JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE
Y H O C
OONG E)ONG 2018
THUC TRANG VE SINH MOI TRUdNG HO GIA DINH TAI 3 XA HUYEN PHU YEN TJNH SON LA NAM 2017
TOM TAT
Nghien cuu duac tiln hanh nhIm md ta thuc Uang ve sinh mdi trudng ho gia dinh tai 3 xa huyen Phii Yen tinh San La nam 2017. Kit qua nghien cuu cho thIy: Nhimg ngudn nude sir dung an, udng va sinh hoat dugc cac hd gia dinh nhieu nhat la ngudn nude mang lan (73,3%), nude may (16,6%) va nude gilng khoi (10,0%) Khong co hp gia dinh nao cd be Ipc nude. Vl vln dl su dung nha tieu:
Ty le bd gia dinh cd su dung nha tieu chilm 72,6%. Trong dd, loai nha tieu tu hoai la 33,3%), nha tieu thim dpi nude chiem 39,3%. Co tdi 27,3% hp gia dinh khdng co nha tieu.
Ty le hg gia dinh khong co noi xir ly rac thai cdn cao dac biet la d 2 xa Tan Phong va Kim Bon chilm 66,6%i,
Tir khoa: Thirc trang, ve sinh moi trudng, nguon nude, nha ve sinh, rac thai
SUMMARY
THE SITUATION OF HOUSEHOLD ENVIRONMENTALSANITATION AT 3 COMMUNES IN PHU YEN DISTRICT, SON LA PROVINCE IN 2017 The descnptive, cross-sectional study was implemented at 3 communes in Phu Yen district. Son La province in 2017 to describe the situation of household environmental sanitation. The results showed that the raajonty of household (73.3%) used trough water for drinking and domestic water, while the rate using tap water and well water were still low (16.6% and 10.0% respectively). None of household owned water filtration tank. Regarding to using the latrine, the percentage of households owning the latrine were 72.6%. To be specific, septic stank was citied by 33.3% while 39.3%
of people chosed pour-flush latrine. 27.3% of households did not have latrine. The rate of household with no waste disposal site were high, especially in Tan Phong and Kim Bon communes (66.6%o)
Keywords: Situation, environmental sanitation, water sources, latrine, waste
Ngd Th[ Nhu', Dqng Thj Ngoc Anh', Ludng Van Hoa' I. BAT VAN BE
Ve sinh mdi trudng la mpt trong nhirng van dl dugc quan tam khdng chi d pham vi mgt qudc gia, mgt khu vuc ma dang la van de dugc quan tam tren pham vi toan cau bdi tam quan trgng ciia no vdi siic khde con ngudi [2].
Chinh vi vay, Uong nhieu nam qua, cdng tac ve sinh mdi trudng lien tuc dugc de cap den Uong nhieu van ban ciia Dang, Nha nude nhu Nghi quyet Trung uong VIII, IX, chien luge toan dien ve tang trudng xda ddi, giam ngheo, chien luge qudc gia ve nude sach ve smh moi trudng ndng thdn giai doan 2000 - 2020 [3], nham tang nhanh ty le dan cu nong thon duoc sir dung nude sach va nha tieu hgp ve sinh, cai thien dieu kien song va sire khoe ciia ngudi dan, gdp phan thuc hien cong cugc xda ddi, giam ngheo va timg budc hien dai hda ndng nghiep nong thon, dac biet ddi vdi cac vung cao, vung sau, vimg khd khan, vimg dan toe it ngudi [1]. Tuy nhien, miic thu nhap chung cua ngudi dan cdn thap, trinh do dan tri chua dugc nang cao, phong tuc tap quan lac ban, he thdng dudng giao thdng kh6 khan, dieu kien cham soc y te va phiic lai xa hgi cdn thieu thdn.
Ben canh tinh trang benh tat not chung, tinh trang 6 nhiem moi trudng do con ngudi gay ra dang la van de dang lo ngai, anh hudng rat Idn den sire khde va su phat trien d nhirng khu vuc kho khan nay [1], [4].
Huyen Phu Yen la mot huyen mien niii, dieu kien ve kinh te - van boa - xa hpi con dac biet kho khan nhat la nhung xa viing cao, viing sau, viing dac biet kho khan ciia huyen. Do dia ban sdng heo lanh, ddi song kinh te - van hoa - xa hgi cua ngudi dan d cac ban viing cao, vimg sau con rat thap, nhat la hanh vi ve ve sinh mdi trudng dang la tran Ud cua cac nha quan ly. [5], [6], [7].
Xuat phat tir nhung van de neu tren, chiing tdi thuc hien nghien cuu nay vdi muc tieu: Md td thuc trang sir dung nu&c sach, nhd tiiu vd xir ly rdc thdi tai hd gia dinh cda nguoi dan & ba xa Quang Huy, Tdn Phong, Kim Bon huyen Phii Yen tinh Son La nam 2017.
\. Trudng Dai hoc Y Du^c Thai Binh 2.'IVung tam y tl huy^n Phii Yfen, tinh Son La
» Ngay nhan bai: 28/06/2018 | » IIII^H ^^ I s o 5 (46) - Thang 09.-10/2018
Ngay phan bien: 12/07/2018 | ^^ Ngay duyet dang: 02/08/2018
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Wehsite' yhoccongdong.viV NGHllN CUfU KHOA HOC
H. DOI TU^ONG VA PHlTONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ
2.1. Dia diim, doi tuong va thdi gian nghien cuu - Dia diim nghien cim dugc chon la huyen Phu Yen tinh Son La.
- D I I tupng nghien ciiu:
• Dilu kien ve sinh mdi trudng tai cac hg gia dinh: nha tieu, nguin nude, nha d.
• Chu cac hp gia dmh tai xom ban tai 3 xa nghien cim - Thdi gian nghien cdu: Tir thang 3 nam 2017 din thang 9 nam 2017
2.2. Phuong phdp nghien cmi
2.2.1. Phuong phap nghien cuu; Nghien ciiu dich tl hgc dua Uen cupc dilu tra cit ngang.
2.2.2. Ky thuat chon mau va cd mlu
• Chgn mau'
- Chpn chu dich 3 xa cita huyen Phii Yen: Xa Quang Huy, Tan Phong va Kim Bon. M6i xa chgn 100 hp gia dinh d cac ban khac nhau (each trung tam xa tir 40 km trd len).
- Don vi mau: Chgn hg gia dmh la don vi mau, mdi hg gia dinh chpn 1 ngudi Idn (chii hp). Chgn hp gia dinh ngau nhien theo phuong phap gIp tham.
* Ca mdu: Cd mau duac tinh theo cdng thitc 2 p>^{\~p)
Trong do:
- n ia cd mau can thiet
- p la ty Ie udc djnh, lay ty le su dung nude sach d cac ban vimg kho khan trong cac nghien cim trudc la 0,5
- q = l -p = 0,5.
- Zjj la he sd tin cay (vdi ngudng a= 95%)=1,96 - d la sai sd, chpn la 0,06
Thay vao cong thuc va lam trdn ta cd: n= 300.
2.2.3. Phuong phap thu thap sd lieu
Phdng vln true tilp chu hp blng bang cau hoi da chuIn bi trudc va quan sat tai cac hp gia dinh va ghi ch^
thdng tin tir sl sach bao cao cua tram y te.
2.2.4. Phucmg phap xii ly sd Heu
Cac s6 lieu duoc xii ly theo cac phucmg phap thing ke y sinh hoc Uen may vi tinh vdi pbin mIm Epidata, KSl qua nghien ciiu dugc trinh bay dudi dang bang va bieu dl.
HI. KET QUA NGHlfeN ClTU Biiu dd 1. Thuc trang su dung ngudn nu&c trong dn udng vd sinh hoat (n=300)
Qua bilu dd 1, ta thIy ty Ie hp gia dinh sir dung ngudn chiem 10%. Khdng co gia dinh sir dung nude gieng khoan nude mang Ian tu chay trong sinh boat chiem ty le rat cao lam nude sinh boat
73,3%o, tilp dd la nguon nude may 16,7%); gieng khai
Bdng 1. Ty le hp gia dinh cd be nu&c vd tec nu&c > 3 m3(n=300) Loai be
>3m>
< 3 m ' TSng
So lirffng 220
80 300
Tyle(%) 73,3 26,6 100
Qua bang tren ta thay ty Ie hd gia dinh co bl nude > 3m^ la 73,3%o, cao hon so vdi be cd the tich < 3m^ chiem t$ I?
26,6%o. Chii yeu la binh nude.
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JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE
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Biiu do 2. Thuc trang su dtfng nhd tieu (n=300)
I I C o • K h o n g Qua bieu do ta thIy ty le hd gia dinh co nha tieu chilm kha cao 72,7%
Bdng 2. Cdc logi nhd tiiu hi^n ddng (n = 218) Loai liinli nlia tieu
Tu hoai Tham doi nuoc Tong
So lirffng 100 118 218
Tyle(%) 33,3 66,7 100 Bang 2 cho thay Uong cac hd gia dinh cd nha tieu thi tu hoai chiem 33,3%; cdn lai la nhit tieu tham dpi nude.
Bdng 3. Thuc trgng vi ky thuat xdy dung nhd tiiu tu hoai (n=100) Noi dung
Co du 3 be xir ly Be tu hoai !<h6ng bj liin, sut Nap be duoc trat kin, ithong bj ran Mat san nha tieu nhan phang Be xi CO nut nuoc
Co ong thong hoi cao hon mai nha tieu
Dat 89 100 100 100 100 100
Ty le (%) 89 100 100 100 100 100 Tai bang 3 cho thay ky thuat xay dimg nha tieu tu hoai tuong doi dam bao dat 100%
Bdng 4. Thuc trang sir dung nhd tieu tu hoai (n=100) Tieu chuan
Co du nuoc dpi
Dung cu chiia nuoc doi idiong co bo gay Khong CO miii hoi thoi
NSn nha tieu sach se Khong CO moi nhang
Che chin kin dao, ngan duoc nuoc mua Nuoc hk xir ly chay vao cong hoac tu tham GiSy bo diing noi quy dinh
So lirffng 98 81 96 98 99 100 94 94
Ty l| (%) 98 81 96 98 99 100 94 94
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Qua kit qua bang 4 cho thIy tit ca cac nha tieu tu hoai sii dung deu dii nude ddi, ngudn nude dam bao, nha tieu s?u;li se. Cac ket qua ciia timg tieu chuan deu tren 90%.
Bdng 5. Thuc trgng ky thuat xdy dung vd bao qudn nhd tieu tham dpi nu&c (n=118) NQI dung
Khong xay 6 noi thudng hi ngap ling Cach nguon nuoc sinh hoat tir 10m tro len Be xii ly phan khong iun sut
Nap be chiia phan duoc trat kin khong ran niit IVIat san nhan, phang, Idiong siit liin Ben xi co nut nuoc
Co du nuoc doi
Dung cu chiia nuoc khong CO bo gay
Nuoc ttr be chiia phan hoac duong dan phiin khong thiim tran ra mat dat
Q;t 107 113 100 118 90 118 118 116 118
Tyl|(%) 90,6 95,7 84,7 100 76,2 100 100 98,3 100 Ky thuat nha tieu 2 ngan cac tieu chuan ve co ban dat Uen 70%, rieng dng thong hoi cdn thap chiem 76,2%.
Bdng 6. Thuc trang sir dung vd bao qudn nhd tiiu tham dpi (n=118) Tieu chuan
San nha tieu sach, idiong co giay, rac Giay ban bo vao dung cu co nap day Khong CO mill hoi thoi Khong CO ruoi nhang, con tning Be xi sach khong dong, dinh phiin Che chan kin dao ngan duoc nuoc mua Ve sinh xung quanh sach se
So liriyng 109 111 117 117 104 118 112
Tyle(%) 92,3 94,6 99,1 99,1 88,1 100 94,9 Qua bang tren ta thIy thuc trang sd dung nha tieu thIm dgi ciia hp gia dinh. Trong dd hlu nhu tit c d mirc cao, ty le tir 80% Ud len
Bieu dd 3. Thuc trang xu ly rdc tgi cdc hp gia dinh (n = 300)
c chi so chi
Co « K h a n g
Qua bieu do 3 ty 1? khdng co nai xir ly rac thai hg gia dinh cdn d muc cao chilm 66,7%, uong dd sd hg xir 1^ rSc theo diing quy djnh chiem 33,3%.
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JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE
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CONG EXDNG 2018
Bdng 7. Cdc hinh Ihuc Hinh thuc xir ly
Xii ly hinh thiic d6t Xir ly hinh thirc chon Cong ty do thi thu gom Thai ra moi truong
T6ng
xu ly rdc (n = 300)
S6 lirffng 20
0 80 200 300
Tyle(%) 6,7
0 2,6 66,6 100 Qua bang 7 ta tiiay ty le hp gia dinh khong cd nai xir ly
rac hgp dac biet cdn iha\ ra mdi trudng chilm ty le cao 66,6%.
IV. BAN LUAN
Sue khoe cua con ngudi do 3 yiu td quylt dinh dd la: Di truyen, moi trudng va lli sing. Hien nay, viec tac dgng true tiep len bg may di truyen cua mdi ngudi de bao ve, nang cao sire khde cdn ban che. Nhung chung ta cd the chu ddng tac ddng len moi tnrdng nhu chong 6 nhilm mdi trudng, cham sdc moi trudng co ban, xay dung Idi song lanh manh, khoa hgc nham khdng ngimg nang cao siic khde ciia ca nhan va cgng ddng
Qua dieu tm cho thay, ty le hg gia dinh sir dung ngudn nude mang lan la chu yeu chiem 73,3%, nguon nude may dugc sir dung chiem ty le thap 16,6%, dieu do cho thay phong tuc tap quan ciia ngudi dan tai dia phuong quen sir dung ngudn nude mang lan, viec sir dung cac ngudn nude khac Cling cdn gap khd khan do dia hinh cd nhieu ddi niti, nguon ngan sach dau tu xay dung cho nguon nude khong cd do vay da anh hudng khdng nhd tdi ddi sdng cua ngudi dan. qua nghien cuu ti le sir dung cac be loc va ap dung cac bien phap lam sach nguon nude mang lan cdn it, dac biet ia tai 2 xa Kim Bon va Tan Phong.
O nhiem mdi tnrdng do phan ngudi gay nhieu benh tmyen nhiem lay truyen qua dudng tieu hda, hay eu the ban la theo dudng "phan- mieng". Cac benh thudng gap lien quan den cap nude va ve sinh mdi trudng nhu: Ta, dau mat hot, thuong ban, sot xuat huyet, viem gan A,.,. Moi nam benh tieu chay vit viem phdi la thit pham dan den cai chit ciia hem 3,5 trieu tre em dudi nam tuoi ffen toan the gidi.
Trong nghien cim ciia chiing tdi cho thIy: Vl thuc Uang sd dung nha tieu ciia hd gia dinh, ty le hp gia dinh sir dung nha tieu hgp ve sinh mong ddi cao dat 72,6%. Day dugc ggi la cao so vdi viing dac biet kho khan nhu 3 xa da nghien cuu tren dia ban huyen Phii Yen, do nhieu nguyen nhan nhu duac Nha nude dau tu cho nhan dan theo Du an 135 ciia Chinh phii, ddng thdi cdng tac myen tmyen cho nhan dan vl
thuc hien siia chiia, xay mdi nha tieu hd gia dinh duac chinh quyen dia phuong quan tam, day cdn la chuong trinh muc tieu qudc gia xay dung ndng thdn mdi. Khi tim hieu nha tieu hg gia dinh co 2 loai nha tieu dugc sii dung chu yeu dd la nha tieu tu hoai va nha tieu tham ddi nude Uong do nha tieu tu hoai chiem 33,3%, nha tieu tham dpi nude chiSm 39%, my nhien qua dieu Ua van cdn hd gia dinh chua co hd xi de sir dung, con thai true tiep ra moi trudng ty te chiem 27,3%
dac biet la cac hp tap tmng d nhiing ban dac kho khan ciia xa Kim Bon va mgt sd ban ciia xa Tan Phong. Khi dieu tra, tim hieu ty le hp gia dinh sir dung phan de hon cay Udng va hoa mau ty le rat la it, chu yen sir dung phan ffau, bo, lan de bdn cay va hoa mau, so sir dung phan Uau, bd, Ign bdn cay hau nhu khdng li ma bon true tiep do vay day ciing la nguyen nhan phat tan mgt sd benh ra ngoai moi trudng dat, nude dieu nay da lam nguy co gia tang cac benh tmyen nhiem, anh hudng xau tdi dieu kien ve siiih mdi trudng eua ngudi dan tai 3 xa da dieu fra.
V. KET LUAN
- Ngudn nude sir dung nhieu nhat Uong an, udng va sinh boat cua cac bd gia dinh la nude mang lan chiem 73,3%, trong khi ty le su dung ngudn nude may va nude gieng khoi thap (16,6% nude may; 10% nude gieng khai).
Ngudi dan sii dung true tiep tir nguon nude dau ngudn chay ve ma khong qua be loc nude
- Thuc trang sir dung nha tieu ciia hp gia dinh: Ty le hd gia dinh co nha tieu sii dung chiem 72,6%. Trong dd, loai nha tieu tu hoai la 33,3% ty le kha khiem tdn, nha tieu tham dpi nude chiem 39,3%, van cdn mgt so hg dugc dieu Ua khdng cd nha Ueu de sir dung chiem 27,3%.
- Thuc trang xii ly rac tai cac hg gia dinh: Qua dieu tra ty le ho gia dinh khdng co noi xu ly rac thai gia dinh con cao dac biet la d 2 xa Tan Phong va Kim Bon chiem 66,6%, cdn tai xa Quang Huy do giap danh vdi thi tran do vay viec xir ly rac dugc cdng ty do thi huyen thu gom xii ly chiem 33.3% dat 100 hp duac dilu fra.
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VNG NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC
TAI L I E U THAM KHAO
1. Bg Nong nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn (2005), Chuang trinh mi^c tieu qudc gia nuac sach vd vi sinh mdi Inrdm ndng thon giai doan 2006- 2010, Ha Ndi.
2. Bp Ndng nghiep va Phat trien nong thdn (2007), Bao cao kit qud thifc hien chuang trinh muc tieu qudc gia NS- VSMTNTgiai doan 1999-2005, Ha Ngi.
3. Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thon (2004), Thuc hien Chitang trinh muc tieu quoc gia nuac sach vd visinh moi truong ndng thdn- Hd Npi.
4. Bd Yte-Bg Quoc phdng - Hpc vien Quany (1999), f)d«/!g'W 20 nam thtec hien cong tdc cham soc sire khoe ban ddu a Viet Nam, Ha Npi.
5. Dam Khai Hoan va cs (2003), "Budc dau nhan xet mgt sd phong tuc tap quan cd anh hudng den sue khoe nguiri Dao d mgt sd ban vimg III thugc tinh Bac Kan ", Tap chi Y hoc thuc hdnh, Sd 03/475, Ha Ndi, Tr. 22 - 25.
6. Dam Khai Hoan, Dam Thi Tuyet, Hac Van Vinh (2003), Ddnh gid buac ddu md hinh gido vien cam bdn tham gia vao truyen thong - gido due sue khoe sinh sdn cho nguai ddn viing cao huyen Ddng Hy tinh Thdi Nguyen, NSi san khoa hgc cong nghe Y - Dugc hgc mien nui, Trudng Dai hpc Y khoa Thai Nguyen, Thai Nguyen.
7. Hoang Khai Lap, Ndng Thanh Son, Ddng Ngge Diic va cdng su (1997), Ddnh gid thuc trang mgt sd dac diem sif tdc ddng vd mdi lien quan giira mdi trudng vd sire khoe nhan ddn xd Nam Hod, huyen Ddng Hy, tinh Thai Nguyen, Ky yen cac cong trinh nghien cim khoa hgc, Tnrdng Dai hpc Y khoa Thai Nguyen, T^p IX, Nha xuat ban Y hgc. Ha Ngi.
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