;iuTi,ri-iJm), co Sa (Pcmnim maximum), co Paspalum implications m dairv cattle; molhods tor _ _ _ _ _ __ ,n. fibre.
(Paspo/um ateUionl, MacropUlium (.Mamipffli.in JJ-iIcl j „ j nonstarch poK-acrfiandcs in t l a l " " '" ""'""'' Ijons dim idfn tmng don va Ining hon hop Incn dan dai „ „ „ „ ^ „ , j , ^ , ^ . j ^ ,,. -js,.^-
manli ptio Can Tho. Luan v3n cao tipe, Truone D?i lv?c . „mnnm- CanTho * 16. Wright LN. yl^ttA) Droughl lolcrana-pros"'"
5 Vam Soest P.}, Robertson J.B. and Uwis B A (1991). controlled enwninmenMl evaluation among range grass Carbohyrate methodology, metatmlism and nutritional genera and species. Crop S.i 4 472,4
ANH Hl/ONG CUA THOI GIAN CHIU HAN LEN KHA NANG SINH TRUONG, NANG SUAT vA THANH PHAN HOA HQC CUA CO SA {PANICUM .MAXIMUM) DU*QC TRONG TRONG
NHA L U O I
Nguyen Thiel''\ Vo Cdng Viditb' vd Luu Thdi Danh' Ngai' n h a n bai bao: 11/11/2019 - N g a y nhgn bai p h a n bipn: 26/11/2019
Ngay bai bao d u p c chap nhgn d5ng: 04/12 20I'->
TOM T A T
Nghien cuu nhSm danh gia kha nang chju hgn ciia co Sa len sp sinh trudng, nang suat va thanh phan hoa hpc sau khi tie'n hanh cac khoang thdi gian >ir ly hgn nhan tgo khac nhau. Thi nghi?m dupc bd'tri hoan toan ngau nhien gom 4 nghi&m thuc (NT) v a S l a n l^p lgi tuong u n g vdi 8 chgu. Cac \ T la: \ T Jdi chiing (SO); NT cd khong dupc tudi nudc trong 5 ngay (S5), 10 ngay (SIO) va 15 ngay (S15). Co d u p c trong bang hom sau 30 ngiy se lion hanh xit Iy hgn va thu hogch 6 60 ngay sau khi tr5ng. Nhimg dii tieu gom so'choi, chii-u cao civ, dien tich la, khoi lupng va dai re, nang suat va thanh phan hoa hpc. Ke't qua thi nghipm cho Ih.iy so choi, di?n rich la, khoi Iupng re o NT chju hgn tha'p hon so vdi NTDC (P<0,05). Tuong ti,r chieu cao cay a NT chju hgn tha'p hon so vdi NTDC, d^c biet la tii ngay 45 de'n 55 cua thi nghiem. Ngupc lgi khi keo dai thoi gian chju han thi chieu dai re ciia cd tang dan, dac biet giira NT SO va NT S15. Nang sua't xanh, nang suai khd ciia CO ciing giam dan khi keo dai thdi gian chju hgn, d i e biet giija NT SO, 85 va NT SIO, S15. Ham luyng CP va nitrate tang khi keo diu thdi gian chju hgn, trong khi d o ham lupng vat chat kho giam dan (P<0,05). Ngupc Igi, ham lupng ADF, NDF khac bipt khong co y nghia Ihoiig ke giua cac NT.
Kha nang sinh truong, nang sua't ciia cd Sa khong bj anh huong y o n g thdi gian han 5 ngay n h u n g giam sy sinh trudng va nang sua't khi thdi gian xii ly hgn tir 10 hogc 15 ngay
Tir khoa: Co Sii, ban, ndng sud't, tlidnb phan boa hgc.
ABSTRACT
The etfects of droughl rime interval of Panicum Maximmn grass on growth characteristics biomass and chemical composirion under greenhouse condirion
Study aims to evaluate drought tolerance of PuniciOH Maximum grass on growth characterisrics, biomass, chemical composirion at different drought rime interval in green house condition. The experiment was arranged completely randomize design v/ith four treatments and eight replicates in corresponding to eight buckets. The yeatments h o m this study were control (SO), without waterinE for 5 days (55), 10 days (SIO) and 15 days (S15), 30 days after planring grass began to process in drought condirion depending on different yeatments and harvested at 60 days. Parameters were tillering number, plant height, leaf area per plant, root weight and length, biomass, chemical composition- The results show that rillering number, leaf area per plant, root weight were lower in treatments than in control (PO.05). Similarly plant height h o m yeatments was lower riian from ' Trudng Dai hoc Can Tho
• Tac gia Ucn he. TS. Ngu\ en Thiel, Khoa Phat tnen Nong thon, Trudng Dai hoc Can Tho E>i?n thoai 0932147900; Email- n thieWvlu ,edu-\-
KHKTChdn nudi so 254 - ihdng 2 nam 2020
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control parricularly hom 45 days to 55 days of study. In contrast when drought rime inter\'als were longer, the root length increased as compared to control. Green and dr>' biomass also decreased as increasing drought Hme intervals, particularly between SO, S5 and SIO, S15- Crude protein and nitrate contents increased as increasing drought rime intervals while ADF and N'DF did not differ among treatments (P<0.05). In conclusion growth characteristics, biomass of Panicum maximum grass can be tolerant with drought condirion within 5 days, but biomass decreased when grass is without watering for 10 or 15 days.
Keywords: Btoinass, clieniical composition, drought. Panicum maximum.
I.OATVANDi
S\f thie'u nude la mpt trong nhung nhan to'quan trpng hong san xua't cay trong va cay thirc 3n gia siic d nhung vimg khd hgn. Nhimg logi cd cd the chiu dupc sy khd hgn la nhiing gid'ng van cd the sinh trudng va ton tai trong sudl giai doan h\ han va nang sua't, chat lupng it bj anh hudng, Thdi ky cay con la giai doan quan trpng nha't va de bi ldn thuong nha't de'n sy sinh trudng va phat trien klii eay bi hgn.
D$c bi^l la thdi gian va cudng dp thie'u nudc la rat quan trpng de'n sy sd'ng sdt cua cd (Wright, 1964), Klia nang chju hgn ciia cd thudng kel hpp vdi nhiing thay doi linh trgng ve hinh thai va sinh ly. Thdng Ihu'dng re it bj anli hu'dng bdi sy thie'u nudc hon so vdi than va dieu nay cang ed y nghia cho sy thich nghi cua cay ddi vdi da't thie'u nude, bang each duy tri su ha'p thu nudc trong dieu kipn khd hgn (Turner, 1979; Sharp, 1990; Saneoka va ctv, 1996). Su phat then bp re de ha'p thu nudc va dieu nay lam tang kha nang cua cay trong chd'ng chiu vdi khd hgn, Mac dii mpt so nghien ciin da dupc thyc hipn ve dgc diem hinh thai va sinli Iy Clia cd dd'i vdi sy thieu hul nudc (Barker va etv, 1993; Nguyin Thiel va ctv, 2019). Mdt so nghien oin trudc day nhan dinli rang cd Sa cd the sinh Irudng dupe trong dieu kien han han, dge biel la dieu kipn thie'u nudc tudi trong nam ngay lien tuc khdng anh hudng deh nang suat cua cd (Nguyen Chi Bao, 2017; Nguyen Thiet va ctv, 2019). Tuy nhien, cd rat it thdng rin nghien cun ve co Sa d thai gian chiu han khac nhau. Chinh vi vgy, nghien oin hien tai dupc thyc hipn nham danh gia anh hudng Clia cac thdi gian chiu han khac nhau len sinh trirdng, dac diem hinh thai va nang sua't cita CO Sa la cain thiet.
2. VAT UEU VA PHimNB PHAP NGHIEN ClfU 2.1. Ddi tupng thi nghiem
Thi nghiem dupc rie'n hanh tren gid'ng cd Sa. Cd dupc hong bang tep va dupe lay tir trgi thyc nghiem cua khoa Phat trien Ndng thdn, Trudng Dai hpe Can Tho,
2.2. Bd tri thi nghiem
Cac chgu dimg de hong cd cd dudng kinh 30cm, eao 40cm, dien rich mat 0,07m^. Moi chgu chira 10kg gia the vdi 60% da't, 20% phan bd, 20% tro trau. Dat su' dung trong thi nghi&m la'y tir trgi thuc nghiem va su dung vdi sd'ng rai len da't giup dat hg phen, giam dp chua. Dimg ludi mat eao cd Id Ixlcm de loai bd dj vat va dal cue qua ldn, sau dd trdn deu vdi phan bdn Idt va cho vao chgu. Trdng 2 hom cd gid'ng/chau, tudi nudc 2 lan/ngay vdi lOOml nudc/chau/
lan vao thdi diem 8 gid va 16 gid. Cd sau khi trdng dupc 7-10 ngay quan sat theo ddi, hong dam bang hom ne'u cay bi chet. Theo Hoang Van Tao (2015), muc phan bdn cho Iha la 20 tan phan chuong + 200kg N + 60kg P p ^ + 180kg KJD (tuong duong lOOg phan ehuong + lg N + 0,3g P A + 0,9g ICO/chau)-
Thi nghiem dupe bo hi theo the Ihiic hoan loan ngau nhien, gdm 4 NT va 10 Ian lap lai la 10 chgu. Cac NT la: NT dd'i ehiing (SO): khdng XU' Iy hgn; Nghiem thirc S5: ed khdng duoc tudi nude hong 5 ngay; Nghiem thuc SIO: cd khdng dupe tudi nudc hong 10 ngay; Nghiem thuc S15: ed khdng dupe tudi nudc lrong 15 ngay. Bat dau ghi nhgn cac chi rieu ndng hpc vao cac ngay thii 3D (trudc khi xu ly han) va 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60 sau khi trdng. Cd dupc thu hoach vao ngay thii 60 va sau dd se ghi nhan cac chi rieu nang sua't va thanh phan hda hpc-
Pliuang phdp gdy hgn: Sau khi trong 30
C H A N .VCwi
ngay, ngung tudi nudc de \ u lv hgn nhan tgo.
Cac NT S5, SIO, S15 bit dau xu l\ hgn nhan tgo d ciing thdi diem la 30 ngav sau khi trdng
\di thdi gian gay han (khdng tu*,>i nuoc) tuong Phirong phdp ghi nhdn cdc cbi lieu
ung la 5, 10 va 15 ngay lien ri^C- ^-n" \^..^,]
thdi gian vu Iy hgn cua hmg N T eo dupc t nudc hd lgi binh thudng ddn nga>' t'i" ^°'^
(ngay 60 sau khi trdng).
Bang 1. Phurong phap thu thap cac chi rieu Chl tieu
So'choi/byi So' la/choi Cao cay (cm) Rpng la (on) Dat la (cm) Dipn h'ch la (an-) Dai re (cm) Khoi lupng re (g) NS xanh (g/chgu) NS kho (g/ch^u) NSCP (R/chgu)
Phuong phap thu th j p
a 60 ngav sau khi trong u klii trong Dem tat ca so'choi/bm o Ihoi diem 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 \'
DOm tai ca so'la tren mpt dioi o thdi dicm 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 \ a 60 n g j ) ' » " *^
Do ti. mat dai don t^n ciing khi vuot Uiing la <> thdi dicm 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 v a ^^ "S^Y Do phan rpng nhat cua la thu 3 ke tir ngpn \uong a then diem 30, 35, 40, 4-> 50, 55, ng y Dai la dupc do o la thii ba ke tir ngpn xuong 6 thoi diem 30, 35, 40 45, 50, 55 va 60 ngay
£Jupc tinh tir dai la \ a rpng la 6 thdi diem 30, 35. 40, 45, 50, 55 v.i 60 ngay Dai rl dupc do khi thu hogch b5ng each: ru a S(ich re, lach dat ra khdi re, gd re roi r;
chieu dai re lii goc tiin chop re dai nhai • .• x Khoi lupng re dupc can khi thu hogch bjing each: n>a sgch rc, tach da't ra klidi re, cat le
ra khoi than va tien hanh can.
Can toan l>p co thu hoach dupc tren timg ch^u a moi nghi?m thiic Dupc tinh tir vat chai kho va ning sua't chai xanh
Ehipc tinh tir protein thd va nSng suat chat kho
v a d o
L.Vv ngau nhien 250g cd hroi cat d mdi NT eho vao riii nilong cpt mipng kin de tranh mat nudc, danh da'u va mang ve phdng thi nghiem.
Mau du-pc chia lam hai phan: phan 1 lay 30g mau tucri de phan rich ham lupng nitrate dupc phan tich theo phuong phap AOAC (2001) va phan 2 lay sd lupng mau edn Iai dem say d 65"C deh khi khd gidn de bao quan phan rich CP, Ash theo phuong phap ciia AOAC (2001) va ADF, NDF theo phuong phap cua Van Soet va ctv (1991).
2.3. Xu ly sd lieu
Sd lipu dupc XU' ly so bp tren Excel, sau dd theo phucmg phap phan rich phuong sai tdng quat (ANOVA GML) bang chuong trinh Minilab version 16.2, ne'u nhu su khac biet cd V nghia thd'ng ke thi tie'p tuc sir dung phep thir Tukey de so sanh giiia eae NT.
3. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN
3.1. Anh hudng cua thdi gian xu ly han den sd chdi/byi
Giai dogn trudc khi gay han, sd choi/bui giira cac NT khdng cd sy khac biet {P>0,05).
Tuy nhien. sau khi gay hgn thi so choi d NT khdng gav han (SO) eao hon so vdi cac nghipm
riiii'e gay han (S5, SIO, S15) va d giai doan cd da dupc hrdi phyc hoi (Hinh 1; P<0,01). Dieu nay cho thay han da anh hudng rat ldn den su ra chdi eiia ed va eay thudng giam su ra choi khi bi thie'u nudc (Bogeal-Triboulot va ctv, 2007), Tuy nhien, theo nghien cmi cua Nguyen ITiiet va ctv (2019) cho tha'y su phat trien choi cua cd Paspalum khdng bi anli hudng lrong thdi gian hgn 5 ngay.
Hinh 1. Anh hudng ctia thai gian han Ien su phat trien choi ciia cd Sa (choi/chau) Gill chii: Co dugc gdy bgn tgi thai tliem 30 ngdy sau khi trdng. SO: nghiem thuc ddi chirng- 55, SIO vd 515: cd klidng dugc tuai nuoc trans 5 ngdy, 10 ngdy vd 15 ngdy. **:P<0,OT -'* P-(ioo2.
KHKT Chdn nudi sd 254 - thdng 2 ncim 2020
C H A N N U O I D Q N G VA'I VA CAC VAN DE K H A C
3.2. Anh htrdng cua thdi gian xii ly han len sy phat trien chieu cao cua cd Sa (cm)
Ngupc lgi so chdi, chieu cao cay giira cac NT khdng chju anh hudng khi hgn keo dai tir 5 den 10 ngay giira cae NT (Hinh 2; P>0,05).
Tuy nhien, d ngay 45 cua thi nghipm thi NT S15 hogc d NT S5 cd da dupc tudi phyc hoi trong 10 ngay va d NT SIO cd dupc tudi phyc hoi trong 5 ngay thi chieu eao cua cd tha'p hon so vdi NT SO (P<0,01)- Chieu cao cua cd d cac NT chju hgn tha'p hon so vai dd'i chung (SO) d cac ngay 50 va 55 (P<D,05). Nhung de'n ngay 60, khac bipt khdng ed y nghia thd'ng ke giua cac NT va de'n thdi diem nay thi cac NT da dupc tudi phyc hoi sau khi gay han it nha't la 15 ngay (S15) va nhieu nha't la 25 ngay (S5).
Do dd, ed sinh tru'dng va phal trien td't hem d cac ngay tru'dc dd. Ket qua lhi nghiem chi ra ring khi ed chiu han keo dai va du'pc tu'di nu'dc trd lai trong khoang thdi gian 15 ngay thi cd cd the phal trien binh thudng trd lgi.
Nhin chung, chieu cao cua cd giam dan khi CO bj hgn va d mpt so nghien ciru tru'dc day da chi ra rang mpt so' cd giam chieu cao eay toi 60% khi bj han nang (Bahrani va ctv, 2010;
Berg va Zeng, 2006).
Hinh 2. Anh hudng cua thdi gian han len su phat trien chieu cao ciia cd Sa (cm) 3.3. Anh hudng cua thdi gian xir ly han de'n di?n Hch la cua cd Si
Ket qua Hinh 3 cho tha'y dien hch la cua CO giam dan khi thdi gian gay han tang dan, sy giam mgnh dien rich la chii yeu d NT SIO va S15- 6 cac NT chiu han dipn tich la ludn thap hon so vdi NT khdng chiu han (SO), mac
dil cac NT chiu han da dupc tudi phyc hdi rij' 15 den 25 ngay tiiy NTT (P<0,01). Dipn tich la giam chu ye'u do giam ve rpng la, trong khi dd chieu dai cua la hau nhu khdng bi anh hudng bdi thdi gian gay han. Cac nghien eiiu trude day chi ra rang dien h'ch la d mpt sd' loai cd khdng bi anh hudng dudi dieu kipn han trung binh, trong khi do khi cd bi hgn ngng hau he't cac loai cd se giam dien ri'eh la (Maroco va elv, 2000; Bahrani va cri.', 2010). Giam dipn tich la cd the lam giam su thoat hoi nudc qua la xay ra qua cac Id khi hong dieu kien hgn. Dieu nay se giup cay duy tri sy sd'ng hong dieu kipn han. Them vao dd, giam rdng la cd the do sy thie'u nudc keo dai da lam can trd sy sinh trudng cua la cpng vdi vipc cae te'bao ciia la bj teo Igi (Karamanos, 1980).
Hinh 3. Anh hudng cua thdi gian han len dien rich la eua cd Sa (cm-)
3.4. Anh hudng ctia thdi gian xu ly han den dai re va khdi Iugng re cua co Sa
Kel qua bang 2 cho tha'y thdi gian gay hgn da anh hudng de'n dai re va khdi lupng re (P<0,01). Dai re tang dan khi thdi gian xu ly hgn tang dan, dac biet la d NT S15 cd chieu dai re cao hon so vdi eae NT cdn lai, Ngu'pe iai, khdi luong re giam dan khi thai gian xir ly han tang dan dae biet la giiJa NT SO, S5 so vdi NT S15. Theo Huang va Frj' (1998) khdi lupng r6 cd khuynh hudng giam khi cd bi thie'u nudc.
Ngoai ra cay thudng phat hien he thd'ng re sau hon dudi dieu kien han nham muc dich de tranh su anh hudng cua thie'u nudc (Bahrani va ctv, 2010) hogc ha'p thu nudc d nhiing tang da't sau hon (Zhou va ctv, 2013).
'1 2020
C H . W N U O I D Q N G \ . \ T VA L AL \ -A ,>. '-^ -
Bang 2. Dai re va khdi Iupng rl dia co Sa theo Ihofi gian xir iy han Chl tieu
Dai re (cm KLrl(g)
SO 55 1 5^,2=1- N_V^>;-
45,23' 43.02' SIO (^3 5i>- 37,12-'
SI 5 SEM P 72 23' 2.35 0,01 26,6^ 2-57 0,001 Ghi chu: Cdc gta tri trting binb trong cimg Imng mang chir cdi klidc nhau thi sir klidc biit co y ngbta thd'ng ke.
3.5. Anh hudng cua thdi gian xir ly han den nang suat ciia co Si
Nang sua't xanh va nang sua't khd cua cd Sa giam dan khi thdi gian gay hgn keo dai (Bang 3; P<0,01), dgc bipt la giira NT SO va
\ T 515. Ngupc lgi, nang su.Vt xanh va nang suat khd ciia cd khdng anh hudng khi gav hgn trong 5 ngay Ket qua thi nghipm eho Ihay khi cd bi hgn trong 5 ngay va dupc tudi phyc hpi trong 25 ngay thi nang sua't xanh va nang sua't khd ciia cd khdng bi anh hudng, Ngupc lai, thdi gian hgn dai hon nhung thai gian tudi phyc hdi ngan hon da Iam giam nang sua't cua CO. Ket qua ciia thi nghiem nav tucmg tu mpt sd'nghien cuu trudc day eho rang co Sa cd the sinh trudng dupc trong dieu kien han han, dgc bipt la dieu kipn thie'u nude tudi trong 5 ngay lien tyc khdng anh hudng de'n nang sual ciia cd (Nguyen Chi Bao, 2017; Nguyen Thie't va ctv, 2019).
Bang 3. Nang suat ciia co (g/chau)
C h i tieu SO S5 SIO S15 S E M P NSX 166,27" 163,22^" 147,50^ 149,47*' 3,48 0,01 NSK 48,93' 46.77' 40,48'^ 39,88'' 1,41 0,001 N S C P 3,30 3,17 3,37 3,38 0,11 0,50
Thi nghiem hipn tai eho tha'y nang sua't protein thd khdng khac biet giua cac NT, mac dil nang suat khd giam khi cd bi han. Dieu nay la do su thie'u nudc da lam eho eay tich luy nitrate do dd lam eho ham lupng CP cua ed tang len.
3.6. Anh hudng eiia thdi gjan han den thanh phan hda hpc va ham lugng nihate cita cd
Kel qua bang 4 cho thay ham lupng DM giam dan khi then gian gay han tang dan. Dieu nay ed the la do eay d eac NT gay han dang d hong giai doan phuc hoi. Ngupc lgi ham lupng CP, nitrate va khoang tang dlui theo
thai gian gay h,n aia CO (P<'.05)- • ^ ^ " 1 " " "^„
tuong hi' \d! bao cao oia Baruch (i ' ^^
r ^ g khi ca>' bj thieu nudc thi ham li'^n? ^ ' phdt pho va kali cao o hong la do ^'^^'^'^ jjj^^
sinh trudng da lam tang sy tich luv cha dudng d trong la-
Bang 4. Thanh phan hoa hpc, ham lu'P^S nitrate (nig/kg) Chi tieu
CP Ash ADF NDF Nitrate
SO 29,42*
(,7S.
13,93"*
41,80 69,81 yro.bb'-
S5 28,67' 6,7S' 13,18"
42,00 70,35 450,45'
SIO 27,42'*- 8,34' 13,59""
41.58 69,38 472,09'
S15 Z'^.T-i"
8,46' 14,16*
41,55 69,25 4^'^41 •
Sl-M 0,67 0,02 0,19 0,16 0,29 18,32 0,002 4. K^T LUAN
Tir cac ket qua dii nghipm eho tha'y cd Sa cd kh^ nang sinh tru'dng, phat trien td't trong dieu kipn hgn 5 ngay Tuy nhien, khi thdi gian hgn keo dai rii' 10 den 15 ngay thi qua hinh sinh trudng va nang sua't giam xuong, hong khi dd ham lupng CP, Ash va nitrate lang len.
Do dd, cd Sa cd the chiu dupc han trong 5 ngay lien tyc.
LOTI CAM UN
Nghien cicu dugc hodn thdnh dudi su ho trg kinh phi tie Du dn ndng ca'p Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha trong hgp ddng nghien curu khoa bgc va phdt trien cong nghe so 01/HD.VNUP6-NCKH.2017 cua cbuong trinh Thu thgp, ddnh gid vd phdt trien cdc nguon tdi nguyen thirc vgt (Ida. cdc cay trdng khdc, cdy thiic an gia sue...)
T A I U E U THAM K H A O
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2, B a h r a n i M,J., B a h r a m i H . a n d H a g h i g h i A.A.K. (2010), Effect of water stress o n ten forage grasses n a t i v e or m t r o d u c e d to Iran, Grassland Sci„ 36' 1-5.
3, N g u y e n Chi Bao (2017) Khao sat d | c tinh sinh t r u o n g v a n a n g sua't ciia co Paspalum va CO Sa (Pamcum maximum cv. Mombasa) trong dieu kien chju hgn. Tieu l u | n tot n g h i e p Dai hpc. T r u u n g D^i hpc Can T h o . 4, Barker D.J., S u l l i v a n C-Y. a n d M o s e r LE (I993J yj^f^^
deficit effects o n osmotic polenlial, cell wall elashci ty a n d p r o l m e in five forage grasses Agron ) , 85: 2 7 0 7 5 5 Baruch Z. (1994), Responses to d r o u g h l and flooding '
tropical forage grasses. Planl Soil,, I M 97-1)'; ° ' "
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"dm 2020
_r VA CAC VAN DE KHAC
b- Berg LV.D. and Zeng Y.J. (2006). Response of South African indigenous grass speaes lo droughl stress induced b;' polvethyleneglycol (PEG) 6000. Sou. Afr. ].
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field bearis (Viciafaba} in the field: Leaf number and total area Ann, Bot,, 42.1393-02,
10. Maroco J.P., Pereira J.S, and Chaves M.M. (2000), Growth, photosynthesis and wnler-use efficiency of two C4 Sahelian grasses subjected to water deficits, J An Env,45:119-37.
11 Saneoka H,, Ogata S. and Agala W. (1996), Cultivar differences in dry matter production and leaf water relation in waterstres.sed maize, Gra, Sci,, 41: 294-01, 12 Sharp R,E, (1990), Comparative sensitivity of root and
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