Oanh gia hieu qua hoqt dong cua c a c doanh nghiep nho va vCfa thuoc Hnh vac che bien thuc phdm do uong tqi Viet Nam
TRAN THANH HAI
^ghiin cihi sd diing phUdng phdp phan tich dUdng bao dH lieu de ddnh gid hieu qua
• hog,t dgng cda cdc doanh nghiep nho vd viia che bien thitc phdm, do udng tai Viet Nam. Ke't qud cho thdy, nam 2015: cdc doanh nghiep ndy hieu qud hoat dgng khdng cao, diem hieu qud trung binh Id 65 tdc Id cdc doanh nghiep sd diing lang phi khodng 35% nguon liic ban ddu di tao ra ciing mdc ldi nhuan; hieu qud hoat dgng cua cdc doanh nghiep khong cd sii khac biet gida cdc khu uUc dia ly. Tie do, nghien cdu diia ra cdc khuyen nghi vdi ky vgng giiip cae doanh nghiep nhd vd vita tkudc linh vUc chi' biin thitc phdm, do uong tai Viet Nam dat hieu qud hoat dgng cao hdn trong nen kinh tehdi nhap ngdy cdng sdu rgng hien nay.
TU k h o a : hieu qud hoat dgng, phan tich dUdng bao dd lieu, doanh nghiep nhd vd vita, che bien thtic phdm, do uong.
Moi dau
Nganh thxic pham va do uong la nganh kinh te quan trong va con n h i l u tiem nang phat trien do c i u thi trUdng trong niidc va xua't kh^u deu ra't cao. Doanh nghiep nho va VLfa (DNNW) hoat dong trong Knh vUc che bien thiic ph^m, do uong tai Viet Nam dang phat trien manh me. Theo Niem giam cua Tong cue Tho'ng ke (2016), trong tong so 6630 doanh nghiep hoat dpng trong linh viic che bien thiic phltm Viet Nam nam 2015, c6 94,31% la cac D N N W vai gan 50% la cac doanh nghiep sieu nho. Doi v6i nganh san xua't do uong, c6 98,68% la cac D N N W vai khoang 70% la cac doanh nghiep sieu nho.
LiicJng tieu t h u thiic pham hang nam cua Viet Nam udc tinh chiem khoang 15%
GDP va da tang 18% trong nam 2015. Trong cung nam do, san xua't che bien thuc pham chi tang 8,5%, san xuat do uong chi tang 7,4%.
Cung nhu cac nganh kinh te khac, nganh che bien thUc p h i m do uo'ng tai Viet Nam cung gap phai nhieu kho k h a n va thach thiic trong dieu kien hpi n h a p kinh te hien nay.
chi c6 nhflng doanh nghiSp hoat dpng hieu qua nha't mdi co t h e ton tai diidc. Cac nghien ci5u tai Vi^t N a m trutac day difcfng nhU bo qua doi tiidng cac D N N W che bien thtic pham do uo'ng, mac du nhom doanh nghiep nay k h a dUdc q u a n t a m 6 cac nghien culu niidc ngoai - nhii Rigby (1990) nghien ciiu sd khac biet ve k h u viic trong hieu qua san xuat doi vai n g a n h ch§' bien thiic p h i m , do uong tai Canada; Rodmanee va Huang (2013) danh gia hieu qua cua cac cong ty che bien thiic p h i m , do uo'ng t a i Thai Lan flng dting phudng p h a p p h a n tich diicfng bao dii lieu (Data Envelopment Analysis - DEA); hay mpt nghien ciiu khac cua Aderfemi va cong sil (2009) vdi doi tUdng la n g a n h ch^ bien thiic pham tai Nigeria. V\ vky, viec ghien ciiu, danh gia hieu q u a hoat dpng cua nganh che bien thiic p h i m , do uong la c i n thiet de dam bao sii ton tai va p h a t trien cua cac doanh nghiep trong n g a n h n a y (Rodmanee and Huang, 2013).
TrSn Thanh Hai, Tmong dai hoc Kinh te va quan ti Kinh doanh, Dai hoc Thai Nguyfin.
32 Nghien aiu Kmh tSsS7(482) - Thing 7/20i8
2. PhifcTng p h a p n g h i e n cijfu 2.1. Du lieu
Bp so lieu ditdc tong hdp tii cupc k h a o sat D N N W n a m 2015 do 5 ddn vi phoi hdp thiic hien t r o n g do Vien Q u a n ly k i n h t e t r u n g lidng (CIEM) thupc Bp Ke hoach va dau tii (MPI) c h u t r i . Theo CIEM (2015), co 835 D N N W che bien thiic p h i m do uong dieu t r a dUdc chpn m l u tii 10 t i n h , t h a n h pho. Sau k h i thiic h i e n loc bat mot so
BANG 1: D N N W c h e b i e n t h t f c p h a m d o
D N N W k i n h d o a n h ca che bien thiic p h i m va cac n g a n h k h a c (nhii san xua't n h o m kinh, s a n xua't m a y t r e dan, san xua't hudng) va mot so d o a n h nghi$p khong d l y du dfl lieu ve so lUdng lao dpng, yeu to s a n xua't..., t a c gia gifl lai 787 D N N W che bien thiic p h i m do uo'ng t r e n tong so' 835 doanh nghiep diidc k h a o s a t . NhU vay ty le so q u a n sat du dieu k i e n n g h i e n cUu d a t ty le 94, 25% cua tong t h e .
u o n g p h a n t h e o v u n g , t i n h / t h a n h p h o Viing mien
Mi^n Bac
Mi^n Trung
Mi^n Nam
Ma tinh/TP 1 2 3 4 T6ng
5 6 7 8 T6ng
9 10 TiSng
Tinh/Thanh pho H a N 6 i PhuTTio Ha Tay Hal Phong
Nghe An Quang Nam Khanh H6a Lam D6ng
T P . H 6 Chi Minh Long An
Tong
So luong DN 67 116 82 4S 313 141 59 35 34 269 154 51 205 787
Ty trong (%) 8,51 14,74 10,42 6,10 39,77 17,92 7,50 4,45 4,32 34,18 19,57 6,48 26.05 100,00 Ngudn: dfl lieu tdng hop tit nghiin clhi cua tac gia.
B a n g 1 cho tha'y, cac D N N W c h e b i e n thiic p h i m do u o n g dUdc n g h i e n cUu c h u yeu t a p t r u n g cT cac t i n h m i e n Bac vai t y t r p n g 39,77%. So s a n h cac t i n h / t h a n h pho CO cac D N N W c h e b i e n thiic p h i m do u o n g , m i e n N a m m a c d u co t y t r o n g tha'p nha't n h u n g t h a n h pho' Ho C h i M i n h la t h a n h pho' co so lUdng d o a n h n g h i e p ian n h a t vai 154 d o a n h n g h i e p c h i e m 19,57%.
2.2. Phuang phdp phan tich dudng bao da lieu (DEA)
2.2.1. Cd sd ly thuyet DEA
Y t u 5 n g ve each do lu^ng hieu qua h o a t dpng cua doanh nghiep b a n g phUdng p h a p DEA l l n d l u t i e n dUdc xua't hien trong n g h i e n cutu cua F a r r e l l (1957) va dUdc p h a t trien hhi C h a r n e s va cong sU (1978). DEA la phUdng p h a p ap d u n g rpng r a i t r o n g p h a n tich hieu q u a h o a t dong k h i do'i tUdng la cac doanh nghiep (Coelli va cong sU, 2005).
DEA diia t r e n cd sd xay diing dUdng gi6i h a n hieu qua. PhUdng a n xay dung dUdng gidi h a n hieu q u a - do la giai n h i e u l l n b a i toan quy hoach t u y e n t i n h . Dudng giai h a n
Nghien cOu Kinh tes6 7(482) - Thing 7/2018 33
Ddnh gid hieu qua hoat ddng ...
dUdc hinh t h a n h giong nhU nhflng doan t h a n g ket noi cac diem hieu qua nha't, nhci do tao t h a n h mpt ducing gidi h a n k h a n a n g san xua't loi. Ky t h u a t DEA dUdc t i n h toan bang each sii dung phUdng p h a p t u y e n t i n h ma khong doi hoi mot phUdng t r i n h cu t h e mo ta moi quan he gifla dau r a va dau vao trong viec xay dung duSng bien hieu qua.
PhUdng phap nay cung kem theo mot gia thie't ve khong ton t a i cac sai so n g l u nhien trong dfl li§u nghien cflu.
Tuy nhien, phUdng p h a p DEA co cac dac trUng la chi cho phep d a n h gia hieu qua tudng do'i ciia cac doanh nghiep dUdc d a n h gia, tUc la hieu qua gifla chiing so vdi n h a u . MUc do hieu qua cua cac doanh nghiep dUdc xac dinh b6i vi t r i cua no so vdi dUdng gidi h a n hi§u qua trong mpt khong gian da chieu cua d l u vao/dlu ra. DUcJng gi6i h a n dUdc s^ dung nhU la mpt t h a m chieu do'i vdi cac tri so' hif u qua cua moi doanh nghi§p dUdc danh gia. M6i ddn vi trong m l u hay moi doanh nghiep dUdc goi la mot ddn vi tao quyet dinh {Decision Making Units - DMUs). TU do, hieu qua cua m6i DMU se dUdc tinh toan bang mot diem so'can cU vao khoang each gifla duSng bien hieu qua nay vdi thuc te hoat dpng cua doanh nghiep.
Diem hieu qua cua moi doanh nghiep nam trong khoang (0,1).
Lien quan den each tiep can duSng bao dfl lieu, Charnes va cong sii (1978) gidi thieu mo hinh CCR vdi gia t h i e t la hieu qua khong doi theo quy mo. Sau do, Banker va cong sii (1984) lai gidi thieu mot mo- hinh DEA mdi ten la mo h i n h BCC vdi gia thiet la hieu qua t h a y doi theo quy mo (VRS).
Md hinh CCR (Charnes, Cooper vd Rhodes -1978)
PhUdng trinh co t h i viet dupe dudi dang:
Min {6, X) = e va 5x0 - XA = s- Vai dieu k i e n : ! ^^ = ^ 0 + 3 ^
U > 0, s + > 0 , s ' > C
Ro hdn, X (XI, X2,..., Xn), A > 0 la vector t r p n g so' dUdc d u a r a cho cac DMUs,
& la ty le h i e u q u a DMUk. s+ va s- la vector cua cac bien a n ,
Md hinh BCC (Banker, Charnes va Cooper - 1984)
Khac vdi mo h i n h CCR dUdc hinh thanh vdi giai dinh h i e u q u a co' dinh theo quy mo t h i mo h i n h BCC giai quyet vdi gia dinh hieu q u a bien ddi t h e o quy m6:
Mm($,X) = d va e x O - X > . = s- Vai dieu kien: < ^ e^A = l
• U > 0 , s + > O , s " > 0 Ro hdn, X (XI, X2,..., Xn), ,a > 0 la vector t r p n g so dUdc dUa r a cho cac DMUs.
& la ty le hieu q u a DMUj. S+va s- la vector cua cac bien I n con e^ la mot vector ddn vj h a n g e ' ' = ( 1 , X . . . . , 1 ) . DMUj dUdc danh gia la hi§u q u a k h i co nhflng dieu kien nay dudc dap flng: toi u u h o a gia t r i 9 * j bang 1 va toi da hoa gia t r i cua cac biS'n bo sung b a n g 0.
Mo hinh CRS la mo h i n h ddn gian hoa nha't vdi gia dinh cac DMU hoat dpng mot quy mo toi Uu (optimal scale), khi nguyen lieu dau vao (inputs) t a n g len vdi mot ty le nha't dinh thi san lUdng d l u r a (output) cung se tang len vdi ty le t a n g tUdng Ung. Mo hinh nay dUdc dung de p h a n tich sd b6 dfl lieu va chi dung cho dieu kien t h i trUcfng canh tranh hoan hao. Thiic te, do co cac quy dinh quan ^ cua n h a nudc, dieu kien h a n che ve tai chinh, thi trUdng canh t r a n h khong hoan hao..., vi vay cac DMU thUdng khong hoat dpng ci quy mo toi uu. Trong trUdng hdp nay, mo hinh VRS se p h u hdp hdn.
Trong h i n h 1, k h i sxi d u n g mo hinh CES thi diem hi§u q u a h o a t dong cua A (CRSTEA) dUdc t i n h b i n g ty so gifla q3/ql.
The n h u n g , vdi md h i n h VRS t h i diem hieu qua hoat dong cua A (VRSTEA) lai dUdc t i n h b a n g t y so gifla q 2 / q l . N h a n t h a y khi ap dung mo h i n h VRS, diem hieu qua se dUdc cai t h i e n hdn so vdi mo h i n h CRS.
34 Nghien cOu Kinh tesd7(482) • Thing 7/201S
q ' qi
V
0
HINH 1: M o h i n h C R S T E CRS
/
y EF c
B A
z
v a V R S T E
PP
X
H I N H 2: M o h i n h D E A t o i t h i e u h o a d a u v a o
Sau nay, cac nghien cflu cua F a r e va cong su (1983), B a n k e r va cong sU (1984) con de cap tdi mpt so' gia dinh khac va xay dung them mo h i n h DEA vdi dieu kien ket qua san xuat t h a y doi theo quy mo.
Do ludng hieu qud hoat dgng theo quy mo Scale Efficiency SE
Hieu qua hoat dpng dudc xac dinh tU h a i mo hinh: mo h i n h hieu q u a hoat dong khong ddi theo quy m6 CRSTE va mo h i n h hieu qua hoat dpng t h a y ddi theo quy m 5 VRSTE. Neu ton tai sii chenh lech gifla h a i loai hieu qua nay nghia la co sii phi hi§u qua vi quy mo.
Hieu qua quy mo, tfl d6, dUdc t i n h toan theo cong thflc:
_ CRSTE
^^~ VRSTE
Dua vao dac diem cua h e tho'ng san xua't, DEA dUde p h a n r a t h a n h h a i loai mo hinh la tdi thieu hda d l u vao, vdi gia tiinh d l u r a khong ddi va mo h i n h toi da hda d l u ra, vdi gia dinh d l u vao khong ddi. Nghien cflu n a y chi t a p t r u n g vao mo h i n h toi thieu hoa d l u vao.
PhUdng phdp dUdng bao dd lieu theo md hinh tdi thieu hda ddu vao
De mo t a va'n de nay, lay vi du gia dinh vdi 2 d l u vao la x l , x2 va mot dau r a la y (hinh 2).
Cac doanh nghiep A, B, C va D n i m t r e n du6ng gidi h a n hieu qua SS' la cac doanh nghiSp dat hieu qua. Mflc do phi hieu qua hoat dpng dUdc p h a n a n h b i n g khoang each tfl B den P. Ty le TE= OB/OP the Men hi§u qua hoat dpng cua doanh nghi§p P , nghia la CO t h e giam chi phi tilu vao cua doanh nghiep P ma khong lam a n h huSng den d l u r a . Theo dinh nghia, cac mflc dp hieu qua nay n a m trong gidi h a n tfl 0 den 1.
2.2.2. Cd sd thtic nghiem
Cac nghien cflu thiic nghiem t r e n thd' gidi thudng sfl dung ty sua't ldi n h u a n t r e n tdng tai san (ROA) va t y sua't ldi n h u ^ n t r e n von chu sd hflu (ROE) la bien d l u r a de danh gia hieu qua hoat dpng cua doanh nghiep (trong cac nghien cflu cua Russo va Fonts (1997) hay cua Elsayed va Paton (2005)). Ben canh do, nghien cflu cua H a r t va Ahuja (1996) sfl dung t y sua't ldi n h u a n t r e n d l u t u (ldi n h u a n hoat dpng chia cho gia tri so sach cua tai san) nhU la bien dau r a de danh gia hieu qua hoat dpng cua doanh nghiep. Mot so nghien cflu k h a c (nhU cua King va Lenox (2002), Berrone va Gomez-Meia (2009)) thi sfl dung he so Tobin'Q (gia t r i thi trUdng cua doanh nghiep t r e n gia tri t a i san thay the) de d a n h gia hieu qua hoat dong.
N h u n g theo Emrouznejad va Amin (2009) khi dUa cac bien ROA, ROE h a y Tobin'Q vao mo hinh DEA se d i n den sfl kho k h a n trong t i n h toan va Udc lUdng, khi k h a n a n g co sU
Nghien cOu Kinh tes67(482) - Thing 7/2018 3 5
Ddnh gid hieu qua hoat ddng ...
hien dien ciia cac bien d l u vao va d l u ra cung ty le. Chen (2004) nghien cflu ve nganh cong nghiep may tinh, nghien cflu liia chon cac biS'n d l u vao gom tai -san, vdn chu sd hflu, lao dpng va mot bien d l u r a la doanh thu. Nghien cflu cua Ho (2007) lUa chpn cac bien d l u vao cua mo hinh DEA la lao dpng, tai san va von; hai bien d l u r a la doanh thu va ldi nhuan. Cac nghien cflu trong nUdc g i n day cung khong sfl dung cac chi so' tai chinh ma sfl dung cac con so' tuyet doi. NhU nghien cflu cua Vd Hdng Dflc va Le Hoang Long (2014), cac biS'n dau vao dUdc lua chpn la ludng, vo'n, nguyen vat lieu va mpt bien dau ra la gia tri cua san pham. Bui Thi HUdng Lan va Nguyin Thi Diu (2016) lua chon 3 bien d l u vao gdm tdng tai san, chi phi hoat dpng so' lUdng lao dpng va 1 bien d l u r a la doanh thu. Vi the trong nghien cflu nay, tac gia se khong sfl dung cac chi tieu tai chinh de BANG 2: C a c k h a i n i e m
dua vao mo h i n h DEA de danh gia hieu qua boat dong cua doanh nghiep ma se thong qua cac con so' thflc t r e n b a n g bao cao tai chinh cua doanh nghiep. B§n canh do, theo nghien cflu cua Tsolas va Charles (2015), viec xac dinh cac bien so cua mo H n h DEA ra't nhay cam trong vi$c liia chpn cac bi§'n so', s6' ludng cac bien cang nho thi k h a nang xep loai cac DMU tfl hieu qua cua chiing cang cao. ap dung, nghien cflu n a y chi sfl dung h a n che so lUdng cac biS'n dau vao (3 bien) va d l u ra (1 bien) de d a n h gia hieu qua hoat dpng cua DMU (moi DMU dUdc xem la mot DNNW che bien thUc p h a m dd uo'ng). Bien dlu ra (output) la ldi n h u a n cua tflng doanh nghiep (ujm); cac bien d l u vao (xjn) la cong lao dpng hay lUdng (input 1), tai san vat cha't (input 2), nguyen vat lieu (input 3). Cac bien nay dUdc xem la nhflng n h a n to' co quan he chat che vdi M nhuEln.
v a phvfoTng p h a p d o lifofng Ten bien
Bien ddu vao Luong
Tai san vat cha't (TSVQ Nguyfin vat liSu (NVL) Bien ddu ra Loi nhufln
Dinh nghia
Gia tri cua lao dong d6ng gop vao qua trinh ch^biS'n thuc p h ^ d6 ucfng Gia tri cua tai san vat chflt dong gop vao qua tinh ch^biSn thuc phdm d6 u6ng Gia tri nguyfin vat li£u dong g6p vao qua trinh chSbi^n thuc phdm d6 u6'ng
Gia trj gia tang cua san p h ^
Phuang phap do
Ti3ng ti^n luong tra cho c6ng nhan vifin trong nam tai chmh Gia tri binh quan cua da't dai, nh^
xu6ng, may m6c thiS't bi tai thcri di^m d^u n^ra va cu6i n5m thi chinh T6ng giS tri nguySn vat lieu sii dung trong nam tai chinh
Loi nhuSn trong nam tai chinh
Donvj
Nghin d6ng
Nghin d6ng
Nghin ddng
Nghin d6ng Tac gia sii dung p h i n mem DEAP version
2.1 cua Coelli d^ ho trd tinh toan diera hieu qua CKSTE, VESTE va SE trong nghien ciiu nay.
PhUdng phap DEA se thuc hien so sanh giiSa ty le dau vao tren dau r a de tim r a doanh nghiep dat hieu qua cao nha't, ttrdng 6ng v6i mflc hieu qua ky thuat b i n g 1. Cac doanh nghiep kem hieu qua hon se n i m trong ditclng giai han kha nang san xuft't va dat diem hieu qua hoat dong be hdn 1. Quy doi bang each l&'y ket qua CRSTE, VESTE, SE sau khi chay
p h i n m l m DEAP n h a n vfi 100 d l ra bang diem hieu qua txt 0 den 100. Dilm hieu qua cang g i n 100 thi doanh nghiep hoat dong cang hiSu qua. Cac tru6ng hop doanh nghiep dat 100 diem co nghia doanh nghiep nay dang hoat dong hieu qua doi da.
3. K e t q u a n g h i e n c i i u S.l.Thong ke mo td
Thong ke mo t a cac bien so (bang 3) c6 y nghia r&'t quan trong doi vdi nhflng p h a n tich dinh luong. Cac gia t r i 16n n h i t , nho nhit, t r u n g binh va dp lech tieu chuan dUdc svl
36 Nghien cilu Kinh t^sd'7(433) - Thing 7/2018
dvng de do ludng miic do bien dong cua bien (NVL)) va 1 bien d i u r a (ldi nhu4n) de d a n h so trong mo hinh. V6i 3 bien dau vao (liidng, gia diem hieu qua cua cac D N N W che bien tai san vat c h i t (TSVC), nguyen vslt Ueu thuc p h a m do uong.
BANG 3: T h o n g k e m o t a c a c b i e n Ban vi tinh: Nghin dong Bien
Dau vao Lirong TSVC NVL Ddu ra Lai nhu4n
Quan sat
787 787 787
787
Trung binh
325.659,30 2.839.952,00 217.446,60
615.397,00
Phucmg sai
1,158,159.00 19.900.000,00 2.920.451,00
2.854.803,00
Nho nhat
3.000.00 2.000,00 70,00
-8.760.472.00
Lcm nhat
21,800,000.00 531.000.000,00 80.000.000,00
46.600.000,00 Ngudn: DQ liSu tong hop lit nghifin clhi cua tac gia.
Ve yeii to lUdng, so lUdng tra cho ngudi lao dong trung binh mot n a m la 326 tri§u dong.
Co sfl chenh l$ch ldn gifla sS" lUdng t r a cho ngudi lao dong it nha't va nhieu nha't la g i n 21,8 ty dong, tUdng flng vdi so lao dong nhieu nha't trong cac D N N W che bien thuc ph^m do uong tai Viet Nam la 250 ngudi. Ve yeu to' TSVC, tong so' vo'n m a doanh nghiep sfl dung da't dai, n h a xUdng, may moc thiet hi phuc vu qua trinh san xua't trong n a m tai khoa dUdc tho'ng ke trong bang 3, vdi gia tri trung binh la 2,84 ty dong, gia tri cao nha't la 531 ty dong.
Co the hieu, nhflng D N N W san xua't do uong (rUdu, nfldc ngot, nu6c tinh khiet) theo day chuyen hien dai cin phai d^u t u ldn vao n h a xu6ng va may mdc. Ve yeu to' nguyen vat heu, nganh che bi^n thUc ph^m do uo'ng sfl dung BANG 4: H i e u q u a h o a t d o n g v a h i e u
gia tri nguyen vat Ueu dau vao la be nha't so vdi 3 yeu to' d i u vao trong qua trinh san xua't.
So' tien ma doanh nghiep bo r a trung binh de m u a nguyen vat lieu la 217,5 trieu dong, nhUng cung co doanh nghiep mua 80 ty d6ng nguyen vat heu. Co the thtfy mflc diu tfl ban d l u ma cac D N N W ch§' bifi'n thflc ph^m bd r a khong he nho, ldi n h u a n t h u dUdc trung binh la 615 trieu dong, dac biet co nhiing doanh nghiep t h u dUdc 46,6 ty dong mot nam, nhung ben canh d6 vEn co doanh nghi$p hi lo 8 ty dong. Vdi bang thong ke mo t a cac bien trong mo hinh DEA, du doan rang se c6 nhflng doanh nghiep che bien thUc ph^m d6 udng co diem hieu qua ra't tot va cung c6 nhflng doanh nghiep hoat dong chfla hi$u qua.
3.2. Ke't qud mo hinh DEA
q u a t h e o q u y m o c u a c a c d o a n h n g h i e p Ten bien
CRSTE VRSTE SE
Trung binh 58,77 64,72 91,69
Do lech chuau
13,95 15,57 10,53
Nho nhat 25 29 25
Ldn nhit 100 100 lOO
Ty trong doanh nghiep co TE = 100
25,92 16,77 0,64
Ty trong doanh nghiep CO TE > 90
2,92 12.71 74,21
Ty trong doanh nghiep CO TE < 50
1,65 5,34 13,47 (CRSTE: d i ^ hifiu qua hoat d6ng v6i gia djnh hifiu qu5 kh6ng d6i theo quy m6; VRSTE: d i ^ hifiu qua hoat d^g voi ^a djnh liifiu
qua thay d6i theo quy ni6; SE: di^m hifiu qua theo quy m6) Nguon: DQ li£u tdng hop tQ nghiSn clhi cua tac gia.
K§'t q u a tfl b a n g 4 cho tha'y, diem hi§u qua h o a t dong cua cac D N N W che bien
thflc p h ^ m do uong d Viet N a m n h i n chung la tha'p. Vdi gia dinh hieu qua t h a y doi theo
Nghien aiu Kinh tes6'7(482) - Thing 7/2018 37
Danh gid hieu qua hoat tfdng
quy mo, chi so hieu qua t r u n g binh cua cac D N N W xa'p xi 65 diem, tflc la cac D N N W trong nganh che bien thflc p h a m do uo'ng la chi san xua't cl 65% mflc san xua't bien tiem nang, hay doanh nghiep nay c6 the giam bdt 35% ludng d i u vao ma v l n gifl dfldc mflc ldi n h u a n hi$n t a i .
Hieu qua hoat dong vdi gia dinh hieu qua khong t h a y doi theo quy mo dat 58,78 diem, tha'p hdn 5,95 diem so vdi mo hinh hieu qua t h a y doi theo quy mo. Tuy nhien, ty trong doanh nghiep che bien thflc pham do uo'ng dat hieu qua hoat dong toi da trong mo hinh CRSTE (25,92%) cao hdn 9,15% so
vdi mo h i n h VRSTE. So s a n h ty trong D N N W ch§' big'n thflc p h ^ m do uong c6 diem hieu q u a h o a t dong ldn hdn 90, ro r a n g mo h i n h vdi gia dinh hieu qua thay doi theo quy mo cao ga'p hdn 4 l l n mo hinh CO gia dinh hieu q u a k h o n g doi theo quy mo.
Diem hieu q u a t h e o quy mo cua cac D N N W che bi^n thUc p h ^ m do ud'ng dat mflc cao, gia t r i t r u n g b i n h la 91 diem. Ty trpng doanh n g h i e p d a t trSn 90 di§m la 74,21%, chi CO 0,64% doanh nghiep dat diem toi da. N h i n c h u n g chi so' VRSTE co xu hfldng cao hdn chi so CRSTE.
BANG 5: T h o n g k S h i e u q u a h o a t d o n g vdi gia d i n h h i e u q u a t h a y d o i t h e o q u y mo
1 2 3 4 5
. Bien VRSTE<50
VRSrE>=50 vi VRSrE<70 VRSrE>=70 va VRSTE<80 VRSTE>=80 va VRSTE<90 VRSrE>=90
Quan sat 132 385 143 65 62
Trung binh 43,25 59.98 74.14 83,95 97,98
Sai so chuan 0,41 0,27 0.23 0,35 0,42
Ty trong 16,77 48,92 18,17 8,26 7,88 Ngudn: DQ lieu t^ng hop tii nghien cihi cua tac gia.
Xet rieng hieu qua hoat dpng theo md hinh hieu qua t h a y ddi theo quy mo dUdc th^ hien d bang 5. Ke't q u a cho tha'y, cac D N N W che bien thtic p h ^ m do uo'ng tai Viet Nam c6 diem hieu qua hoat dpng t r u n g binh; 48,92% doanh nghiep co diem hiSu qua n i m trong k h o a n g tfl 50 diem den 70 diem, vdi gia t r i t r u n g b i n h la 60 diem.
So' doanh nghiep co diem hieu qua hoat dong dudi 50 cung chiem ty trong k h a cao (16,77%), gia tri t r u n g b i n h la 43 diem. Tuy nhien, ty trpng doanh nghiep co diem hieu qua hoat dpng ldn hdn 90 la tha'p nha't vdi 7,88% n h u n g gia tri t r u n g binh k h a cao, dat 98 diem, cac doanh nghiep nay chi d n giam 2% d l u vao de cd hieu qua hoat dpng toi da. Nhflng doanh nghiep co diem hieu qua tha'p hdn 100 la nhflng doanh nghiep CO the giam bdt cac chi phi dau vao dang sfl diing khdng hieu qua.
Xet diem hieu qua hoat dpng phan chia theo t i n h / t h a n h pho' cua cac D N N W che
bien thflc p h ^ m d6 u o n g t a i Viet Nam. Gia tri t r u n g binh cao nha't la 69,67 diem 5 tinh P h u Thp va tha'p nha't la 57,25 6 t i n h Long An. Ket qua n a y cho tha'y khong cd sfl khac n h a u qua n h i e u ve yeu to' dia ly so vdi hieu qua hoat dpng cua d o a n h nghiep.
BANG 6: H i e u q u a h o a t d o n g t h e o t i n h / t h a n h p h o ' Ma
Tinh/TP I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Tinh, thanh pho m N 6 i Phii Tho Ha Tay Hai Phong NghS An Quang Nam Khanh Hoa Lam D6ng TP. Ho Chi Minh Long An
Trung binh 68.30 69,67 61,91 59,44 63,72 59,31 62,86 64,15 68,58 57,25
Sai s6 chuan 2,09 1,24 1,78 2,17 1,25 2.03 1,85 1,45 1,36 2,10 Ngudn. Dft li^u tong hap tii nghiftn cihi ciia tac gia.
3 8 Nghien alU Kinh lgsd7(482) - Thing 7/2018
Xet diem hiSu qua boat dpng theo vung mien cua cac D N N W che bien thUc p h a m do udng tai Viet N a m trong b a n g 7 cung tUdng t u n h u diem hieu qua hoat dpng t r u n g binh p h a n theo tinh, t h a n h phd, gia t r i t r u n g binh cua mien BSc va mien N a m deu khoang 66 diem, mien Trung la 63 diem. Nghi§n cflu cho tha'y, diem hieu q u a t r u n g binh d cac vung m i l n la k h a bang n h a u , chenh lech gifla vung co diem hieu q u a cao nha't va tha'p nha't la 4 diem.
BANG 7: H i e u q u a h o a t d o n g t h e o v u n g m i e n
Vdng mien 1 Miin Bic
Miin Tnmg Miin Nam
Quan sat 313 269 205
Trung binh 65,77 62.69 65,77
Sai so' chuan 0,89 0,85 1,2 Ngudn: DQ liSu t6ng hop tit nghi&n cihi cCia tac gia Ket qua nay u n g hp nghien cflu cua Ribgy (1990) khi cung k h a n g dinh hieu qua hoat dpng trong mpt n g a n h se tfldng doi giong nhau trong khong gian.
4. K€t l u a n
Ke't qua nghien cflu cac D N N W che bien thflc ph^m do uo'ng tai Viet N a m cho tha'y hieu qua hoat dong cua cac doanh nghiep nay la khong cao, chi dat mflc 65 diem vdi gia dinh hieu qua t h a y ddi theo quy mo. Diem hieu qua nay con k h a tha'p so vdi ngudn lUc ban dau ma cac doanh nghiep bd r a vao qua trinh san xua't. Cac doanh nghiep nay n e n giam 35% ydu to' d l u vao dang sfl dung (Ifldng, tai san vat cha't va nguyen vat lieu) ma vSn c6 th^ gifl nguyen dfldc ldi n h u a n hien tai.
Ket qua k h a p h u hdp vdi mpt sd nghien cflu trUdc ve cac doanh nghiep san xua't tai Viet Nam - nhU nghien cflu cua Minh va Vinh (2007) (VRSTE dao dong trong mflc 42- 48% tuy nganh, doi tfldng la cac doanh nghiep san xua't giai doan 2000-2003), P h a m va cong sfl (2010) (diem hieu qua hoat dpng
VRSTE cua cac doanh nghiep san xua't dat 62% n a m 2003), Chu va Kalirajan (2011) (VRSTE dao dpng trong mflc 5 5 - 64% tuy nganh, ddi tfldng la cac doanh nghiep san xuat giai doan 2000-2003). Ben canh do, nghien cflu cho tha'y khong co sfl khac n h a u nhieu ve hieu qua ky t h u a t theo vung dia ly.
Nhfl vay, cd t h e noi ket qua cua nghien cflu nay cung nhfl mot so nghien cflu trfldc la tudng do'i tho'ng nha't va co t i n h khoa hpc trong hdl canh D N N W tai Viet Nam, dac biet la n g a n h che bien thflc p h a m do udng.
Viec sxt dung dau vao khong co hieu qua se dan den lang phi ngudn Iflc, ilieu nay se a n h hudng den chi phi san xuat va ldi n h u a n cua cac D N N W che bien thflc ph^m dd uo'ng tai Viet Nam. Ket qua cua mo hinh DEA da gdi y cho cac doanh nghiep chUa hieu qua la c i n t h a m khao, hpc hdi kien thflc va nhfliig kinh nghiem trong hoat dpng san xua't kinh doanh nganh che bien thflc pham, dd udng cua cac doanh nghiep tfldng ddng de co t h e nang cao dfldc hieu qua boat dpng. Ddng thdi nhflng doanh nghiep dien hinh, dat hieu qua ky t h u a t cao d n dfldc n h a n rpng, gidi thieu rpng rai tdi cac doanh nghiep khac trong nganh./.
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