le cd tinh chat hfldng Han Quoe ehuyen sang chiln Ifldc cdng nghiep hda hfldng vl xuat khau. Ke hoach 5 nam lan thfl hai (1967- 1971): day manh phdt trien cdc nganh cdng nghilp vdi md hinh ddu vdo- dau ra (input- output). Kl hoaeh 5 nam lan thfl ba (1972- 1976): ke ho^ch ndng cap cdng nghilp thdng qua cdng nghilp ndng vd hda chat; ehu trpng chinh sdch phdn dinh vdn qudc gia cd hilu qua hdn la dflng lai md hinh vi md. Ke hoaeh 5 nam lan 4 (1977-1981): tiep tye phdt triln cac ngdnh dd dinh vdi cdc quy dinh chi tiet hdn, phi tap trung hda hon.
Sfl tap trung quyln Iflc cua nha nfldc d mflc eao tren cd sd dpi ngu edng ehfle flu tfl
Ban chat cua nha nflde kiln tao phat trien d t h i ky XX la nha nflde chu trong tang trfldng. UNDP da dinh nghia: "nha nfldc kiln tao phat trien Id nha nfldc tham gia manh me vao nen kinh te qudc gia vdi muc tieu thue day phat trien kinh tl. De dat dflpc mue tilu ay, nha nfldc chu trpng tang trfldng d Ddng A thfldng gan vdi nin qudn tri ddc doan . Fritz vd Menoeal da lap ludn rang "trong khi y tfldng "nhd nfldc kien tao phat triln" nhan manh tinh hilu qua eua nha nflde, quan niem vl quan t i tdt" nhan manh nhu cau kilm soat nha nfldc". Nhfl vay, nhd nfldc kiln tao
phat trien the ky XX it nhieu mang tinh ddc doan trong thflc hien cac chinh sach kinh t l - xa hdi. Do vay, nhd nflde ehi ehu trpng tang trfldng khdng dem lai sfl phdt trien ben vflng v l lau dai.
Thflc t l cho thay tat cd cdc nhd nflde kien tao phat trien dIu cd ehinh phu manh, ed tham quyen Idn, cd tinh tfl ehu eao trfldc cdc ed quan lap phap va tfl phap. Ddc bilt, ngfldi dflng ddu hdnh phap thfldng cd tdm nhin rpng, cd tam huylt eao, cd nang Ifle vflpt trdi, la mpt nha "ddc tai thdng thai". ThIm vdo dd, trong cdc nha nfldc kiln tao phat trien, ehinh phfl thfldng nhan dflde sfl ung hd cua gidi tri thflc va cd sfl giup vile dac Iflc cua dpi ngu cdng chde tan tuy. Hem khiet, liem chinh. Vdi Singapore, ngodi sfl dn dinh vl mat tien te la mdt chinh quyen phan flng nhanh va cd trach nhiem. Dieu ndy the hiln rd d Nhat Ban, Han Qudc, Singapore eung mpt so qudc gia khae, nha nflde kiln tao phdt trien gan lien vdi eae che dp chuyen quyln, tao n i n md hinh the ehe ehuyen quyen dinh hfldng phdt trien. O edc qudc gia ndy, tap trung quyln Ifle dflde coi la cdn thilt cho nha nfldc kiln tao phat triln bdi vi nhd nfldc kiln tao phdt triln can tap trung huy dpng eae ngudn Iflc va ddng vai tro dinh hfldng dan dat nen kinh te.
O Nhat Bdn, bd may nhd nfldc dfldc xay dflng tfl dpi ngu cdng ehfle flu tu dflpc tuyen chpn tfl cac trfldng ludt tdt nhat; dfla trIn cac ky thi quoe gia vd khdng bi anh hfldng bdi kit qua bau cfl. Bd may quan lieu tac ddng din hau hit cdc van de nhfl cac luat, phdp linh, linh, quy dinh va giay phep dieu ehinh
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xa hdi. Nd eung ed cae quyen ban hpp phdp ve hfldng dan hanh ehinh va tfldng ddi tfl do.
Trdeh nhilm cua bd may hanh ehinh nay la dfla ra chinh sach cdng nghiep rpng rdi va cdc phfldng tiln d l thflc hiln nd va dam bao sfl canh tranh cd tinh dieu chinh cao trong cac linh vflc dflpc Ifla chpn.
O Han Qudc, khi Park Chung Hee len nam quyln, bd may quan lilu eua Weberia dflde hoi sinh. Khae vdi md hinh Nhat Bdn, chinh quyen Park Chung Hee hfldng vao thdng tri eae ngudn vdn tfl nhan. Moi quan h i bin vflng gifla chinh phu vd eae tap dodn kinh te tfl nhdn bet sfle chat che dan den thieu eae hilp hdi trung gian phat trien nhfl trfldng hpp Nhat Bdn. Do dd nen kinh t l Han Quoe chu yeu tdp trung vao mpt sd it edc cdng ty rat Idn.
Sau khi tach khdi Malaysia va trd thanh qudc gia ddc lap, Singapore da phat trien bd mdy hanh ehinh ve kinh te de xem xet eae flu ddi dau tfl, nham thu hut dau tfl mdi khdi cdc nganh sfl dung nhieu lao ddng va hfldng tdi nhflng ngdnh cd gid tri gia tang cao hdn. Nha nfldc Singapore da bat dau kilm soat chat ehe vl gid cd eae yeu to sdn xuat: ehinh phu eung cap dat dai, dau tfl rat nhilu vao phdt trien ngudn nhan Iflc va cung cap quy nghiln eflu vd phat trien edng nghe. Thdng qua eae bien phdp khuyin khich dau tfl vdo cac boat ddng tao ra vile lam cd Ifldng eao. Bd Thfldng mai Singapore (MTI) chiu trach nhilm de xuat chinh sdch thu hut dau tfl nfldc ngodi, ehi dao vile dau tfl ndy vdo edc linh vflc chien Iflpe va duy tri quan he vdi cde khach hang kinh
doanh qudc tl. Cdc doanh nghilp nhd nfldc bat bupc phdi tudn thu eae ludt le vl thul va tiln tl. Cd quan tien te tfl tri Singapore (MAS) chiu trach nhilm quan ly nganh tai ehinh va gifl dn dinh til'n t l nhfl Id flu tiln hang dau. Nhd dd ma dat dflpc thanh cdng trong viee ddi phd vdi cdc biln ddng kinh t l ben ngodi va sd hflu mdt nang Iflc the ehl de ddm phdn lau dai vdi tat ea cac linh vflc chinh trong xa hpi. Trong thdi ky suy thoai kinh tl, do quyen Iflc tap trung ma qudc gia nay cd dfldc thdnh cdng nhd chinh sach that chat, eho phep Singapore qudn ly nin kinh te qudc gia mdt each hilu qud theo nhflng thay ddi kinh te toan eau.
Theo Johnson, ngudn gde eua quyen Ifle trong nhd nfldc kien tao phdt trien la tham quyln cam ket ehuyen ddi trat tfl xa hdi, chinh tri hoac kinh te. Do dd, tinh hdp phap bat ngudn tfl thanh tflu cua nha nfldc chfl khdng phdi la each nhd nfldc ndm quyln. Nhflng thude tinh nhfl vay cua md hinh nha nfldc phat trien dd ddng gdp ddng ke cho sfl phat triln kinh te thdnh edng eao d Nhat Ban va cae quoe gia khac d Ddng A dflpc thay trong nhflng thap ky gan ddy.
Nhin chung, nha nfldc kien tao phat trien deu ed cde quy tac quan tri dn dinh va vflng chac do gidi tinh hoa ehinh tri - quan lilu thiet lap nen, tao ra vi the tfldng ddi tfl ehu cua nha nflde trfldc cac sfle ep ehinh tri tfl xa hpi ma cd the gdy trd ngai den viee thfle hiln cae chinh sach kinh te, ed sfl hdp tae chat che gifla khu vfle cdng va tfl (nha nflde va doanh nghiep). Sfl hdp tae dd dfldc bao dam va gidm
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sdt thflc hiln bdi mpt cd quan ehuyen trach, nha nflde dau tfl m^nh vao giao due, y t l va thflc hien cae chinh sdch nham bdo ddm cdng bang xa boi va ed mpt ehinh phu manh, tham ehi chuyin che, song nam rd vd van diing tdt cdc quy ludt cua kinh t l thi trfldng .
Ben eanh nhflng net tfldng ddng, md binh nha nfldc kien tao phdt trien Ddng A eung CO nhflng diem khdc bilt. Han Qudc, mae du hiln nay da ehuyen theo hfldng Tan Tfl do va mang tinh "nha nflde dilu tilt", nhflng trong thdi ky 1960-1980 cung da the hien sfl ehu dpng dan dat, sfl phdt trien, thdng qua cac chinh sdch dot phd (Ifla chpn mdt vdi ngdnh edng nghiep mui nhpn), ca quan dieu phdi sieu bd (EPB - Uy ban Ke hoach Kinh tl) vd sd hflu nhd nflde trong todn bp khoi ngan hang.
Day la eae dac diem ma Nhat Ban khdng cd.
Nhat Ban sau chiln tranh the gidi thfl hai lai hfldng theo md hinh ddn ehu rdng raL Trong giai doan 1960 - 1980, Hdn Qudc da sfl dung mpt cd quan thi diem quyen Iflc tap trung (Oy ban ke hoaeh hda kinh te - the economic planning Board) vd sd hflu nha nfldc v l ngdn hdng (nhflng hinh thflc khdng dfldc dp dung d Nhat Bdn).
3. Mpt so gpi m d doi vdi Vilt Nam trong qua trinh xay dflng nha nflde Icien tao phat trien
Tfl nhflng phdn tich d trIn, cd the thay, nha nflde kien tao phdt triln ed mdt vai trd hit sflc quan trpng, trfldc khi thflc thi vai trd eua nha nflde bang nhflng can thiep vdo nen kinh tl, die bilt la viec dp dung md hinh doanh nghiep nha nfldc, eae nfldc Ddng A
dIu la nhflng nflde ngheo ve tai nguyin, ddn sd ddng, phan Idn nguyin, nhiln lieu phdi nhdp khau va nin kinh te bi tan phd nang ne bdi chiln tranh. Nhd cde chinh sach phfl hdp vd no Ifle vfldt bac, kinh t l cae nfldc nay da nhanh chdng phuc hdi va phat triln vdi toe dp eao, lam the gidi phai kinh ngac. Vai trd eua nha nflde phat trien la tao nen sfl phdt trien b i n vflng cho mpt qudc gia, vdi trpng tdm Id phdt triln kinh tl. Tuy nhiln, n l u dp dung khdng dung hfldng, nha nflde eung ed the gdy ra nhflng hau qua nhfl 1dm tri tre nin kinh te, tao dien kiln eho cac hien tfldng tieu cflc, tham nhung, anh hfldng din qua trinh phat trien eua dat nflde. Qua phan tieh nhflng dac dilm chung dfla tdi sfl thdnh cdng cfla cdc nflde Ddng A trong thdi ky tang trfldng eao, cd t h i rut ra may giai phdp cd bdn cho Viet Nam trong qua trinh xay dflng Nha nflde kien tao phdt triln nhfl sau:
3.1. Nhdm gidi phdp nhdn thiic vd to chde van hdnh nhd nUdc phdp quyen xd hoi chu nghia
Thd nhdt, ve nhdn thfle, can thay rang nhd nfldc kiln tao phat trien (nhieu lue gpi Id chinh phu kien tao phat trien) la mdt cdch thfle boat dpng, mdt hinh thfle thflc thi quyen Ifle nha nflde eua nhd nfldc phdp quyen, trIn Cd sd nhd nflde phap quyen. Vi vay, xdy dflng nha nflde kiln tao phdt trien hiln nay d Viet Nam khdng tdeb rdi qua trinh xdy dflng vd hoan thien nha nfldc phdp quyln xd hdi ehu nghia Viet Nam do Dang Cpng san Viet Nam lanh dao.
Thd hai, vl to chflc va van hanh nha nfldc
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phap quyln trong qua trinh xay dflng Chinh phfl kiln tao phat trien, phai thflc hien cdc nhiem vu sau:
a). Dfla phdp luat trd thanh phfldng tien quylt dinh nhat trong quan ly ddi sdng xa hpi.
b). Phdi xay dflng mdt trang thai xa hdi, trong do phap luat la tdi thflpng, ngfldi chap hdnh phap luat phai dflpc Idi hdn ngfldi vi pham phap luat.
c). Dfla edc ca quan bao ve phdp ludt vao ed ehe tich cflc hanh ddng tao lap mdt trat tfl phap ly mdi.
d). Phan dinh rd rang ehfle nang gifla eae the ehl chinh tri, hanh chinh, kinh te, xa hpi, giao due, khoa hpe, van hda, nghe thuat...
Nha nfldc tap trung thfle hien ehfle ndng edng quyen, eu the la kiln tao phat trien, khong lam thay, can thiep tuy tiln vao cac t h i ehl kinh tl, xd hdi, nghe thuat...tao khdng gian nang ddng sang tao cho cae cd quan quyln Iflc va tfl quan dia phfldng. Thflc hien phi nhd nflde hda, phi hanh ehinh hda (xa hpi boa) eae ddn vi sfl nghilp, cdc t h i che xd hdi; tao be sinh thai tfl chu, sang tao eho cac the ehl khac nhau trong ddi sdng xa hdi.
3.2. Nhdm gidi phdp to chde thUc hien: xdc dinh lai vd thay doi vai trd cua nhd nUdc trong nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hUdng xd hoi chu nghia
Mdi quan he gifla nha nflde va thi trfldng the hien ban chat eua mdi quan he gifla eae t h i ehl chinh tri va nen kinh te thi trfldng. Moi quan he nay ed lich sfl lau dai dau tranh gifla cdc quan dilm: hoac tuylt doi hda vai trd cua thi trfldng, hoac tuylt ddi hda vai trd eua nha
nfldc. Loai quan diem thfl ba vfla thfla nhdn tinh tich cflc eua kinh te thi trfldng, ddng thdi khang dinh vai trd cua nha nflde trong vile khac phuc nhflng gidi han, nhflng that bai cua kinh t l thi trfldng va dieu tilt vi md. Loaii quan diem thfl tfl thfla nhdn sfl tham gia vd can thiep can thiet theo ehfle nang cua nha nfldc trong kinh te thi trfldng...Nin chdng can phai ed mdt each tiep can rdng Idn va todn dien hdn ve vai trd eua nhd nfldc trong kinh te thi trfldng? Dd chinh la giai quylt mdi quan he gifla quyen Iflc chinh tri va kinh t l - moi quan he tat ylu vd thfldng xuyen trong vile tim eon dfldng phat trien toi flu cho mpt qudc gia.
Vdi tfl each la the che trung tam cua he thdng chinh tri, nha nfldc khdng chi Id "can thiep", "tham gia" ma edn la mdt "ehu the"
kinh te binh dang cd quyln Iflc chinh tri trong nen kinh te thi trfldng. Nhfl vay nha nfldc vdi tfl each la mdt ehu the kinh te dac bilt, Id mdt ndi dung cdu thanh cua nin kinh t l thi trfldng.
Tfl dd nhflng nhilm vu ma mdt nhd nflde kiln tao phdt trien edn thflc hiln trong kinh te thi trfldng dinh hfldng xa hdi ehu nghia la:
a). Tao lap mpt mdi trfldng the chi lanh manh, day du, ehac chdn, cd tinh kien tao phdt trien cho nen kinh t l thj trfldng;
b). Hoach dinh cdc ehinh sach kinh te, dieu tilt kinh te;
c). Bao dam eae dich vu cdng cOng (linh vfle that bai eiia thi trfldng);
d). Bdo dam xa hdi, bao ve nhflng ngfldi de bi tdn thfldng;
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e). Phdi hdp vdi cdc the e h l qudc te. Tao thuan loi eho md cfla va hdi nhap, han ehl bat edng, tilu cflc trong qua trinh todn cau hda va hdi nhap qudc tl;
f). Bdo ve mdi trfldng sinh thaL 3.3. Nhdm gidi phdp doi mdi phUdng thUc lanh dao cua Ddng trong dieu kien xdy diing nhd nUdcphdp quyen, kien tao phdt triin
Phfldng thflc earn quyen eua Dang phdi phu hdp vdi nhflng nguyen tae, tilu chuan eua nha nfldc phap quyen, nghia Id sii lanh dao dd khdng lam cho boat ddng eua eae ca quan va eae can bd, edng chflc nha nflde trai vdi t h i ehl nha nflde dflpc ghi nhdn trong Hien phap va phdp luat, phai bdo dam eho eae ed quan va ea nhan ed tham quyln va phdi chiu trach nhiem nha nflde rd rang. Do vay, trIn cd sd Hien phap can nghiln cflu ban hdnh Ludt vl Dang Cdng san cam quyln dfldc xa hdi thfla nhan.
Ddi mdi ndi dung phfldng thfle lanh dao cfla Ddng, nhfl lanh dao bang chinh tri, bang edng tae tfl tfldng, bdng cdng tac td chflc vd can bd, bang edng tae kiem tra-giam sat theo chuan mflc cua nha nfldc phap quyln.
Trong bdi eanh the gidi cd nhieu bien chuyen nhfl hien nay, qud trinh toan eau hda dien ra tae ddng sau rdng den ddi sdng eua mpi qudc gia, each mang cdng nghilp 4.0 dd xam nhdp vdo ddi sdng eua ngfldi dan, nhdn thflc, tfl tfldng, tinh cam, nhflng gia tri van hda, chudn mile dao dflc cung da cd nhflng bien ddi, Nha nflde cdn dinh vi dung vai trd, trach nhilm qudn ly xa hdi nham gin gifl, phat huy nhflng gid tri truyin thdng tdt dep,
ddng thdi tao ddng Iflc cho sfl phdt trien cua qudc gia. Viet Nam khdng the ke thfla day du, nguyin xi mdt md hinh nha nflde kiln tao phat trien nao dd. Sfl kiln thilt cua qudc gia, trfldc hit bat nguon tfl y tfldng, gia tri, mue tilu vd nhflng bien phap ma nha lanh dao dfla ra. Dat nfldc, con ngfldi Viet Nam dang mong chd va tin tfldng vdo mdt tflpng lai vdi nhflng sfl ddi mdi va thanh tflu Idn sanh vai vdi cdc nfldc nhfl Idi Chu tich Hd Chi Minh tflng fldc nguyen.
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O 1. Chang, Ha-Joon (2002b); Kicking Away the Ladder Development Strategy in Historical Perspective, London: Anthem Books.Tr 192-199
2. Charlotte Ng, The 'Developmental State" and Economic Development,
3. Omano Edigheji (2010), eonstrucing a democratic developmental state in South Africa:
potentials and challenges,tT.28.
4.http://tapchicongthuong.vn/nhung-thuan- loi-va-thach-thuc-voi-viec-xay-dung-nha-nuoc- kien -tao-phat-trien -o-viet-nam
5. Dinh Tuan Minh vd Pham The Anh (chii bien) (2016), Td nhd nUdc dieu hdnh sang nhd nUdc kien tao phdt trien, Nxb Tri thflc.
6. Trinh Quoe Toan - Vii Cong Giao (Dong chu bien) (2017), Nhd nUdc kien tao phdt triin - Ly ludn, thUc tiln tr&n the gidi vd d Viet Nam. Nxb Ly luan chinh tri. Ha Noi.
79 I Tap chi Khoa hpc Npi vu
