1 0 / a phUdng
NUOI TOM 6 DONG BANG SONG CUU LONG:
TON T A I VA THACH T H V C
TS Tnnh Thj Long, ThS Difdng Cong Ctiinh Vi^n Khoa hgc ThOy ioi miln Nam
Trong nhOng nam gin day, nghe nudi tdm 6 Viet Nam ndi chung va Dong bang sdng C ^ Long (DBSCL) ndi rieng da phat trien manh thanh nganh kinh te quan trpng (nam 2016 chilm hdn 90%
ve dien tich va gan 83% ve san IUdng cua ck nUdc), tao cdng an viec lam, tang thu nhap cho hang trieu ngUdI dan ven bien, mang l^i nguon ngoai te dang ke cho dat nUdc. Tuy nhien, nghe nudi tdm d DBSCL dang phai doi mat vdi nhilu vin de iinh hUdng den nang suit va chat Iifdng skn phim, dac bidt la cac van de ve quy hoach, cap thoat nUdc, x^ ly chit thii, nifdc thai, djch benh...
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Vdi didu kipn tu nhien thuan Ipi, trong nhflng nam qua nghd nudi trdng thfly sin & DBSCL da cd nhflng bude phat triln nhanh chdng. Trong nudi trdng thfly sin, tdm nude man/lp la ddi tupng dupe ngudi din lua chpn nhidu nhit va da trd thinh nghd sin xuit mang lai hidu qui kinh td cao, lam thay ddi cd ciu kinh te trong vflng; gdp phin giii quyet viec lam, xoi ddi, giim ngheo cho ngUdi din ndng thdn.
Theo so lipu thdng kd, didn tfch nudi tdm nude man/lp d 8 ttnh ven biln thuOc DBSCL nam 2016 dgt hdn 630 nghin ha, sin lupng dgt gan 540 nghin tan, dua DBSCL tiep tyc l i "thfl phfl" nudi tdm efla e i nude (chidm hdn 90%
dipn tfch v i gin 83% san lUpng).
Trong cd d u nudi hien nay, tdm sfl ludn chiem t^ trpng uu thd.
Nam 2016, didn tfch nudi tdm sfl dat hdn 560 nghin ha (chidm 88,8%). Tdm t h i chan trang bat dau phat triln mgnh tfl nim 2008, din nam 2016 cd didn tfch hdn 71 nghin ha (chidm 11,2%).
Vdi nhidu thuin Ipi ve didu kien tu nhiin eung nhu tidm nang ve dipn tfch, nghd nudi tdm 6 DBSCL dupe phat triln vdi nhidu hinh thfle nudi khac nhau. Diu tien la md hinh nudi quing canh, sau dd phit triln din sang nudi quing canh cii tidn, bin tham canh (ban cdng nghiip) va tham canh (cdng nghiOp). Ben eanh dd, cic hinh thfle nudi khic cung dupe phit triln nhu nudi tdm kdt hpp trong lua, tdm - rflng ng|p man hay tdm - c i . Mdi mdt hinh thfle cd cac dac dilm rieng, phy thupc vio mflc dO, tip quin nudi trdng, dja dilm nudi. Tuy nhien phin ldn dipn tfch nudi tdm S DBSCL hipn nay van la nudi quing canh, quing canh c i i tidn nen nang suit v i hidu qui sfl dyng mat nudc khdng cao.
Mac dfl l i dja bin trpng dilm cfla c i nudc, nudi tdm 6 DBSCL hiOn nay cung dang phii ddi mat vdi khdng ft khd khan v i thich thfle nhu van d i quy hogch, cip thoit nudc, xfl 1^^ chat thai, nudc thii, suy thoii mdi trudng, bOnh djch tdm v i vin de cd che chfnh sich.
Nhdng ton tai vi thich thOto anii htfliing d^n nghd nuoi tdm
ci eac nUdc co nghd nudi tdm phit trien on djnh nhU Thii Lan, Nhat Ban, My..., vi$c quy hogch, quin ly nghe nudi da on djnh.
Quy hogch vung nudi gin vdi van dd nguon nUdc cap, ky thuat nudi, djch vu hau can va xfl 1^ chit thii phat sinh dUdc xem xet cgn ke n§n t i c dOng cfla nghd nudi ddn mdi trudng khong qua idn, do vay nghd nudi luon phit triln ben vflng. 6 Viet Nam cflng nhU d DBSCL, trong phat triln nudi trdng thfly s i n ndi chung v i nudi tdm nudc Ip ndi riing, van cdn nhidu ton tai va thich thfle.
Van di quy ho$ch: Dfl kim nggeh xuat khau tdm dem Igi hdn 2 ty USD v i tao cdng an viec lim cho hang tridu lao ddng, nhung hien tgi chflng ta v i n ehua cd quy hoach riing cho nudi tdm m i cht dupc long ghep ehung trong quy hogch nudi trong thuy s&n. Do viy chua chfl dOng dua ra dUdc chien lupc d l phat triln nghi nudi torn.
6 DBSCL hipn nay cd sfl ddi
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He thd'ng cap t h o i t niSdc cho torn nuoi chUa dUUc quan tam dau tU diing mu'c.
lip giDa ting di#n tfch nudi tdm vdi t^ lp diin tfch nudi thim canh v i bin tham canh. Khi dja phUdng khdng chfl trpng vao phat triln vd mit di$n tfch thi hinh thfle nudi dUdc phat triln chuyen siu hdn sang hudng tham canh va ban tham canh. Ro ring nghi nudi tdm d DBSCL da phit triln q u i Idn vd mat dien tfch dan den khd cd t h i xiy dung dupc quy hoach ridng sat vdi thUe te, chUa quy hoach dupc vflng chuydn tdm trpng dilm d l diu tu xay dung dong bd v i cd sd ha ting, tfl viec cap va thoit nude, phat trien cic cong nghi nudi cho nang suat cao thin thien vdi mdi trUdng.
Quy hogch nudi tdm nUdc Ip efla Thii Lan eho thay, hp da rat thinh edng vdi su kien djnh khong md rdng dien tfch nudi.
Ngay tfl nam 1989 den nay, Thai Lan khdng gia tang dien tfch ma cht duy tri toi da khoing 76.000 ha (cht bang khoang 13% didn tfch nudi tdm cfla DBSCL hidn nay) d l tap trung dau tU cd sd hg tang, phit triln cdng ngh$ nudi cd tfnh dn djnh, lim chia khoa d l duy tri v i phit triln nghd nudi.
Hien tai sin IUdng tdm nudi cfla Thii Lan cao hdn 1,5 lan so vdi vung DBSCL.
Vin di cap thoat nUdc: Nudi torn edn dupc gpi la "nudi nudc", each thfle c i p nudc cho nudi tdm khic xa vdi cich thfle cip nudc cho sin xult ndng nghidp. Nhu v|y, khdng the bd nguyen h i
thdng thu^ lpi phuc vy cho ndng nghidp trude diy d l d p va thoit nudc cho nudi tdm. Nhu da ndu d trin, nghi nudi tdm d DBSCL phit triln mang tfnh tU phat, cd t h i ndi chua ed khu vuc nao dUdc phit triln ddng bO trong ffnh vUc d p va thoat nUdc do cic khu nuoi phit triln rieng l i , phin ldn la ndng hd va phit triln din tfl hinh thfle quang canh sang bin tham canh va nhQng hp cd diiu klOn chuyin Idn tham canh. Do phit triln nhd l i ndn dfl mudn hay khdng thi he thong d p nude vdn phSi dua vao nguIn d p Chung cua toan vung.
Xdtly chit thii, nUdc thii: Dd l i vdn de xfl ly va tieu thoat chat thii, nudc thii vudng tdm, vin d i d nhiem do thfle i n dU thfla, vin d i mdm benh lay lan... Viec phdng ngfla lay lan djch bOnh gifla cic ao nudi, dam nudi, cic trgi sin xuat torn gidng ndu khdng dupc quan tam dung mflc v i thii th^ng ra mdi trUdng se din ddn hiu qui l i djch bdnh tran lan trdn di^n rOng, lam tdm ehit hing loat trong cac ao, dam nudi. Ngoii ra, su gia tang din s6, dd thj hoa se lim phit sinh lupng rac thii, nudc thii. He thdng tieu nUdc thii trong vflng khdng dupc xfl ly tai chd, hau hit cic loai phin hflu cd cua ngudi, gia sflc, gia d m ddu dUdc thii true tiip ra kenh. Nude mat bj nhidm ban hflu cd litrd ngai chfnh cho vide eung d p nudc cho nudi trdng thuy sin. Ben egnh dd, vide hinh thanh cac khu cdng nghiip.
Bja phUdng I
khu che bien thfly sin... se khiin lupng chit thii ting len trong thdi gian tdi, ndu khdng xfl ly triet de trudc khi thii ra mdi trudng s§
inh hudng ldn den nguon nUde tren cac sdng rach, true tiep inh hudng ddn hogt dpng nudi trdng thfly sin ndi chung v i nudi tdm ndi rieng.
Suy thoai moi trUdng: Doi vdi cic trgi quing canh, quing canh cii tidn hay torn - Ifla, mgc dfl trong q u i trinh nudi tic ddng d nhiim mdi trudng l i khdng ding ke, nhung qua trinh cai tgo cac ao nuoi nay Igi ed nhiing tic ddng khi Idn din mdi trudng do viee nao vet bfln thudng lai thii true tiep ra kdnh rgch la mdt trong nhflng nguydn nhan gay dye nguon nude cung nhu boi ling kdnh rach, lim glim khi nang tidu thoat nudc. Ddi vdi cac khu nudi tdm cdng nghiep hay ban edng nghiep, nude sau khi nudi cd ham lupng ehdt d nhilm kha Idn dUdc thii trflc tiep ra mdi trudng ma khdng qua xfl ly, mpt so hO dan van bdm x i bun thil true tiep ra kdnh rgch lim mdi trudng nude nhanh chdng bj suy thoai. Dang chfl y cic kinh rach niy lai ehfnh la kenh d p nUdc, dan ddn vide chat thii tfl khu nudi nay lai dupe lay d p cho khu nudi khac. Ngudn thii tfl cic ao nuoi bj benh cung la ydu td ddng gdp Idn gay mat on djnh nghe nudi trong thdi gian qua. Do cic ao nudi quing canh khdng kiem soat dupc benh djch, qui trinh trao dli nudc didn ra ty nhidn khdng cd kilm scat nen khi ao bj mac bpnh, mam benh se dupc lan theo ddng nudc ra toan vflng. Mpt so ao nudi tham canh hay bin tham canh khi bj bdnh do y thfle cfla chfl hO nudi hoae cac hO nudi khdng ed tien de tieu diet nguon b|nh nin nude tfl ao tdm bj benh dUpc thii true tidp ra kenh rgch. Vdi dac dilm trdn, mdm b^nh se lan tran ra toan
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I Bja phUdng
vflng, dgc bidt nd se dupe lUu tru trong cic ao nuoi tdm quing canh, quing canh c i i tidn, tdm - rflng hay tdm - lua v i tiep tyc phat tin ra nguon nUdc.
Dfch binh trong nuoi torn:
Nudi tdm la hogt dpng dgc thu, nghi nudi hoin toan gin vdi mdi trudng nUdc va dupc coi nhu la nghe ed dp rfli ro eao nhdt. DO rfli ro cao khong phii do ky thugt nudi tdm khd khan ma do tic dpng cfla mdi trudng, dac bipt la ngudn bpnh djch phit tin theo nguon nude tic dOng true tiep den con tdm nudi.
^ 6 DBSCL djch b0nh la k i thfl sd mOt gay thiet hgi trong nudi tdm. Cd thi ndi bdnh djch xult hi$n mpi Iflc, mpi nPi, 6 tit c i cac vflng nudi tdm. ChUa iflc nio ngudi nudi tdm thoit khdi ndi lo v i djch bdnh va nd da lam didu dflng bao vflng nudi tdm. Cac dpt djch gan diy cho thiy, nam 2004 ed 28% sd hO tha nudi tdm sfl bj thi^t hai n|ng do tdm nudi bj chit, nim 2005 ed 34% va nam 2006 cd 20% sd hO bj thidt hgi.
Ddt djch vio cudi nim 2007, diu 2008 v i 2009, ChT tfnh ridng ttnh Kidn Giang da eo tdi 50% diOn tfch tdm nudi bj djch khdng cho thu hoach. Tilp tyc ddt djch bdnh vio thing 4, 5/2011 da thyc su tan phi cic vflng nudi tdm, diln hinh la tai cie vflng nudi tdm 6 tinh Sdc Trang thipt hgi len ddn trin 90% dipn tfch nudi, nhidu khu vuc bj mit trang va udc tfnh mflc dd thiet hai l i khoing trdn 1.000 t^ ding. Cic dja phUdng khae dupc coi la may min, djch benh tie ddng khdng q u i Idn nhu C i Mau, Long An, mflc dO thiet hai cung vio khoing 50% v i mgt dipn tfch. Nhu v$y, cd t h i thiy vi^c phit trien dien tfch Idn, cie khu nudi khdng duac quy hoach ro rang d l quin ly; cac ao nudi cdng nghiip nam trong cic khu
nudi quing canh, quing canh c i i tidn; ngudn nUdc cap cho cic khu cong nghidp cung chfnh l i ngudn cip cho cie hinh thfle nudi khic chfnh la eac rfli ro lay lan nguon bOnh cho cie khu nudi cdng nghiep, dan den thiOt hgi ning n i cho nghe nudi nhu thdi gian qua.
vin de cd che, chfnh sach:
Nhin chung, cic chfl trUdng, chfnh sich vT md cfla Chfnh phfl danh eho nginh nudi trong thu;^
sin da tfnh ddn vide hai hoi cic myc tieu phit trien kinh t i , xa hOi va mdi trudng nham duy tri tdc dd ting trudng cao va bin vOng.
Tuy nhien viec triln khai cac chu trUdng, ehfnh sich cfla Nha nude da bOe 10 nhieu bat cip. Quy hogch, giong, vdn, quan ly mdi trudng, quin ly djch benh chua dip flng du cho nginh tdm phit tridn vdi tdc dd cao. Cie muc tidu chfnh sich bj d t xin va chay theo lpi fch trUdc mit, trong khi cie myc tieu v i mdi trudng v i duy tri tfnh bdn vflng thi ft dupe nhic tdi...
Mdl sH giai phdp phat trl^n b^n vdng nghi nudi tdm d DBSCL
Phit trien nghe nudi tdm d DBSCL khdng chi giflp khai thic tidm nang, Ipi thd sin cd, gdp phan thuc diy phit triln kinh t i - xa hpi ma cdn la giii phap quan trpng d l thfch flng vdi bidn dii khf hau tai cac tinh ven biln. Di phit triln bin vflng nghe nuoi tdm d DBSCL, theo chung tdi d n phii thuc hiin m^t sd giii phip say:
l'^ to chdc sin xuit: Hien nay 5 DBSCL dang tdn tai nhidu hinh thfle nudi tdm, tuy nhien vide phit triln nudi cdng nghiep tren quy md tslp trung d n dupc khuydn khfch v i quy hogch nham duy tri tang trudng cfla nghi nudi, tang cao hi$u qui sfl dyng dat.
Bdn egnh dd, cin ra soit lai quy hogch, dieu chtnh diin tfch vflng
nudi tdm cho phfl h0p. Tang cudng hpp tic v i lien kdt trong sin xuit, hinh thanh eac hpp tic x i , to hdp t i c v i cic md hinh lien kit theo chuoi. Kit d u Igi vung nudi theo hudng tfch tu rudng dat, ddn didn ddi thfla, hinh thanh cic vung nudi ed didn tfch du Idn de sin xult hang hda, nang cao sflc canh tranh.
Ve khoa hgc va cdng ngh$:
Tang cudng diu tU nghiin cflu chpn tgo, san xuat tdm gidng chit lupng cao theo hudng ting trudng nhanh, sach benh cho vflng nudi thim eanh; tdm gidng ting trudng nhanh, khang bdnh cho vung nudi quang eanh, nudi sinh thii. Nghidn cflu flng dung cic cdng nghe nuoi mdi (edng nghe biofloe, flng dung ehd phim sinh hpcJ cflng cic giii phip dong bp de tang nang suit va sin lupng cho md hinh nudi.
Nghidn cflu cong nghe tgo cic chd phim sinh hpc b l sung vio thfle an, cic protein v i enzyme tai t l hdp nham nang cao dd hip thu, tieu hda va tang cUdng miin djch cho tdm de chdng chju vdi nhflng bien dOng v i mdi trudng v i dO min. Nghien cflu giii phip kilm soit mdi trudng va djch bpnh trong nudi tom...
Ve cd che, chinh sach: Tidp tyc ra soat, sfla doi, b l sung cic cd ehe, chfnh sich cho phu hpp vdi myc tieu phat triln nganh tdm nhu chfnh sich chuyin dli myc dich sfl dyng dlt, don diin dli thfla, tfch ty rupng dlt; Uu dii von, tfn dyng vio bio hilm ndng nghidp; uu dai va khuyin khfch phit triln edng nghidp phy trp;
diu tu ha ting thuy Ipi. Dong thdi d n ra soat, ban hinh cie cd che, chfnh sach khuyen khfch nudi tdm cdng nghe cao thin thien vdi mdi trudng v i phit triln nudi tdm sinh thai bin vflng ^
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