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VAN DE DAO TAO PHAH CHAT Tl/ DUY SANG TAO TRONG TRIET LY GIAO DUC MY NUfA CUOI THE KY 2 0
U van Tilng
Tru&ng Dgi hge Dong nip SUMMARY
From the point of view of philosophy, the article analysis some features of creative thinking character, it is expressed in American educational philosophy in the last half of the 20^ century. This thinking character is formed to cemented with achievements of modem scientific and technology revolution, the particular traits of American history - culture and the market economy reality in USA, from that, it recommended for apfmxich
values to Vietnam education today.
Keywords: American education, creative thinking character, educational philosophy.
Ngdy nhfn bdi: 1/8/2014; Ngdy duyft ddng: 4/8/2014
1. D$t van de: Tu duy sang tgo Id kilu tu duy nd. Trong tiidi 1^ thupc d)a, nhftng ngudi rdi bd dit dvra tren cdc quy lugt logic vd tudng tupng nhdm nude tdi My dinh cu khdng gfp nMlu thufn lpi dl phat Mfn ra nhftng thupc tinh mdi, nhftng bilu tupng sinh song, hp thudng xi^en phdi doi mft vdi nhftng tmh thin mdi chura cd trude dd. Tu duy sdng tgo bit thdch thiire, khd khdn eiia ddi sing nhgp cu, nhftng nguIn tft thvrc tien, tft sy quan sat, phan tich, ddnh thvrc tl xa lg vdi nhftng tgp quan vd nip ngM md hp gid cd hf thing vin dl, dft gid thuylt vd tim phuong mang sang tft cl huomg. NgMfn eftu xd hfi My thdi 1^
phdp mdi gidi quykt chiing, vi thi nd Id ldi tu di^ dvmg nude, nhd tiilt hpc chinh tij nguM Phdp, Alexis cln tiiilt cho tit mpi cdng dan kM tham gia vdo ddi de Tocqueville cho ring, ngudi My cd nhftng qi^ tdc song kmh tl xd hpi. Cimg vdi tu duy sdng tgo la tu nhu nhau trong vife dilu khi^ln tu di^ ciia hp, thao di^ dpc Ifp, tu duy phan bifn - ndng Ivrc tiln hdnh tdc fri tuf ciia hp Id bao gid ciing cM frdng cfy vdo nl cdc thao tdc tu duy khdng bi tidi bufc vdo tMen kiln Ivic rieng cua Iy tinh cd nhdn minh. Ong vilt: "Vupt ciia ngudi khde ciing nhu each nhin tMen cgn ciia bdn thodt khdi tinh tiidn hf thong, thoat khdi cdi ach cua than. EK) dd, Mnh thdnh ndng lyc tu duy sang tgo, tu thdi quen, khdi cdc ham ngdn song gia dmh, cdc quan di^ dpc lgp Id mye tieu quan frpng md nMlu nln gido dilm giai cdp, vd d mpt mftc dp ndo dd Id thodt khdi dye diu cln din. Muln Mnh thanh tu duy sang tgo vd ede dinh kiln ddn tpc; cM eoi tn^ln tiling nhu Id mpt dfc lgp cln cd cac dilu kifn cd tinh giao dye vl kinh thu thdng tin, vd cM coi cdc sy kien duong xdy ra nhu tl - xd hpi, vdn hda - cMnh fr} vd khoa hpc cdng nghf. la mpt cdch xem xet hftu ich dk hdnh dpng khde di vd Bdi vilt ndy phdn ti'eh myc tieu ddo tgo phim chit tu hanh dpng tdt hon; tun tdi theo theo lli ty lyc vd cM duy sang tgo trong tiilt ly gido dye My nfta cuoi till tim ngay ben trong bdn thdn mMh cdi nguydn cd cua 1^ 20, qua dd, gpi md gid tii tilp cgn ddi vdi cdng tac sy vft, hudng tdi kit qud md khdng bi trdi chdn tidi gido dye Vift Nam Mfn nay. tay vdo cac phuong tifn, va nhdm vdo cdi glc vin dl 2. Nfi dung: My Id dit nude cua nhftng con thdng qua cdi bilu Mfn bl ngodi: dd Id nhflmg net chu ngudi vdi diu dc tfavic tien, nhgy ben, sdng tgo, tao chot d ^ trung cho cdi tdi sS gpi ten Id phuong phdp bgo, lam vifc cln cii, khdng ed till gid ddm cMeu tiilt tiilt bpe ciia ngudi My" [6].
ly vd nhftng tmh cdch nay khdng ngiing dupe tdng Nua sau thi 1^ 20, vifc dgi chiing hda gido dye cudng nhd sy ndng dfng cua nln kmh tl tii) trudng ma cdt ldi cua nd la dan chu hda gido dye dd tgo tir ban chu nghia phat triln d trinh dp cao. Dd cung budc ngoft phdt triln quan trpng cua nln gido dye Id nhiing phim chit clu tiianh myc tieu ddo tgo con My, tgo dd cho vifc tiln vdo nln kinh tl dich vvi. Nln ngudi md tten gido dye N^ hudng tdi. Hpc gid ngudi kinh t l nay dft trpng tam vao sy khai thdc tilm ndng My glc An, Farced Rafiq Zakaria (1964) vilt rit dui% sdng tgo noi con ngudi, tfte la tri thuc, tiong mpt thi Id: " C ^ hf thing gido dye khde dgy bgn cdch ldm bdi gidi biln dii chft khdng phdi nhftng ky ndng dupe tiii; hf tiiong cua nude My dgy bgn tir duy" [7]. Cdc trang bi mpt lln rii dem dung cho ca ddi ngudi. Hai irfiim chit ndi tren cd i^;uon glc lieh sft vdn hda eua nhd tuong lai hpc ngueri My Alvin Toffler vd Heidi
TAP CHI THI^BIGlAO DMC-sd 108-8/2014 • (I
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DIEN D A NToflfler cho ring, trong nln kmh tl cfta ldn sdng thft sdng tgo, tu dity dfc Ifp, cdc thdi quen tu duy, tft gde ba, tri thftc dupe xem la nguIn lye dau vdo. Id "the dp phucmg phdp gidng dgy khoa hpe, cdc nhd edi each phim toan ndng tii hgu", vdn eon ngudi dd thay thi gido dye My dua ra kiln nghi: Thu nhdt, vifc gidng cho vin dd la. Cdc tdc gid vilt: "nlu nhu dit dai, lao dgy khoa hpc cln: "Giup eho mpi ngudi hpc dupe cdc dpng, nguyen lifu, vd cd le ed vin nfta, diu cd the coi kien thftc vl chuin gid fri chung cd d tit cd cdc nha nhu cdc nguIn lyc hflru hgn, tM tri thftc, xet ve mpi khoa hpe, nhd todn hpe va ky su; nang cao cdc ehuin phuong difn Id khdng thi khai thdc cgn kift. Khdng gid tri xd hpi ndi chung, truyen cho mpi ngudi nhftng giing nhu mft Id cao hode mpt ddy chuyin ldp rdp, hiiu bilt vl cdc ehuin gid fri xd hpi ed lien quan din tri thftc cd thi dem sft dyng eho cd hai cdng ty ciing khda hpe, todn hpc vd kl thuf t cung ede tin dilu can mft lue. Va lgi cd hai cdng ty ndy cd thi dung nd dk bdng; bii dudng thdi dp tich eye eua thanh men frong tgo ra them nhilu tri thftc hon trude" [5]. phuong difn hpc khoa hpe, todn hpc vd kl thuft" [2].
Trong boi cdnh phdt friln mgnh mS ciia khoa hpc Cy thi la, lam tdng vd dan ddt sy Mlu ki noi ngudi tdi mftc lam thay dii cdc kiln thftc co sd, ciing ydi nd. hpc; giup cho moi ngudi hpc nhgn thftc dupe tim quan Id sy phdt friln ciia cdng nghf thdng tm vd internet frpng ciia vifc xem xet kl ludng cdc khdi mfm khoa dudng nhu day con ngudi vdo mpt till gidi eua bimg hpc, bay td nhumg y tudng mdi; hinh thdnh noi ngudi nl dft lif a Nlu nhu gido dye tilp tyc cfp nhgt thdng tin hpc biet hoai ngM cd hf thong; Mnh thdnh thdi dp, no md khdng bilt cdch t l chftc, xft ly vd vgn dvmg chiing lyc vd ldng ty tin noi ngudi hpc. Thii- hai, Mnh thanh se bi tyt lgi pMa sau. Nhfn xet vl vai trd cua tii tuf vfn cdc ky ndng tu duy co bdn, bao gom: ky ndng tinh dvmg khoa hpe vd cdng nghf tiong vifc ndm dupe vfn todn, phdn dodn d trinh df cao; ede ky ndng todn hpc mfnh tuong lai ciia ngudi My tiong ky nguyen phdt eo bdn; ky ndng sft dyng mdy tinh bd tui; ky ndng ude friln khoa hpc cdng nghf, cdc nhd cdi edeh gido dye dodn; ky ndng thao tdc vd quan sdt; 1^ ndng giao luu;
My khdng dinh: "Thdi quen tu duy khoa hpc se giup vd, 1^ ndng phe phdn, phdn ftng.
cho nhan si cdc gidi gidi quylt mpi vin dl mpt cdch Cho din nfta diu thi ky 20, nln gido dye My chu thdng minh- Nlu khdng cd dupe ndng lyc tu duy phdn ylu nhan mgnh 3 ky ndng dpc, vilt vd tinh todn co bdn dodn vd tu duy dfc Ifp till cae cdng dan se rit de trd (3R - reading, writing, arithmetic). Trong nhftng ndm thdnh nhftng kf gido dilu vd Id vft hi sinh cho nhflmg 1960, mdy tinh difn tft dd thdm nhgp vdo sdn xuit, ten Ifta ddo, dung cdc phuong phdp gidn don dk gidi cdc mdy cdng cy dilu khiln bdng sl vd ty dpng hda quylt nhftng vin dl phftc tgp" [2]. Chmh trong bii dd xuat hifn, kl dd Id cdc robot cdng nghifp, hf thing cdnh ndy, nln gido dye My dd dft tipng tdm vao vife sdn xuit ty dpng hda mim vd hf thing thilt bi chuyen Mnh thdnh eon ngudi vdi ndng lye tu duy sang tgo, gia, vdn hda chft vilt din tid thdnh vdn hda mdn Mnh.
dpc Ifp. CJ ddy cln nhfn thiy rdng, dudi gde dp lieh sft, Dilu ndy gdy dp lyc len nln gido dye My, cdc 1^ ndng gido dye ludn dupe Mlu Id sy truyin dgy nhung kinh trude dd van cln tMit nhung trd thdnh cdc ky ndng ngMfm, tri thftc, thdi dp vd ky ndng cua thi hf trude chuyen sdu hem noi xd hpi Mfn dgi vdi tinh phftc tgp, cho till hf sau vdi mft mim tin khdng thay doi nhdm dan chu hda ddi song, sy cgnh tranh khic lift, sy ndy duy fri sy tin tgi vd phdt friln cua con ngudi vd xd sinh ede vin dl todn elu vd yf u elu tay nghi ky thugt hfi. Vife dupe trang bi hf thing cdc phuong phdp vd cao ngdy cdng tdng len. Ben cgnh dd, bdn thdn cdc ky ndng tu duy Id yeu elu ed tinh trudng quy noi gido thanh tvm khoa hpc cung dft ra yeu elu vl cho gido dye chinh thftc. Cdch tu duy eua con ngudi quy chilu dye d vifc tMit kl npi dung ddo tgo; cdc thdnh tvm len lli sing, len cdch thftc ldm vifc cung nhu so phfn khoa hpc lien ngdnh dd ldm thay doi mgnh m5 hiiu cua hp. Nhung myc tieu ldn hon md nd nhdm tdi Id bilt cua con ngudi vl bdn chit cua tu duy, kiln thftc, Mnh thdnh cdc thdi quen tu duy co bdn dl cdng dan cd hpc tgp vd gidng dgy. Tit cd nhftng biln dii nay dft ra thi tham gia tich eye vdo epng ddng xd hpi. Ndi cdch yeu elu mdi dii vdi sdn phim gido dye.
khde, myc tieu tii hfu cua gido dye la giup eho mpi Uy ban ky ndng tMit ylu dgt dupe (SCANS) ngudi cd thi sing tot hon nhd vfn dyng tit diu dc. thufc Bf Lao dfng My chi ra rdng, todn clu hda Sy coutipng ndng lyc tu duy sang tgo, tu duy dpc cdng thuong ngMfp vd sy tdng trudng cua kl thuft lgp trong nln gido dye My khdng ehi dupe tgo ra tft trong cuong vi cdng tdc dd ldm thay dii mpt ldp dfc diem vdn hda tu duy cua ngudi My, md cdn dya thanh nien khi bude vdo thi gidi lao dpng. Theo dd, tren co sd cua nhflng thdnh tvm khoa hpc vl tam ly ndm logi ndng lyc md thanh men My cln dgt dupe la:
hpc nhgn thftc, y hpc, kmh tl hpc cua thi ky 20. D I xdc dinh, t l chftc, quy hogch vd phdn phii nguIn vin Mnh thanh cdc till hf ngudi My vdi ndng lyc tir duy (thdi gian, tifn, vgt tu, nhdn lyc); lam vifc theo nhdm il • TAP CHf THlffBIGlAO DMC-sd 108-8/2014
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(phdt huy tdc dyng frong nhdm, frmyin tiiy ky ndng gom: vin dk, gid tiiuylt, phdn dodn, suy lugn, phdn mdi eho ngudi khde, lan hdi ldng khach hdng, dan dnh, nhgn thftc, mim tm.
diu, tiiuong lupng, lam vifc mpt cdch da dgng hda); Tu duy cua eon ngudi cd ngudn gde thyc tien, tun kilm vd sft dyng thdng tm (thn kilm vd danh gid nhung tu duy d moi ngudi cy thi nhu till ndo tiii till thdng tm, t l chftc vd duy tri tiidng tm, truyin dgt vd gidi vd bdn tiidn hp till Mfn ra nhu till dd, cho nen hr giao luu thdng tm, sft dyng may tmh xft ly tiidng tm); duy tgo nen tmh cdch, lli sdng, phim chat Tu diy ly gidi mil quan hf tuong ho phftc tgp (hf thing ly mang bdn chit xd hpi (phi biln) nhung cung mang gidi, gidm sdt vd sfta chfta thao tdc, cdi tiln vd tMit kl diu In cd nhdn (dfc tiiu). Xet din cung, mpi sdng tgo hf tiidng); vgn dyng cdc logi cdng vifc ky tiiuft (lya diu phdt smh tft hogt dpng smh ly d bf dc cd nhdn, chpn ky thugt, ftng dyng ky thugt trong edng vifc, gm trude kM ehung ed till dupe tan tiianh hay bdc bd dl gift vd kilm tra kl thuft sfta chfta hdng hde). Bk dgt gpi Id fri tuf tgp till. Ngudi My vdi vifc dl eao tinh dupe nhumg ndng lye nghi ngMfp tren, thanh men ed nhdn, vl thvrc chit Id dl cao sdng kiln, cdc sdng My cln phdi dupe gido dye dl Mnh tiianh nhftng ky kiln dupe phdt bilu vd thao lugn fren tmh tiiln cdi md, ndng eo ban, ky ndng tu duy vd phim chit sau: Mgt nhdm din Mf u qud, thye hdnh. Bdng cdch dk cho mpi la, dpc, vilt, hodn thanh so hpe vd tmh todn todn hpc, y tudng diu dupe bpe If, tranh lugn, thft tiidch, kilm
xd giao, ty qudn, cMnh tiyc vd tiianh thyc [4]. tiianh hdng hda vd dem ban di ti^n tiii tiudng tiieo Mft kMa cgnh trong phim chit tu duy md nln quy lugt gid tii, day la co sd, dpng lye cua nhftng phat gido dye My hit sftc eoi trpng Id tu duy phdn bifn mmh, sdng ehl cua ngudi My. Trilt gia Karl Marx (critical thinking). Vife coi frpng phim chit tu duy nhgn xet, vifc chimin sftc lao dpng thdnh hdng hda dd ndy ed lien hf chdt chg vdi thdi df dl cao ty do cd md ra mpt thdi dgi lich sft mdi - thdi dgi cua chft n ^ a nhdn, lli sing ddn ehu, ly tudng binh ddng, thdi tu bdn, mpt nlc tiiang tiln hda cfta lich sft nhan logi.
quen tu duy dya tren ly tinh cd nhan, coi trpng thyc Trilt gia John Dewey cho ring: "Mpt xd hpi ludn tien eiia ngudi My. Sy cgnh tranh khde lift trong thay dii, mpt xd hpi ed diy du cae kenh phdn bl sy kinh tl thi trirdng vdi tinh thin "kinh doanh la thay dii dien ra d mpi noi, xd hpi ly bit bupc phdi lo nllm vui" (Halmilton), "kinh doanh Id kinh doanh" lifu sao cho cdc thdnh vien cua nd dupe gido dye tmh (Calvin Coolidge) ddi hdi d eon ngudi ndng lyc, sdng kiln cd nhdn vd tmh de tMch i^gM" [1]. Phim thdi df ndm bit, tra xet, cln thgn, dy lifu, phdn tich, chit tu duy phdn bifn ddi hdi sy ren luyfn ty gidc d ting hpp, ddnh gid, nlu khdng tiln len tM tyt hgu. cdc cd nhdn vd cdc dilu kifn xd hpi, gido dye cd tmh Ddo tgo phucmg phdp tu duy Id mpt mye tieu then tiln bp. Nhd tdm ly hpe My Howard Gardner ndi, chit ciia nln gido dye My, chung dupe coi trpng li^fn tfp dl hodn tMfn mpt 1^ ndng, ldm chft nhflmg ngay tft bgc mau gido vd tu duy phdn bifn dupe coi kiln thuc vd nhflng thft tvic cot ldi Id nguyen tdc diu trpng dfc bift d bfc giao dye dgi hpc. Theo chung tien ciia sy thanh dgt. Bdn than vifc ldm chft ly, phdi tdi, phim chit tu duy ndy cd nhflmg dde dilm sau: bao ham vifc phdt triln mpt tim nhin mdi, dieu ndy Thu nhdt, tu duy phdn bifn Id sy suy ngM sdu sdc, ty ddi hdi phai tong kit kiln tiiftc Mfn cd, tiong thdi dgi chu, tich eye, kien tri, say me tren tinh thin tra xet thdng tm nlu khdng ed khd ndng tong hpp sd bi thdng todn difn nhdm xdc dinh mpt quan dilm, ly thuylt, tm vui lip; hpp nhit cdc khdm phd mdi, md td cac Mfn Id diing hay sai, diy du hay tMlu, dang mong dpi tupng mdi, ren giiia kiln thuc sdng tgo, frong boi cdnh hay khdng; Thir hai, tu duy phdn bifn tra xet cdi khoa hpc phdt friln Mfn nay, nlu khdng cd ndng lye khde nen yeu clu ndy eung khdng logi trft ehinh bdn sdng tgo se hi mdy tmh thay thi; tmh than Idnh dgo vd than nd, vl vfy, nd Id tu duy d trinh df ty gidc cao, quy tdc dgo due, bdi vi nlu khdng cd dgo dure sl cM mang tinh phd chip, vupt thodt khdi thdnh kiln, tu frd thdnh ngudi khdng tft \k, tMlu trach nMf m. Ca tbl kiln, nd Id con dudng md ra sy khai minh rpng md; gidi tft xua din nay diu ren giua, giao dye, khai sdng Thu ba, tu duy phdn bifn hdm y sy mau thuan, sy dk ehong lgi chu ngMa ich ky tien mpi phuong difn, quy chilu, sy gidi quylt vin dl, sy vfn dyng, vi > $y, gido dye vdi tu cdch la sy dao tgo ndng lyc d phuong nd cd thi ldm phdt sinh y tudng mdi, gpi md gidi difn ngdnh nghi phdi ludn gM nhd, con ngudi vdn hda phdp mdi, huy dpng cdc dilu kifn mdi cua sy dp (gentieman) due ra nganh nghi chft khdng phdi ngdnh dyng; Thir tu, kit cau nfi tgi cua tu duy phdn bifn nghi due ra con ngudi. Cho nen, trdeh nMfm dgo due
TAP CHf T H I ^ BI GlAO DUC - Sd 108.8/?0i d • (i.1
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DIEN D A Nbao gid cung quan frpng, vd nhd trudng cln phdi bii dudng ndng lyc chung sing, hpp tdc Idm vife gifta ede ed nhan, nd cln phd bd "CMIC man che ngu dit" (John Rawls) vl vi thi khdi thfty cua mmh tren till gidi.
Vdi cdch tilp cgn nhit qudn vl mye tieu ddo tgo phim chit tu duy ndi fren, nln gido dye My dd tao ra nhilu thi hf ngudi hpe cd ndng lyc tu duy dpc Ifp, sdng tgo, ndng lyc gidi quylt vin dl. Vift Nam dang tiln hdnh qud frinh cdng nghifp hda, hifn dgi hda vd hpi nhfp quIc tl, chiing ta rit cln nguIn nhdn lyc cd chit lupng cao, frong dd tu duy sang tgo Id mpt trong nhftng phim chit tMit ylu cua nguIn nhdn lye chit ly. Chung ta bilt ring, trong dii mdi gido dye, dii mdi phuong phdp gido dye Id khd khdn nhit, nhung khdu ndy gift vai frd quylt dinh tryc tilp len tren sdn phim gido dye (eon ngudi dupe gido dye), d day Id phim chit tu duy sdng tgo. Trong nhieu hgn ehl cua gido dye nude ta, qudn tinh ldn cua phuong phdp dgy hpc truyin thing eftng vdi nfi dung gido dye chua bdm sdt thyc tiln, dd tgo ra lye cdn cho vifc cd dupe phim chit tu duy sdng tgo noi eac thi hf hpc sinh.
Theo chiing tdi, sd dl lye cdn ndy cdn ldn Id do hf thing qudn ly gido dye d nude ta cdn mang nfng tinh hdnh chinh, chua tgp tnmg, din lyc vdo vife dgy - hpe dung nhu thyc chit ciia nd; co ehl khuyin khich sdng tgo noi nhd gido chua dupe quan tam diy dii, dan tdi nMlu sdng kiln dgy hpc ciia nha gido sau khi dupe thi hifn dd sdm bi qudn tinh cfta hf thing phuong phdp dgy hpe eu, kem Mf u qud viii lip; ben cgnh dd, cdng tdc ddo tgo gido vien cdn ehl trIng Id dudng nhu rit it ddo tgo vl tiilt ly gidng dgy, gido sinh su phgm bude len bye gidng Id thyc Mfn kich bdn gidng dgy dd Ifp frinh sdn theo md phgm eftng nhdc, chua Mnh thdnh dupe trilt ly gidng dgy cho bdn thdn, khdng ddm vupt fa ngodi ll quan dilm dgy hpc hodn tit ehuong trinh hpc dl vuon tdi dgy hpc sang tgo. Vifc tft bd thdi quen dgy hpe cu Id khdng don gidn, nd cln mft no lye bin bi vd lien quan din nMlu dii mdi tifn qui md todn xd hpi, chft khdng cM d bdn than ngdnh gido dye. Tft vifc phan tich vd frinh bdy fren, ehung tdi xin dua ra mft s l khuyin nghi vl tdng eudng gido dye phim tu duy sdng tgo nhu sau: Thiir nhdt, cln edi cdch mgnh mg cdng tdc qudn ly hdnh chinh vd co ehl trdeh nMf m trudng hpe theo hudng din sftc cho dgy vd hpc; Thu hai, khuyin khich dgy hpe say me sdng tgo lly vifc phdt triln phim chit tu duy sdng tgo eua ngudi hpe lam trpng, tiong dgy hpc cln xay dyng biu khdng khi hpc tfp ddn chu, da dgng, sdi nli, vui ve, franh lufn tiidng thing vd rot
rdo, chip nhgn cho phdp nMlu cdch gidi quylt vin dl khde nhau noi ngudi hpc; khuyin khich nhftng gido vien gidng dgy thilu hifu qud chuyin sang ldm nghi khde; Thu ba, b l sung vdo chuong truih ddo tgo gido vien mdn hpc frilt hpe gido dye, frong do cln t l chftc vifc hpe sao eho moi gido sinh trude khi ra trudng diu Mnh thdnh dupe frilt ly gidng dgy phu hpp vdi bdn than vd nghi nghifp md minh dan thdn.
3. Kit lugn
Tu duy sdng tgo Id kilu tu duy dvra fren ede quy lugt logic vd tudng tupng nhdm phdt hifn ra nhung thufc tinh mdi, y tudng mdi, gidi phdp mdi, gpi y bii ednh vfn dvmg mdi. Phim chit tu duy ndy Id mft trong nhflmg myc tieu quan tipng eiia trilt ly gido dye My nfta culi thi ky 20. Cdng tdc gido dye d nude ta cln chu trpng diy dft vifc hmh thdnh phim chit tu duy ndy cho ngudi hpe, muln vfy cln edi cdch h^nh chinh trudng hpc dk don sftc vdo dgy - hpe, khuyin khich dgy hpc sdng tgo, lly vife phdt huy tu duy sang tgo noi ngudi hpe ldm trpng tam vd dii mdi ehuong trinh ddo tgo gido vifn theo hudng Mnh thdnh trilt ly gidng dgy eho nhd gido.
Tdi lifu tham khao
1. John Dewey (2008). Ddn ehii vd Gido dye.
Bdn dieh eua Phgm Anh Tuin, NXB Tri thftc. Ha Nfi, ti. 114.
2. Lft Dgt, Chu Mdn Sinh, (Chu bien, 2010). Cdi cdch gido dye a cdc nude phdt triin: Cdi cdch gido dye a My, Quyin IL Bdn dich cua Nguyen Trung Thuln, NXB Gido dye Vift Nam, Hd Npi, fr. 33.
3. Lft Dgt, Chu Mdn Sinh, (Chu bifn, 2010), Sdd.,Xt.2A\.
4. Lft Dgt, Chu Mdn Sinh, (Chu bien, 2010). Cdi edeh gido dye a ede nudephcd triin: Cdi edeh gido dye a A^. Quyin III. Bdn dich cua Trin Thi Thanh Liem, NXB Gido dye Vift Nam, Hd Npi, 149-155.
5. Anvil Toffler, Heidi Toffler (1996). Tgo dyng mgt nin vdn minh mdi ehinh tri cua ldn sdng thir ba.
Bdn dich eiia Chu Tiln Anh, NXB CMnh tri quIc gia, Hd Npi, ti. 83-84.
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