Mot so de xuat ve the che vuot troi trong phat trien cac dac khu a Viet Nam<*)
CHU PHirONG QUYNH NGUYEN DUY LOI
Tdm tdt: Thi chi Id mdt trong nhieng yeu td then chdt quyet dinh quy dqo ciia tdng trudng di len hoac suy gidm ctia mot qudc gia. Tqi Viet Nam, qua han 25 ndm phdt trien cdc khu kinh te, khu cdng nghiep, khu che xudt thi vdn tdn tqi nhiiu vdn de nhu chinh sdch thu hut vdn ddu tu chua hdp ddn, nhieu ca quan cung tham gia qudn ly khu kinh te, thieu quy hoqch tdng the vd cdc vdn di xd hdi khdc. Nguyen nhdn hdng ddu Id do thiiu mot the che vugt trdi. Mot khi tqo dugc su dot phd ve the che thi nhitng yeu td khdc cua nen kinh ti sekeo theo. Do dd, sau khi phdn tich vai trd, tinh hinh thuc thi cdc the che vugt trdi, bdo cdo mqnh dqn dua ra mot sd di xudt nhdm phdt huy han niea vai trd cua cdc md hinh ddc khu trong phdt triin kinh te - xd hdi vd trd nen hdp ddn han ddi vdi nhd ddu tu.
Tir khoa: Thi chi, thi che vugt trdi, phdt triin vung, ddc khu, VietNam.
L Khai quat viec thyc hien the che vyot troi trong phat trien cac dac khu d Viet Nam .i.
1.1. Vai tro ciia the che vugt trgi
t F
The che la ddng lyc quan trgng cho sy phat trien ciia nen kinh te. Dieu nay hoan toan diing vdi thyc tien tang tmdng kinh te cua nudc ta. Cac khu kinh te d Viet Nam thudng chi cbii trgng den
F \ F F F
cac lgi icb tryc tiep tfnh bang sd vdn, sd doanh nghiep, sd viec lam hay doanh sd, trong khi cac lgi ich mem hay nhan td dgng, dac biet la vai trd
"phdng tbi nghiem cbinb sach" chua dugc quan tam", TS. Huynh Thi Du, Dai bgc Fulbright Viet Nam'. Nhiing uu dai ve dat dai, thue va phf chi la nhung giai phap cap thap, khdng thyc sy kfch thfch cac doanh nghiep dau tu ddi mdi trang thiet bj va nang cao nang suat lao ddng. Chi cd cac
cbinb sach ve the che mdi thyc sy giai phdng nang lyc san xuat, tao dieu kien cho doanh nghiep ddi mdi ky thuat va nang cao nang suat lao ddng. Ong Nguyen Huy Ddng, Vu trudng Vu
F F \
cac khu Kinh te, Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu, ngudi tryc tiep tham gia soan thao luat ve dac khu, cho biet cac uu dai thue phi chi nam trong uu tien thii 4, 5 cua nha dau tu trong quyet djnh rdt vdn.
Theo dng Ddng: "Vdi hg, cai quan trgng nhat la mdi tmdng kinh doanh, the che. Dd la dieu chiing tdi mudn tao sy dot pha, quy dinh tai luat". Cdn TS.
Nguyen Dinh Cung, Vien tmdng Vien Nghien cim Quan ly Kinh te Tmng uong (CIEM) nhan manh, cac dac khu hanh chfnh - kinh te phai thyc sy cd mdt CO che dieu hanh cdi md, thdng thoang, thu hiit dugc ngudi tai va la ddng lyc tang tmdng kinh te.
Neu chi cd nhung uu dai quen thudc ve thue, dit
(*)
Vien Kinh te va Chinh trj The gioi
Bdi viit Id sdn phdm ciia de tdi cap bo 201 7- 2018 "Thi chi vuat troi dephdt trien viing: Kinh nghiem quoc ti vd de xuat chinh sdch cho Viet Nam ".
'Tn' Dung (25/10/2017): Thdnh lap cdc ddc khu kinh ti:
Quan trgng nhdt la nhdt the hoa bo mdy ldnh dqo.
https://www.baomoi.com/thanh-lap-cac-dac-khu-kinh- te-quan-trong-nhat-la-nhat-the-hoa-bo-may-lanh- dao/c/23691833,epi
Nhirng vin di KINH T^ VA CHJNH TR! TH^ Giai S6 11 (271) 2018
67'
Mdt sd de xuat ve the che vu-gt trdi.. Chu Phu'cng Quynh - Nguyen Duy Lm
dai... thi khdng thi biln nhiing noi nay thanh trung tam kinh tl dugc^. Trong thilt kl dac khu, dilu kien kiln tao can dat cao ban dieu kien uu dai.
Tai Viet Nam, qua hon 25 nam phat trien md hinb khu cdng nghiep, khu che xuat, khu cdng nghe cao, khu kinh te d nudc ta da khdng cdn mdi, kem linh boat. Bdi vi ca che, chfnh sach uu dai chua du siic canh tranh qudc te; bd may quan ly vdi tham quyen chua thdng nhat va thii tuc hanh chfnh chua du thdng thoang, co sd ha tang va ngudn nban lyc chua dap ling yeu cau^
Viec khai thac cac tiem nang, lgi the ty nhien va ngudn lyc ciia dat nudc da dan tdi han; mdi tmdng dau tu cua Viet Nam cung dang mat dan tinh bap dan do bj canh tranh qudc te manh me.
Do dd, neu Viet Nam mudn cd dac khu thi phai suy nghi la minh dang canh tranh vdi cac dac khu khac trong khu vyc va tren the gidi. NghTa la phai tu duy cau ca ldn, hinh thanh the che sao cho hap dan cac nha dau tu hang nhat tren the gidi vao. Chia khda ciia thanh cdng la dam lam va each lam, va the che la mit that quan trgng nhat can khoi thdng.
1.2. The che vugt trgi cua cdc ddc khu d VietNam
Mdi noi cd mdt khai niem khac nhau ve Dac khu, rieng tai Viet Nam, don vj hanh chinh - kinh te dac biet (sau day ggi la dac khu) la don vj hanh chinh thudc tinh, do Qudc hdi quyet djnh thanh
F \ I
lap, cd CO che, chfnh sach dac biet ve phat trien
F
kinh te xa hdi. Nha nudc cd chfnh sach dac biet va tao dieu kien thuan lgi nham thu hiit dau tu vao cac nganh, nghe uu tien phat trien cua dac khu; xay dyng cac dac khu theo hudng xanh - tri thlic - ben "viing, ap dyng phuong thiic quan ly
tien tien, binh thanh mdi frudng sdng van minh, bien dai, chit lugng cao; bao dam qudc phdng, an ninh, an sinh xa hdi, giir -vung dn djnh chinh tri - xa hdi tai dac khu"*. Nhin chung, each tiep can ciia CO quan soan thao luat v l dac khu se la "dat tran duy nhat la Hien phap, tir dd mong mudn tao dot pha ve cbinh sach", chia se ciia dng Nguyen Huy Ddng, Vy trudng Vy cac khu Kinh te, Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu va la ngud-i tryc tiep tham gia soan thao luat^. Theo dd, dy thao luat dac khu cua Viet Nam cd nhirng dac diem ndi trdi nhu sau:
Thu nhdt la ca che chfnh sach -vugt trdi so vdi cac chfnh sach dang ap dyng cho cac khu kinh te ven bien, khu kinh te cua khau, khu cdng nghe cao. Ve cac chinh sach uu dai thue, kbi nhap, xuat hang vao, ra cac dac khu kinh te, ngudi nhap, xuat khau se dugc linh boat ap dung cac mire thue, tham chi cd khi cdn dugc mien thue 100%. Ddng thdi, thue gia trj gia tang se cd d miic 0%; hoac tham chf ngudi, cdng ty nop se khdng phai chju thue nay. Thue tieu thy dac biet ciing se khdng cdn tdn tai trong cac dac khu kinh te nua. Ddi vdi ca nhan, thue thu nhap ea nhan se dugc mien va giam trong mgt thdi gian nhat djnh.
Ddi vdi doanh nghiep, se ehi phai chju thue 10%
trong thdi gian 30 nam, mien thue bdn nam va giam 50%) sd thue phai nop trong chin nam tiep theo ke tir khi doanh nghiep cd thu nhap chju thue. Rieng ddi vdi thu nhap tir dy an dau tu - kinh doanh bat ddng san se dugc ap dung thue suat uu dai 17%^.
Ve the che tien te, cac doanh nghiep trong dac khu se dugc cho phep thiet lap the che tien te, ngan hang rieng nham da dang hda cac loai hinh giao djch phii hgp tbdng le qudc te. Ben canh tien
^ Tri Dung (25/10/2017): Thanh lap cdc ddc khu kinh te:
Quan trong nhdt la nhdt the hoa bo mdy ldnh dqo:
https://www.baomoi.com/thanh-lap-cac-dac-khu-kinh- te-quan-trong-nhat-la-nhat-the-hoa-bo-may-lanh- dao/c/23691833.epi
^Chan Luan (14/8/2017): 3 ddc khu se tqo ra hdng chuc ti USD? Bao Phap luat, Thanh pho H6 Chi minh. Tai dia chi: http:// w>vw.plo.vn/thoi-su/3-dac-khu-se-tao-ra- hang-chuc-ti-usd-721090.html
''Luat Don vi hanh chfnh - Kinh te dac biet Van D6n, B5c Van Phong, Phii Quoc. Dir thao trinh Quoc hoi tai ky hop thir 5. Thu vien phap luat, tai dia chi:
https://www.thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Bo-may-hanh- chinh/Luat-don-vi-hanh-chinh-kinh-te-dac-biet-2017- 340180.aspx
' Phuorng Loan (11/2017): Khdt vong ddc khu kinh te vd nhirng cdu hoi tj' do. Bao Zingvn, tai dja chi: https://
www.news.zing.vn/khat-vong-dac-khu-kinh-te-va- nhung-cau-hoi-ty-do-post790221 .html
'' Nguyen San (06/6/2017): i ddc khu kinh ti Viet Nam:
Don to don phuang hodng?. Bao Nhip cau Diu tu. Tai dia chi: https://www.nhipcaudautu.vn/kinh-te/3-dac- khu-kinh-te-viet-nam-don-to-don-phuong-hoang- 3319091/
68
NhCrng vin di KINH T^ VA C H I N H TR! IHt GIQI So 11 (271) 2018.^hu^hu'o'ng Quynh - Nguyen Duy Lo-i Mdt sd dd xu§t ve the che vugt trdi...
ddng Viet Nam luu hanh thi cac dac khu kinh te se tham chi dugc phep sii dung mdt sd ddng tien ty do chuyin ddi khac.
Ve dat dai thi can cii vao nganh, nghe dau tu va quy md dy an dau tu, chfnh sach se cho phep nhung thai ban cho thue dat rieng, vdi thai ban tdi da len den 99 nam. Thai gian mien, giam tien thue va ap dung miic gia thue dat va mat nudc cung se un dai hon so vdi quy djnh cua phap luat ve dat dai hien hanh.
Cudi ciing, luat ve dac khu kinh te cho phep mien thj thyc vdi thdi gian tam tni khdng qua 30 ngay. Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu dk xuit danh sach 69 nganh nghe dau tu kinh doanh cd dieu kien tai dac khu kinh te, giam dang ke so vdi con so 243 cho pham vi ca nudc^. Trong dd cd mdt sd nganh, nghe dang chii y nbu dau tu kinh doanh cd dieu kien tai dac khu kinb te doanh theo phuang thiic ban bang da cap; kinh doanh casino (cho ca ngudi Viet Nam vao chai), kinh doanh cac loai phao (trir phao nd), kinh doanh sd giao djch hang hda, kinh doanh djch -vy cai ngbien ma tiiy ty nguyen; kinh doanh djch -vy cam do... Dac biet, trong danh sach 69 nganh nghe dau tu- kinh doanh cd dieu kien tai dac khu kinh te^, cd kha nhieu nganh nghe nam trong danh muc 20 nganh nghe Nha nudc ddc quyen, tu nhan khdng dugc tham gia tai Nghj djnh 94/2017/ND-CP Chinh phii. Dd la cac nganh nghe nhu: kinh doanh vat lieu nd cdng nghiep; kinh doanh vang; boat ddng in, diic tien; kinh doanh djch vu dam bao boat dgng bay (djch vy khdng luu, djch vu thdng bao tin tiic bang khdng, djch vu tim kiem, ciiu nan), kinh doanh quan trang, quan dung cho lyc lugng vii trang, vii khi quan dung...
^ Bach Duong (26/8/2017): "Dac khu kinh t^ Viet du kien con 69 nganh kinh doanh co dieu kien". Bao VnEconmy, tai dia chi:http://www.vneconoiTiy.vn/thoi-su/dac-khu- kinh-te-viet-du-kien-con-69-nganh-kinh-doanh-co-dieu- kien-20170825045752418.htm
•^Luang Bang (25/8/2017): "Dac khu kinh te: Van D6n 4 ty USD, Bic Van Phong 2 ty USD" Bao Vietnamnet, tai dia chi: http://www.vietnamnet,vn/vn/kinh-doanh/dau- tu/dau-tu-vao-dac-khu-kinh-te-giam-2-3-nganh-nghe- phai-xin-phep-393957.html
^Luo-ng Bang (07/3/2018): "Dk tang gia 10 ISn: Ty phu My khong con quay lung bo di". Bao Vietnamnet, tai dia
Thu hai la ve td cbiic chinh quyen dja phuang, trong luat neu ra hai phuong an hoac "Thiet che Tmdng dan vj hanh chinh - kinh te dac biet, cac CO quan chuyen mdn tryc thugc va Tmdng khu banh chfnh" hoac "chfnh quyen dja phuong mdt cap gdm cd Hdi ddng Nhan dan (HDND) va Uy ban Nhan dan (UBND) tai don vj hanh cbinh - kinh te dac biet". Chfnh phii nghieng ve phuang an mdt hon bdi nd la cai the hien dot pha nhat, chua tii-ng cd tien le. Thiet che nay cho phep ngudi dirng dau dugc ty lya chgn nhirng ngudi dudi quyen vdi miic luang khdng gan vdi he luong bien hanh ma dya tren hieu suat cdng viec.
Ddng thdi, ciing cho phep dieu chuyen nhiing ngudi cu khdng phii hgp vdi cdng viec bang viec hd trg tra gap ddi luong neu hg xin nit. Nd tuong ty md hinh cdng ty vdi quyen chgn lya nhan sy, trgng dung ngu'di tai. Tmdng dac khu dugc trao 126 tham quyen trong 12 ITnb vyc^, dac khu trudng cd nhiing "quyen" cdn rdng ho-n ca Cbii tjch Uy ban Nhan dan tinh va cd mdt sd tham quyen ciia Thu tudng Chfnh phu, cac Bd, nen hoan toan cd kha nang dap ling nhanh chdng yeu cau ciia cac nha dau tu va ngudi lao ddng. Neu md hinh nay dugc thdng qua tbi nd se la co hdi de thir nghiem chinb sach, tuong lai cd the nhan rdng ra chfnh quyen dd thj d nhiing thanh phd ldn nhu Ha Ndi, TP. Ho Chf Minh.
Thu ba, ngoai nhiing uu dai ve thue, uu dai ve xuat nhap khau, Dy thao Luat don vj hanh chfnh kinh te dac biet cdn khuyen khich thanh lap cac quy dau tu cho khdi nghiep sang tao.'° Chinh sach nay cho phep cac quy dau tu dugc thanh lap ngay, dieu ma nhiing noi khac tren Viet Nam chua cd. Ben canh dd, Trudng dac khu cd tham quyen quyet djnh diing ngudn lyc cua dac khu de
chi: http://www.vietnamnet.vn/vn/kinh-doanh/dau- tu/dac-khu-kinh-te-dat-tang-gia-10-lan-khong-con-ty- phu-my-nao-quay-lung-bo-di-430987.html
'"Phuong Anh (07/11/2017): "Vu tnrdng Vu Quan Iy cac khu kinh te: Dung nghT dac khu kinh te se ion bong nhu Thanh Giong, cu phai di, phai lam thi moi biet dugc!"
Bao CafeF, tai dia chi: http:// www.cafef.vn/vu-truong- vu-quan-iy-cac-khu-kinh-te-dung-nghi-dac-khu-kinh- te-se-ion-bong-nhu-thanh-giong-cu-phai-di-phai-lam- thi-moi-biet-duoc-20171 106180828253.chn
Nhirng vin di KINH TE VA CHJNH TRI THE Giai S6 11 (271) 2018 69
Mdt sd de xuat ve the che vu-ot trdi. Chu Phycng Quvnh - Nguyin Duy Lai
hd trg timg dy an, y tudng dugc danh gia la hgp ly. Dieu nay rat cd y nghia trong bdi canh Viet Nam dang dat myc tieu trd thanh qudc gia khdi nghiep, tuy nhien rat rihieu startup ciia Viet Nam phai dang ky kinh doanh tai nudc ngoai nhu Singarore, Malaysia, Thai Lan, Hdng Cdng...
Bdi vi nhieu nhdm khdi nghiep ggi vdn thanh cdng d Viet Nam nhung do ngudn vdn cbii yeu tir cac quy dau tu nudc ngoai nen khi thanh lap doanh nghiep lai phai dang ky kinb doanh d nudc ngoai. Phong trao khdi nghiep mudn thanh cdng thi can phai cd quy dau tu mao hiem va cac ca sd djch -vy manh, thi chiing ta thieu ca hai thanh
\ F m I J r
phan nay cdt ldi nay . Do dd, neu Luat Dac khu dugc thdng qUa thi ben canh viec thu hiit cac nha dau tu nudc ngoai, dac khu se la manh dat ly tudng cho startup Viet gieo mam udc mo.
Mdi day nhat, Qudc hdi da phe duyet Ke hoach phat trien kinh te - xa hdi nam nam 2016 - 2020, trong dd neu nhiem -vu va giai phap la "lya chgn mdt sd khu cd lgi the dac biet de xay dyng dac khu kinh te vdi co che dac thii...". Dieu nay cho thay mdt sy quyet tam ddi mdi, dot pha, cung la CO hdi thir nghiem trong tuang lai. Phu Qudc, Bac Van Phong, va Van Ddn se la nhiing dja diem thfch hgp de thir nghiem cbinh sach trong bdi canh dja kinb te va dja chinb trj bien nay'-.
Luat dac khu nham the che hda chii tmong, dudng ldi ve "xay dung mdt sd don vi hanh chfnh - kinh te dac biet vdi the che vugt trdi de tao cyc tang tradng va thir nghiem ddi mdi, hoan thien td cbiic bd may thudc he thdng chfnh trj"'^
1.3. Ba de dn phdt trien dac khu
Mac dil Luat Dac khu ap dyng chung cho ca ba khu Bac Van Phong, Van Don va Phii Quoc,
nhung moi khu se cd timg phu lyc rieng de tranh chdng lin, canh tranh lan nhau. Phii Qudc se khac Van Ddn hay Bic Van Phong, vi moi noi cd mdt dac diem cu thi rieng do dieu kien kinh te, ty nhien timg -viing khac nhau, miic dau tu va sy uu tien khac nhau, nganh nghe va ITnh -vyc the manh khac nhau, chinh sach uu dai khac nhau, nhung deu ciing chung muc tieu thu hiit dugc cac nha dau tu ldn tren the gidi'"*, (xem Bdng 1).
Nbu vay, ba dac khu can cd ngudn vdn dau tu kha ldn (1,57 trieu ty ddng) de phat trien ha tang, hoan thien be thdng luat phap, phat trien dd thj, khdng gian -viing. Bii lai, theo tfnh toan ciia Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu, ngudn thu cho ngan sach nha nudc se gia tang sau khi ba dae khu di vao boat ddng. Nhin vao Bang 2, ta thay tai Phii Qudc, Nha nudc se thu dugc khoang 3,3 ty USD tir thue, phi va cac ngudn thu tir dat; thu dugc tir cac doanh nghiep tao gia trj gia tang khoang 19 ty USD va ddng gdp vao GRDP eiia tinh Kien Giang len 22%o vao nam 2020 va 27%) nam 2030.
Tai Van Ddn, udc tfnh Nha nudc thu dugc khoang 1,9 ty USD tir thul va phf; 2,1 ty USD tir cac ngudn thu tir dat, ddng gdp vao GRDP ciia Quang Ninh len 5,2% vko nam 2020 va 7,7% vao nam 2030 khi cac doanh nghiep tao gia trj gia tang khoang 9,7 ty USD trong giai doan 2021 - 2030. Tai Bac Van Phong, udc tinh Nha nudc thu dugc khoang 1,2 ty USD tir thul, phf va 1 ty USD tir cac ngudn thu tir dat, thu dugc tir cac doanh nghiep tao gia trj gia tang khoang 10 ty USD trong giai doan 2017 - 2030; nang mire ddng gdp vao GRDP ciia tinh Khanh Hda len 3% vao nam 2020 va 6% vao nam 2030'^
"Thuy Linh (19/6/2018): Startup Viet khai nghiep trong nuoc, ddng ky> ben Singapore. Bao Vietstock:
https://www.vietstock.vn/2018/06/startup-viet-khoi- nghiep-trong-nuoc-dang-ky-ben-singapoie-4262- 611538.htm
'^ Chan Luan (14/8/2017): 3 dac khu se tqo ra hdng chuc ti USD? Bdo Phdp ludt, Thdnh pho Ho Chi minh.
http://www.plo.vn/thoi-su/3-dac-khu-se-tao-ra-hang- chuc-ti-usd-721090.html
'^Bao dien tu Dang Cong san Viet Nam (29/1/2016):
"Nghi quyet Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc .lan thir XII cua
Dang" http:// www.dangcongsan.vn/xay-dung- dang/nghi-quyet-dai-hoi-dai-bieu-toan-quoc-lan-thu- xii-cua-dang-368870.html
"» Vy Vy (16/2/2018): Nhd dau tu dang dai Ludt Ddc khu.
Bao VnEconomy, http://www.vneconomy.vn/nha-dau- ni-dang-doi-luat-dac-khu-20180212235143622.htm
"Bao mcri (16/4/2018): Von cho 3 ddc khu vd tdm nhin.
https://www.vbaomoi.com/von-cho-3-dac-khu-va-tam- nhin/c/25680794.epi
JO' Nhii'ng vin di KINH it VA CHJNH TR! TH^ Giai S6 11 (271) 2018
Chu Phu'o'ng Quynh - Nguyin Duy Lgi Mdt so dd xuit ve thi che vugt trdi.
Bdng 1: Ba de an phat triin dac khu (Van Don, B^c Van Phong, Phii Quoc)
Van Don Bac Van Phong Phii Quoc Vi tri tren ban do
5
Thue phi va nguon thu tir dat 4tyUSD 2,2 ty USD 3,3 ty USD Doanh nghiep tao gia trj gia
tang (2030)
9,7 ty USD lOtyUSD 19tyUSD
So viec lam tao mdi (2030) 132.000 65.000 57.600
Cac nganh nghe u-u tien Cdng nghe cao Djch vu du ljch Dich vu hau can
Djch vu cang bien va logistics,
Cdng nghe thdng tin, qudc phong, dien tu, ca khi Dich vu du lich
Djch vu du lich Djch vu ban le Dich vu y te Thu nhap
dau ngudi
binh quan 5.000 USD vao nam 2020 va 12.500 USD vao nam 2030.
4.000USD vao nam 2020 va 9.500USD vao nam 2030.
5.300 USD vao nam 2020 va
13.000 USD vao nam 2030.
Tong miic dau tu udc tfnh de phat trien dac khu (udc tinh phan von trong nudc 50%, von nudc ngoai 50%)
270.000 ty dong trong giai doan 2018 - 2030
400.000 ty dong trong giai doan 2019-2025
900.000 ty dong trong giai doan 2016 -2030
Dong gop vao tdng san pham tren dia ban (GRDP)
Ddng gop vao GRDP cua tinh Quang Ninh len 5,2% vao nam 2020 va 7,7% nam 2030
Dong gdp vao GRDP cua tinh Khanh Hoa len 3% vao nam 2020 va 6% nam 2030
ddng gop vao GRDP cua tinh Kien Giang len 22% vao nam 2020 va 27% nam 2030.
Ngudn: Tdc gid tu tdng hgp tie cdc tdi lieu sau:
Bao mdi (16/4/2018): Von cho 3 ddc khu vd tdm nhin. https:// www.baomoi.com/von-cho-3-dac-khu-va- tam-nhin/c/25680794.epi
Vy Vy (16/2/2018): Nhd ddu lu dang dgi Ludi Dac khu. Tap chi VnEconomy, http://
w'ww.vneconomy.vn/nha-dau-tu-dang-doi-luat-dac-khu-2018021223 5143622.htm
Luo-ng Bang (25/8/2017/- Dac khu kinh ti: Vdn Don 4 ty USD, Bdc Vdn Phong 2 ty USD''. Bao Soha, http://www.soha.vn/dac-khu-kinh-te-van-don-4-ty-usd-bac-van-phong-2-ty-usd-2017082514594002.htm.
Diem chung ciia ba de an phat trien dac khu la cac tinh ddng loat de nghi giir lai phan thu ngan sach tai dac khu. Cu the la, eac tinh de xuat giii lai toan bd ngudn thu thue xuat nhap khau va thu ndi dja tren dja ban dac khu tir nay den nam 2030 de diu tu va sau nam 2030 se xem xet lai
ty le phan chia ngan sach Trung uong va dja phuang. Tinh se dimg sd tien dd de xay dyng ha tang, nghien cim viec ap dung BOT, BT, PPP trong xay dyng ha tang, ddng thdi chu dao tao cac chfnh sach uu dai vugt trgi ve thue, phi'^.
'6 Vy Vy (16/2/2018): Nhd ddu tu dang dai Ludt Ddc khu.
Bao VnEconomy, http://www.vneconomy.vn/nha-dau- tu-dang-doi-luat-dac-khu-20180212235143622.htm
Nhirng vin di KINH T^ VA CHJNH TRj IHt Giai So 11(271) 2018 - 7L
Mdt sd dd xuit vd the chd vu^gt trdi... Chu Phycng Quynh - Nguyen Duy Lo-i
Viec cac tinh de xuat giii lai toan bd ngudn thu ciing khien nhieu chuyen gia lo ngai ngan sach nha nudc se ddi mat vdi nguy ca hut thu nghiem trgng va lgi fch dac khu mang lai lieu cd ldn hon chi phf bo ra hay khdng. Tuy nhien, ciing cd y kien cho rang viec cac tinh de xuat giii lai ngudn thu la can thiet, bdi da la dac khu thi phai cd phan quyen thyc chat va phai cd du quyen ddc lap de cd the dua ra nhiing khuyen khich dii manh va vu-gt trdi hon cac noi khac. Uu dai binh thudng se khdng hien thyc hda dugc muc tieu tao dac khu. Vi vay, khdng nen vi lo ngai that thu ngan sach ma bac bd yeu cau ciia cac tinh. Chiing ta ciing khdng vdi lo lang ve viec sut giam ngudn thu trong giai doan dau vi mdt khi tao ra dugc siic hiit cho cac dac khu, sd lugng doanh nghiep tham gia nhieu vdi doanh thu cao, tii' do ngudn thu til- cac loai thue, phf se gia tang. Dd la chua ke viec phat trien dugc kinh te vimg, gia tang thu nhap cua ngudi dan. Cdn ngugc lai neu cac chfnh sach khdng dii hap dan, nha dau tu khdng vao, xay dyng dac khu trd nen vd nghTa.
Dien binh la tmdng hgp ciia dac khu Phu Qudc, ke tir khi cd Quyet djnh 1255 nam 2011 cua Thii tudng ve Quy hoach tdng the phat trien kinb te - xa hdi ciia Kien Giang, dua Phii Qudc trd thanh dac khu hanh chfnh kinh te thyc thudc Tmng uong vao nam 2020, dien mao ciia Phu Qudc da thay ddi rat nhanh chdng. Tir mdt noi hoang sa, Phii Qudc da lot xac trd thanh dja diem thu hiit du lich hap dan nhat nudc va ca khu vyc. Cd the ke din nhilu tap doan bat ddng san ldn trong nudc va qudc te da hien dien d nai day nhu Vingroup, SunGroup, CEO Group, Novotel, Marriott...'^ Trong tu-ong lai se cd nhieu dy an ve ha tang trj gia hang ty USD theo hinh thiic BT, BOT se dugc triln khai nhu Cang Hang khdng Qudc te Phii Qudc md rdng, he thdng dudng vdng quanh dao dai 100 km, bay Cang bien Qudc te An Thdi...'^
Do dd, dil van can nhirng danh gia day dii ban tir nhieu khia canh nbu tac ddng mdi tmdng va xa hdi, nhung cd thi ndi sy phat trien manh rne cua Phil Qudc cho din nay da chirng minh phan nao tfnh kha khi ciia vien canh thanh lap cac dac khu hanh chinh kinb tl dac biet tai Viet Nam.
2. Mot so de xuat, kien nghi ve xay dirng va thuc thi the che che vugt troi de phat trien cac dac khu d Viet Nam
Viec phat trien cac dac khu the hien sy quyet tam ciia Dang, Cbinh phu trong phat trien kinh te vimg ndi rieng va thiic day sy tang trudng ciia ca nen kinh te ndi chung. De phat buy ban niia vai trd ciia cac md hinh dac khu trong phat trien kinh te - xa bdi va dam bao cac dac khu boat ddng hieu qua va trd nen hap dan ban ddi vdi nha dau tu, nhdm tac gia cd mdt sd de xuat nhu sau:
De xudt 1: Cdn xdy dirng bdn sdc cho ddc khu, trong do tap trung vdo nhirng ngdnh chu
F
luc, trdnh triing lap, cqnh tranh vdi nhau, vd trdnh bi ldi sang cdc ngdnh khdng cd tuang lai
Thie nhdt, dya tren uu the ciia tirng dac khu, muc tieu phat trien kinh te ciia Viet Nam, bdi canh kinh te khu vyc va the gidi de xac djnh dugc nganh dau tu uu tien. Chiing ta khdng nen phat trien dai tra, nhieu nganh nghe ITnh -vyc, de thanh nai cai gi ciing cd, ma can tap tmng vao mdt vai ITnh vyc trgng diem. Muc tieu dat ra la nganh dau tu- phai cd trien vgng, ket ndi, lan tda vdi kinh te trong nudc va the gidi''^. Trong khi chiing ta cdn mo hd chua biet phat trien nganh cdng nghiep miii nhgn nao, thi dac khu dang ddi mat vdi nguy ca bj "lai" de phat trien cac khu giai trf, nghi dudng, casino hay cai gi khac ehir khdng phai la cac khu cdng nghe cao va cac md hinh kinh tl ben vii'ng nhu dy kien ban dau. Do dd, theo dai bieu Qudc hgi Tmang Trgng NghTa, phai quy djnh tieu cbi va quy trinh ra soat chat che doi vdi nha dau tu' chien lugc, vi dy luat danh cho ho nhii-ng U'U dai va quyen ban qua ldn. Lieu cac nha
'^Premier Village Phii Quoc Resort (2017): Phii Qudc ddc khu kinh te tuang Iqi. http://www.vprcmicr- village.com.vn/phu-quoc-dac-khu-kinh-te-trong-tuong- lai/
"* Nguyen San (06/6/2017): 3 dgc khu kinh ti Vict Nam:
Don to don phuang hodng?. Bao Nhip cau Dau tu.
https://www.nhipcaudautu.vn/kinh-te/3-dac-khu-kinh tc-viet-nam-don-to-don-phuong-hoang-33 19091 / '"Hoang Hai (09/4/2018/- Khu kinh tc ven bien: Cdn
nghieng vc FDl. Bao Nhip cau can dau tu, https://www.nhipcaudautu.vn/kinh-doanh/khu-kinh-te- vcn-bien-can-can-nghicng-ve-tdi-3323449,
72 Nhirng vin di KINH i t VA C H I N H TR! T H ^ GIQI Sd 11(271) 2018
Chu Phu'cng Quynh - Nguyin Duy Lei Mdt sd de xuat ve the che vugt trdi..
dau tu cdng nghe cao cd lya chgn cac dac khu hay cac dac khu chii ylu se thu hiit dau tu ve casino, du ljch va bat ddng san-°. Chua ke, dac khu kinb tl la md hinh khdng mien phf. Theo udc tfnh ciia Chfnh phu, con so dau tu cho phat trien ha tang, dd thj ciia dac khu la 1,57 trieu ty ddng, cimg vdi nhirng un dai dac biet ve thue va dat dai, thil tyc, va kha nang cho thue dat uu dai tdi 99 nam. Do dd, neu chiing ta khdng tinh tao lya chgn nha dau tu-, lya chgn nganh cdng nghiep phat trien chii lyc thi sd vdn khdng Id va chfnh sach bd ra ban dau rat cd kha nang di lac hudng.
Thie hai, chiing ta can phai hinh thanh mdt ban sac rieng cho cac dac khu d Viet Nam. Neu khdng cd ban sac rieng, y tudng rieng thi cd the ban dau se bimg nd dau tu, tuy nhien, cac khoan dau tu khdng Id dd se khien cho chfnh quyen dja phuong khdng cdn quan tam nhieu den dau tu phat trien nang lyc san xuat hay chia se khd khan vdi cac doanh nghiep ndi dja va ciing bdt di nhu cau dau tu mao hiem hay sang tao. Hg se dan dan thien ve bao ve lgi ich cho nha dau tu nudc ngoai.
Khi dd, nha dau tu d nhirng tinh khac se "ep"
chfnh quyen dja phuong chay theo cac chfnh sach uu dai thue va dat dai, ep chfnh quyen dja phuang lam ngo trudc cac hanh dgng gay d nhiem mdi tmdng va bat binh dang xa hdi. Va sau khi vat kiet dja phuang dd, hg se rdi den noi nao uu dai han. Dd la mat tdi ciia dac khu kinh te d Tmng Qudc ma hang tram bai bao qudc te da mieu ta^'.
Dexudt 2: Cdn hop phdp hda cdc chinh sdch tru ddi vd cd tdm nhin ddi hqn cho cdc ddc khu
Gidng nhu van de chung ma khu kinh te gap phai, cac dac khu van thieu tam nhin dai han.
Cach lam tdt nhat la trong qua trinh quy hoach, chiing ta lya chgn dugc nha dau tu' chien lugc trade, xem yeu cau ciia hg la gi va dua vao quy
^"Phuong Thuy (23/5/2018): Phdi tinh todn cd bdi todn an ninh, quoc phdng tqi cdc ddc khu kinh te. Bao Cong an nhaiT dan, http://www.cand.com.vn/Su-kien-Binh-luan- thoi-su/Phai-tinh-toan-ca-bai-toan-an-ninh-quoc-phong- tai-cac-dac-khu-kinh-te-492289/
-'H6 Qu6c Tuan (07/6/2018): Cdi gid cua ddc kim kinh ti.
Bao Kinh te Sai gon online.
https://www.thesaigontimes.vn/td/273572/cai-gia-cua- dac-khu-kinh-te-.html
hoach va luat dac khu, tham chf nghien ciiu co che cho phep cac nha dau tu chien lugc tham gia lap va tham djnh quy hoach phat trien. Tuy nhien, phuong an dd rat khd vi chua tim dugc nha dau tu chien lugc. Do vay, chiing ta da lam theo each tdt nhat ma chung ta cd the, dd la tao nhiing chfnh sach -vugt trdiso vdi nhung khu kinh te hien hanh tren co sd hgc hdi kinb nghiem cua cac qudc gia di tmdc thanh cdng. Tir nay den khi dugc Qudc hdi thdng qua, Luat ve dac khu chae ban tiep tuc nhan dugc nhieu tranh luan. Nhung dil the nao, neu khdng cd luat tbi dac khu khdng the thanh hinh. Khdng cd luat, cac tinh cd dac khu se van ng cac nha dau tu cau tra ldi ve tfnh phap ly ciia co che chinh sach. Han nira, chiing ta hoan toan cd the manh dan thdng qua luat dac khu vdi nhiing the che dot pha, bdi vi day la thir nghiem, -vira lam vira sira, bd sung tuy vao tinh hinh cu the. Vf du nhu dac khu d Jeju (Han Qudc), trong 10 nam hg sau lan thay ddi luat. Dac khu d Tmng Qudc, Nhat Ban cung dieu chinh chien lugc lien tuc^^.
De xudt 3: Phdi cd ca che gidm sdt cdc Trudng ddc khu
Hien nay, Chii tjch UBND cap tfnh do Hdi ddng nban dan bau, Thu tudng Chfnh phii phe chuan nhung viec mien nhiem, each chiic phai qua cac quy trinh, thii tyc khac nhau theo quy djnh. Cdn ddi vdi Tmdng dac khu viec bd nhiem, mien nhiem la do Thii tudng quyet djnh tryc tiep.
NghTa la neu ngudi dirng dau dac khu lam sai hoac khdng dap ling dugc yeu cau ciia cdng viec, Thil tudng cd the ngay lap tiic dieu chuyen va thay the. Dieu nay the hien tfnh dot pha ve md hinh td chuc, chirc nang, nhiem -vu, quyen han va de cao trach nhiem ca nban, dam bao tinh nang ddng, sang tao trong cdng tac quan ly ciia Tmdng dac khu. Qua do, tham quyen tap the ciia UBND
-Phuong Anh (07/11/2017): Vu tru&ng Vu Qudn ly cdc khu kinh te: Dimg nghi dqc khu kinh te se lan bong nhu Thdnh Giong, cir phai di, phai lain thi mai biet duac!.
Bao CafeF, http://www.cafef.vn/vu-ti-uong-vu-quan-ly- cac-khu-kinh-te-dung-nghi-dac-khu-kinh-te-se-lon- bong-nhu-thanh-giong-cu-phai-di-phai-lam-thi-moi- biet-duoc-20171106180828253.chn
Nhirng vin di KINH T^ VA CHJNH TRI IHt GIQI S6 11 (271) 2018 73
Mdt so de xuit ve the chi vugt trdi... Chu Phu'cng Quynh - N g u y i n Duy L g [
se thu hep, thay vao dd, tham quyen dieu hanh, quyet djnh cac van de kinb te - xa hdi se tap tmng vao ngudi Tmdng dac khu. Cy the la, Tmdng dac khu dugc trao 126 tham quyen trong 12 ITnh vyc, trong sd dd cd mgt sd tham quyen ciia Thii tu-dng Chfnh phu, cac bd^-'. Dieu nay lam day len lo ngai ve viec lam quyen, -vugt quyen va ddi bdi phai cd CO che giam sat tmdng dac khu. Theo nhdm tac gia, UBND cua dac khu la ca quan giam sat phii hgp nhat, UBND se cd quyen yeu cau giai trinh, chat van, cd quyen de xuat Thu tudng Chinb phu mien nhiem, each chii'c Tmdng dac khu hoac yeu cau hiiy bd cac van ban trai phap luat do Trudng dac khu ban hanh. Ngoai ra, Tmdng dac khu phai bao cao Thii tudng Chfnh phii, cac Bd ddi vdi cac nhiem vu dugc giao va toan bd boat ddng ciia dac khu.
Mdt dieu quan trgng niia, can phai tao ca che de ngudi dan giam sat. Toan bd boat ddng cua dac khu nen minh bach va phai dugc cdng bd rdng rai tren cac phuang tien thdng tin va tren website de ngudi dan, bao chf cd the de dang theo ddi, giam sat va kien nghj neu can thiet. Sy giam sat va phan bien cua ngudi dan se gdp phan dam bao cho UBND ciia tinh cung nbu Tmdng dac khu boat dgng bieu qua.
De xudt 4: Nen cd tieu chi ro rdng de lua chgn cdc nhd dau tu, trdnh tinh trqng nhd dau tu dgc quyen cd thi dnh hudng den an ninh qudc gia
Theo dng Tran Dinh Thien, Vien Kinh tl Viet Nam, dac khu la thi ehl kinh tl -vugt trdi, -vugt bac ve dang cap phat triln. Vi le dd, chiing ta can tao ddng lyc but pha manh cho cac dac khu nhung van bao dam khdng vugt qua "lan ranh"
ciia cac nguyen tac qudc gia tdi thugng (chii quyen, che do chfnh trj va djnh budng phat trien ca ban)-"^. Khi chiing ta tao ca che thue dat dai 70 nam bay 99 nam cho cac dac khu thi cac nudc khdng than thien cd the diing tien de mua dien tich dat de cd dac quyen d dd ma ca ba dac khu nhu dy djnh deu nam d vj trf nhay cam. Cd nhiing qudc gia hg khdng cd nhu cau ve lanh thd, hg chi can lgi fch kinb te. Hg den rdi hg di. Cdn cd nhiing qudc gia ludn them khat lanh thd tai nguyen cua nudc khac thi cai bg can khdng phai la Ig-i fch kinb te ma la lanh thd ciia nudc khac. Hg se di dan din va tim mgi each d lai, tham chi chi phdi chfnh trj, an ninh, qudc phdng. Do dd, phai kit noi thi chi dac khu vdi he tbdng phap luat qudc gia mdt each chat che va chii quyen qudc gia phai dugc bao dam bang luat phap rd rang*
Tai lieu tham khao:
1.
2.
3.
Luat Don vj hanli chfnh - Kinh tl dac biet Van Don, Bac Van Phong, Phii Quoc. Dy thao trinh Qudc hdi tai ky hgp thu 5. Thu vien phap luat, tai dja chi:
https://-www.thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Bo-may-hanh-chinh/Luat-don-vi-hanh-chinb- kinh-te-dac-biet-2017-3401 SO.aspx
Viet Tien (15/7/2017): Cdn tqo lap md hinh the che vugt trdi de Phu Qudc phdt triin manh me. Bao Nhan dan dien tii. http://w-ww.nhandan.com.vn/kinhte/thoi_sii/item/33477902- can-tao-lap-mo-hinh-the-che-vuot-troi-de-pbu-quoc-phat-trien-manh-me.html
Chan Luan (14/8/2017): i ddc khu se tqo ra hdng chuc ti USD?. Bao Phap luat, Thanh pho Hd Chf minh. http://viww.plo.vn/thoi-su/3-dac-khu-se-tao-ra-bang-cbuc-ti-usd-721090.html
-••'Ngoc Khanh (06/3/2018): Mo hinh ddc khu ddt caquan soqn thdo truac nhieu dp luc. Tap chf tai chinh, http://wwww.tapchitaichinh.vn/nghien-cuu-trao-
doi/mo-hinh-dac-khu-dat-co-quan-soan-thao-tmoc- nhieu-ap-luc-136679.html
-"•Viet Tien (15/7/2017): Cdn tqo lap mo hinh thi chi vuat troi dc Phil Quoc phdt trien mqnh me. Bao Nhan dan dien tii.http://www.nhandan.com.vn/kinhte/thoi_su/item/334 77902-can-tao-lap-mo-hinh-the-che-vuot-troi-de-phu- quoc-phat-trien-manh-me.html
74 NhCmg vin di KINH i t VA CHJNH TR! IHt Giai Sd 11(271) 2018
Chu Phu'cng Quynh - Nguyen Duy Lei Mdt so de xuit vd the chi vugt trdi...
4. Luang Bang (25/8/2017): Ddc khu kinh te: Vdn Don 4 ty USD, Bdc Vdn Phong 2 ty USD.
Bao Soha, bttp://www.soha.vn/dac-khu-kinh-te-van-don-4-ty-usd-bac-van-phong-2-ty- usd-2017082514594002.htm
5. Bach Duong (26/8/2017): Ddc khu kinh te Viet du kien cdn 69 ngdnh kinh doanh cd dieu kiin. Bao VnEconmy, bttp://-wviw.vneconomy.vn/thoi-su/dac-khu-kinh-te-viet-du-kien- con-69-nganb-kinb-doanh-co-dieu-kien-20170825045752418.htm
6. Trf Dung (25/10/2017): Thdnh lap cdc dac khu kinh te: Quan trong nhdt la nhdt the hda bd mdy ldnh dqo. https://www.baomoi.com/thanh-lap-cac-dac-khu-kinh-te-quan-trong- nhat-la-nbat-the-boa-bo-may-lanh-dao/c/23691833.epi
7. Phuang Loan (11/2017): Khdt vong ddc khu kinh te vd nhung cdu hdi ty dd. Bao Zingvn, https://www.news.zing.vn/khat-vong-dac-khu-kinh-te-va-nhung-cau-hoi-ty-do-
post790221.html
8. Phuang Anh (07/11/2017): Vu trudng Vu Qudn ly cdc khu kinh te: Dung nghi ddc khu kinh ti se ldn bdng nhu Thdnh Gidng, cu phdi di, phdi ldm thi mdi biet dugc!. Bao CafeF, bttp://www.cafef.vn/vu-tmong-vu-quan-ly-cac-khu-kinh-te-dung-nghi-dac-kbu-kinh-te- se-lon-bong-nhu-thanb-giong-cu-pbai-di-phai-lam-thi-moi-biet-duoc-
20171I06180828253.chn
9. Le Thanh Phong (16/1/2018): Cdt gidm diiu kien kinh doanh khdng phdi ldi hua sudng.
Hdi nhd bdo VietNam. http://w-ww.boinhabaovietnam.vn/Cat-giam-dieu-kien-kinh-doanb- khong-phai-loi-hua-suong_n30053.html?page=2373
10. Vy Vy (16/2/2018): Nhd ddu tu dang dgi Ludt Ddc khu. Bao VnEconomy, http://www.vneconomy.vn/nha-dau-tu-dang-doi-luat-dac-khu-20180212235143622.htm 11. Tung Lam (19/2/2018): Tiip tuc cdi cdch thi chi la chia khda quan trong di kinh ti vugt
qua vung triing, tqo dot phd tdng trudng. Tai dja chi website: http://w-ww.cafef.vn/tiep- tuc-cai-cach-the-che-la-chia-khoa-quan-trong-de-kinh-te--vuot-qua--vung-tmng-tao-dot- pha-tang-tmong-20180219153957671.chn
12. Bao mdi (16/4/2018): Vdn cho 3 dqc khu vd tdm nhin ". https://www.baomoi.com/von-cho- 3-dac-khu-va-tam-nhin/c/25680794.epi
13. BBC Tieng Viet (06/6/2018): Td tu vdn Kinh te Thu tudng Viet Nam ndi vi ddc khu.
https://www.bbc.com/vietnamese/vietnam-44370573
14. Thiiy Linh (19/6/2018): Startup Viet khdi nghiep trong nudc, ddng ky ben Singapore. Bao Vietstock, https://wv^^w.vietstock.vn/2018/06/startup-viet-khoi-nghiep-trong-nuoc-dang- ky-ben-singapore-4262-611538.htm
15. Bao Thanh nien (11/9/2018): Khdng bdn ludt Dqc khu tqi ky hop Qudc hdi vdo thdng 10.
https://www.thanhnien.vn/thoi-su/khong-ban-luat-dac-khu-tai-ky-hop-quoc-hoi-vao- thang-10-1001757.html
Thdng tin tdc gid:
TS. CHU PHU'ONG QUYNH Vien Kinh ti vd Chinh tri The giai PGS.TS. NGUVEN DUY LCJl Vien Hdn Idm Khoa hoc xd hoi Viet Nam
Email: cpqiiynh85(ct,yahoo. com
Nhirng vin di KINH T^ VA CHiNH TR! IHt GIQI S6 11 (271) 2018 75
